PM10 Particulate Matter

Resumen-La contaminación del aire ha afectado en los últimos años en una gran cantidad de ciudades en Colombia. Aquella contiene múltiples cantidades de partículas, pero en este caso específico, se plantea ver el material particulado PM10, convirtiéndose en una de las principales preocupaciones de las sociedades, ya que traza una amplia variedad de problemas. Esta realidad ilustra la necesidad para definir y formular adecuadamente el problema de la contaminación atmosférica. Por lo tanto, en este estudio para la dinámica de sistemas, se llevó a cabo la recolección de datos para las estaciones de calidad del aire para el municipio de Sogamoso, en el departamento de Boyacá desde el 2018, por trimestres para determinar su comportamiento en 10 años, desarrollando su estimación en Matlab. Por último, se investiga las variables fundamentales que contribuyen a la contaminación del aire y su posible mitigación con políticas públicas y concientización de las personas para disminuir los niveles de PM10. Índice de Términos-afectación del transporte, contaminación del aire, dinámica de sistemas, material particulado PM10.

Ambient air pollution causes millions of premature deaths globally every year. In the effort to combat air pollution, countries have legally formulated air quality standards (AQS) to divide ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ concentrations of a number of pollutants. The WHO Air Quality Guidelines serve as their reference point for the four criteria pollutants PM2.5 and PM10, O_3, NO_2, and SO_2, backed by largescale studies on health repercussions at a variety of concentrations. The current legal policy study compares the limit values set out in the European Union, the United States, China, and India, with each other as well as with the latest update of the WHO Guidelines, including Interim Targets for a gradual alignment with the sustainable pollution limits. This study also elaborates on the role and measurement of such standards, and touches upon compliance, monitoring, and reporting in the respective economies. It turns out that although the four case polities developed their AQS in similar time periods and refer to the WHO Guidelines, they vary significantly from these as well as the Interim Target values in many cases. Still, all four polities report frequent, or even regular, exceedance and address this with compliance mechanisms as set out in domestic policy. This has led to a slow improvement in air quality, but monitoring, enforcement, and public information leave broad gaps, particularly in China and India.

Recently, there is increasing public awareness of the real time air quality due to air pollution can cause severe effects to human health and environments. The presence of particulate matter, often classified as dust, in various sizes is an important factor affecting air quality in outdoor and indoor scenarios. The monitoring of air pollutants inside and outside the cities is technically troublesome and very expensive. In this study, a low-cost tool was developed to measure the PM 2.5 densities, humidity and temperature of outdoor environments. The developed vehicle measures PM2.5, temperature and humidity data and sends it to the Thing Speak IoT platform via Wi-Fi. In addition, both asthma and other risk groups receive both audible and visual warning when the PM2.5 density exceeds the threshold value. The developed system was tested by performing different experimental designs. According to the test results, it was seen that the developed vehicle accurately measures the PM2.5 densities, sends the measurement data momentarily to the IoT platform, and alerts with a message and a sound when the threshold is exceeded.

The main goal of this paper is to identify the drivers responsible for the high particulate matter concentrations observed in recent years in several urban areas in Poland. The problem was investigated using air quality and meteorological data from routine monitoring network, air mass back trajecto-ries and multivariate statistical modelling. Air pollution in central and southern part of the country was analysed and compared with this in northern-eastern BThe Green Lungs of Poland^ region. The analysis showed that in all investigated locations, there is a clear annual cycle of observed concentrations , closely following temperature-heating cycles, with the highest concentrations noted in January. However, the main drivers differ along the country, being either connected with regional background pollution (in the central part of the country) or with local emission sources (in the southern part). The occurrence of high PM 10 concentrations is most commonly associated with the influence of high-pressure systems that brought extremely cold and stable air masses form East or South of Europe. During analysed episodes, industrial point sources had the biggest (up to 70–80 %) share in PM 10 levels on the days with maximum PM pollution, while remote and residential/traffic sources determined the air quality in the early stages of the episodes. Principal component analysis (PCA) shows that secondary inorganic aerosols account for long-range transported pollution, As, Cd, Pb and Zn for industrial point sources, while Cr and Cu for residential and traffic sources of PM 10 , respectively.

The present study was conducted on cement industry at Hattar Industrial
Estate, Haripur for assessment of particulate matter (PM10 & PM2.5) and its health
impact on factory workers and nearby local community. Ten samples were collected from
different units of cement industry and analyzed for PM10 & PM2.5.The concentrations of
PM10 & 3 2.5 varied in different units of cement industry. The highest mean
concentrations of PM10 &PM 2.5were found 1552 and 7867.5 (μg/m³) in main crusher
and cement mill respectively. Eighty percent of samples (both PM10 &d PM 2.5) were
above the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), set by Pakistan. The air
pollution index (API) revealed, that majority units released high amount of particulate
matter to environment, which pose significant health risk to local community. The
particulate matter released by cement industry have significant impacts on human health
especially the respiratory system. Therefore, it was recommended to install air pollution
control devices for particulate matter, so as to minimize dust pollution inside the industry
and nearby localities.

ourly measured PM10 concentration at eight monitoring stations within peninsular Malaysia in 2006 was used to conduct the simulated missing data. The gap lengths of the simulated missing values are limited to ≤12 hours since the actual trend of missingness is considered short. Two percentages of simulated missing gaps were generated that are 5 % and 15 %. A number of single imputation methods (linear interpolation (LI), nearest neighbour interpolation (NN), mean above below (MAB), daily mean (DM), mean 12-hour (12M), mean 6-hour (6M), row mean (RM) and previous year (PY)) were calculated to fill in the simulated missing data. In addition, multiple imputation (MI) was also conducted to compare between the single imputation methods. The performances were evaluated using four statistical criteria namely mean absolute error, root mean squared error, prediction accuracy and index of agreement. The results show that 6M perform comparably well to LI. Thus, this show that the effect of smaller averaging time gives better prediction. Other single imputation methods predict the missing data well except for PY. RM and MI performs moderately with the increasing performance in higher fraction of missing gaps whereas LR makes the worst methods for both simulated missing data percentages.

