Offshore Structures

MGPS Cofferdam is an equipment to be attached at the submerge part of the ship’s hull, to create an watertight environment for the safety cutting, welding, or another underwater activities. The activity here for the MGPS Cofferdam is the changing of the rise pipe at side of the submerged part of hull.

Due to the severe environmental condition, steel jacket type offshore platforms are highly vulnerable to damage; so, ensuring its proper performance and detection of probable damage is very important and undeniable. The assessment of existing offshore platforms is relatively a new process and has not yet been standardized as the design has. To do so, seismic assessment of the existing 4-legged steel jacket type offshore platform placed in the Persian Gulf (SPD12) is presented in this paper. Based on an actual platform structure and its mechanical model, the parameters which may affect the rate of shock absorption are analyzed, such as the condition of the site where the platform is located. Assessment is done by finding the seismic damage spread in the structure. Therefore, by using some documents such as FEMA-356 and ATC-40 developed for seismic assessment of buildings, seismic damage of the jacket-type platform is predicted with pushover analysis, and damage spread in this structu...

Offshore platforms for ultra-deep waters are form-dominant by design; hybrid systems with large flexibility in horizontal plane and high rigidity in vertical plane are preferred due to functional complexities. Offshore triceratops is relatively a newgeneration offshore platform, whose deck is partially isolated from the supporting buoyant legs by ball joints. They allow transfer of partial displacements of buoyant legs to the deck but restrain transfer of rotational response. Buoyant legs are in turn taut-moored to the sea bed using pre-tension tethers. Present study will discuss detailed dynamic analysis and preliminary design of the chosen geometric, which is necessary as a proof of validation for such design applications. A detailed numeric analysis of triceratops at 2400 m water depth under random waves is presented. Preliminary design confirms member-level design requirements under various modes of failure. Tether configuration, proposed in the study confirms no pullout of tethers as stress variation is comparatively lesser than the yield value. Presented study shall aid offshore engineers and contractors to understand suitability of triceratops, in terms of design and dynamic response behaviour.

Proces globalizacije donosi niz promjena vezanih uz kulturu, tehnologiju, ekologiju, društvo, politiku, a naročito promjene vezane globalnu ekonomiju. U zadnjih nekoliko desetaka godina financijski sektor stvorio je moć kojom danas upravlja globalizacijom i svim njezinim karakteristikama, a narušavanje takve moći osjeća se kroz svjetsku krizu poput one iz 2008. godine koja traje još dan danas. Poslovni subjekti, i fizički i pravni, postaju sve manje vezani za svoje nacionalne ekonomije i počinju poslovati diljem svijeta zahvaljujući procesu globalizacije. Sukladno tome, dolazi i do premještanjem kapitala i prihoda na povoljnija porezna okruženja u pojedinim svjetskim područjima. Nakon izbijanja prethodno spomenute financijske krize, koja je razotkrila raznovrsne financijske malverzacije, posebno su zanimljivi postali upravo offshore centri, malena područja, gdje postoji niska ili nulta stopa poreza, deregulacija, politička stabilnost i izuzetno stroga tajnost podataka i cjelokupnog poslovanja tamošnjih organizacija. Stoga će se ovaj rad bazirati na proučavanju poslovanja domaćih organizacija s off-shore centrima.

U prvom djelu ovog seminarskog rada opisati će se što su to zapravo off-shore centri koji u današnje vrijeme izazivaju sve više pozornosti u poslovnom svijetu. Koristeći većinom članke pronađene na internetu i jedne knjige pokušati dat će se karakteristike off-shore centara, područja gdje se javljaju kao i sve moguće strukture te svrhe postojanja takvih centara. Za shvaćanje kako se izvode ilegalne radnje preko off-shore centara biti će zadužen drugi dio ovog rada. U tom djelu prikazati će se radnje poput utaje poraza i pranje novca pomoću off-shore centara te će se razmotriti i off-shore afere, odnosno dokumenti koji otkrivaju tajne slavnih bogataša. Na samom kraju ovog rada dan je zaključak koji će rezimirati sve navedeno zajedno sa mojim vlastitim razmišljanjem o ovoj temi.

