Offshore platforms

Dalam mata kuliah Tugas Rancang Besar (TRB II) mahasiswa diberi tugas untuk membuat suatau perancangan struktur lepas pantai statis. Di dalam pembuatan perancangan struktur ini diperlukan langkah-langkah perancangan yang tepat dan sesuai standar yang diajukan. Platform yang dirancang adalah platform yang berfungsi sebagai Wellhead Platform dengan jumlah kaki 3 dan berorientasi +600 dari arah True North. Platform ini ditempatkan pada kedalaman 160 ft, dengan fasilitas yang dipasanng pada dua deck yaitu main deck (80x80 ft) dan cellar deck (80x90 ft) yang mengakomodasi 5 conductor dan 6 riser serta helideck yang dirancang untuk helikopter Boeing Tipe Vertol BK-117. Platform ini memiliki tinggi total 236 ft dari mudline. Hasil perancangan yang telah dilakukan secara perhitungan manual kemudian diinputkan untuk pemodelan numerik dengan bantuan software SACS 5.7 lalu dilakukan berbagai analisis yakni analisis pada Member Unity Check (UC), Beban Vertikal dan Horizontal, dan Joint Displacement. Namun yang terpenting atau acuan dalam melakukan redesign agar memiliki struktur yang kaut adalah berdasarkan hasil analisis UC sebab akan mengetahui hasil dari rasio tegangan sebenarnya dengan tegangan izin (A36).

The continuous technological innovations which took place after the 1958 Geneva Conventions has led to an important development of exploration and exploitation activities on the seabed through an increased number of platforms at sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not give a definition of a platform. Likewise, the other conventions which contain provisions applicable to platforms do not provide a definition of this them. It is possible, nevertheless, to define the legal régime applicable to platforms, taking into account the legal status of the different areas where they are located (continental shelf and exclusive economic zone, high seas and international seabed area) as well as of the seabed and the superjacent waters. As a result, the régime of platforms may be characterized as a complex system where the rights of the coastal States need to coexist with the rights of other States to use the areas concerned. Certain questions require a more detailed examination in light of the practical issues which have arisen in international practice. This concerns the navigation of platforms, their installation in disputed maritime areas, the safety of platforms and the protection of the marine environment (prevention and reparation) vis-à-vis damage which may occur from their activities, as well as the removal of disused platforms.

Le progrès continu des techniques depuis les Conventions de Genève de 1958 a favorisé l'expansion considérable de l'exploration et de l'exploitation du fond des mers à partir de plates-formes installées en surface, qui se sont multipliées et diversifiées. La Convention des Nations Unies de 1982 ne comporte pas de définition précise, et les conventions particulières qui leur consacrent certaines de leurs dispositions ne s'accordent pas sur une définition uniforme. Il est cependant possible de systématiser le régime qui leur est applicable, en tenant compte de la diversité juridique des espaces dans lesquels elles sont implantées (plateau continental et zone économique exclusive, haute mer et Zone internationale des fonds marins) et du statut respectif des fonds marins et des eaux surjacentes. Il en résulte un régime complexe, dans lequel les droits de l'État côtier coexistent avec le droit qu'ont les États d'utiliser les espaces concernés. Certaines matières spécifiques font l'objet d'un examen plus détaillé, en raison des problèmes concrets que suscitent l'installation et l'utilisation des plates-formes en mer. Il s'agit des questions relatives à la navigation des plates-formes, à leur installation dans des zones où le titre territorial est contesté, à la sécurité des plates-formes et à la protection du milieu marin (prévention et réparation des dommages) contre la pollution qui peut résulter de leurs activités, ainsi qu'à l'enlèvement des plates-formes désaffectées.

The continuous technological innovations which took place after the 1958 Geneva Conventions has let to important development of exploration and exploitation activities on the seabed throughout an increased number of platforms at sea. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea does not give a definition of a platform. Likewise, the other conventions which contain provisions applicable to platforms do not provide a definition of the term. It is possible, nevertheless, to define the legal regime applicable to platforms, by taking into account the legal status of the different areas where they are located (continental shelf and exclusive economic zone, high seas and international seabed area). As a result, the regime of platforms may be characterized as a complex system where the rights of the coastal States need to coexist with the rights of other States to use the areas concerned. Certain questions require a more detailed examination in light of the practical issues which have arisen in international practice. This concerns the navigation of platforms, their installation in disputed areas, the safety of platforms and the protection of the marine environment (prevention and reparation) vis-à-vis damage which may occur from their activities, as well as the removal of disused platforms.

To improve HSE standards, oil and gas industries are interested in using remotely controlled and autonomous robots instead of human workers on offshore platforms. In addition to earlier reason this strategy would increase potential revenue, efficient usage of work experts and even would allow operations in more remote areas. This article is the presentation of a custom climbing robot, called Walloid, designed for offshore platform topside automation. This 4 arms climbing robot with grippers is an ongoing project at University of Oslo.

To improve HSE standards, oil and gas industries are interested in using remotely controlled and autonomous robots instead of human workers on offshore platforms. In addition to earlier reason this strategy would increase potential revenue, efficient usage of work experts and even would allow operations in more remote areas.
This article is the presentation of a custom climbing robot, called Walloid, designed for offshore platform topside automation. This 4 arms climbing robot with grippers is an ongoing project at University of Oslo.

Keywords—Climbing Robots, Mobile Robots, Offshore Robotics, Offshore Platforms, Automation, Inspection, Monitoring.

Le progres continu des techniques depuis les Conventions de Geneve de 1958 a favorise l’expansion considerable de l’exploration et de l’exploitation du fond des mers a partir de plates-formes installees en surface, qui se sont multipliees et diversifiees. La Convention des Nations Unies de 1982 ne comporte pas de definition precise, et les conventions particulieres qui leur consacrent certaines de leurs dispositions ne s’accordent pas sur une definition uniforme. Il est cependant possible de systematiser le regime qui leur est applicable, en tenant compte de la diversite juridique des espaces dans lesquels elles sont implantees (plateau continental et zone economique exclusive, haute mer et Zone internationale des fonds marins) et du statut respectif des fonds marins et des eaux surjacentes. Il en resulte un regime complexe, dans lequel les droits de l’Etat cotier coexistent avec le droit qu’ont les Etats d’utiliser les espaces concernes. Certaines matieres specifiques font l’objet ...

The research attempts to present the most important problems and failures that caused major disasters of offshore oil and gas drilling rigs. For this reason they were chosen to present different cases in order to cover all the main causes of global accidents and to gain a global knowledge of them. The following is a description of the concept of offshore platform, the main causes of accidents, their types and categories where are then analyzed representative cases of Deepwater Horizon, Piper Alpha, Alexander Kielland, Sleipner A, Usumacinta, P-36, where at the end are given the conclusions. The choices of global disasters on offshore platforms were not made on the basis of economic-environmental and human impact but mainly on the basis of the diversity of scientific causes that contributed to the accident to analyze a large part of the failures that contributed to the events always according to the causes resulting from the literature review.