Public Image

Zum Zweck der positiven Selbstinszenierung setzen wir tagtäglich Masken auf, deren Aufgabe es ist, bestimmte Merkmale hervorzuheben und andere zu verschleiern. Bei diesen Masken handelt es sich laut Thomas Metten um Medien, die der Verkörperung des Bildes dienen und gleichzeitig als vermittelnde Kommunikationsmedien zwischen den Menschen stehen. Auch Joachim Westerbarkey bezeichnet sämtliche Medien als Masken, deren Aufgabe "Ablenkung durch Hinlenkung" ist.
Für das politische System, das dem medialen Informationen anbietet und im Gegenzug Publizität erhält, ist professionelle mediengerechte Aufbereitung von Inhalten und das Generieren eines wirksamen Images mittlerweile zur Erfolgsbedingung geworden. Die Politik muss sich notgedrungen massenmedialen Strategien der Berichterstattung anpassen und sie instrumentalisieren, um die ohnehin eingeschränkte Aufmerksamkeit ihrer Wähler gewinnen zu können.
In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich die vorliegende Seminararbeit die Frage nach den Elementen solcher bewusster oder unbewusster Täuschungsmanöver, die für eine gelungene Inszenierung politischer Akteure unabdingbar sind, wobei Prozesse zwischen Medien und Politik erläutert werden, die das Ergebnis einer zunehmenden Mediennutzung sind. Schließlich wird die mediale Selbstdarstellung heutiger Politiker anhand des Beispiels Angela Merkel aus Erving Goffmans Bühnenperspektive heraus analysiert.

στο Δημήτρης Καμούζης, Αλέξανδρος Μακρής και Χαράλαμπος Μηνασίδης (επ.), Έλληνες στρατιώτες και Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία. Πτυχές μιας οδυνηρής εμπειρίας, Βιβλιοπωλείον της Εστίας, Αθήνα 2022, σ. 411-447.

"'‘Living bones without praising’? The public image of veterans in interwar Greece", in Dimitris Kamouzis, Alexandros Makris and Charalampos Minasidis (ed.), Greek Soldiers and Asia Minor Campaign: Aspects of a Painful Experience, Hestia Publishers, Athens 2022, p. 411-447 (in Greek)

El análisis de la imagen pública forma parte del proceso de gestión de la imagen de nación en el exterior. Su importancia se torna esencial para que pueda entenderse la eficiencia de la política hacia la nación de destino, reflexionar en torno a las señales no deseadas para desarrollar, a partir de estas, las estrategias del posicionamiento en la sociedad del país-socio. Por este motivo, los sondeos de la opinión pública constituyen elementos clave para lograr fines específicos deseados en otras sociedades.
La presente investigación brinda datos valiosos para indagar en las per- cepciones populares sobre México en Corea como uno de los ejes centrales del posicionamiento del país latinoamericano en la sociedad asiática. El análi- sis de las respuestas permite revelar elementos enriquecedores que no salen a la luz en las imágenes de los medios de comunicación.
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Public image analysis involves the process of managing a country’s image internationally. Such examination is particularly important to gain an understanding of a policy’s effectiveness in the target country and to reflect upon its undesired signals to design positioning strategies in a partner country’s society. Therefore, public opinion surveys are the key to achieving specific desired aims in other societies.
This research paper provides hard data to inquire about popular Korean perceptions of Mexico as the main pillar of the latter’s positioning in Asian society. Analysis of the responses reveals several enriching elements that are not highlighted by media images.

