Organics

This paper explores the current state of the art in silicon, organic, and glass interposer technologies and their high-performance applications. Issues and challenges broadly encompassing electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of these interposer technologies are discussed along with the proven and under research solutions pertaining to these challenges. An evaluation of high-performance applications for these three technologies provides a useful insight into the role of interposers for such applications. This paper is an effort to evaluate and compare the viability of silicon, organic, and glass interposer technologies for high-performance applications. This paper also discusses the future trends, promising advancements, and market requirements with special emphasis on glass interposer technologies as evaluated to be the most viable option for the future high-performance applications.

“Darjeeling Tea” as a global brand brings attention to the Darjeeling District and creates a global imaginary which obliterates the dark colonial history, existing exploitation of the workers and the natural resources of the region. The global brand name is protected under the certification trademarks which has a geographical indication. Thus only tea from the 87 tea plantations can be called Darjeeling Tea. There is an increasing trend towards Darjeeling Tea going organic and fairtrade. This trend is critiqued with questions of how green and fair can a monoculture plantation get. Within this imaginary, small farmers’ tea offers an alternative paradigm based on equity and diversity. This paper explores the alternative by highlighting the journey of a small farmers collective Mineral Spring Sanjukta Vikash Sanstha.

Novel 2-amino bis(2-phosphonoacetic) acids were prepared by microwave irradiation of a mixture of amine, glyoxylic acid and phosphorous acid. The reaction takes place with various amines including primary and secondary amines and polyamines, but this reaction is more sensitive to steric hindrance of amine than the similar Kabachnik–Fields reaction. Amino acids can be also transformed into the expected bis(2-phosphonoacetic) acids, with the exception of tryptophan, which gives a β-carboline product.

Household solid wastes have varied quantity and composition in many urban centres. A waste audit was conducted among 250 volunteer households, in low, medium, and high residential densities at 50 households per Local Government Area in the Ibadan metropolis. Community sensitization was undertaken, followed by collection, weighing, and sorting of solid waste into over 40 categories. Analysis revealed the classes of waste to be organics 41.5%; plastics 21.4%; other waste 19.3%; Paper and paper board 8.4%; textile 3.4%; metal 2.7%; glass 1.9%; special care waste 0.7%, and construction and demolition waste; 0.7%. Waste generation rates were 0.17, 0.07 and 0.04kg/capita/day for low-, mediumand high-density areas respectively. About 41.8% of the waste was compostable, 37.9% recyclable, while 20.3% could be disposed of appropriately. Analysis revealed that a significant relationship exists between some socio-economic characteristics and percentage composition of waste, while religion and e...

The regioselectvity and the mechanism of the (32CA) cycloadditions reactions of 1-bromo-4-vinylbenzene 1 and 1-chloro-4-vinylbenzene 2 with benzonitrile oxide 3 were investigated under the molecular electron density theory (MEDT) at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) computational level. Evaluation of the ELF reveals that these zwitterionic type (zw-type) 32CA reactions take place in a two-stage one-step mechanism. This MEDT study shows that the meta isoxazolines are kinetically and thermodynamically favored over the ortho ones, these 32CA reactions being completely regioselective, in agreement with experimental outcomes. In addition, the efficiency of isoxazolines against SARS-CoV-2 have been also investigated. According to the docking analysis, the present study concludes that 5-(p-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-2-isoxazoline (B-m) shows better interactions for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to chloroquine.

Illisimonin A is a new sesquiterpene isolated from Illicium simonsii, and it possesses a novel 5/5/5/5/5 pentacyclic skeleton. The tricyclic skeleton of illisimonin A, tricyclo[5.2.1.01,5]decane, is presumed to be biosynthesized from allo-cedranes via a skeletal rearrangement. Herein, we report the concise synthesis of highly oxidized allo-cedranes by an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction using ortho-benzoquinones and demonstrate the biomimetic transformation of allo-cedranes by a retro-Claisen/aldol pathway.