Estimating the atmospheric concentrations of PM10-bounded selected metals in urban air is crucial for eval- uating adverse health impacts. In the current study, a combi- nation of measurements and multivariate statistical tools was used to investigate the influence of anthropogenic activities on variations in the contents of 18 metals (i.e., Al, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Sb, Ba, La, Ce and Pb) in ambient air. The concentrations of PM10-bounded metals were measured simultaneously at eight air quality observatory sites during a half-year period at heavily trafficked roads and in urban residential zones in Bangkok, Thailand. Although the daily average concentrations of Al, V, Cr, Mn and Fe were almost equivalent to those of other urban cities around the world, the contents of the majority of the selected metals were much lower than the existing ambient air quality guidelines and standard limit values. The sequence of average values of selected metals followed the order of Al > Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn>Ba>V>Sb>Ni>As>Cr>Cd>Se>Ce>La>Co>Sc. The probability distribution function (PDF) plots showed sharp symmetrical bell-shaped curves in V and Cr, indicating that crustal emissions are the predominant sources of these two elements in PM10. The comparatively low coefficients of divergence (COD) that were found in the majority of sam- ples highlight that site-specific effects are of minor impor- tance. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 37.74, 13.51 and 11.32 % of the total variances represent crustal emissions, vehicular exhausts and the wear and tear of brakes and tires, respectively.

Simultaneous measurements of airborne radionuclides 7Be and 210Pb, together with aerosol mass load PM10, have been routinely carried out at the Global WMO-GAW station of Mt. Cimone (Italy, 2165m a.s.l., 44° 12' N, 10° 42' E) from 1998 to 2011. The experimental activity was started with the purpose of gaining a better understanding of the vertical and horizontal transports taking place at this site affecting the atmospheric chemical composition. The time series of the collected data is presented and discussed in this paper. The 7Be concentrations in this period are in the range 0.05-15.8mBqm-3 with the presence of two distinct relative maxima during winter/spring and summer, suggesting an origin from different physical processes. The 210Pb concentrations collected during the period are in the range 0.05-2.30mBqm-3 and are characterized by a single maximum during the warm period. The 7Be/210Pb ratio was in the range 0.5-127.8 and is characterized by a maximum during the cold period. The frequency distributions of the three parameters and the seasonal/interannual variabilities are investigated and presented.

Giriş ve Amaç

DSÖ verilerine göre Iğdır, hava kirliliği açısından Avrupa’daki en kötü ilk 10 şehirden birisidir. Iğdır ili etrafı yüksek dağlarla çevrili, çanak şeklinde bir il olduğu için, bu dağlar hava sirkülasyonuna izin vermemektedir. Iğdır ilinin bu topografik yapısı hava kirliliğinin en önemli sebebidir. Ayrıca Iğdır Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü’nün verilerine göre Iğdır’da rüzgâr hızı, yağış oranı ve nem oranı oldukça düşüktür. Kirli havanın dağılması için en az 3 m/sn civarında rüzgâr hızına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Ancak Iğdır’da rüzgâr hızı yıllık ortalama 1.2 m/sn, kış aylarında rüzgâr hızı ortalaması ise 1.01 m/sn’dir. İnversiyon olayı sonucu, kirli hava gökyüzüne doğru yükselmek yerine, aşağıda şehrin üstünde kalmaktadır.

TÜİK 2011 Nüfus ve Konut Araştırması sonuçlarına göre Iğdır’da halkın %85,5’i soba, %13,9’u merkezi kalorifer, %0,5’i kat kaloriferi, %0,1’i ise klima, elektrikli ısıtıcı ve diğer ısınma sistemleri ile ısınmaktadır. 2017 yılından itibaren şehirde doğalgaza geçilmiş ancak doğalgaza geçen hane sayısı çok azdır. Iğdır’da bir tane Organize Sanayi Bölgesi olmakla birlikte, burada bulunan 20 sanayi kuruluşu, çalıştırdığı işgücü sayısı 5-10 civarında olan küçük ölçekli işyerleridir. Iğdır’da 19507 kayıtlı araç bulunmaktadır.

Hava tabakasının Iğdır’ın üzerini bir sera gibi kapatması, yakıt olarak fosil yakıtların kullanılması, kış dönemi öncesi baca temizlik ve bakımlarının yaptırılmaması, kalorifer kazanının usulüne uygun olarak yakılmaması, kalorifer kazanlarının ehliyetsiz kişiler tarafından yakılması, aynı zamanda kalorifer ve sobalarda naylon, poşet ve kömür torbalarının da yakılması, Iğdır’da hava kirliliğinin artmasına sebep olan diğer faktörlerdir.

