PKD

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized...

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized K value in the PKD test for subjects with disability was approximately 19 times larger than the KI value found graphically from the push-pull test. This leads us to the conclusion that we can partition our lumped K as the sum of a neurally generated stiffness (Ka) and KI to complete the trajectory model. Therefore, this study shows that spasticity is a velocity dependent, that would not appear in disabled individuals unless the examined limb has a non-zero velocity.

"Based on thousands of pages of typed and handwritten notes, journal entries, letters, and story sketches, The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick is the magnificent and imaginative final work of an author who dedicated his life to questioning the nature of reality and perception, the malleability of space and time, and the relationship between the human and the divine. Edited and introduced by Pamela Jackson and Jonathan Lethem, this is the definitive presentation of Dick’s brilliant, and epic, work."

Post-stroke patients often experience a number of neurologically based impairments, such as spasticity, that affect their daily activities and therefore require treatment and rehabilitation. This pilot study represents a possible intervention to remediate their level of spasticity. 15 minutes of mechanical vestibular stimulation at 2 Hz was provided to one male affected by a stroke and the Pendulum Knee Drop test (PKD) was administered pre and post intervention.

Richard Doyle
Penn State University

The Dharma of PKD?

"It strikes me as an interesting paradox that a Buddha -- an enlightened one -- would be unable to figure out, even after four-and-a-half years, that he had become enlightened. Fat had become totally bogged down in his enormous exegesis, trying futilely to determine what had happened to him. He resembled more a hit-and-run accident victim than a Buddha. Valis, Chapter 8

In daily entries, diagrams and visionary sketches, Philip K.Dick's Exegesis documents an eight year attempt to fathom what he called "2-3-74", a post modern visionary experience of the entire universe "transformed into information." As a prophet of the digital age, Dick described himself as "nailed by information", and his response was to write up and through his digital epiphanies of February and March of 1974. Dick's experiences with what he variously called VALIS ( the acronymed deity of "Vast Active Living Intelligent System" and the eponymous VALIS novels), Firebright, Sophia and Zebra (named for for its capacity to delude the senses like a Zebra's stripes) send him on a classic visionary quest through the esoteric literatures and sciences of the planet, as PKD focuses his polymath sensibility, wide ranging erudition, visionary enthusiasm and zen like humor on a cosmic whodunnit: What was Valis? At over 8000 pages of mostly handwritten, unnumbered and often undated text, the sheer scale of PKD's Exegesis actively disrupts any ontological category with which we might attempt to classify it. It is precisely this resistance to narration and description that renders the Exegesis instructive. Like an 8000 page kōan, the Exegesis demands understanding and yet actively thwarts comprehension, provoking the reader, and perhaps the writer, to exhaust their egoic attempts "to determine what had happened to him", breaking their frame of reference and,just possibly, awakening them."

Modeling the passive behavior of the knee in subjects with spasticity involves the applied external torques (e.g. gravitational torque), the intrinsic moments due to tissue properties, as well as active, neurally defined moments resulting from the hypersensitivity of reflexes introduced by disability. In order to provide estimates of the necessary intrinsic terms in the equation of motion, the push-pull and Wartenberg Pendulum Knee Drop (PKD) tests were administered. Four subjects without disability and two subjects with Cerebral Palsy (CP) were evaluated for their active and intrinsic knee stiffness parameters. Separation of these two terms requires an additional stiffness term be added to the traditional equation of motion. This holds true for subjects with and without neurological disability. Very interestingly, the optimized non-disabled PKD produced lumped stiffness (K) that is similar to the push-pull passive stiffness (KI) for both populations. On the other hand the optimized...

ADPKD is erroneously perceived as a not rare condition, which is mainly due to the repeated citation of a mistaken interpretation of old epidemiological data, as reported in the Dalgaard's work (1957). Even if ADPKD is not a common condition, the correct prevalence of ADPKD in the general population is uncertain, with a wide range of estimations reported by different authors. In this work, we have performed a meta-analysis of available epidemiological data in the European literature. Furthermore we collected the diagnosis and clinical data of ADPKD in a province in the north of Italy (Modena). We describe the point and predicted prevalence of ADPKD, as well as the main clinical characteristics of ADPKD in this region. We looked at the epidemiological data according to specific parameters and criteria in the Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Data were summarized using linear regression analysis. We collected patients' diagnoses in the Province of Modena acc...