(Authors: Daniel Jaffee and Philip H. Howard)
Recent years have seen a substantial increase in alternative agrifood initiatives that attempt to use the market to curtail the negative social and environmental effects of production and trade in a globalized food system. These alternatives pose a challenge to capital accumulation and the externalization of environmental costs by large agribusiness, trading and retail firms. Yet the success of these alternatives also makes them an inviting target for corporate participation. This article examines these dynamics through a case study of the two most significant such food system alternatives—organics and fair trade—focusing on corporate involvement in establishing and renegotiating the standards undergirding these initiatives. We compare the development of and contestation over the standards for both certified organic and certified fair trade, with particular attention to the U.S. context. We provide a brief history of their parallel processes of rapid growth and market mainstreaming. We examine claims of cooptation by movement participants, as well as the divergences and similarities between the organic and fair trade cases. Analyzing these two cases provides useful insights into the strategic approaches that corporate firms have deployed to further capital accumulation and to defuse threats to their profit margins and to status quo production, pricing, labor, trading and retailing practices. It can also offer valuable lessons regarding the most effective means of responding to such counter-reforms and of protecting or reasserting the more transformative elements at the heart of these alternative systems.

Only four years elapsed between the coining of the term ‘organic farming’ and the founding of an association  devoted to the advocacy of organic farming. The world’s first association dedicated to the promotion and proliferation of organic agriculture, the Australian Organic Farming and Gardening Society (AOFGS), was founded in Sydney, Australia, in October 1944. It is a geographically surprising sequel to the coining of the term ‘organic farming’ by Lord Northbourne and its first appearance in war-time Britain. Northbourne’s manifesto of organic farming, Look to the Land, was published in London in May 1940. When the AOFGS published a periodical, the Organic Farming Digest, it was the first association to publish an organics advocacy journal. The present paper addresses the question of how the ‘organic farming’ meme arrived in Australia. Candidates for influencing the founders of the AOFGS were (a) Lord Northbourne’s 1940 book, and/or (b) perhaps the derivative periodical Organic Farming and Gardening published in the USA by Jerome Rodale with its first issue dated May 1942, and (c) perhaps also the earlier book, Biodynamic Farming and Gardening by Dr Ehrenfried Pfeiffer which was published in 1938 in multiple editions (in London, New York, Italy, Switzerland and the Netherlands) which set out to introduce biodynamic agriculture to a broad audience. The archives and records of the AOFGS have not been located, and, in their absence, newspapers of the period 1938 to October 1944 (and through the period of the AOFGS, i.e. October 1944 to January 1955) were searched for references to these three potential sources of influence. Pfeiffer and/or his book received two mentions in the Australian press in the pre-AOFGS period (in 1939 and 1942). Rodale and/or his periodical were not reported in the Australian press in the pre-AOFGS period. Northbourne and/or his book were reported in the Australian press as early as July 1940, and up the founding of the AOFGS, there were 14 Northbourne mentions in the Australian press (all of them favourable or neutral) across four states: South Australia (SA) (n=6); New South Wales (NSW) (n=4); Western Australia (WA) (n=3); and Queensland (QLD) (n=1). The conclusion drawn is that in adopting the term ‘organic farming’, the AOFGS was informed primarily, and perhaps exclusively, by Northbourne’s book Look to the Land.

Herein, the synthesis of a novel adamantanyl-functionalized phthalimide scaffold is demonstrated. The novel compound could be used as a precursor for various synthetic pathways owing to the generic use of adamantane substituents as the driving force for supramolecular interactions with macrocycles and N-substituted phthalimide derivatives as a core structure in numerous drugs. The adamantanyl-functionalized phthalimide scaffold contains bromide groups on the C4 and C5 positions of the benzene ring, effectively allowing further facile modifications of the scaffold. The structure was fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure shows an adamantane moiety at an angle of 115.57(7)° to the phthalimide core, hence sterically freeing the adamantane unit for host–guest interactions.