TÜİK Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi 2017 yılı sonuçlarına göre, bu hava kirliliğinden etkilenebilecek il nüfusu 194.775 olup, il merkezi nüfusu ise 136.155’tir. Hava kirleticilerine maruziyetin solunum yolu hastalıklarına olumsuz etkisi olduğu bildirilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Iğdır’daki hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi, hava kirliliği ile astım ve KOAH nedeniyle hastane başvuruları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.

Gereç ve Yöntem

Ekolojik tipteki bu çalışmada, Iğdır’daki hava kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla, Iğdır merkezde yer alan Hava Kalitesi Ölçüm İstasyonu’nun sonuçları 2012-2016 yılları arasındaki verileri kullanılmıştır. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı’nın Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı veri tabanlarında kayıt altına alınan PM10 ve SO2 parametrelerinin her yıl için aylara göre 24 saatlik ölçümleri değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün (DSÖ) hava kalitesi için belirlediği sınır değerler dikkate alınmıştır (PM10 için 24 saatlik sınır 50 µg/mm3, yıllık sınır 20 µg/mm3; SO2 için 24 saatlik sınır 20 µg/mm3). Ayrıca, 2012-2016 yılları arasında aylara göre Iğdır Devlet Hastanesi’ne astım ve KOAH nedeniyle acil, diğer poliklinikler ve toplam başvuru sayıları değerlendirilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizler için SPSS paket programı kullanılmış olup, verilerin ortalama, standart sapma, yüzde, min-max değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Değişkenlerin normal dağılıma uygunluğu Kolmogorov-Smirnov testi ile incelenmiş ve hava kalitesi parametreleri ile hastaneye başvuru sayıları arasındaki ilişki Spearman korelasyon testi ile incelenmiştir. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak alınmıştır.

Bulgular

Iğdır il merkezinin yıllık PM10 ortalamaları değerlendirildiğinde; yıllara göre (DSÖ PM10 için 24 saatlik sınır değer olan 50 µg/mm3 değerine göre) 4,4 ile 6 kat arasında değişmekle birlikte, yıllık sınır değerin oldukça üstünde olduğu görülmüştür (min: 2012 yılı 88,15 µg/mm3 – max: 2015 yılı 121,17 µg/mm3). PM10 24 saatlik sınır değerin aşıldığı gün sayısı açısından değerlendirildiğinde, yılın yarısından fazlasında PM10 sınır değeri aşılmaktadır [min: 2012 yılında 189 gün boyunca (yılın %51,7’si) – max: 2015 yılında 269 gün boyunca (yılın %73,6’sı)]. SO2 sınır değerinin aşıldığı gün sayısı açısından değerlendirildiğinde; daha çok kış aylarında olmakla birlikte yıl boyunca ortalama 35 gün bu sınır değer aşılmaktadır (min: 2015 yılında 21 gün boyunca – max: 2013 yılında 49 gün boyunca).
2012-2016 yılları arasında Iğdır Devlet Hastanesi’ne astım nedeniyle acil, diğer poliklinikler ve toplam başvuru sayıları değerlendirildiğinde; en çok başvuruların kış aylarında olduğu görülmüştür. Yıllar içinde astım nedeniyle hastaneye başvuru sayısı artmakla birlikte, astım nedeniyle yıllık toplam başvuru sayılarının 5 yıllık ortalaması 13216,4±2686,3’tür. KOAH nedeniyle yıllık toplam başvuru sayılarının 5 yıllık ortalaması ise 4970,0±1559,6 olup, en çok başvuruların yine kış aylarında olduğu görülmüştür.

Her bir yıl için, aylık PM10 ortalamaları ve her ay için PM10 sınır değeri aşılan gün sayısı ile hem astım nedeniyle toplam başvuru (acil+diğer poliklinikler) sayıları arasında (sırasıyla r=0,436, p<0,001; r=0,308, p=0,017), hem de KOAH nedeniyle toplam başvuru (acil+diğer poliklinikler) sayıları arasında (sırasıyla r=0,553, p<0,001; r=0,349, p=0,006) pozitif yönde orta düzeyde istatistiksel anlamlı bir korelasyon bulunmuştur. Her bir yıl için, aylık SO2 ortalamaları ve her ay için SO2 sınır değeri aşılan gün sayısı ile hem astım nedeniyle acile başvuru sayıları arasında (sırasıyla r=0,353, p<0,006; r=0,396, p=0,002), hem de KOAH nedeniyle hastaneye toplam başvuru (acil+diğer poliklinikler)  sayıları arasında (sırasıyla r=0,447, p<0,001; r=0,414, p<0,001) pozitif yönde orta düzeyde istatistiksel anlamlı bir korelasyon bulunmuştur.