This article considers offshoring and outsourcing as a separate or a combined approach to corporate development of startups or mature global organizations. These forms of strategic partnerships  drive organizational change due to following major factors: 1. Operational availability of retrievable offshoring & outsourcing prototypes in company’s portfolio; 2. Organizational capability of multiplicating offshoring & outsourcing prototype(s) within the window of opportunity. The article reviews benefits of outsourcing and offshoring, such as lower costs and higher productivity.
Pharmaceutical R&D industry sector is considered as an example of intensive offshore outsourcing activity.  These processes have to consider impact of several key value capture and distribution factors in the pharmaceutical industry: legal implications of IPRs, intellectual resources availability, relationships between legal entity organizational form and cost of capital, as well as their operational realization in strategic partnerships within offshore and/or outsourcing business model.
Findings of the study provide convergence of literature research, corporate documents and reports of major case protagonists – contract research organizations (CROs), as well as their partners. This work does contribute to the organizational management discipline’s understanding of the strategic offshoring and outsourcing business models. Recommendations for future research are related to leverage of these business models in different R&D sectors, and evaluation of multiplication factors that define success of selected business model.

In this paper, the seismic performance of a typical off-shore jack-up platform is assessed by means of the incremental dynamic analysis (IDA): a computationally demanding method involving a series of nonlinear time-history analysis for a suite of judicially selected and appropriately scaled recorded strong ground motions (GMs). A prototype non-linear three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a jack-up platform accounting for soil-structure interaction is considered subject to GMs applied to two horizontal orthogonal directions. Special attention is focused in defining a FE model to allow for performing IDA within reasonable computational time given conventional computer resources while capturing reliably the non-linear structural behaviour. Pertinent numerical results are reported to demonstrate the practical implementation of IDA for the considered structures including the definition of a reasonable damage measure and associated limit states. Given the detrimental role of jack-up platforms in the marine energy supply chain, it is envisioned that this work will further familiarize the marine structures community towards the application and the benefits of adopting IDA for the performance-based earthquake resistance design of new platforms and for the seismic reliability assessment of existing ones vis-à-vis the conventional approach of considering time-history analyses for a limited number of response spectrum compatible accelerograms.

The effects of top tension on stress utilization in pipe laying operations is a key component of pipeline installation design that must be critically analysed and ascertained if pipe laying
operations in subsea environment must be successful. Key considerations such as the water depth, pipe weight per unit length, span length, top tension, and environmental conditions of the target subsea environment cannot be over-emphasized.  The structural behaviour of the pipe system during installation operation is dependent on both the overall behaviour of the pipeline system, and the mechanism of load transfer between the installation vessel and the pipe, and seabed-pipe interaction at the touch down point (TDP).

This paper will illustrate the various methods of pipe laying systems available in the subsea industry and attempts to discuss the modus operandi for each. Key catenary equations for the pipe laying systems were also derived in relation to analysing the various force components acting on the pipeline system during its installation. In this light, case studies for three different pipeline configuration (Bare, Insulated and Pipe-in-Pipe Pipeline Systems) common in the industry were considered in relation to analysing and comparing the effects of hoop, bending and axial stresses at the TDP due to the applied top tension at the surface from the installation
vessel at different top tension ratio. It concludes by presenting the stress utilization curve (SUC) as a function of the top tension ratio for each of the pipe system being studied in lieu to exposing the effect of stress utilization for each of the pipeline during laying operations. Based on these studies, a few significant conclusions are drawn, providing the design and installation monitoring of deepwater pipeline with theoretical basis.

Shared services are an organizational model that aims to reorganize mostly the back-office service functions and centralize them into an internal service delivery center. The shared service model reached a high popularity in the last in the whole world but there are some countries and regions that are more successful in it than others.
Central-Eastern Europe and Hungary within it was very popular destination of new service delivery centers in the last decades. The relative proximity geographically, in time-zone, culture, language-knowledge and the availability of higher-educated and well-skilled workforce was the main drivers for the prominence of the region in the last decades. Hungary is the second most important country in the region in this shared service market.
This research study aimed to disclose how it is possible to disclose the evaluating factors and based on it to categorize into clusters those shared service centers that are operating in the Hungarian shared service market.