The Observatory of Natural Therapies, based in Catalonia, published in 2008 the results of a
quantitative study, the only one so far in Spain, indicating the frequency of use of some alternative
therapies. For this, 2,000 individuals were interviewed, aged between 16 and 65, with a sampling
error of +/- 2.25%, and a confidence level of 95%. The frequency of use of the techniques were:
yoga, 32.5%; acupuncture / TCM, 31.5%; massage, 28.4%; Homeopathy, 23.0%; Reflexology,
16.1%; Tai-chi, 13.3%; Flower therapy, 12.0%; Lymphatic drainage, 9.1%; Naturopathy, 8.8%;
Reiki, 8.4%; Osteopathy, 8.2%; Shiatsu, 3.9%; and Kinesiology, 2.1%.
Based on the thirteenth techniques most often reported on the survey to improve some ailment, we
did a boolean search in online newspapers to know how representative these techniques are in
newspapers and what bias is transmitted (positive or negative). We have selected the period from
January 1, 2015 until July 31, 2015, to conduct searches and analyze the texts of the following
newspapers: ABC, El Pais, El Mundo and La Vanguardia.
This period of study coincides with a major social controversy, widely discussed in the media and
on social networks. A popular talk show host of TVE, the Spanish public television, was speaking
in her program on health effects of aromatherapy, when she said: "the smell of lemon can prevent
cancer". Many experts criticized public television for promoting alternative techniques on their
health programs. In the wake of this event different techniques of natural medicine (in favor and
against) began to appear in the media, and in the Spanish Congress, the Socialist Party submitted
a legislative proposal to improve health information on the public television. In this study, we
assess the scope of this event in the transmission of social imaginary and compare if the frequency
of use of these therapies is linked with the frequency of media presence with a positive image.

"‘Living bones without praising’? The public image of veterans in interwar Greece”

Διαδικτυακή Ημερίδα "Έλληνες Στρατιώτες και Μικρασιατική Εκστρατεία: Πτυχές μιας Οδυνηρής Εμπειρίας", Κέντρο Έρευνας για τις Ανθρωπιστικές Επιστήμες, 12 Νοεμβρίου 2021

Online Confrerence "Greek Soldiers and Asia Minor Campaign: Aspects of a painful Experience", Research Centre for the Humanities, 12 November 2021

Este artigo tem como propósito problematizar os recursos para a constituição da identidade de Lula e a administração de sua imagem na cena mediática, em momentos distintos - as campanhas eleitorais de 1989 e de 2002. Buscamos examinar a construção da imagem pública de Lula a partir dos vídeos elaborados para serem veiculados no Horário Eleitoral Gratuito de Televisão (HEGTV), com relação a três elementos principais: (1) a apresentação da identidade de Lula e da trajectória de sua vida; (2) as ideias de Lula e seu projecto político; (3) a relação de Lula com os candidatos adversários, aliados e as manifestações de apoio. Ao promover o cruzamento do discurso presente nas narrativas dos vídeos do HEGTV do PT nesses dois pleitos, pretendemos explorar as proposições apresentadas pelo PT para “tematizar a mudança” do candidato na campanha de 2002 e justificá-la e/ou validá-la no campo de disputa de sentidos presente nos media.

Isabel Burdiel on Queen Isabel of Spain argues that post-revolutionary monarchies would have to fulfill three fundamental functions in order to survive: politically, socially and symbolically. In this sense, the symbolic image of the monarchy would be built from its public image and of the multiplicity of its materializations: the artistic representations of the monarchs, the news about royal personalities, their acts, ceremonies and rites. Thus, clothing and fashion functioned as a political instrument that imposed patterns of behavior, leading to another aspect of the monarchy-show.
In the Portuguese case, and particularly at the end of the Constitutional monarchy, when the Portuguese State was in the midst of a severe financial crisis, and even went bankrupt, Republican propaganda accused Queen Maria Pia of sumptuous expenses related to her wardrobe, being its official residence, the Ajuda Palace, compared to a gigantic closet.
The Queen's spendthrift was a recurring theme in court society, disapproved by her relatives and criticized by many of the courtiers. The Portuguese and foreign periodical press reported excessive expenses on dresses, notably with the French House Worth, founded in 1858 by Charles Frederick Worth, responsible for supplying crowned heads like the Empress Eugénie of France, but also opera and theater stars, as Nellie Melba or Sarah Bernhardt.
In contrast, the image of her daughter-in-law, Queen Amelia contrasted strongly with that of her mother-in-law. Contained in expenses and discreet in public ceremonies, one does not attribute these excessive spending with wardrobe and fashion. However, the analysis of the private correspondence and diaries of people close to the Royal family shows that her public image was criticized, unlike the mother-in-law, understood as a model of Queen, from the point of view of clothing. The aim of this paper is to analyze this double dichotomy and understand the extent to which clothing and fashion have contributed to a public image of the monarchy in its last years.