Sonuç ve Öneriler

Iğdır’daki hava kirliliğine neden olan ana kirletici PM10 olup, PM10 ortalaması tüm yıl boyunca oldukça yüksek değerlerde seyretmektedir. SO2 çoğunlukla kış aylarında sınır değerin üzerinde seyretmektedir. Ana kirletici türünün PM10 olması nedeniyle bu kirletici kaynaklarına yönelik önlemler alınmalıdır. Ayrıca SO2’ye yönelik olarak yakıtlar ile ilgili tedbirlerin alınmalı, doğalgaza geçen hane sayısı arttırılmalıdır.
PM10 ile astım ve KOAH arasında orta, SO2 ile acil astım ve KOAH arasında orta düzeyde pozitif yönde korelasyon vardır. Valilik ve belediyenin, hava kalitesi izleme istasyonlarının verilerini anlık olarak takip etmesi, sınır değer aşıldığında halkı hoparlör, ilan panoları, yerel medya aracılığı ile hava kirliğine karşı uyarması, gerekli önlemlerin alınmasını sağlamalıdır. Hava kalitesi ile solunum yolu hastalıkları arasındaki ilişkinin ortaya konması için analitik çalışmalara da ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Iğdır, hava kirliliği, PM10, astım, KOAH

The paper presents the impact of the cleaning of a dual carriageway located in a street canyon in Krakow (Southern Poland) on the levels of the PM10 and PM2.5 air concentrations. For this purpose, representative dust samples from the analysed street were collected corresponding to the street cleaning situation, the re-entrained road dust PM10 and PM2.5 emissions were estimated in accordance with the U.S. EPA guidelines, and the particulate matter atmospheric dispersion modelling was carried out using the CALINE4 model for a selected episode of street cleaning. The modelling results were compared with the measurement results of the PM10 and PM2.5 air concentrations obtained from the air quality monitoring station (traffic type) located in the middle of this street canyon. The results of the air dispersion modelling in the canyon zone confirmed the strong impact of street cleaning on the temporary (1-hour) PM10 concentrations in the direct vicinity of the cleaned section depending on meteorological conditions. During the cleaning episode, no significant increase in the PM2.5 concentration in the air was observed.

Air pollution in urban-industrial areas is caused by simultaneous impact of many factors, including different types of emission sources. Ambient air quality in Krakow is a crucial problem regarding the regularly occurring exceedances of limit values of particulate matter and some of its chemical compounds. This paper presents quantification of urban, suburban and industrial background of dust substances concentrations that are present in the industrialized area, located in the vicinity of scattered household and road traffic emission sources. There were included the concentrations of such substances as: particulate matter (PM10), benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel. The impact of daytime and season of the year (especially heating and non-heating season) on variability of air pollutant concentrations was examined. In order to distinguish between local and inflow background of air pollutants the additional meteorological data concerning wind speed and direction was considered. The performed analyses included application of statistical methods, among others principal component analysis (PCA). Some of the results were visualized via R programming environment, providing tools for air pollution data processing (openair package). The backward trajectories modelling using HYSPLIT model, allowed the validation of wind direction analyses. The conducted research revealed the strong dependence of air pollution background type influencing the measurement results on instantaneous wind direction.

The impacts of atmospheric aerosols on public health, climate, and atmospheric composition are currently among the most widely studied topics in environmental science research. Of most interest to its inhabitants, near-ground atmosphere (up to 1km AMSL) is most likely to influence the activities of our world. Short-term forecasting of air quality can help to avoid excessive medication, reduce the needs for hospital treatments, and even prevent premature deaths by placing restrictions on traffic and industry.. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) provide a powerful platform for air pollution modelling. The research described in this paper is aimed at predicting maximum PM10 concentrations for a day using the meteorological parameters for that day and from the previous day. An Artificial Neural Network was used to estimate maximum PM10 concentrations in Timaru, New Zealand. Despite having a low population, Timaru is known to suffer from degraded air quality during the winter. Meteorological and PM10 data were obtained from Environment Canterbury (Ecan, 2015) air quality monitoring stations located at ANZAC Park and the industrial suburb of Washdyke (6 km apart). The input variables selected for input into the model were mean and wind direction (º) and speed (m s-1), mean temperature (ºC) at 2 and 6 meters, mean relative humidity and, the mean and maximum PM10 values for the previous day. Mean wind direction and speed, and mean temperature (ºC) at 2 and 6 meters for the day on which to estimate PM10 were also used. The input and target variables were normalized between 0.1 and 0.9 and then presented to the network.

Beside of industry, agriculture, and transport, primarily the solid combustion plants used by households are responsible for the emission of gaseous and solid pollutants in ambient air. Thus, the actual reduction of air pollutant concentration also can be achieved by regulating of residential heating. New, solid-fired, individual room heating systems will have to meet stricter emission requirements from 1 January 2022. People in poorer regions are not able to buy new equipment, so in most households old equipments in poor condition remain in use. In addition, the population – albeit illegal – in most cases also burn the combustible waste generated in the households in their stove or boiler, which further increases the amount of air pollutant emissions. So far the authorities cannot be to clearly demonstrate the combustion of waste from the flue gas and residual ash, because these methods are expensive and hardly unworkable, as the authorities find it difficult to get into private homes.

Accelerated pavement wear is one of the major environmental disadvantages of studded tyres in northern regions and results in increased levels of PM 10. Measurements of PM 10 in a road simulator hall have been used to study the influence of pavement properties, tyre type and vehicle speed on pavement wear. The test setup included three different pavements (one granite and two quartzite with different aggregate sizes), three different tyre types (studded, non-studded, and summer tyres) and different speeds (30–70 km h À1). The results show that the granite pavement was more prone to PM 10 production compared to the quartzite pavements. Studded winter tyres yield tens of times higher PM 10 concentrations compared to non-studded winter tyres. Wear from summer tyres was negligible in comparison. It was also shown that wear is strongly dependent on speed; every 10 km h À1 increase yielded an increase of the PM 10 concentration of 680 mg m À3 in one of the simulator experiments.

