Dyes

The emission of effluents from textile industries has been a major concern of the modern world, due to the great pollution that these effluents promote on the water resources. Among the synthetic dyes released in effluents from textile industries, azo dyes is one of the more detrimental classes because it is highly persistent in the aquatic environment, due to its chemical compositions, involving aromatic rings, azoic linkages and amino groups. This review aimed to gather information on the importance of the production and industrial use of azo dyes, as well as present some studies that have been developed to evaluate the toxicity of such chemical compounds and their metabolites on different living organisms. This paper presents some considerations on the importance of the biological treatment of textile effluents, the discovery of microorganisms capable of degrading azo dyes efficiently in order to reduce potential risks of these dyes to organisms and environment.

Shade variation is a common and big problem for the dyeing industries. Lots of reasons are responsible for
the variation of shade in dyeing textile industries. Batch to Batch shade problem is noticed when the fabric is dyed
in small batch to ful fill the whole order quantity. From the thorough investigation it is seen that the most cases, the
shade variation occurs due to lack of the concentration and lack of proper duty by the operator of the concerned
machine. Most of the time, different dyeing faults like shade variations happens due to lacking’s of responsibility
taken by concerned management in the dyeing floor along with some technical issues. Maintenance is also a burning
fact for the shade variation. To keep the machine sound, the maintenance department must be strong enough
and effective. Shade variation is a very unwanted and unexpected thing to a Textile Engineer and also for dyeing
production floor. It is the duty of responsible authority in the dyeing floor to keep the production away from the shade
variation among all the batches of an order along with all the dyeing faults also through performing the duty properly
along with maintaining all the Procedures and parameters smooth in the dyeing floor.

Esta investigación busca analizar las transformaciones y permanencias en los procesos de extracción, circulación y consumo del palo de Brasil procedente de la Nueva Granada en los siglos XVIII y XIX. Se hace énfasis en el palo de Brasil extraído en la provincia colonial de Santa Marta y distribuido hacia Europa y Estados Unidos entre 1770 y 1850. Aunque el objetivo central de esta investigación es hacer un acercamiento general a una materia prima poco estudiada, hay cuatro hipótesis generales que le sirven de guía. Primero, se propone que las rutas ilegales del palo de Brasil tienden a la persistencia a lo largo del periodo estudiado y representan la diversidad pero al mismo tiempo la continuidad de las conexiones comerciales atlánticas; mientras que las legales, más dependientes de la política oficial, tienden al cambio y la ruptura. Segundo, se busca mostrar que el palo de Brasil representó la percepción que se tuvo en los siglos XVIII y XIX sobre la provincia de Santa Marta como una “promesa no cumplida”, es decir, como un lugar con un gran potencial por su naturaleza y ubicación, pero que se mantuvo en la pobreza debido a diferentes “obstáculos” económicos, políticos y demográficos. Tercero, se propone que el comercio del palo de Brasil ayudó a los guajiros a mantener su autonomía frente al poder central de la Nueva Granada. Por último, se argumenta que, en general, en Europa el palo de Brasil fue visto como un tinte de segunda categoría; y que, en particular, en España se vio como una materia prima extranjera a pesar provenir de las colonias españolas. De esta manera, se busca hacer un aporte a la Historia Atlántica y del Caribe, desde la perspectiva de la historia de las mercancías.


"This research aims to analyze the changes and continuities in the processes of extraction, distribution and consumption of New Granada's brazilwood  in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Emphasis is placed on brazilwood  extracted from the colonial province of Santa Martha and distributed to Europe and the United States between 1770 and 1850. Although the main objective of this research is to make a general approach to a scarcely studied raw material, there are four general hypotheses guiding it. First it is proposed that illegal  brazilwood trade routes tend to persistence throughout the period studied and represent the diversity but also the continuity of transatlantic commercial connections; while legal, more dependent on government policy, tend to change and rupture. Secondly, seeks to show that the brazilwood represented the eighteenth and nineteenth century perception of the province of Santa Marta as a "broken promise", that is, as a place with great natural potential that remained in poverty due to different economic, political and demographic "obstacles". Thirdly, it is proposed that the brazilwood trade helped the guajiros to maintain their autonomy from the central government of New Granada. Finally, is argued that, in general, in Europe brazilwood  was seen as a second class dye, and that, in particular, in Spain it was seen as a foreign raw material despite its american origin. Consequently, this investigation seeks to make a contribution to Atlantic and Caribbean history, through the perspective of commodity history. "

