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HUMAN infants can discriminate between different small numbers of items 1���4, and can determine numerical equivalence across perceptual modalities 5, 6. This may indicate the possession of true numerical concepts 1, 4���7. Alternatively, purely perceptual discriminations may underlie these abilities 8, 9. This debate addresses the nature of subitization, the ability to quantify small numbers of items without conscious counting 10, 11. Subitization may involve the holistic recognition of canonical perceptual patterns that do ...

People are especially sensitive to numerosity as a cue for judging quantity or probability. That is, people sometimes judge amount or likelihood on the basis of the number of units into which a stimulus is divided without fully considering other important variables (e.g., the size of the units). People appear to be especially likely to make use of this "numerosity heuristic" when their cognitive resources are taxed. Consistent with this idea, five experiments showed that people are especially likely to overinfer quantity or probability from numerosity (a) when they are asked to make inherently difficult judgments, (b) when they are asked to render judgments while performing a concurrent task, and (c) when they are forced to make especially rapid judgments. In addition to their implications for the numerosity heuristic, the broad implications of these findings for the study of judgment are discussed.

1. Surveyed 442 graduates and undergraduates about their preferences for verbal and numerical probability communications. Some group differences emerged, but overall, 34% expressed preference for both conveying and receiving information about uncertainty in numerical rather than verbal form, 30% expressed the opposite preferences, and 35% indicated that they preferred to receive such information numerically but to convey it verbally. Generally, respondents who endorsed the use of verbal information said that it is easier to ...

The 2nd–4th finger length ratio (2D: 4D) shows robust sexual dimorphism, with lower ratios evident in men compared to women. Several lines of evidence suggest that this sex difference is due to variable exposure to prenatal sex steroids in utero. Although not tested sufficiently, it has been suggested that 2D: 4D may relate to sexual behaviour indices, in particular the number of sexual partners. However, this study did not find any significant relations between 2D: 4D and number lifetime opposite-sex and same-sex partners in 159 ...

Two experiments used a digitizing tablet to analyse the temporal, spatial, and kinematic characteristics of handwritten production of arabic numbers. They addressed a specific issue of the numerical domain: Does the lexical and syntactic structure of verbal numerals influence the production of arabic numerals (Experiments 1 and 2), even after enforced semantic processing in a comparison task (Experiment 2)? Subjects had to write multi-digit arabic numerals (e.g., 1200) presented in two different verbal structures: a multiplicative one (e.g., teen-hundred, douze cents (twelve hundred)) or an additive one (e.g., thousand-unit-hundred, mille deux cents (one thousand two hundred)). Results show differences in the inter-digit jumps that reflect the influence of the structure of verbal numerals, even after the semantic task. This finding is discussed with regard to different models of number transcoding (McCloskey, Caramazza, & Basili, 1985; Power & Dal Martello, 1990, 1997).

in this article is showed mainly, the sense of name «prime number» deduced from the writings of some mathematicians of Ancient Greece starting by the meaning of the name in Greek language and its definition in the Euclid's Elements, which starts to quote some remarks on the sense found in authors such as G. Frege, Charles S. Pierce, U. Eco and Vygotsky, after German philosopher O. Spengler's contribution on numbers sense as background to try to resolve the question in this article.

We aimed to navigate the surgeon regarding the localization of the main anatomical structures at the anterior part of the ankle joint, in order to find easily the safest anatomical points with reference to the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN), in particular for anterolateral portal placement in ankle arthroscopy. Sixty-three ankles in 36 fresh cadavers were dissected. In all specimens we

This paper presents an implementation of a concurrent version of Schöning's algorithm for k-SAT in [Sch99]. It is shown that the algorithm can be implemented with space complexity O ((2− 2/k) n) and time complexity O (kmn+ n 3), where n is the number of variables and m the number of clauses. Besides, borrowing ideas from the above mentioned implementation, it is presented an implementation of resolution, a widely studied and used proof system, mainly in the fields of Proof Complexity and Automated Theorem Proving.