Process Safety Engineering

Aviation Turbine Kerosene (ATK) or jet fuel is stored in stainless steel tanks or in epoxy coated tanks to prevent contamination through reaction with the tank sheets. Epoxy coated tanks overtime may develop cracks and coating defects which exposes the jet fuel to the steel surface. This is not optimal and it is an aberration to global best practices. Coating defects are corrected after surface preparation through blasting, and grit blasting is one of the common methods. Grit blasting is a hot work that may generate sparks which can be ignited by jet fuel fumes. In the oil and gas industry, personnel are moved via choppers to and from oil platforms and rigs, and this requires ready availability of jet fuel in storage tanks on oil platforms. Jet fuel tank repairs and recertification on offshore facilities where flammable crude oil and gas vapours may be present, coupled with jet fuel fumes is a high risk operation. This study presents a detailed job safety analysis and risk assessment that identifies potential hazards and the necessary safeguards and controls needed to safely manage tank recertification on offshore facilities toward preventing explosion and accidents.

Fire and explosion hazards in gasification plants include releases of flammable materials. The distinction between fire
and explosion scenarios is often whether the fuel ignites promptly upon release or has delayed ignition. Prompt
ignition prevents formation of a flammable vapor cloud and, thereby, averts a VCE. Synthesis gas contains a
significant amount of hydrogen, a fuel that is easily ignited. Industry experience with accidental releases of synthesis
gas has been that it promptly ignites. Synthesis gas also contains significant amount of carbon monoxide which is a
toxic gas and can have adverse health effect on workers. After reviewing the previous accident data for synthesis gas,
carbon monoxide and hydrogen to estimate the hazards caused by accidental release no instances of synthesis gas
VCEs were found in literature; however, numerous test and accidents were reported for hydrogen. Therefore taking in
consideration the effects of hydrogen and carbon monoxide we have mentioned the mitigation measures to be followed
to reduce the probablity of hazards caused by synthesis gas release.

Site Safety Awareness
Process Safety Training
Confined Space Entry
Hazardous Substances In Refineries
Hazards of Air and Oxygen
Hazards of Electricity and Static Electricity
Hazards of Nitrogen and Catalyst Handling
Hazards of Steam
Hazards of Trapped Pressure and Vacuum
Hazards of Water
Hotel Fire Safety
Liquid Hydrocarbon Tank Fires
Safe Handling of Light Ends
Safe Furnace and Boiler Firing
Safe Tank Farms and (Un)loading Operations
Safe Ups and Downs for Process Units
Control of Work

Businesses in Bangladesh are growing at an ever-fast rate. Everyday new businesses are opening in every possible sector. Recently WTO has ranked Bangladesh as the 4th largest exporter of readymade garments‟ in the world. RMG sector contributes for 75% of foreign currency earning for Bangladesh. Taking advantage of poor surveillance of concerned authorities‟ rules, laws and codes are often violated in construction sector of our country and factory buildings are no exception. It is popularly believed and often proven true by incidences that the building codes are only maintained in paper works and hardly during the construction phase. Later as the owner focuses on the interior works, machine placement etc. the floors are often over loaded with machineries, causing more population load during operational hours, narrowing circulation spaces, thus making it difficult for the people to access the emergency route during an emergency. Many factories do not arrange regular drill; therefore the workers discover themselves in an alien situation whenever an emergency situation arises, causing panic, stampede etc. that further escalate the degree of casualty. In the conditions as above the aforementioned thesis is proposed to evaluate the design of garments factories from a safety point of view especially in case of a fire out. This document will focus on the standards of the safety issues and process to assess a RMG factory for safety issues. Main purpose to prepare this document is to make all in this industry familiar to the safety issues and standards.

Fires are important responsible factors to cause catastrophic events in the process industries, whose consequences usually initiate domino effects. The artificial neural network has been shown to be one of the rapid methods to simulate processes in the risk analysis field. In the present work, experimental data points on jet fire shape ratios, defined by the 800 K isotherm, have been applied for ANN development. The mass flow rates and the nozzle diameters of these jet flames have been considered as input dataset; while, the jet flame lengths and widths have been collected as output dataset by the ANN models. A Bayesian Regularization algorithm has been chosen as the three-layer backpropagation training from Multi-layer perceptron algorithm. Then it has been compared with a Radial based functions algorithm, based on single hidden layer. The optimized number of neurons in the first and second hidden layers of the MLP algorithm, and in the single hidden layer of the RBF algorithm has been found to be twenty and fifteen, respectively. The best MSE validation performance of MLP and RBF networks has been found to be 0.00286 and 0.00426 at 100 and 20 epochs, respectively.

EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment

3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation

4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations

En los Planes de Emergencia, generalmente los procesos de evacuación son requeridos como estrategia para manejar escenarios específicos de emergencia.

El presente artículo busca ilustrar de forma resumida los principales aspectos a considerar y analizar cuando se opta por implementar estrategias de evacuación, haciendo énfasis en población a evacuar, funcionalidad de la edificación, diseño físico de rutas de evacuación, salidas de emergencia y rutas de encuentro.

aGrupo de investigación GPS, Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo UDI, Bucaramanga, Colombia bGrupo de investigación GECA, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú PUCP, Lima, Perú cGrupo de investigación GIRES, Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga UNAB, Bucaramanga, Colombia dGrupo de investigación GIOPEN, Universidad de la Costa CUC, Barranquilla, Colombia *e-mail: jvasquez@udi.edu.co ABSTRACT An alarm management methodology can be proposed as a discrete event sequence recognition problem where time patterns are used to identify the process safe condition, especially in the start-up and shutdown stages. Industrial plants, particularly in the petrochemical, energy, and chemical sectors, require a combined approach of all the events that can result in a catastrophic accident. This document introduces a new layer of protection (super-alarm) for industrial processes based on a diagnostic stage. Alarms and actions of the standard operating procedure are considered discrete events i...

An alarm management methodology can be proposed as a discrete event sequence recognition problem where time patterns are used to identify the process safe condition, especially in the start-up and shutdown stages. Industrial plants, particularly in the petrochemical, energy, and chemical sectors, require a combined approach of all the events that can result in a catastrophic accident. This document introduces a new layer of protection (super-alarm) for industrial processes based on a diagnostic stage. Alarms and actions of the standard operating procedure are considered discrete events involved in sequences, where the diagnostic stage corresponds to the recognition of a special situation when these sequences occur. This is meant to provide operators with pertinent information regarding the normal or abnormal situations induced by the flow of alarms. Chronicles Based Alarm Management (CBAM) is the methodology used to build the chronicles that will permit to generate the super-alarms furthermore, a case study of the petrochemical sector using CBAM is presented to build the chronicles of the normal startup, abnormal start-up, and normal shutdown scenarios. Finally, the scenario validation is performed for an abnormal start-up, showing how a super-alarm is generated.

Los Índices Dow de Fuego y Explosión (F&EI) y de Exposición Química (CEI), son enfoques formales, objetivos y sistematizados que utilizan un formulario de calificación, similar a un formulario de impuesto a la renta. El número obtenido en la calificación final proporciona una calificación de peligro del proceso estudiado (Daniel A. Crowl, 2014).  Estas son herramientas simples y muy útiles ya que proporcionan una medida relativa entre los peligros potenciales de un proceso, permitiendo enfocarse en aquellos con mayor nivel de consecuencias.

El F&EI permite evaluar el potencial de incendio, explosión y reactividad de las sustancias contenidas en los equipos de proceso. Este proporciona información para identificar los equipos que podrían contribuir a la creación o escalado de escenarios de incendio y/o explosión (los equipos críticos). El CEI estima el nivel de consecuencias por el manejo de sustancias tóxicas en una sección de proceso o equipo.  Los escenarios potenciales son fugas en fase gaseosa y líquida, y a través de orificios de diferentes diámetros.

En resumen, la aplicación de los índices Dow F&EI y CEI, permiten la identificación de procesos y equipos críticos y sirven como input para gestión de la seguridad de procesos dentro de las organizaciones pues aportan un juicio objetivo a los gerentes de seguridad al momento de priorizar la estrategia de ejecución de los planes de gestión de riesgos tecnológicos, los programas de mantenimiento, la disponibilidad y calidad de los procedimientos de operación, los planes de respuesta a emergencias y los requerimientos del personal (competencias, experiencia y planes de capacitación y entrenamiento).

Para más información sobre la aplicación de estas metodologías en la identificación de equipos críticos de tu planta, deja tu mensaje en maria.castro@synergyconsulting.com.co

Abstract We present an integration of new capabilities of simulation and visualization for
subsea analysis and design into an existing virtual arctic simulation environment (VASE).
The existing system (previously presented) provides interactive, high-fidelity simulation
capabilities for remotely-operated vehicles (ROV) in arctic environments for subsea
trenching along with support for visualization of integrated data from sub-bottom and
multibeam sonar imaging devices. This paper describes integration of the existing VASE
with computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation capability for simulation of flow assurance
and fluid-structure interaction design issues relevant to arctic subsea oil and gas field
design.