Pinus Brutia

In economic and biological terms (rapid growth, the ability to produce seeds at an early age, etc.) Pinus brutia Ten. is one the most important forest tree species in Turkey. Considerable progress has been made in Pinus brutia Ten. breeding program and both phenotypical and according to the results of progeny trials, totaling 615-hectare seed orchardshas been established. Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchardshas reached 43% of the total orchard area and covered the largest area. To acquire information on the management of seed orchards, top pruning has been carried out on three Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchards of different ages (old, middle-aged and young). Two top pruning regimes were applied in these three seed orchards, once in 2008 to the old orchard, while a single topping regime was applied in 2008 and 2012 to the middle-aged and young orchards.Each year, the height, diameter at breast height, and bi-directional crown diameter were measured, and all conelets and cones on ramets were ...

Η κατανόηση της διεργασίας της αποικοδόμησης είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντική για τη διαχείριση των βιοαποθηκών άνθρακα (C) στις μεταβαλλόμενες πλανητικές συνθήκες. Η προσομοίωση των διεργασιών ανταλλαγής C μεταξύ δασικών οικοσυστημάτων και ατμόσφαιρας παίζει ιδιαίτερο ρόλο στην κατανόηση του ισοζυγίου του C και την εξέλιξη του φαινομένου της κλιματικής αλλαγής.
Στη διεργασία της αποικοδόμησης εμπλέκονται τόσο βιοτικοί όσο και αβιοτικοί παράγοντες, γεγονός που προσθέτει βαθμό πολυπλοκότητας στην αναγνώριση των κυρίαρχων απ’ αυτούς. Τέτοιοι παράγοντες είναι η θερμοκρασία και η υγρασία της ατμόσφαιρας και του εδάφους, το υψόμετρο, αλλά και η ανάπτυξη συγκεκριμένων μικροοργανισμών και η φυσιοχημική δομή των ιστών των φυτικών ειδών. Στη σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία και έρευνα του φαινομένου οι παραπάνω παράγοντες εξετάζονται υπό το πρίσμα της μεταβολής τους απ’ την κλιματική αλλαγή.
Στην κατεύθυνση αυτή αναδύθηκε η ανάγκη δημιουργίας πληθώρας μοντέλων προσομοίωσης της διεργασίας της αποικοδόμησης, για μια σειρά οικοσυστημάτων, με εφαρμογές τόσο σε τοπικό όσο και σε πλανητικό επίπεδο. Ενίοτε τα μοντέλα αυτά λειτουργούν ικανοποιητικά, αλλά με κόστος στην ακρίβεια των προβλέψεων ή την δυνατότητα ευρείας εφαρμογής τους (γενικευσιμότητα). Έλλειψη παρατηρείται ιδιαίτερα στην ύπαρξη μοντέλων ικανών να αναπαραστήσουν την αποικοδόμηση σε συνθήκες των Μεσογειακών οικοσυστημάτων. Η συμπερίληψη τόσο των ιστορικών και κλιματικών συνθηκών, όσο και των δομικών χαρακτηριστικών της βλάστησης των εν λόγω οικοσυστημάτων στα μοντέλα προσομοίωσης μπορεί να ενισχύσει την προβλεπτική ικανότητα των μοντέλων, αλλά και την κατανόηση των παραμέτρων που εμπλέκονται σε μικρότερο ή μεγαλύτερο βαθμό σε αυτήν.
Σε αυτή την εργασία παρουσιάζουμε τη δημιουργία ενός απλού μηχανιστικού μοντέλου αποικοδόμησης σε εδάφη Μεσογειακών πευκοδασών και αξιολογούμε την ευαισθησία του και την προβλεπτική του ικανότητα με στοιχεία από μόνιμες επιφάνειες παρακολούθησης στη Λέσβο. Οι μόνιμες επιφάνειες παρακολούθησης αποτελούνται από συστάδες Pinus brutia και παρουσιάζουν διαφορετική μετα-πυρική ηλικία με παρόμοιες κλιματικές συνθήκες. Το μοντέλο χρησιμοποιεί μετερεωλογικά δεδομένα εισόδου και στοιχεία που αφορούν τις φυσιοχημικές ιδιότητες του εδάφους και της φυλλοστρωμνής. Η βιομάζα της φυλλοστρωμνής κατηγοριοποιείται σε τρεις δεξαμενές συστατικών (ασταθή/ labile, μη αποικοδομήσιμα/ recalcitant και σταθερά/stable), των οποίων υπολογίζει την εποχιακή και διαχρονική απώλεια C. Αναγνωρίσθηκε δυσκολία στην εύρεση παραμέτρων της φυσιοχημικής δομής της Pinus brutia στις επιμέρους δεξαμενές C, κυρίως λόγω έλλειψης δεδομένων ή αποκλίσεων στις εκτιμήσεις των ποσοστών σύστασης κάθε δεξαμενής.
Αρχικά εφαρμόσαμε μια ανάλυση για την αναγνώριση των κρίσιμων παραμέτρων, συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσματα των προσομοιώσεων με δεδομένα αποικοδόμησης από τις επιφάνειες παρακολούθησης. Στη συνέχεια, με χρήση της βελτιστοποιημένης έκδοσης του μοντέλου, εφαρμόσθηκε ανάλυση ευαισθησίας με σκοπό την ανάδειξη της βασικότερης παραμέτρου, μεταξύ των μέγιστων ρυθμών αποικοδόμησης των επιμέρους συστατικών. Στα πλαίσια της ανάλυσης ευαισθησίας έγινε σύγκριση προσομοιώσεων για διαφορετικά ποσοστά φυσιοχημικής σύστασης, για την παρατήρηση του βαθμού απόκλισης των αποτελεσμάτων κατά την εφαρμογή του μοντέλου. Τέλος, το μοντέλο δοκιμάστηκε υπό ένα σενάριο κλιματικής αλλαγής, με σκοπό να διερευνηθεί η πιθανή αλλαγή των προτύπων αποικοδόμησης υπό ένα θερμότερο και ξηρότερο μέλλον. Κατά το σύνολο της ανάλυσης, το μοντέλο παρήγαγε ικανοποιητικά αποτελέσματα, ενώ εφόσον αναγνωρίστηκαν οι βασικοί παράμετροι, αναγνωρίστηκαν και οι ελλείψεις δεδομένων που θα διευρύνουν τις δυνατότητές του.

