Optimal Reactive Power System

... 06 Molar - - - . . A + A_) CB = 4.5 X 10 Molarr 3 ItS CC = 5.5 XIO0 MOlar 1. A I *- III - - , .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 0.2 0) _ n 1-/ a) E 0 -._ .0 0.1 0 0 a) -c 0 Tr (seconds) FIG. 1. Typical data points for Gi(T) at two values of CA, fitted by Eq. (6). Although ...

The simultaneous use of Fenton reagent and irradiation for the treatment of textile wastewaters generated during a hydrogen peroxide bleaching process is investigated. The experimental conditions tested during this study provide the simultaneous occurrence of Fenton, Fenton-like and photo-Fenton reactions. The batch experimental results are assessed in terms of total organic carbon reduction. Identification of some of the chemical constituents of the effluent was performed by means of GC-MS. Other pollution related features of the initial effluent-like COD and color were also measured. The main parameters that govern the complex reactive system, i.e., light intensity, temperature, pH, Fe(II) and H2O2 initial concentrations have been studied. Concentrations of Fe(II) between 0 and 400 ppm, and H2O2 between 0 and 10,000 ppm were used. Temperatures above 25 degrees C and up to 70 degrees C show a beneficial effect on organic load reduction. A set of experiments was conducted under diff...

The process of segmenting images is one of the most critical ones in automatic image analysis whose goal can be regarded as to find what objects are present in images. Artificial neural networks have been well developed so far. First two generations of neural networks have a lot of successful applications. Spiking neuron networks (SNNs) are often referred to as the third generation of neural networks which have potential to solve problems related to biological stimuli. They derive their strength and interest from an accurate modeling of synaptic interactions between neurons, taking into account the time of spike emission. SNNs overcome the computational power of neural networks made of threshold or sigmoidal units. Based on dynamic event-driven processing, they open up new horizons for developing models with an exponential capacity of memorizing and a strong ability to fast adaptation. Moreover, SNNs add a new dimension, the temporal axis, to the representation capacity and the processing abilities of neural networks. In this paper, we present how SNN can be applied with efficacy in image segmentation and edge detection. Results obtained confirm the validity of the approach.

We summarize some current trends in embedded systems design and point out some of their characteristics, such as the chasm between analytical and computational models, and the gap between safety-critical and best-effort engineering practices. We call for a coherent scientific foundation for embedded systems design, and we discuss a few key demands on such a foundation: the need for encompassing several manifestations of heterogeneity, and the need for constructivity in design. We believe that the development of a satisfactory Embedded Systems Design Science provides a timely challenge and opportunity for reinvigorating computer science.

In order to provide better alignment between conceptual requirements and aspect-oriented implementations, formal specification methods should enable the encapsulation of logical abstractions of systems. In this paper we argue that horizontal architectures, consisting of such logical abstrac- tions, can provide better separation of concerns over con- ventional ones while supporting incremental development for more common units of modularity such as

Investment is necessary for the studies into the security and stability of the power  grid,  as  well  as  the  improved  control  schemes  of  the  transmission  system. Different approaches such as reactive power compensation and phase shifting have been applied to increase the stability and the security of the power systems. The demands of lower power losses, faster response to system parameter change, and higher stability of system have stimulated the development of the Flexible AC Transmission systems (FACTS). Based on the success of research in power electronics switching devices and  advanced  control  technology,  FACTS  has  become  the  technology  of  choice  in voltage  control,  reactive/active  power  flow  control,  transient  and  steady-state stabilization that improves the operation and functionality of existing power transmission and distribution system  The achievement of these studies enlarge the efficiency of the existing generator units, reduce the overall generation capacity and fuel consumption, and minimize the operation cost. The study of shunt connected FACTS devices is a connected field with the problem of reactive power compensation and better mitigation of transmission related problems in today’s world. In this paper we study the shunt operation of FACTS controller, the STATCOM, and how it helps in the better utilization of a network operating under normal conditions. First we carry out a literature review of many papers related to FACTS and STATCOM, along with reactive power control. Then we look at the various devices being used for both series and shunt Compensation.

We consider the onset of thermosolutal (double-diffusive) convection of a binary fluid in a horizontal porous layer subject to fixed temperatures and chemical equilibrium on the bounding surfaces, in the case when the solubility of the dissolved component depends on temperature. We use a linear stability analysis to investigate how the dissolution or precipitation of this component affects the onset

The major challenges facing navigation of an autonomous mobile robot and need to be addressed are stem from, incomplete and uncertain knowledge of the environment, unpredictable aspects of real environment and surroundings, sensor limitation and uncertainty of sensory information (range, resolution limits, noise and occlusions), uncertainty in the effects of the robot own action (imperfect actuators), the need to respond quickly to environment demand in which the robot has to operate at a pace dictated by the interaction with its surrounding (limits on computation time due to restrictions imposed by the environment). These issues are fundamental to autonomous systems that have to function effectively while navigating and interacting with unknown, unstructured and dynamic environment. Several approaches have been developed to address this important issue at various levels in mobile robot's control architectures. This paper discusses the main approaches in the field of autonomous ...

A conceptual design methodology for the synthesis of reactive distillation columns is presented. The method assesses feasibility of a proposed reactive distillation column, designs the column and allows evaluation of the design for both fully reactive and 'hybrid' column ...

The Grafcet (or sequential function charts) language is a graphic language often offered in programmable logic control systems (PLC) used for industrial control-command applications. Modeling of Grafcet by the synchronous data-flow language Signal gives both explicit semantics, and the corresponding simulator. The translation into a graph of tasks makes it possible to execute the Grafcet program on any hardware architecture. Moreover, the use of Signal's proof tools allows verification of Grafcet properties, opening the field of critical applications to this very expressive language

In this work Improved Variable Mesh Optimization Algorithm (IVM) has been applied to solve the optimal reactive power problem. Projected Improved VMO algorithm has been modeled by hybridization of Variable mesh optimization algorithm with Clearing-Based Niche Formation Technique, Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Mesh formation and exploration has been enhanced by the hybridization. Amongst of niche development process, clearing is a renowned method in which general denominator is the formation of steady subpopulations (niches) at all local optima (peaks) in the exploration space. In Differential Evolution (DE) population is formed by common sampling within the stipulated smallest amount and maximum bounds. Subsequently DE travel into the iteration process where the progressions like, mutation, crossover, and selection, are followed. Proposed Improved Variable Mesh Optimization Algorithm (IVM) has been tested in standard IEEE 14,300 bus test system and simulation results show the projected algorithm reduced the real power loss extensively.

Safety analysis techniques have traditionally been performed manually by the safety engineers. Since these analyses are based on an informal model of the system, it is unlikely that these analyses will be complete, consistent, and error-free. Using precise formal models of the system as the basis of the analysis may help reduce errors and provide a more thorough analysis. Further, these models allow automated analysis, which may reduce the manual effort required. The process of creating system models suitable for safety analysis closely parallels the model-based development process that is increasingly used for critical system and software development. By leveraging the existing tools and techniques, we can create formal safety models using tools that are familiar to engineers and we can use the static analysis infrastructure available for these tools. This paper reports our initial experience in using model-based safety analysis on an example system taken from the ARP Safety Assessment guidelines document.