Poerty

The most original and shocking interpretation of Lucretius in the last 40 years.

Thomas Nail argues convincingly and systematically that Lucretius was not an atomist, but a thinker of kinetic flux. In doing so, he completely overthrows the interpretive foundations of modern scientific materialism, whose philosophical origins lie in the atomic reading of Lucretius' immensely influential book De Rerum Natura.

This means that Lucretius was not the revolutionary harbinger of modern science as Greenblatt and others have argued; he was its greatest victim. Nail re-reads De Rerum Natura to offer us a new Lucretius--a Lucretius for today.

In 1956, just a year before Ted Hughes‘s first book of poems, The Hawk in the Rain, appeared; Robert Conquest published an anthology of contemporary poetry called New Lines. In the introduction of that anthology Conquest comments on the language of the contemporary poets: ―We see refusal to abandon a rational structure and comprehensible language, even when the verse is most highly charged with sensuous and emotional intent‖. In contrast to this observation Conquest appreciates Ted Hughes‘s language which is essentially a makeshift, slippery, and unstable; almost structured like unconscious mind. This paper intends to explore Ted Hughes‘s use of language, in particularly crow poems, that has been somehow overlooked in
spite of a great wealth of criticism focusing on mostly the thematic aspects.

مطالعه و بررسی این مجموعه یا به تعبیری فهرست مطالع، از چند جهت در حوزۀ تاریخ ادبیات و تصحیح متون حائز اهمیت است؛ زیرا اولاً، شاعران متعددی را سراغ داریم که اشعار آنها به مرور زمان از میان رفته و با مراجعه به همین مجموعه است که می توانیم دریابیم که فلان شاعر چه مقدار شعر به نظم درآورده است؛ دوماً، مطالعۀ این فهرست ما را متوجه خواهد ساخت که تعدادی از اشعار بعضی شاعران در دیوان های خطی و چاپی آنها از قلم افتاده و ثبت نشده است و مصحّح و محقّق باید هویت این اشعار را معلوم کند؛ سوماً، نزدیک بودن تاریخ کتابت نسخه با زمان زندگانی اغلب شاعران مذکور در آن، بر اعتبار اطلاعات و انتسابات آن افزوده است.

MARQUES, Fernando Carmino, "Um século de traduções francesas de 'O Guardador de Rebanhos' de Alberto Caeiro" (2021). Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, No. 19, Fall, pp. 195-214. Brown Digital Repository. Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.26300/hjym-8107

Is Part of:

Pessoa Plural―A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, Issue 19

Um século de traduções francesas de "O Guardador de Rebanhos" de Alberto Caeiro
[A century of French translations of Alberto Caeiro's "The Keeper of Sheep"]

https://doi.org/10.26300/hjym-8107

RESUMO

Neste artigo analisamos diferentes traduções francesas que há quase um século têm vindo a ser editadas da obra principal de Alberto Caeiro, O Guardador de Rebanhos. Procuramos também sublinhar as dificuldades que a linguagem simples e coloquial de Caeiro pode colocar a qualquer tradutor.

ABSTRACT

In this article we report the different French translations of the most important work of Alberto Caeiro, one of Fernando Pessoa’s heteronyms, that have been published for almost a century. We also report the difficulties that Alberto Caeiro’s language, seemingly simple and colloquial, can pose to any translator.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