The increase in industrial activities and human population and the high urbanization in the study area have made the area one of the most rapidly developing areas in Turkey. However, because of this, environmental problems have rapidly increased in Western Anatolia. The Pinus brutia (Pinaceae) (Turkish red pine) is a widespread evergreen tree in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. The needles and bark of P. brutia were tested as a possible biomonitor of trace element pollution in Western Anatolia. Samples were collected from 30 different stations in the industrial, suburban, roadside, rural and control areas. Throughout the region, an area covering approximately 1/8th of Turkey was investigated. The concentration of lead, cadmium, chromium, iron, nickel and copper (μg g-1, dry weight) in the needles and bark of the red pine was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The highest concentration of all these elements was measured in the industrial areas. The maximum values of Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Cu for the needles of P. brutia in these areas was 12.1, 0.54, 12.12, 595.5, 10.4, and 10.1 μg g-1 in dry weight, respectively and for the bark of P. brutia in these areas was 20.03, 0.71, 3.17, 1274.04, 18.87, and 15.30 μg g-1 in dry weight, respectively. This study demonstrates that the bark of P. brutia can be used as a biomonitor for detecting the heavy metal pollution in a specific area instead of the needles.

Aim of study: It was our aim to produce fireproof papers from Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) using eco-friendly pulping method and fire retardant chemicals (FR). Area of study: This work was carried out in Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Faculty of Forestry, Pulp and Paper Production Laboratory. Material and Methods: Three different pulping trials were carried out with soda-anthraquinone method (AQ) and the kappa numbers, viscosities, yields, and optical and physical properties of the pulps were determined in order to find out the optimum cooking condition. Borax (BX), boric acid (BA), alpha-x (AX), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were used as FR in certain rates (3, 6, 9%). FR applied papers were subjected to combustion test and the fire properties of the papers were determined as combustion rate. Main results: The results indicated that addition of AQ to cooking liquor increased the pulp yield about 4.6%. Also, the kappa numbers of the pulps were decreased by adding AQ from 120 to 50. AQ addition had significantly effects on the physical properties of the paper. The best results in fire properties were obtained from BX (6%, 9%), BA (6%, 9%), and AX (9%), respectively. Research highlights: Considering paper is a flammable material, increasing the fire resistance of papers is needed. In addition, production using environmentally friendly methods is required in the world where population and technology are increasing rapidly.