Wet processing treatment plays an important role in the physico-mechanical properties of finished apparel products. This paper presents an investigated result of enzymatic scouring and eco-friendly remazol reactive dyes treatment on the physical properties of finished T-shirt product. 100 % organic cotton single jersey knitted grey fabric having 160 gsm was considered. To investigate the selected physical characteristics of the finished organic cotton T-shirt, the eco-friendly enzymatic scouring with Prima Green Eco scour, Prima Fast Gold RSL and remazol ultra RGBN series reactive dyed treatment were performed following standard recipe. Selected physical properties namely washing fastness, bursting strength, fabric drapability, color fastness to rubbing, perspiration and absorption have been investigated for the newly developed organic cotton T-shirt that showed better results in terms of quality. Hence, it can be concluded that by selecting eco-friendly materials like organic cotton and chemical processing treatment, it is possible to develop finished T-shirt products with improved physical properties.

This study investigated a natural indicator for acid-base titration which is extracted from guinea corn leaves popularly called “waakye leaves ” in Ghana. Four types of acid-base titration were studied: strong acid versus (v/s) strong base, strong acid versus weak base, weak acid versus strong base, and weak acid versus weak base. The indicator color change, pH range and the average titre values were determined for each type of acid-base titration. These values were comparable to those obtained from three standard indicators: methyl orange, methyl red and phenolphthalein. Total fla-vonoids (TF) and condensed tannin (CT) from the crude leaves extract were determined which might be the major rea-sons for the activity of the extract as an indicator for simple acid-base titration. The authors suggest that the natural in-dicator is cheap, available, simple to extract, user and environmentally friendly and could be an excellent replacement for standard indicators.

Describes a new technique for the analysis of natural dyes on textile fibers. The use of m-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TMTFTH) extraction and derivatization, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), has proven to be a simple and fast technique for the analysis of indigo dye on textiles. Not only does the procedure allow for the identification of the main dye component, indigotin, but it also provides information on the degradation of indigo on textiles, a topic that has received limited attention in conservation literature. This article discusses compounds formed through the reactions of TMTFTH with indigotin and the main degradation products of indigo, 2-aminobenzoic acid, isatin, and isatoic anhydride. In addition, a new degradation product has been tentatively identified as 2-benzyl-3-indolinone. The occurrence of these degradation products was investigated in samples obtained from an Indian textile from the Sultanate period (13th-15th centuries) belonging to the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, woven, in large part, from indigo-dyed blue silk fibers. During a period of storage, pale yellow discolorations gradually appeared on tissue paper used to wrap the textile. Analysis of the tissue paper determined an abundance of indigo degradation products, in particular anthranilic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid). These compounds formed on the textile fibers through oxidative degradation and subsequently volatilized to the surface of the paper and also to the neighboring fibers.

Wet processing treatment plays an important role in the physico-mechanical properties of finished apparel products. This paper presents an investigated result of enzymatic scouring and eco-friendly remazol reactive dyes treatment on the physical properties of finished T-shirt product. 100 % organic cotton single jersey knitted grey fabric having 160 gsm was considered. To investigate the selected physical characteristics of the finished organic cotton T-shirt, the eco-friendly enzymatic scouring with Prima Green Eco scour, Prima Fast Gold RSL and remazol ultra RGBN series reactive dyed treatment were performed following standard recipe. Selected physical properties namely washing fastness, bursting strength, fabric drapability, color fastness to rubbing, perspiration and absorption have been investigated for the newly developed organic cotton T-shirt that showed better results in terms of quality. Hence, it can be concluded that by selecting eco-friendly materials like organic cotto...

Natural organic dyes from diverse species of plants and animals have been widely characterized in cultural heritage objects using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As these dyes generally comprise very complex and polar matrixes of compounds and minor compounds, such as flavonoids, anthraquinones or indigoids, with different and/or similar physicochemical properties, chromatographic resolution has become a major concern. In this study, a new ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was optimized to characterize a wide range of natural dyes usually reported in cultural heritage objects. Several analytical parameters were tested on seven UHPLC columns with different dimensions and stationary phase compositions and, subsequently, the optimized method was compared with a conventional HPLC method, which has been widely applied to identify natural dyes in cultural heritage objects. The former method could successfully provide more improved data than that achieved ...