Giriş-Amaç: COVID-19 salgını, sağlık hizmetleri, ekonomik yapılar ve sosyal ilişkiler dahil olmak üzere insan toplumunu önemli ölçüde etkilemiştir. COVID-19 salgınının önlenmesi için birçok ülke büyük ölçekli halka açık toplantıların yasaklanması, toplu taşımaların kısıtlanması, ülkeler arası ve şehirler arası seyahat kısıtlamaları, işyerleri, restoran, barların kapatılması, uzaktan eğitime geçilmesi, kısmı veya tam sokağa çıkma yasağı, “evde kal” uygulamaları gibi insan hareketlerini kısıtlayıcı farklı uygulamaları hayata geçirmiştir. Yapılan bu uygulamaların virüsün yayılımını önlemesinin yanında Çin, Hindistan, İspanya, İngiltere gibi birçok ülkede antropojenik hava kirliliğinde çarpıcı bir düşüş sağladığı görülmüştür. Pandemi döneminde yapılan bu insan faaliyetleriyle ilgili kısıtlamaların, önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunu olan hava kirliliği üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi için önemli bir fırsat doğmuştur. Gelecekte hava kirliliğini azaltmak için gerekli politika değişikliklerini desteklemek için bu konuda yapılacak bilimsel araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada, COVID-19 pandemisinin ilk yılında Türkiye’deki 30 büyükşehirde hava kirliliğindeki değişimin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç-Yöntem: Ekolojik tipteki bu araştırmanın evreni Türkiye’deki 30 büyükşehirdir. Çalışmada, pandemi öncesi 3 yıllık dönem (2017-2019) ile pandeminin ilk yılının (2020) hava kirliliği verileri karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada 2017-2020 yıllarının hava kirliliğine ait veriler, Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı’nın Ulusal Hava Kalitesi İzleme Ağı internet sitesinden alınmıştır. Bu internet sitesindeki 30 büyükşehre ait toplam 242 istasyonun 24 saatlik PM10 ve SO2 değerleri kullanılmıştır. Sıcaklık, rüzgâr, yağış, nem…vb. gibi meteorolojik koşulların hava kirliliği üzerine etkisi olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle sıcaklık ve rüzgâr hızının etkisi arındırılarak PM10 ve SO2 değerleri karşılaştırılmıştır. 30 büyükşehirin 2017-2020 yıllarına ait sıcaklık ve rüzgâr hızı verileri ise Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü’ndeki veriler ücretli olduğu için verilere ücretsiz erişim sağlayan İspanyol bir internet sitesinden alınmıştır. (https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/turkey.html) Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde R istatistik programının 3.4.3 versiyonu kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler kategorik değişkenler için sayı, yüzde; sürekli değişkenler için aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, ortanca, minimum ve maksimum değerler ile verilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılıma uygun olup olmadıkları Kolmogorov- Smirnov analiz yöntemi ile test edilmiş olup, pandemi öncesi ve sonrası dönemdeki hava kirliliği parametrelerinin karşılaştırılmasında Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Pandemi döneminin ilk yılı (2020) ve pandemi öncesi 3 yılın (2017-2019) PM10 ve SO2 parametrelerin ortalamalarının sıcaklık ve rüzgâr hızına göre düzeltme yapılarak karşılaştırılmasında; ANOVA ve regresyon analizini birleştiren bir teknik olan kovaryans analizi (ANCOVA) kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi olarak p<0,05 kabul edilmiştir. Çalışma öncesinde etik kurul ve gerekli kurumsal izinler alınmıştır.

Bulgular: Türkiye’deki 30 büyükşehirin pandemi öncesi (2017-2019) döneminin PM10 ve SO2 ortancaları sırasıyla 50,17 μg/m3 ve 9,86 μg/m3’tür. Pandeminin 1. yılında (2020) PM10 ve SO2 ortancaları ise sırasıyla 43,93 μg/m3 ve 10,50 μg/m3’tür. Yapılan Mann-Whitney U test sonuçlarına göre; daha önceki yıllara göre pandeminin 1. yılında PM10 değerinin istatistiksel anlamlı olarak düştüğü (p<0,001); SO2 değerinin ise istatistiksel anlamlı olarak arttığı (p<0,001) bulunmuştur. Pandemi 1. yılında önceki 3 yıla göre SO2’nin yüzdesel olarak en çok arttığı 3 büyükşehir Gaziantep (%44,90), İstanbul (%40,47) ve Mardin (%37,91); en çok azaldığı 3 büyükşehir Antalya (-%38,74), Aydın(-%35,93) ve Denizli (-%31,97)’dir. Pandeminin 1. yılında önceki 3 yıla göre PM10’un yüzdesel olarak en çok arttığı 3 büyükşehir Eskişehir (%19,95), Malatya (%14,24) ve Gaziantep (%12,91); en çok azaldığı 3 büyükşehir Mardin (-%49,34), Bursa (-%44,07) ve Adana (-%40,16)’dır. ANCOVA analizi ile sıcaklık ve rüzgâr hızına göre düzeltme yapıldığında; pandeminin 1. yılında pandemi öncesi döneme göre PM10 ortalamalarının istatistiksel anlamlı olarak düştüğü bulunmuştur (p=0,011). Sıcaklık ve rüzgâr hızına göre düzeltme yapıldıktan sonra pandemi öncesi ve pandemi 1. yılındaki SO2 ortalamaları arasında istatistiksel anlamlı farklılık olmadığı bulunmuştur (p=0,718).

