Occidentalism Studies

The terms Orientalism and Occidentalism is about examining the way that the West and the East looking at and othering each other, their exclusion of one another and marginalization. This project aims to show respectively how the West represents the East and how the East represents the West through cinema. In the first part we will focus on the representations, East-West conflict, prejudices and patterns in orientalism and Occidentalism. In the second part we will examine the Midnight Express and Otobüs movies according to these terms which both was filmed in 70's. In this way, we will be looking at how the West and the East represented each other in the same years through these movies.

Sejak abad ketujuhbelas kajian orientalisme mampu membangun konstruksi bahwa Barat yang dibaratkan berada pada posisi superior dan berkuasa atas yang lain dan Timur yang ditimurkan berada pada posisi inferior dan lemah di bawah dominasi Barat. Kategori dikotomis ini menuai kritik dari berbagai kalangan hingga diperlukan sebuah kajian yang mampu menyeimbangi orientalisme yang sarat kepentingan ideo-politis. Dua abad berikutnya, lahir oksidentalisme sebagai satu disiplin ilmu yang mencoba mengkaji dunia Barat (kesadaran Eropa) dari kacamata non-Barat sehingga terjadi obyektivitas dalam pengungkapannya. Hingga kini, ilmu oksidentalisme masih belum menemukan eksistensinya sehingga dibutuhkan kajian epistemologis agar menjadi jawaban sekaligus juru bicara “ilmu sosial baru” dalam melawan dan membongkar siapa sebenarnya Barat, lalu membangun kesetaran antar-peradaban sehingga tidak ada lagi pusat peradaban dan cabang peradaban.

The aim of this paper is to research the etymology and different definitions of the term of Occidentalism. Occidentalism, in its broadest meaning, is the reverse of Orientalism; just as Orientalism is a Western reading of the East, Occidentalism is an Eastern reading of the West. A meticulous reading of related literature reveals several different  meanings  attributed  to  Occidentalism.  One  of  these  definitions was introduced by the Egyptian philosopher Hasan Hanafi, who sees Occidentalism as the science of adopting Western values by eliminating them. Conversely, Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit do not consider Occidentalism to be a science, but hostility against the West. In addition to these two definitions, a further perspective defines Occidentalism as the answer to one of the following questions: “How can the Western values be developed” and “How can Western values be adopted by the East, while saving the Eastern identity”. This paper defines and explores the terms ‘Occidentalism’ and ‘Occidentalist’ considering these forms and interpretations.

This paper examines Hanafi's concept of Occidentalism in the epistemological approach. It aims to investigate the character, study source, research method, validity, and objectives of Occidentalism. The paper findings demonstrate that Occidentalism is a science which aims to dismantle the myth of Western superiority and, in turn, to build an equal civilization. The study root of Occidentalism is the formation, structure, and fate of the European consciousness. The formation comprises the exposed and unexposed sources of the European consciousness. The structure encompasses the ideologies of nationalism, Zionism, Nazism, Facism, and racialism. Fate relies on the model of the relationship between the East and the West. Afterward, Hanafi employs two research methods: historical-dialectical and phenomenology. Lastly, science can be recognized as Occidentalism if it has a fivefold standard: there is the dialectic of the East and the West, positioning European consciousness as the study object, self-liberation as the spirit to liberate the East from Western hegemony, dismantling the myth of cosmopolite culture, and the accomplishment of an equal civilization.

[Artikel ini mengkaji tentang epistemologi Oksidentalisme dalam pemikiran Hassan Hanafi. Tujuannya adalah untuk menelusuri secara mendalam tentang hakikat, sumber kajian, metode kajian, kebenaran, dan tujuan Oksidentalisme. Hasil dari analisa menunjukkan bahwa Oksidentalisme merupakan ilmu yang bertujuan membongkar mitos superioritas Barat dan membangun peradaban yang setara. Sumber kajiannya adalah kesadaran Eropa: pembentukan, struktur, dan nasib. Dua metode kajian yang digunakan: historis-dialektika dan fenomenologi. Standard kebenaran Oksidentalisme adalah ada dialektika antara Timur dan Barat, kesadaran Eropa sebagai objek kajian, pembebasan diri Timur dari hegemoni Barat, membongkar mitos budaya kosmopolit, dan terwujudnya peradaban yang setara.]

Questo articolo esamina etimologicamente un numero significativo di parole delle lingue indoeuropee che entrano nel campo semantico di "misericordia". Tra esse c'è in qualche modo un rapporto sinonimico. L'intenzione di raggiungere l'etimologia ultima di ogniuna di esse risponde alla domanda se è possibile ipotizzare un termine ricostruito indoeuropeo che significhi "misericordia" e dia un'idea di come è stata concettualizzata.  I percorsi etimologici rivelano che più indietro si torna più si ha a che vedere con la semantica del corporeo e sensibile. Tale fenomeno, seppur molto di rado, viene qui messo in esame nella prospettiva degli studi metaforici e metonimici della linguistica cognitiva recente.
La prima parte è costituita da una raccolta lessicale secondo aree linguistiche. Il destilato ultimo è le diverse radici indoeuropee ivi emerse. La seconda parte è un'elaborazione semantica di ciò che viene messo in evidenza dallo studio delle etimologie. La validità delle nozioni di "misericordia" che l'etimologia rivela sottostanti ai termini e alla loro concettualizzazione, viene supportata dall'uso metaforico simile che la letteratura o la fraseologia popolare mostra quando vuole parlare di "misericordia".