Natural organic dyes from diverse species of plants and animals have been widely characterized in cultural heritage objects using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As these dyes generally comprise very complex and polar matrixes of compounds and minor compounds, such as flavonoids, anthraquinones or indigoids, with different and/or similar physicochemical properties, chromatographic resolution has become a major concern. In this study, a new ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) was optimized to characterize a wide range of natural dyes usually reported in cultural heritage objects. Several analytical parameters were tested on seven UHPLC columns with different dimensions and stationary phase compositions and, subsequently, the optimized method was compared with a conventional HPLC method, which has been widely applied to identify natural dyes in cultural heritage objects. The former method could successfully provide more improved data than that achieved by the latter, displaying higher chromatographic resolution as well as a better limit of detection. Therefore, a spectral database was created with 59 natural reference materials with different and/or similar physicochemical properties using the optimized UHPLC method. The majority of these reference samples could be distinguished in one single analysis through the examination of the compounds retention time and the spectra acquired with a photodiode array detector. Such a powerful approach has demonstrated to be extremely valuable for the acquisition of more precise chromatographic information concerning natural organic dyes and, for this reason, it is highly recommendable to perform future dye identification in the field of cultural heritage.

The processes of coagulation and flocculation using high molecular weight long-chain polymers were applied to treat mine water having fine flocs of which about 93% of the total mass was less than 3.02 m, representing the size distribution of fine particles. Six different combinations of acryl-type anionic flocculants and polyamine-type cationic coagulants were selected to conduct kinetic tests on turbidity removal in mine water. Optimization studies on the types and concentrations of the coagulant and flocculant showed that the highest rate of turbidity removal was obtained with 10 mg L-1 FL-2949 (coagulant) and 12 mg L-1 A333E (flocculant), which was about 14.4 and 866.7 times higher than that obtained with A333E alone and that obtained through natural precipitation by gravity, respectively. With this optimized condition, the turbidity of mine water was reduced to 0 NTU within 20 min. Zeta potential measurements were conducted to elucidate the removal mechanism of the fine particles, and they revealed that there was a strong linear relationship between the removal rate of each pair of coagulant and flocculant application and the zeta potential differences that were obtained by subtracting the zeta potential of flocculant-treated mine water from the zeta potential of coagulant-treated mine water. Accordingly, through an optimization process, coagulation-flocculation by use of polymers could be advantageous to mine water treatment, because the process rapidly removes fine particles in mine water and only requires a small-scale plant for set-up purposes owing to the short retention time in the process.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450117 
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09593330903513245#.Ut31zvsRWM8

Sokolov I.A. “Will not disappoint – not to sell”: falsification and fraud in Russian-Chinese tea trade 18-early 19 century // Coffee & Tea in Russia: business magazine, no. 6 (109) for 2013. – PP. 42 – 45.
Соколов И.А. «Не обманешь – не продашь»: фальсификация и мошенничество в русско-китайской чайной торговле 18 – начала 19 века // Кофе & Чай в России: деловой журнал, №6 (109) за 2013 г. – С. 42 – 45.

Pollution of water resources with various organic and inorganic pollutants is one of the biggest challenges of the present age. These infections seriously threaten human health and the lives of plants and animals. To minimize the mischievous effects of polluted water, technology-based smart treatment methods are necessary for sustainable equipping of drinking water. Application of (AAC-co-AM)-g-MCC hydrogels for the percentage removal of dye Methyl volute MV, from aqueous solutions have been studied. The synthesized (AAC-co-AM)-g-MCC hydrogels was described via FTIR, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The experiments held out in batch method effect of the factor like the solution of pH, initial concentration dye, and solution of temperature on the removal percentage of dye was studied. Contact time was done in 120 min. The data appear that an amount of 0.08 g (AAC-co-AM)-g-MCC hydrogels showed maximum removal percentage capacity of dye (100 mg L-1). Maximum adsorption of MV dye was attained at pH 6.2. It was further proven the adsorption dye onto (AAC-co-AM)-g-MCC hydrogels followed the isotherm Langmuir while the kinetics studies detect that each adsorption method was pseudo-second-order. The thermodynamic factors like enthalpy (∆H o), change in free energy (∆G o), and entropy (∆S o) were determined, and the values negative of ∆G o indicated that the method of removal was spontaneous at wholly values of temperatures. Further, the values of ∆H o indicated the endothermic nature of the method of removal.

A novel preconcentration/separation method for simultaneous sorption-spectrophotometric determination of anionic food dyes Sunset Yellow and Tartrazine is proposed. ,e method is based on preconcentration of the dyes using solid phase extraction on a cartridge filled with silica chemically modified with C16 groups from aqueous solution at pH 1 followed by elution with water/acetonitrile mixture containing 2 mmol·L− 1 KH2PO4 adjusted to pH 3 with a step gradient of acetonitrile content. ,is elution allows quantitative separation of the dyes which makes their individual spectrophotometric determination possible. ,e detection limits for Tartrazine and Sunset Yellow are 0.15 and 0.11 μg·mL− 1 and the linearity range is 2–20 μg·mL− 1
. ,e method is applied for analysis of beverages. ,e recovery of dyes is higher than 97% at the relative standard deviation not exceeding 10%.