Dalam mata kuliah Tugas Rancang Besar (TRB II) mahasiswa diberi tugas untuk membuat suatau perancangan struktur lepas pantai statis. Di dalam pembuatan perancangan struktur ini diperlukan langkah-langkah perancangan yang tepat dan sesuai standar yang diajukan. Platform yang dirancang adalah platform yang berfungsi sebagai Wellhead Platform dengan jumlah kaki 3 dan berorientasi +600 dari arah True North. Platform ini ditempatkan pada kedalaman 160 ft, dengan fasilitas yang dipasanng pada dua deck yaitu main deck (80x80 ft) dan cellar deck (80x90 ft) yang mengakomodasi 5 conductor dan 6 riser serta helideck yang dirancang untuk helikopter Boeing Tipe Vertol BK-117. Platform ini memiliki tinggi total 236 ft dari mudline. Hasil perancangan yang telah dilakukan secara perhitungan manual kemudian diinputkan untuk pemodelan numerik dengan bantuan software SACS 5.7 lalu dilakukan berbagai analisis yakni analisis pada Member Unity Check (UC), Beban Vertikal dan Horizontal, dan Joint Displacement. Namun yang terpenting atau acuan dalam melakukan redesign agar memiliki struktur yang kaut adalah berdasarkan hasil analisis UC sebab akan mengetahui hasil dari rasio tegangan sebenarnya dengan tegangan izin (A36).

The dismantling/removal and disposal of redundant offshore oil and gas infrastructure was until recently, a topic of little or no importance at both national and international levels. However, as of today, the issue of what happens to redundant offshore platforms is a major problem and concern for both the international community and the oil and gas industry. The safety problems redundant offshore installations pose to marine life and other sea users, coupled with the fact that there is no income from the field at the relevant time, have made governments to devise means of ensuring that a mechanism exists to guarantee the removal and disposal of these offshore installations at the end of their productive lifespan.

Estimating the cost of vessels is an important factor in the Operation & Maintenance (O&M) costs of offshore wind farms. Accurate cost estimation is required during the operation of the wind farm. This paper presents the development of the O&M charter rate modelling for offshore wind turbine jack-up vessels under different operational strategies. The main objectives of this modelling are to explore the differentiation of charter rates associated with the charter periods and with the capabilities of different vessels; as well as to allow offshore wind farm operators to plan their maintenance strategies by considering the share of vessels’ costs in the overall maintenance costs. In this respect, various jack-up vessels in the offshore wind industry are investigated and the most effective charter periods are identified. The seasonal effects on the charter rates are also considered to provide critical insight into the selection of the optimum charter rate scenario.

The study evaluated the project life cycle for the construction of a fixed petroleum platform which comprises of the planning, design, fabrication, load-out, transportation, installation and commissioning phases. The project life cycle, like several offshore structures located in open waters and exposed to severe forces must be planned in great details for a successful execution. It is therefore necessary to study and gather all necessary information on the construction of a platform with the objective of creating a client, consultant and contractor's work breakdown structure (WBS) template in a project planning software. The results of this study eventually serve as a guide which can be adjusted to suit the planning and management for the construction of a fixed petroleum platform depending on the soil characteristics, environmental and operational parameters. An oil platform is a large structure used to house workers and machinery needed to drill and then produce oil and natural gas in the ocean (Wikipedia 2007). There are different types of petroleum platforms and each of these types is chosen primarily due to water depth considerations, and secondarily due to the intended service and quantity of deck equipment necessary to perform its service. To develop a WBS for the construction of a fixed jacket petroleum platform, the following issues were investigated: 1) Planning: It takes into account operational considerations (i.e. the function, location, and orientation of the platform) and environmental considerations (including winds, tides, currents, ice, shallow gases, earthquakes and marine growth) (Sadeghi 2001), 2) Design: It analyzes the dead loads (i.e. weights of the platform structure and any permanent equipment and appurtenant structures which do not change with the mode of operation), live loads (loads imposed on the platform during its use and which may change either during a mode of operation or from one mode of operation to another) and environmental loads (loads imposed on the platform by natural phenomena including wind, current, wave, earthquake, snow, ice and earth movement),