Oleoresin has a very important place among the non-wood forest products throughout the world. In this study, oleoresin production from Pinus brutia Ten. was performed in KahramanmaraĢ, Türkiye according to the borehole method between July-October in 2014. Two different diameter classes were choosen, breast height 28-31 cm (Class I) and 32-35 cm (Class II). In each tree one hole on south aspect of stem was drilled. Different concentration of ethephon [2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid; (CEPA); (C)] (%3, %5, w/w), sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 [S]) (%10, %15, w/w) and a mixture of them (%3C+%10S, %3C+%15S, %5C+%10S, %5C+%15S) were sprayed in the boreholes to improve the resin flow. The highest resin yield was achieved with treatment of 5C+10S (%125.4) in diameter class I and with %15 sulphuric acid (%155.8) in class II as compared to nonstimulated trees. The effect of stimulant chemicals on resin yield was more evident in the trees of diameter class I.

In economic and biological terms (rapid growth, the ability to produce seeds at an early age, etc.) Pinus brutia Ten. is one the most important forest tree species in Turkey. Considerable progress has been made in Pinus brutia Ten. breeding program and both phenotypical and according to the results of progeny trials, totaling 615-hectare seed orchards has been established. Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchards has reached 43% of the total orchard area and covered the largest area. To acquire information on the management of seed orchards, top pruning has been carried out on three Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchards of different ages (old, middle-aged and young). Two top pruning regimes were applied in these three seed orchards, once in 2008 to the old orchard, while a single topping regime was applied in 2008 and 2012 to the middle-aged and young orchards. Each year, the height, diameter at breast height, and bi-directional crown diameter were measured, and all conelets and cones on ramets were counted before and after pruning. At the end of four years, control ramets in old and young seed orchards had higher values of height, diameter at breast height, and volume index compared to the middle-aged orchard. On the other hand, even though the control ramets in the middle-aged seed orchard reached a greater height, pruned ramets reached a greater volume index and diameter at breast height. While the height differences observed between control and pruned ramets in all seed orchards at the beginning eventually decreased, it was observed that the heights of pruned ramets grew proportionally larger. No difference was founded between the control and pruned ramets in terms of cone and conelet production. Pruning intervals and regimes varied in old, middle-aged and young seed orchards, and it was acknowledged that top pruning could be used for old, middle-aged and young seed orchard managements.

Wind-pollinated seeds from 40 trees (half-sib families) were collected from each of six Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations in southern Turkey. Two-year old seedlings were evaluated for growth, phenology and cold resistance in a common garden experiment established in Ankara, located outside the species’ natural range. Each family was represented with a six-tree row plot within each of the three replications. The below freezing temperatures (-15.2°C) observed in January and February of 2000 were sufficient to observe visually- assessable-cold damage to the seedlings. The populations significantly differed in all traits under investigation except for second flushing in 1999. Populations originating from more inland and higher elevation areas were more resistant to cold than coastal low elevation populations. Families within populations were significantly different as regards all traits except HT00. Family heritability for bud burst was 0.40, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 ...

Background: Pinus brutia Ten (Turkish red pine) is a widespread evergreen tree in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions of Turkey. Methods: The barks of red pine were tested as a possible biomonitor of trace element pollution studied in the Western Anatolian part of Turkey. Samples collected from control, industry, roadside, suburban and rural areas from 30 locations in the study area were investigated. The concentration of cadmium, lead, chromium, iron, nickel and copper were determined in the bark of the red pine by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: As results of this study, the following concentrations were determined: Cd: 0.60-0.71 μg g-1, Pb: 4.59-20.03 μg g -1, Cr: 0.44-3.17 μg g-1, Fe: 486.35-1274.04 μg g-1, Ni: 3.56-18.87 μg g-1 and Cu: 3.52-15.30 μg g-1. Conclusion: The results of this study imply that barks of P. brutia can be a useful biomonitor for the determining heavy metal pollution in an area.

Variation in drought resistance and its relationship with adaptive and physiological traits in forest trees are important in deciding suitable seed sources for reforestation and afforestation programs. A common garden experiment using 240 half-sib families originating from coastal and inland populations of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia) in Turkey was set up with three replicates. The aims were (i) to determine variation of drought damage, height growth, and phenology among populations, and (ii) to investigate the relationship between drought damage and physiological traits [i.e., plant moisture stress (PMS) and proline content (PC)]. Three-year old seedlings were subjected to drought treatment during the summer of 2000 and adaptive and physiological traits were measured. Except for bud-burst, majority of the variation resided between populations leading to low heritability estimates for all traits. On average, inland populations were more resistant to drought and taller with earlier bud burst and bud set times than coastal populations. PC increase with higher drought damage especially in cold resistant and inland families. Inland populations are more drought resistant than coastal populations. The results of the study demonstrated the likelihood of selection for drought resistance for Turkish red pine at population level.