New discoveries require a fundamental revision of the view on the mechanism of the 32CAreaction (according to the older nomenclature defined as 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions). The view of the one-step, “concerted” mechanism of such processes developed in the 20-century is very popular today, both in academic literature and among organic chemists who do not specialize in such transformations. Meanwhile, more and more reports bring examples of reactions that clearly cannot be treated as processes without intermediates. However, these examples are documented very differently. In addition to comprehensive studies using many complementary research techniques, there are also reports in which the presence of intermediates in the cycloaddition environment is postulated on the basis of very unreliable premises. This review is an attempt at a critical analysis and systematization of data in the presented area.

We show that carbonaceous chondrite meteorites actively and selectively catalyze the formation of relevant prebiotic molecules from formamide in aqueous media. Specific catalytic behaviours are observed, depending on the origin and composition of the chondrites and on the type of water present in the system (activity: thermal > seawater > pure). We report the one-pot synthesis of all the natural nucleobases, of aminoacids and of eight carboxylic acids (forming, from pyruvic acid to citric acid, a continuous series encompassing a large part of the extant Krebs cycle). These data shape a general prebiotic scenario consisting of carbonaceous meteorites acting as catalysts and of a volcanic-like environment providing heat, thermal waters and formamide. This scenario also applies to the other solar system locations that experienced rich delivery of carbonaceous materials, and whose physical-chemical conditions could have allowed chemical evolution. It is assumed that meteorites played a role in the origin of life, behaving as carriers of organic compounds during the Heavy Bombardment period on Earth 1,2 , before the earliest appearance of living organisms 3. Carbonaceous chondrites are ancient space objects containing minerals condensed in the Solar Nebula or inherited from the delivery from nearby stars, partially modified by secondary processing histories 4. They derive from asteroids that did not undergo planetary differentiation 5 or from outer regions of the protoplanetary disk, and are characterized by reactive minerals, high water content and organic molecules, as amino acids, in the range of parts-per-billion (ppb) 6,7. Theoretical and experimental models suggest that a part of the organic materials present in carbonaceous chondrites could have been synthesized before the parent body accretion and then evolve under hydrothermal alteration after accretion inside the parent body 8 at temperature ranging from 100 °C to 150 °C due to radioactive phenomena 9,10. It has been envisioned that water alteration in carbonaceous asteroids occurred under quite static conditions because they were " cooked " slowly and with restricted water availability (e.g. from bounded water in phyllosilicates, hydroxides or other minerals) 11. Current evidence suggests a significant and heterogeneous water content in the parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites (0–25 wt. % H 2 O) 8. Carbonaceous chondrites exhibit signs of static aqueous alteration that generated characteristic minerals in the fine-grained matrix, where reactions could take place as a function of the increasing complexity 12. Catalytic properties of meteorites in prebiotic chemistry were observed related to thermal processes of neat formamide (NH 2 CHO) 13,14. Meteorites perform as catalysts better than terrestrial minerals, as exemplified by the one-pot formation of ribo-and 2'-deoxyribo nucleosides upon irradiation of NH 2 CHO with high-energy proton beams, mimicking the effect of solar wind 15. Comments on the prebiotic relevance of NH 2 CHO are in Supplementary text SI # 1. Results on the use of HCN in presence of copper and UV light and involving a meteorite in the synthesis of some prebiotically relevant specific intermediates have been reported 16. The role of water in prebiotic chemistry is controversial, due to its nucleophile character inducing solvoly-sis reactions. NH 2 CHO and HCN are degraded in water, which might have limited their efficacy as prebiotic

Most wastewater removal and recovery processes primarily target dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species, leaving the untreated non-reactive dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the effluent. This DON fraction can account for a substantial part of the total nitrogen (N) load. We analyzed large datasets of N species and concentrations (with a focus on quantifying the fraction of DON) in surface water, ground water, and wastewater effluent across the United States. We then reviewed strategies to remove and recover DON based on results of a range of treatment technologies reported in the literature, including laboratory-scale up to full-scale operation in wastewater treatment plants. Our meta-analysis showed that DON concentrations are greatest in wastewater effluent followed by surface water and groundwater. The concentration of DON in wastewater effluent varied from 0.01 to 10.9 mg N/L (number of data points, n = 163), where the range in surface water was 0.002 to 14.3 mg N/L (n = 11,803). Organic N accounted for the majority of total N in 12.3% of wastewater effluent samples and 49.1% of surface waters. Our literature review showed that currently available wastewater treatment processes do not efficiently target DON removal nor recovery of the DON as a valuable product. One potential DON removal and recovery strategy is transforming DON into DIN, which is generally more easily removed and recovered. Transformation strategies reported in the literature include ozonation, UV/H2O2, and electrooxidation. However, as advanced oxidation processes are often energy- and cost-intensive, further research is needed to improve DON removal and recovery