XYZ adalah struktur platform jenis Wellhead dengan konfigurasi jacket 4 kaki yang dirancang untuk beroperasi pada kedalaman perairan 115 ft selama 25 tahun dengan arah orientasi +35o dari True North. Pada laporan ini dibahas tentang analisis dinamis terhadap struktur tersebut untuk memenuhi tiga faktor yang diperlukan yakni: keamanan, fungsi, ketahanan. Secara umum, tujuan dari analisis dinamis ini adalah untuk mengetahui respons dinamis struktur terhadap pembebanan yang merupakan fungsi waktu seperti displacement atau perilaku dinamis struktur seperti frekuensi natural struktur. Secara spesifik, persoalan yang dibahas dalam analisis ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar respons struktur terhadap beban gempa (seismik) yaitu dengan mengetahui unity check-nya, berapa umur kelelahan dari struktur (dalam N siklus pembebanan dan dalam tahun) dan mengetahui metode dan jenis barge apa yang digunakan untuk load out jacket dengan mengacu pada rules API RP 2A WSD 22nd Edition dan AISC 13th Edition untuk pemilihan materialnya. Pada analisis seismik tipe tanah yang digunakan adalah tanah tipe B, percepatan tanah puncak (PGA) adalah 0,198 g, rasio redaman adalah 5%, dan CQC pembebanan dinamis X, Y , Z adalah 1.0, 1.0, 0.5. Pada analisis kelelahan telah dilakukan penggunaan metode deterministik untuk 8 arah pembebanan gelombang dengan kurva S-N dan formula faktor konsentrasi tegangan oleh Efthmiou serta umur kelelahan dihitung menggunakan metode Palmgren-Miner pada joint paling kritis. Pada analisis load out hanya dilakukan pada jacket, sedangkan load out untuk deck tidak dilakukan analisis. Analisis seismik dan analisis kelelahan serta sistem ballasting selama load out pada XYZ dilakukan dengan bantuan perangkat lunak SACS Connect 10.3. Pembahasan hasil analisis hanya dilakukan untuk kondisi-kondisi yang maksimum sehingga dari segi ekonomis diabaikan. Dari analisis seismik didapatkan bahwa frekuensi natural strukturnya adalah 2,9 sekon. Terdapat beberapa member yang memiliki umur kelelahan kurang dari 25 tahun, namun jumlahnya sedikit. Metode load out yang digunakan adalah metode skidding dan barge yang digunakan adalah tipe Boa barge 21/22. Proses load out dari preballasting hingga akhir membutuhkan waktu selama 1 jam 35 menit.

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This paper reviews various issues related to wind-power generation, one of the more popular forms of renewable energy, including attractions and challenges of electric power generation through onshore and offshore resources.
Significant increases in wind-turbine dimensions, rated power-generation capacity and size of wind farm developments over the past two decades are projected to continue. Offshore wind-power generation presents many engineering challenges including: limited guidelines available for analysis and design of foundation/support structures; inadequate logistics for construction/fabrication; and comparatively expensive  operation and maintenance costs, which combined result in current levelised cost of energy approximately double that for onshore wind-power generation. Different offshore foundation options are discussed in terms of general layout, loading characteristics and related fundamental natural frequency. Outlooks for some new approaches/developments and areas for further research are identified that may go towards reducing the levelised cost of energy for wind-power generation more in line with that from other energy resources, thereby enhancing the attractiveness of this industry for potential investors.

Marine and offshore structures are constructed worldwide for a variety of functions and in a variety of water depths, and environmental conditions. Shore protection facilities, ports, harbors and offshore petroleum platforms are important infrastructures which have big impacts on the economy level and industrial progress of countries. Selection of type of platform and also right planning, design, fabrication, transportation and installation of marine and offshore structures, considering the water depth and environment conditions are very important. In this paper an overview of coast, ports and offshore structures engineering is presented. The paper covers mainly design and construction of jetties, harbor and fixed template offshore platforms. The overall objective of this paper is to provide a general understanding of different stages of design, construction, load-out, transportation and installation of marine and offshore structures.