HOURCADE, Pierre (2016). A Mais Incerta das Certezas: itinerário poético de Fernando Pessoa. Edição e
tradução de Fernando Carmino Marques. Lisboa: Tinta-da-china.
_____ (1977-1978). « Gloses sur le Guardador de Rebanhos ». Bulletin des Études Portugaises et
Brésiliennes, vol. 37-38, pp. 93-125.
_____ (1933). « Brève Introduction à Fernando Pessoa ». Les Cahiers du Sud, n.º 147, Marseille,
Janvier-Février, pp. 66-73.
MARQUES, Fernando Carmino (2020). “Ética e Estética n’O Guardador de Rebanhos, segundo Pierre
Hourcade”. Pessoa Plural—A Journal of Fernando Pessoa’s Studies, n.º 17, Spring, pp. 471-542.
Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.26300/kbp8-pd83
_____ (2017). “Pertinência e perspicácia na crítica literária de Pierre Hourcade”. Pessoa Plural—A
Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, n.º 12, Fall, pp. 692-724. Brown Digital Repository, Brown
University Library. https://doi.org/10.7301/Z0416V8V
_____ (2016). “Pierre Hourcade e a descoberta de Fernando Pessoa: novas cartas e outros escritos”.
Pessoa Plural—A Journal of Fernando Pessoa Studies, n.º 9, Spring, pp. 399-495. Brown Digital
Repository, Brown University Library. https://doi.org/10.7301/Z0F769ST
PESSOA, Fernando (2018). Le Gardeur de Troupeaux, Poème d’Alberto Caeiro. Nouvelle traduction du
portugais par Jean-Louis Giovannoni, Rémy Hourcade et Fabienne Vallin. Nice : Editions
Unes.
_____ (2016). Obra Completa de Alberto Caeiro. Edição de Jerónimo Pizarro e Patricio Ferrari. Lisboa:
Tinta-da-china.
_____ (2001). Oeuvres poétiques. Traduction du portugais par Olivier Amiel, Maria Antónia Câmara
Manuel, Michel Chandeigne, Pierre Léglise-Costa et Patrick Quillier. Édition de Patrick
Quillier. Préface de Robert Bréchon. Coll. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Paris : Gallimard.
_____ (1997). Visage avec masques. Traduit par Armand Guibert. Paris : Editions Mereal.
_____ (1990). Obra poética. Organização, introdução e notas de Maria Aliete Galhoz. Rio de Janeiro:
Nova Aguilar. 11.ª reimpressão da 3.ª ed.
_____ (1987). Le Gardeur de troupeaux et autres poèmes d’Alberto Caeiro. Préface et traduction
d’Armand Guibert. Paris : Gallimard, NRF.
_____ (1986). Obras em prosa. Introdução e notas de Cleonice Berardinelli. Rio de Janeiro: Editora
Nova Aguilar.
_____ (1967). Páginas de Estética e de Teoria e Crítica Literárias. Textos estabelecidos e prefaciados por
Georg Rudolf Lind e Jacinto do Prado Coelho. Lisboa: Ática.
_____ (1960). Fernando Pessoa, par Armand Guibert. Coll. Poètes d’Aujourdui. Paris : Seghers.
_____ (1946). Poemas de Alberto Caeiro. Edição de João Gaspar Simões e Luís de Montalvor. Lisboa:
Ática.
_____ (1925) “O Guardador de Rebanhos”. Athena, revista de arte, vol. I, n.º 4 (janeiro), pp. 145-156.
Lisboa: Imprensa Libânio da Silva.
QUINT, A. M. (2005). « Armand Guibert traducteur de Fernando Pessoa ». Lisbonne, Atelier du
lusitanisme français. Paris : Presses de la Sorbonne nouvelle.

The works of portuguese poet Adília Lopes, in her bio-graphy, appears as a demonstration of one life in the deleuzean meaning that through language distorts the discursive structures of power in our contemporaneity. In her, the issue of biopolitics, brought by Foucault, arises as thematic of her texts, but is also in the poem ́s textual tension itself. Life is brought to poetry to the point of deformity. It is the intensity of a life itself that contaminates the poem and places poetry as institution into question.

Annette Vonberg Die zwei Hälften im Leben und Werk Friedrich Hölderlins Der Mythologe und Altertumsforscher Karl Kerényi läßt seinen Essay über Vergil und Hölderlin mit einem Zitat des Dichters T.S. Eliot beginnen: Die vorhandenen Denkmäler der Kunst stellen mit-und untereinander eine ideale Ordnung dar, welche dadurch, dass ein neues (ein wirklich neues) Kunstwerk sich ihnen zugesellt, eine gewisse Veränderung erfährt. Die bis dahin gültige Ordnung ist gleichsam abgeschlossen, bevor das neue Werk auftaucht. Damit sie auch nach dessen Erscheinen fortbestehe, muss die ganze bestehende Rangordnung einen, sei es auch noch so unmerklichen Wandel erfahren. Hat man sich einmal diese Idee der Ordnung, der höheren Form europäischer und englischer Literatur, zu eigen gemacht, so wird man in der Behauptung nichts Widersinniges erblicken, dass die Vergangenheit durch die Gegenwart eine genau so grosse Umwandlung erfährt, wie ihrerseits die Gegenwart ihre Richtlinien von der Vergangenheit erfährt.1 Kerényi, dem es in seinem Essay vor allem um die Beziehung zwischen Friedrich Hölderlins Hymne Friedensfeier und Vergils vierter Ekloge geht, spricht von einer Rückstrahlung Hölderlins auf Vergil und unternimmt den Versuch, bewußt in der Kreuzung des Neuen und Alten zu stehen und das Beste vom Kreuzfeuer zu ziehen.2 Damit gibt er einen zweifachen Hinweis in Beziehung auf Hölderlin: Bei Hölderlin laufen nicht nur eine Fülle von Fäden aus der Vergangenheit und der Zukunft zusammen, sondern er gehört auch, anders als etwa Johann Wolfgang Goethe oder Friedrich Schiller, zu den Persönlichkeiten, an deren Leben und Werk sich die Geister auf das Entschiedenste scheiden. Wer sich mit Hölderlin beschäftigt, tritt in ein Kreuzfeuer, und die literarische Landschaft, wie sie sich vom Standpunkt Hölderlins ausmacht, weist Formationen, Weiten und Tiefen auf, zeigt Farben und Lichtgegebungen, die bis in die jüngste Gegenwart formgebend wirken. Die folgenden Überlegungen stellen den Versuch einer Annäherung an den Standpunkt Hölderlins dar. Weil aber eine solche Annäherung immer nur selektiv sein kann, und das um so mehr, als sie auch den jeweiligen eigenen Blickwinkel oder vielleicht besser, die eigene Blickbewegung mit einschließt, möchte ich eine Frage stellen, die sich aus einem Gedicht ergibt, das für mich