Sonuç: Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Türkiye’nin 30 büyükşehrinde pandeminin ilk yılında PM10 azalmıştır. Bu azalma göstermektedir ki hava kirliliği aslında insan faaliyetlerini kısıtlayıcı önlemlerle kontrol altında tutulabilir. Türkiye hava kirliliğinin azaltılması konusundaki politikaların belirlenirken PM10’un en önemli kaynaklarından olan endüstriyel faaliyetlere yönelik adım atması önerilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: COVID-19, hava kirliliği, partiküler madde

The paper compares PM10 concentrations in railroad environments with EU air quality standards and characterizes particle concentrations and particle properties in relation to train traffic. The results show that PM10 concentrations in ground-level railroad environments do not exceed the EU directive 24-h limit value, while on the platforms of the two subterranean stations PM10 concentrations were far above the outdoor limit value. Diurnal and weekly patterns in PM10 concentration could be identified, co-varying with train traffic intensity. The particle mass size distribution peaked at around 2–6 lm. The elemental composition of PM10 at the subterranean stations was dominated by Fe.

This report has discussed the road-side pollution recorded by the AURN network on Marylebone Road in London in comparison to that in Headingley, Leeds as well as the rural background site of Harwell. This was done for 2007 and 2008 however a lot of data wasn’t accessible for Headingley in 2007. The pollutants looked at are ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10). Each can have detrimental effects on the human health which is why there are standards in place to reduce the levels of emission. There were trends in the data corresponding to the time of year – ozone is higher when there is more solar radiation – the weather and level of traffic. In Harwell, there is significantly less traffic nevertheless this gets much closer to failing the air quality objectives for ozone. There are a number of options to counteract pollution directly related to traffic, one option is road pricing which has already been put in place on a number of roads across the UK in order to deter people from using specifically more congested roads. This doesn't always get the best result though, leaving improving vehicles the easiest option available; there are various alternatives to the combustion engine – the electric car for example – which have little if not no pollution emitted. Implementing these will take time and money however.

""Airborne particles and their adverse effects on air quality have been recognized by humans since
ancient times. Current exhaust emission legislations increase the relative contribution of wear
particles on the PM levels. Consequently, wear-based particle emissions from rail and road transport have raised concerns as ground transportation is developing quickly. Although scientific
research on airborne wear-based particles started in 1909, there is almost no legislation that control the generation of wear-based particles. In addition, there is no accepted and approved
standard measurement technique for monitoring and recording particle characteristics. The main objective of this study is to review recent experimental work in this field and to discuss their setups, the sampling methods, the results, and their limitations, and to propose measures for reducing these limitations.""

The increasing traffic volume in Metro Cebu cumulatively affect human health associated to particulate matter pollution. This paper presented real time data of traffic volume and PM10 concentrationand policy measures simulation using STELLA TM software. PM10concentration from on-road vehicles were measured using Environmental Beta Attenuation Monitor (EBAM) inthree Metro Cebu cities, Lapu-Lapu City, Mandaue City and Cebu City. The vehicle fleet count was quantified using closed-circuit television (CCTV) records from the local city command centers. The 24-hour vehicle count and PM10shows a strong correlation (r = 0.8586). Using Air Quality Index (AQI) breakpoints, Metro Cebu's PM10 is at good to fair level leaving no particular cautionary measures for the public though there are specific days where PM10 recorded a higher value. The four identified policy measures simulated using the System Dynamics Model(SDM) are purchase control, scrapping policy, traffic management, and vehicle emission mitigating measures. Hence, without policy implementation to decongest traffic in Metro Cebu, there will be an increasing demand of road expansion to accommodate traffic volume capacity.

One of the elements of strategy aimed at minimizing the impact of road transport on air quality is the introduction of its reorganization resulting in decreased pollutant emissions to the air. The aim of the study was to determine the optimal strategy of corrective actions in terms of the air pollutant emissions from road transport. The study presents the assessment results of the emission reduction degree of selected pollutants (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and NO x) as well as the impact evaluation of this reduction on their concentrations in the air for adopted scenarios of the road management changes for one of the street canyons in Krakow (Southern Poland). Three scenarios under consideration of the city authorities were assessed: narrowing the cross-section of the street by eliminating one lane in both directions, limiting the maximum speed from 70 km/h to 50 km/h, and allowing only passenger and light commercial vehicles on the streets that meet the Euro 4 standard or higher. The best effects were obtained for the variant assuming banning of vehicles failing to meet the specified Euro standard. It would result in a decrease of the yearly averaged PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations by about 8-9% and for NO x by almost 30%.