The story of deepwater Gulf of Mexico can be told through the story of Shell Oil's Mars Project.  Mars was one of the earliest prospects to be drilled and developed on some of the first federal deepwater leases offered in the early 1980s.  In the late 2010s, thirty-five years later, it remains one of the most productive basins in the Gulf at the cutting edge of technology.  More than any other project in the Gulf of Mexico, Mars documents the wide-ranging innovations that have propelled the industry into ever-deeper waters and new geological frontiers.  It provides a window into the evolution of geophysical technology and interpretation, drilling and well completion, platform and facilities design, workforce organization and culture, process engineering, subsea engineering, reservoir engineering, pipelining, project management, disaster management, and safety management.  Mars marks the transition from fixed to floating production platforms in deepwater, and from “conventional” deepwater to subsalt deepwater.  It also had a starring role in the industry’s recovery from two traumatic disasters, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon/Macondo blowout and spill in 2010.  Finally, the 2014 installation of a second, state-of-the-art production facility in the same field once again placed Mars in the forefront of offshore development.

This essay is part of a multi-media website,  https://dsps.lib.uiowa.edu/mars-deepwater-gulf/, devoted to documenting, analyzing, and displaying the history of this American energy asset and others in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. 

The website features the following resources:

• Two historical essays:  “Shell Oil’s Deepwater Mission to Mars,” by Tyler Priest; and “The Shape of These Monsters: From Fixed to Floating Offshore Oil and Gas Production, 1976-2006,” by Joel Hewett.
• A 30-year timeline of significant moments in the history of Shell’s greater Mars development.
• A photo gallery of the Mars TLP and its people, equipment, and projects.
• A video collection featuring the Mars, Ursa, and Olympus tension-leg platforms, along with many others in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (more than 80 total).
• A series of graphs that illustrate the evolution of deepwater projects and production in the Gulf of Mexico.
• A series of Gulf of Mexico maps, including:  an interactive ArcGIS Gulf of Mexico Map that displays Gulf of Mexico leases, platforms, pipelines, and boundaries; an interactive ArcGIS Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Story Map that highlights 17 major deepwater facilities; and an interactive ArcGIS Onshore Oil and Gas Infrastructure Map that displays onshore, lower-48 U.S. oil and gas infrastructure and its offshore connections.
• A “Martian Stories” site for oral histories and personal recollections.

Les développements qui suivent sont un résumé de ma thèse, sous la direction d’Alberto ALEMANNO, défendue le 25 février 2014 à HEC Paris.

L’objectif de notre travail était double. D’abord démontrer la pertinence économique, puis, dans un second temps, l’impertinence juridique d’un contrôle de l’ingénierie offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise.
Ce sujet académique souhaitant apporter un éclairage au monde professionnel - cabinets d’avocats comme directions juridiques - s’est attaché à donner des réponses à ce paradoxe qui semblait, à première vue, ne pas en avoir. De la théorie à la pratique, nous identifions ainsi en dernière partie certains dispositifs pouvant inspirer une appréhension de l’offshore - sans réduire aveuglément cette lutte à l’endroit des multinationales mais objectivement en une appréhension plus juste de la richesse qu’elles génèrent malgré tout. Laissant ainsi espérer la résilience avec la crise, nous en concluons que la pertinence économique d’un contrôle de l’offshore aurait raison de son impertinence juridique.

A la recherche de l’inévitable et mythique synthèse, reprenons notre raisonnement.

La pertinence économique d’un contrôle de l’offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise s’illustre tout d’abord par une estimation chiffrée. La proportion représentée par cette économie parallèle sur la dette publique est telle que son appréhension permettrait le recouvrement nécessaire au respect de la stabilité budgétaire – celle-ci constituant le plus grand enjeu de demain.
Cette influence de l’offshore sur l’économie mondiale s’explique par le droit. Tout d’abord le droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes, fondement du principe de souveraineté, autorisant chaque Etat à établir le régime fiscal de son choix. Conjugué à l’influence de l’Ecole de Chicago des années 1980, puis la financiarisation de l’économie des années 2000, cette autodétermination, disposée au rang le plus élevé de la hiérarchie des normes, permit d’instituer un chevauchement accru des législations à l’origine de l’élimination de la double imposition internationale.
Une analyse purement juridique nous permet alors d’expliquer l’érosion des bases fiscales comme les notions de « territorialité », de « mondialité » et d’ « établissement stable », conduisant à une imposition artificielle des bénéfices dans les territoires à faible fiscalité et une déduction tout aussi artificielle des pertes de source étrangère dans les pays à forte fiscalité.