Two women poets, from two different social contexts, both celebrate their solitude in words; Emily Dickinson, an American 19 th century poet, and Zhaleh (Alamtaj) Ghaemmaghami, a modern Iranian one. They similarly experienced dissatisfactory contacts with the male world that resulted in their isolation from their communities and a lonely life. Zhaleh was secluded as a divorcee, in a society where divorce was considered as an inconceivable and unforgivable ignominy. But, Emily chose solitary life more voluntarily since her lover left her. Although this solitude empowered them, through providing time and space as an opportunity to explore their inner abilities, they displayed a different perception of the similar situation. This paper attempts to depict that this seclusion, which becomes their constant companion and the source of inspiration for their artistic creations, functions differently due to the dissimilar cultural and social contexts they belong to and results in a different tone in their poetry. Zhaleh confesses the grievances and sufferings of her compulsory seclusion to the inanimate objects and blames her parents for her life condition. Moreover, she bitterly, criticizes the condition of women in the male dominated society of her own time. Emily, however, appreciates her seclusion as a holy gift and reveals her spiritual and metaphysical conceives of life, death, marriage and nature. In addition, she does not involve in political or social issues.

Two women poets, from two different social contexts, both celebrate their solitude in words; Emily Dickinson, an American 19th century poet, and Zhaleh (Alamtaj) Ghaemmaghami, a modern Iranian one. They similarly experienced dissatisfactory contacts with the male world that resulted in their isolation from their communities and a lonely life. Zhaleh was secluded as a divorcee, in a society where divorce was considered as an inconceivable and unforgivable ignominy. But, Emily chose solitary life more voluntarily since her lover left her. Although this solitude empowered them, through providing time and space as an opportunity to explore their inner abilities, they displayed a different perception of the similar situation. This paper attempts to depict that this seclusion, which becomes their constant companion and the source of inspiration for their artistic creations, functions differently due to the dissimilar cultural and social contexts they belong to and results in a different t...

Opponents of free trade believe that more open trade exacerbates poverty in developing economies, particularly in agriculture. In contrast, advocates of trade liberalization often argue that economy-wide gains from trade liberalization make people better off.  Although the links between trade and poverty are complex and much-debated many researchers, including trade and development economists, and policy makers believe that trade liberalization plays a vital role in poverty reduction in developing nations like Sri Lanka.

This study examines potential poverty changes through various income strata of households under selected agricultural trade liberalisation scenarios in the Sri Lankan context.  First, the poverty headcount in each population stratum was calculated, along with poverty elasticities using Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2006/7 data. Secondly, these data were calibrated with the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database (version 8.1). Finally, we used poverty measures and AIDADS calculations  to build a GTAP-POV framework for Sri Lanka.  Poverty changes for multilateral and unilateral liberalisation scenarios are analysed for seven household strata in Sri Lanka using the GTAP-POV framework. In addition, we model the impact of an Indo-Sri Lankan Free Trade Agreement (ISFTA), as an important example of a bilateral trade agreement.

Although Sri Lanka has a very detailed and constantly updated poverty profile, very limited attempts have been made to study poverty within different income strata. Observing poverty changes using poverty elasticities over seven specific income strata is a new dimension for the Sri Lankan poverty profile, which can be used generate insights into the impacts of trade policy changes on poverty. Our GTAP-POV modelling and analysis suggests that multilateral trade liberalisation reduces poverty most effectively and that agricultural trade liberalisation is a very important component of this. However, even if multilateral liberalisation is not possible, unilateral reductions in tariffs by Sri Lanka may also lead to substantial levels of poverty reduction, again with agricultural liberalisation being a particularly important component. However, bilateral trade agreements such as ISFTA are likely to have much smaller impacts on poverty reduction for Sri Lanka.

Keywords: Poverty, GTAP_POV framework, Agricultural trade liberalisation, Sri Lanka