Soil acidity is a major problem in many of the tropical Islands where limestone is used as amendment however an attempt has been made to use organic materials for ameliorating soil acidity. A field experiment was conducted during 2011-12 to study the effect of poultry manure, vermicompost, coconut husk compost and gliricidia applied @ 20 t ha-1 on maize and compared with lime. Application of organics significantly increased plant height, no. of grain rows per cob, grain weight per cob and 100 grain weight of maize. The increase was in the order of coconut husk compost > gliricidia > vermicompost > poultry manure mainly because of improved availability of plant nutrients besides increase in soil pH. The poultry manure (3.79 t ha-1) and vermicompost (3.73t ha-1) application recorded significantly higher grain yield. Though no significant differences were observed in root length, significant increase was recorded in root volume. The soil parameters like pH, exchangeable Al 3+ , DTPA extractable Fe 2+ and Mn 2+ significantly reduced, while P Bray significantly increased in organic treatments.

Millions of tonne of treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged into the water body in Malaysia after the anaerobic-aerobic treatment as ‘clean’ waste. However, treated POME potentially can become the alternative of water resource for reclamation and reuse on-site. Therefore, further treatment is needed due to high organic content in treated POME. The removal of organics in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS)were studied using the commercial powdered activated carbon (PAC) as adsorbent in a batch process. This study shows the effect of process conditions such as PAC dosage, agitation and contact time influenced the removal of COD and TSS in treated POME with equilibrium values of 3.00 g, 150 rpm and 15 minutes respectively. The COD and TSS adsorption was suit with the Freundlich isotherm model with R 2 values 0.9812 and 0.9362 respectively.

Owing to the attractiveness of organic phosphonic acids and esters in the pharmacological field and in the functionalization of conductive metal-oxides, the research of effective synthetic protocols is pivotal. Among the others, ω-bromoalkylphosphonates are gaining particular attention because they are useful building blocks for the tailored functionalization of complex organic molecules. Hence, in this work, the optimization of Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction conditions for ω-bromoalkylphosphonates has been performed, to improve process sustainability while maintaining good yields. Synthesized ω-bromoalkylphosphonates have been successfully adopted for the synthesis of new KuQuinone phosphonate esters and, by hydrolysis, phosphonic acid KuQuinone derivatives have been obtained for the first time. Considering the high affinity with metal-oxides, KuQuinones bearing phosphonic acid terminal groups are promising candidates for biomedical and photo(electro)chemical applications.

Household solid wastes have varied quantity and composition in many urban centres. A waste audit was conducted among 250 volunteer households, in low, medium, and high residential densities at 50 households per Local Government Area in the Ibadan metropolis. Community sensitization was undertaken, followed by collection, weighing, and sorting of solid waste into over 40 categories. Analysis revealed the classes of waste to be organics 41.5%; plastics 21.4%; other waste 19.3%; Paper and paper board 8.4%; textile 3.4%; metal 2.7%; glass 1.9%; special care waste 0.7%, and construction and demolition waste; 0.7%. Waste generation rates were 0.17, 0.07 and 0.04kg/capita/day for low-, medium-and high-density areas respectively. About 41.8% of the waste was compostable, 37.9% recyclable, while 20.3% could be disposed of appropriately. Analysis revealed that a significant relationship exists between some socioeconomic characteristics and percentage composition of waste, while religion and ethnicity of the respondents were not significant. It is recommended that households sort their waste from source to reduce the unusable quantity that would be disposed of at dumpsites.