A laboratory study was carried out using a vibrating system (SyGAVib) to produce aerosols from four soils collected in the central Tunisian region around Sfax. The aim of this device is to mimic dust emission by natural wind erosion. Using compositional analysis, the dust produced was compared to (i) dust generated in a wind tunnel by the same soils, (ii) fine sieved and (iii) original bulk soils, and (iv) naturally occurring aerosol samples collected in the same area. The relative quartz content strongly decreases from bulk to fine soils, and again from fine soils to both wind tunnel and vibration-generated aerosols. Compositional data analysis (CoDA) clearly shows (i) a silica dilution effect in bulk soils, and (ii) that if silica is removed from the composition, the elemental compositions of fine soils and generated aerosols are similar but differ from bulk soils. Both aerosol generation methods produce material with chemical compositions that are also close to those measured in field-sampled aerosols, and the fine soil composition is much closer to that of field and laboratory aerosols than to the parent soil. Aerosols generated from soils in the laboratory, either using a vibrating system or a wind tunnel, can be used as surrogates of the particles collected directly in the field. Plain Language Summary A laboratory study was carried out using a vibrating system (SyGAVib) to produce particles from four soils collected in the central Tunisian region around Sfax. The aim of this device is to mimic dust emission by natural wind erosion. The chemical composition of the dust produced was compared to another dust generator (a wind tunnel), fine-sieved soil, original bulk soils, and finally naturally occurring dust found in the same area. Both dust generators produce similar samples which look very different from bulk soils.

Abstract
Background: In this work we explore the chemical effects of particulate matter on paper. We exposed paper made
of pure cellulose to the environment in different locations in central London, outdoors (in sheltered conditions) and
indoors, for a period of up to 6 months. We monitored particulate matter (PM) deposition by counting the particles
deposited every month with a scanning electron microscope. We analysed elemental composition of the deposited
particles using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. After accelerated degradation of the exposed samples,
we determined the degree of polymerisation using viscometry.
Results: We observed higher deposition rates and higher metal concentration outdoors than indoors. Elemental
analysis of the deposited particles revealed the presence of some transition metals (Fe, Cu, Cr) that can contribute to
the degradation of cellulose fibres through the Fenton reaction. By comparing the degree of polymerisation of pro‑
tected, unprotected and unexposed samples we could determine the relative contribution of PM deposition on the
increase of the degradation rate. We found that the surface concentration of iron correlates with the reduction in the
degree of polymerisation of the exposed paper.
Conclusions: The results suggest that the presence of Fenton metals in PM has a significant effect on the accelera‑
tion of the degradation of cellulose. However, we estimate that this will unlikely occur at the levels of area coverage
by PM that are typically avoided in indoor heritage through preventive maintenance and cleaning.
Keywords: Paper, PM, Indoors, Exposure

The exceedance of air quality standards in urban agglomerations leads local communities to take actions that aim to improve aerosanitary conditions. For these actions to be efficient, it is essential to regularly collect accurate quantitative data that is able to characterize the degree of ambient air pollution. In order to achieve this objective, air quality monitoring systems are constantly being extended. In this paper, the usefulness of newly established air quality measuring stations in Krakow was examined. The assessment was carried out using statistical methods on the basis of the spatial and temporal variability of particulate matter (PM 10) air concentrations over the period of 2016-2017. In the analysis, meteorological data (wind directions) were applied. The main part of this assessment was a pairwise comparison of the PM 10 concentrations measured at particular stations. The differences between the average values and the Pearson correlation coefficient were considered. In order to verify the statistical significance of the obtained results, the t-Student test was conducted. The greatest absolute differences between the measured values occurred during the autumn-winter period (heating season). Notwithstanding the foregoing, a high variability was also observed among the traffic stations.

This study is on the characterization of airborne particulate matter of size up to
10microns (PM10) over sub-urban Chennai (Latitude: 12.81N, Longitude: 80.03 E) during
January, February and March 2014. High Volume Sampler is used for measuring the PM10 in
which PM10 is collected by the inlet of the instrument and deposits on the glass fiber filter.
The filter paper with a size 1cm2 is made and is subjected to Scanning Electron Microscopic
(SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopic (EDAX) analysis to identify the shape, size and
the elements of PM 10. Further, principal component analysis has been carried out for the
percentage contributions of elements of PM 10 to identify the sources. HYSPLIT Back
trajectories of 1hr to 7 days have been plotted to understand the short and long range
transport mechanism of PM10.
From the SEM analysis, it is clear that the PM shows wide range of different shapes
and dimensional distribution. Some of the particles have size range of 0.1 -5 μ while the most
of them in this group are of 2-3 μ size. EDAX analysis disclosed the presence of elements
such as Potassium (K), Barium (Ba), Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), Carbon(C), Sodium
(Na), Silicon (Si) in many samples, whereas elements like Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Magnesium
(Mg), Copper (Cu), Indium (In), Ruthenium (Ru), Mercury (Hg) in some of the samples.
Sodium (Na) is mainly due to the contribution of sea salt that is transported by the wind to the
study location. Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Silicon (Si), Barium (Ba), Aluminium(Al) are
contributed by the earth crust mostly. Carbon can be either Organic or Inorganic. Organic
Carbon is mostly from open burning whereas inorganic carbon is obtained from the
incomplete combustion of matter (e.g.: vehicular transmission). The 7 – day and 1 – hour
back trajectories of PM10 revealed the nature of continental aerosols and emissions from
local areas.
Keywords: Elemental composition and source apportionment of particulate matter over Sub-
urban Chennai.