Une appréhension de ces zones économiquement agressives s’avère donc indispensable pour plusieurs raisons.
Contrôler ces juridictions ne rendrait plus possible une externalisation du risque qui conduirait à un nouveau chaos économique, financier et social.
Plus encore, appréhender l’offshore permettrait de répondre aux conséquences dramatiques qu’a eu cette première crise subprime sur la seconde crise budgétaire. En effet, un contrôle des prix de transfert - qui représentent 60% du commerce mondial - dans les secteurs où leur manipulation est la plus dommageable comme l’économie numérique assurerait une plus juste répartition de l’impôt.
Ce nouveau paradigme permettrait alors une réduction des inégalités de richesses (entre les personnes morales elles-mêmes, FMN/PME) et de développements (entre les pays du Nord et le Tiers-Monde, stimulant l’émergence de l’Afrique).

L’impertinence juridique d’un contrôle de l’offshore dans la perspective d’une sortie de crise s’illustre par une analyse approfondie de l’efficience exceptionnelle de la Common law en droit offshore et, à première vue, l’absence de dispositifs capables de l’appréhender.
Il est prouvé que la recrudescence du système anglo-saxon s’illustre dans les faits par des territoires majoritairement américains ou britanniques - qu’il s’agisse d’Etats à part entière comme les IVB ou les Caïmans ; d’Etats fédéraux américains comme le Delaware ou la Floride ; voire d’Etats simplement sous ascendance étasunienne comme le Panama. Plus encore, la recrudescence de la Common law s’illustre par l’Euromarket abrité à la City et régit par ses principes ; ainsi que l’usage d’entités d’interposition également sous tutelle de la Common law telles ques l’IBC, la holding, la fondation ou le contrat prête-nom, tous autorisant le contribuable à écrire la loi par la situation qu’il construit par ces mécanismes juridiques.
Le trust, auquel nous avons porté une attention particulière, cristallise cette recrudescence de la Common law aux dépends de la fiducie et des véhicules juridiques de droit continental en général. Le dédoublement de propriété dont il dispose assure une telle opacité entre le détenteur légal d’un actif et son bénéficiaire réel qu’il remplacerait aujourd’hui le secret bancaire mis à mal par la communauté internationale.
La fiducie, cette entité tripartite propre à la Civil law, est donc distancée par le trust constituant pour les législations de droit continental, un patrimoine sans propriétaire auquel il est complètement étranger. Contraint, le législateur romano-germanique tente d’opérer un legal transplant du mécanisme anglo-saxon, mais en vain.

Le paradoxe que renferme notre thèse apporte néanmoins une réponse qui se veut exhaustive et dynamique pour gérer cette insolence des mécanismes juridiques abusivement légaux. Conformément aux dispositions qui pourraient être prises par le prochain G20 de Brisbane en novembre 2014, en réponse au « projet BEPS » de l’été 2013, nos dispositions s’organisent autour de trois leviers de court, moyen et long termes.
A savoir, d’ici la fin de l’année, prévenir les délocalisations et inciter au rapatriement de façon à (re)territorialiser un maximum de richesse sur le territoire national; mais encore renforcer le pouvoir des autorités de contrôle, et ne pas s’en contenter. Exiger ainsi des multinationales françaises un « reporting » pays par pays, voire filiales par filiales, de façon à rendre aux transactions intragroupes toute leur réalité, et enfin calquer, sur le modèle américain, un « FATCA national ». Disposées au PLF 2015, ces mesures redonneraient de son éclat au leadership français pour inciter les Etats membres à agir dans le même sens.
A moyen terme, d’ici fin 2015, établir un prélèvement automatique des avoirs dans le cadre d’accords « Rubik » généralisés à l’ensemble de l’Union européenne. Combiner ainsi le  « FATCA français » à ce « Rubik européen » pour impulser un « FATCA européen ».
Cette dernière partie assure qu’il serait ainsi possible de tendre progressivement, à long terme d’ici 2020, vers un « FATCA mondial » d’échange automatique d’informations - unique dispositif susceptible de mettre un terme définitif aux pratiques fiscalement dommageables.