A series of blends consisting of Red mud(RM) varying from 1.5 to 3 g and Graphene oxide(GO) varying from 0 to 1.5 g to give a total of 3g were prepared. They are used as adsorbents in the treatment of waste water samples from few industries, for effective removal of phosphates, phenols, heavy metals and dyes. The best blend compositions for removal of Phosphates, Heavy metals & Phenols, Dyes were 2.5:0.5; 2.75:0.25; 2.1:0.9 respectively. The percentage removal of Phosphates & Nickel was 100 % while the removal of Zn varied from 58 to 68 % for the refinery samples studied. The contact time required for 95 % removal of phenols was just 4 hrs. In the studied dyes, Congo red showed maximum adsorption of 10 mg/g.

The present dissertation consists of the application of various physical and chemical methods for the analysis and investigation of historical textiles.
A total of twenty-one samples of historical colorful textiles, from a variety of Greek folklore regional costumes, were obtained from the Aristotle University Collection of Folklore Archive and Museum, Thessaloniki.
The first and major immediate-term research aim of the study was the identification of the textile fibers as well as of the study and the analytical investigation of the two metal threads among the samples, which was achieved through a combined application of microscopic techniques: Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry (EDS) at the University of Thessaloniki. Interesting to attain further and more detailed information only to some samples of them, we performed High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) at Centro Grandi Apparecchiature at Palermo, Italy. The observation through those multi-microscopic techniques led us to the unambiguous identification of wool, cotton, silk and hemp.
The second important aim was the dyes characterization which was carried out by using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-DAD), with Diode Array Detector, at the University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki and Uv-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (Uv-Vis DRS) at the Chemistry Department of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. In addition, some samples were selected to investigate them by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman Spectroscopy. The examination by all these analytical techniques, additionally allowed us a better insight in the advantages and limitations of these multiple analytical approaches and as well as assess their applicability to historical colorful textiles. Several of natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic dyes have been identified: Madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.), Red wood (pos. Caesalpinia echinata), Weld (Reseda Luteola L.), Persian Berries (Rhamnus sp.), Indigo (Indigofera Tinctoria L.), Indigo Carmine, Prussian Blue, by comparison with standards and reference materials.

Optical glucose oxidase (GOx) arrays based on pH sensitive fluorescent dye (2-(4-tolyl)-4-[4-(1,4,7,10-tetraoxa-13-azacyclopentadecyl)benzylidene]-5-oxazolone) (CPO) has been constructed. The arrays were prepared by spotting of CPO and GOx together with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/Chitosan (CHIT) mixture via a microarrayer. After optimization studies, analytical characterization of enzyme arrays were carried out. The fluorescence intensity of the system was linearly correlated to glucose concentration in the range of 1.0–30.0 mM (in potassium phosphate buffer; 2.5 mM at pH 7.0). Furthermore, the developed arrays were used to analyze glucose in some beverages and HPLC was used as a reference method for independent glucose analysis.

In this study, we investigated the application of sludge waste obtained from a coal mine drainage treatment facility that treats acid mine drainage (designated as AMD) from metal-mine water. The coal mine drainage sludge (designated as CMDS), which contained 70% goethite and 30% calcite, was utilized as a sorption material for Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal from an aqueous solution of metallic mine drainage. The equilibriums and kinetics were investigated during a series of batch adsorption experiments. The Langmuir model was used to fit the equilibrium data, resulting in the best fits. The removal efficiencies were controlled by solution pH, temperature, initial concentration of heavy metal, sorbent amount and contact time. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was used to fit the kinetic data, providing a good correlation with the experimental data. The results of a thermodynamic study showed that the activation energies (EA) were 3.75 and 1.75 kJ mol-1 for the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on to CMDS at pH 5.5. These values of activation energy could correspond to physisorption. The positive values obtained for both the standard enthalpy change, Δ0, and the standard entropy change, ΔS0, suggest that the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on to the CMDS was an endothermic reaction and that randomness increased at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on to the CMDS. The adsorption process also followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. © 2010 Taylor & Francis.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21046950
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09593330903573215

The potential application of waste water treatment by photocatalysis is very likely to find its place in the near future. We have studied the photocatalytic degradation of three dyes (Eosin B, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine B) in the presence of doped n-TiO2 in water and found that anchoring groups are favorable to the photodegradation of the pollutants. Taking Rhodamine B as