Sorpresa (si fa per dire…): abitiamo in centri urbani sempre più inquinati. Parola del rapporto Mal’Aria di città 2022. Quanto manca alle città italiane per diventare clean cities, realizzato da Legambiente e basato sui dati rilevati nel 2021. Insomma, sono ormai un ricordo gli inni alla ritrovata salubrità dell’aria esibiti nei primi mesi del 2020, grazie ai lockdown che avevano bloccato veicoli e aerei e frenato l’attività industriale. Era stata una magra consolazione di fronte all’assalto della pandemia, che ci aveva sorpresi pressoché disarmati. Però ci si poteva consolare sbirciando dalle finestre: per osservare, ad esempio, un’aquila reale volteggiare nel cielo sopra Milano durante il pomeriggio del 5 aprile 2020; proveniente dalle Alpi o dagli Appennini, forse era a sua volta incredula per quella strana pace, lassù e là sotto, nella metropoli annichilita.

In generale, grazie a un afflato ecologista consolatorio e autodifensivo, all’epoca molti ‒ al bar come sui media blasonati e nel chiacchiericcio dei social ‒ favoleggiavano sul “nulla sarà come prima”, sulla “lezione ambientalista” inflitta dalla disgrazia, sulla “natura che sa riprendersi i suoi spazi” e su di noi, in teoria capaci di mettere a frutto quell’esperienza. Ebbene, solo due anni dopo ‒ mentre sventoliamo armi anti-virus sempre più affilate ‒ abbiamo ripreso a respirare aerosol velenosi e polveri sottili, tutta robaccia prodotta con alacre noncuranza, come e ancora più di prima. Perché il “senno di poi” è stato velocemente obnubilato dalla più prosaico “the show must go on”: il solito spettacolo deve andare avanti, per non parlare dei business e del PIL. Purtroppo però il recentissimo rapporto di Legambiente conferma un’emergenza rimasta costante: l’inquinamento nelle città è sempre molto sopra i livelli di guardia.

In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the public data provided by low-cost sensors (LCS), which were used for spatial and temporal studies of air quality in Krakow. A PM (particulate matter) dataset was obtained in spring in 2021, during which a fairly strict lockdown was in force as a result of COVID-19. Therefore, we were able to separate the effect of solid fuel heating from other sources of background pollution, mainly caused by urban transport. Moreover, we analyzed the historical data of PM2.5 from 2010 to 2019 to show the effect of grassroots efforts and pro-clean-air legislation changes in Krakow. We designed a unique workflow with a time-spatial analysis of PM1, PM2.5, and PM10, and temperature data from Airly(c) sensors located in Krakow and its surroundings. Using geostatistical methods, we showed that Krakow’s neighboring cities are the main sources of air pollution from solid fuel heating in the city. Additionally, we showed that the changes in the law in Krakow significantly reduced the PM concentration as compared to neighboring municipalities without a fossil fuel prohibition law. Moreover, our research demonstrates that informative campaigns and education are important initiating factors in order to bring about cleaner air in the future

In this section, there is an agreement with Hutton’s opinion, that the Earth can be considered as a living organism. However the on micro organisms inspired Gaia belief of Lovelock and Margulis and the use of the classic four elements combined with Ockham’s razor as it is done in the, related to it Earth System Science, is far off from the way to be taken to come to an understanding of the Earth and its health. In this article, the right place is given to the forgotten electrical dimension combined with the oriental five movement system, known for its use since thousands of years in medicine his enables us not only to come to a diagnosis of what happens with the Earth and its health but also to propose useful therapies.

Scientific research studies conducted in various parts of the world confirm that PM10 concentrations in urban air depend to a great extent on the resuspension processes of the dust deposited on the road surface. The paper presents the results of the study related to the determination of the re-entrained PM10 emissions from four selected streets of Krakow (Southern Poland) together with the assessment of its impact on air quality. Examined streets are characterised by different traffic intensity (from 500 to over 20 000 vehicles per day) and individual vehicle structure. Dust material sampling and estimation of the PM10 emission were conducted according to the U.S. EPA methodology (AP 42 Fifth Edition). Two variants of sample collection were applied: from the road surface including the area at the curb (4 streets) and from the road surface alone (1 street). The estimates of resuspended road dust emission as well as the reference values derived from the U.S. EPA guidelines were used to assess the impact of this emission on the PM10 levels in the air at the location of one of the analysed streets. This assessment was conducted using the CALINE4 mathematical model. The study showed that the PM10 emissions from the re-entrained road dust can be responsible for up to 25 % in the winter and 50 % in the summer of the total PM10 concentrations in the air near the roads.

Background: The biomass burning that occurs in the Amazon region has an adverse effect on environmental and human health. However, in this region, there are limited studies linking atmospheric pollution and genetic damage. Objective: We conducted a comparative study during intense and moderate biomass burning periods focusing on the genetic damage and physicochemical analyses of the particulate matter (PM). Method: PM and black carbon (BC) were determined; organic compounds were identified and quantified using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, the cyto-genotoxicity test was performed using two bioassays: cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) in A549 cells and Tradescantia pallida micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. Results: The PM 10 concentrations were lower than the World Health Organization air quality standard for 24 h. The n-alkanes analyses indicate anthropogenic and biogenic influences during intense and moderate biomass burning periods, respectively. Retene was identified as the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon during both sampling periods. Carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds were identified. The genotoxic analysis through CBMN and Trad-MCN tests showed that the frequency MCN from the intense burning period is significantly higher compared to moderate burning period. Conclusions: This is the first study using human alveolar cells to show the genotoxic effects of organic PM from biomass burning samples collected in Amazon region. The genotoxicity of PM can be associated with the presence of several mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds, mainly benzo[a]pyrene. These findings have potential implications for the development of pollution abatement strategies and can minimize negative impact on health.