Wind-pollinated seeds from 40 trees (half-sib families) were collected from each of six Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations in southern Turkey. Two-year old seedlings were evaluated for growth, phenology and cold resistance in a common garden experiment established in Ankara, located outside the species' natural range. Each family was represented with a six-tree row plot within each of the three replications. The below freezing temperatures (–15.2 °C) observed in January and February of 2000 were sufficient to observe visually -assessable-cold damage to the seedlings. The populations significantly differed in all traits under investigation except for second flushing in 1999. Populations originating from more inland and higher elevation areas were more resistant to cold than coastal low elevation populations. Families within populations were significantly different as regards all traits except HT00. Family heritabilities ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 for height, 0.40 for bud burst, 0.20 to 0.23 for bud set. Final height of cold damage prone seedlings was shorter than cold tolerant seedlings. Families with early bud-set, later bud-burst and shorter second flush shoots suffered less from cold damage. Considering the expected climate change in the eastern Mediterranean, there is a potential for using this species outside its natural range, especially in sites experiencing more continental climate since it will be possible to move the species 200–300 m in altitude and 2–3 degrees in latitude.

Abstract: Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni is a serious pest of pine trees, especially the wide-spread Pinus brutia. This infestation has a significant economic impact both in the loss of forest wood growth and in medical expenses for treating related human diseases. This paper presents a detailed study of the behaviour patterns of the moth stage in an attempt to identify best control methods. Several key observations are made towards the moth emergence timing and period of nocturnal activity. Specifically, 92 % of the moths were found to be most active between midnight and 6:00 a.m. Effects of light traps vs. pheromone traps are analyzed and light traps were found to be 15 times more efficient. In addition, 84 % of the captured moths were males and only 16 % were females. Several attempts were made to lure females into traps but were mostly unsuccessful. Finally, moth emergence in relevance to various weather conditions was analyzed and a clear relationship was established where rain appear...

ÖZET: İlimizin Akdeniz bölgesi ve iklim kuşağında yer alması nedeniyle, özellikle yaz aylarında yoğun bir yangın tehdidi altında bulunmakta ve buna bağlı olarak her yıl çıkan orman yangınları sonucu önemli miktarda verimli orman alanları zarar görmektedir. Ülkemiz ve bölgemizde geniş bir yayılış alanına sahip olan Kızılçam, yangına karşı çok hassas bir tür olup, yılın büyük bir bölümünde yangın tehlikesine maruz kalabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, örtü ve tepe yangınına maruz kalmış kızılçam odunlarının kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, örtü ve tepe yangınına maruz kalmış ve kabuğun sadece dış kısmı yanmış kızılçam odunlarının kimyasal ve morfolojik özelliklerinin kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretimine uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. ABSTRACT: Due to take place in the Mediterranean region and the climate of our city, especially during the summer months there's a fire under the threat and accordingly, as a result of forest fires which every year sees a significant amount of damage to areas of productive forest. Our country and region, which has a wide spread of brutia pine, a species very vulnerable to fire and fire hazard may be subjected in a large part of the year. In this study, we used brutia pine wood exposed to fire cover and top and availability of pulp and paper production were investigated. Red pine which have been exposed cover and top fire and only the outer portion burned of bark, were found to be suitable for the production of pulp and paper in terms of chemical and morphological features.

Wind-pollinated seeds from 40 trees (half-sib families) were collected from each of six Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) populations in southern Turkey. Two-year old seedlings were evaluated for growth, phenology and cold resistance in a common garden experiment established in Ankara, located outside the species’ natural range. Each family was represented with a six-tree row plot within each of the three replications. The below freezing temperatures (-15.2°C) observed in January and February of 2000 were sufficient to observe visually- assessable-cold damage to the seedlings. The populations significantly differed in all traits under investigation except for second flushing in 1999. Populations originating from more inland and higher elevation areas were more resistant to cold than coastal low elevation populations. Families within populations were significantly different as regards all traits except HT00. Family heritability for bud burst was 0.40, and ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 ...