Resumen
Las crónicas periodísticas de la escritora argentina Silvina Bullrich (1915-1990), recogidas en su libro El mundo que yo vi (1976), versan sobre los viajes que la autora realizó a distintas ciudades del mundo, por más de 25 años. El objetivo del presente artículo es, por un lado, señalar la importancia que esta experiencia viajera tuvo en su vida-para lo cual remitiremos a su libro autobiográfico, Mis memorias (1980)-y, por el otro, analizar de qué modo los viajes colaboraron en su conformación como escritora "profesional". Respecto a este último punto, indicaremos cómo y cuándo la autora advirtió la importancia de la función social de los intelectuales. Seguidamente, veremos también la manera en que estos viajes resultaron educativos gracias a que le permitieron problematizar su propia práctica como periodista e intelectual, conocer algunas de sus propias limitaciones y fundamentar sus opiniones.

Abstract
The journalistic chronicles of argentine writer Silvina Bullrich (1915-1990) -gathered in her book El mundo que yo vi (1976)- talk about her travel around different cities of the world for over 25 years. In this paper, the objective is to state how important were travels in her life -for which we review briefly her autobiography Mis memorias (1980)-and then to analyze how those trips helped herself to become a professional writer. In this sense, we will indicate how and when she noted the importance of the social role of the intellectuals. Then we will show how these travels were a learning experience for Bullrich, helping her problematize her own practice as a journalist and intellectual, allowing her to become aware ofher own limitations and to better support her opinions.

Since the 1980’s, the influence of context-based curricula has been growing in curricula and has been taking place in advance of improving the image of chemistry. This article argues that chemical societies should focus on a better understanding of the negative image of chemistry, by supporting historical and philosophical research. Based on that, chemistry curricula should change.

El análisis de la imagen pública forma parte del proceso de gestión de la imagen de nación en el exterior. Su importancia se torna esencial para que pueda entenderse la eficiencia de la política hacia la nación de destino, reflexionar en torno a las señales no deseadas para desarrollar, a partir de estas, las estrategias del posicionamiento en la sociedad del país-socio. Por este motivo, los sondeos de la opinión pública constituyen elementos clave para lograr fines específicos deseados en otras sociedades. La presente investigación brinda datos valiosos para indagar en las percepciones populares sobre México en Corea como uno de los ejes centrales del posicionamiento del país latinoamericano en la sociedad asiática. El análisis de las respuestas permite revelar elementos enriquecedores que no salen a la luz en las imágenes de los medios de comunicación.

Nos últimos anos tornou-se comum o agendamento de pautas sobre os primeiros 100 dias de governo na imprensa brasileira. Esse trabalho analisa como os jornais Folha de S. Paulo e Estadão enquadraram o ciclo inicial de João Doria na Prefeitura de S. Paulo. O objetivo é entender como os veículos projetaram a imagem pública do prefeito e se houve alguma saliência na cobertura. Para isso, utilizamos o arcabouço teórico-metodológico do enquadramento noticioso proposto por Entman. São analisadas 323 notícias publicadas na versão impressa entre 1o de janeiro e 10 de abril de 2016, período exato dos 100 dias. O resultado mostrou que o perfil ativo de Doria, que chegou a vestir-se de gari, lhe trouxe problemas na Folha. O jornal fez uma cobertura crítica e de desconstrução. Já o Estadão adotou um tom mais ameno e factual, próximo da imagem que Doria desejou projetar.

Two studies are presented which both examine and challenge theories of account giving and public image following an accusation of sexual harassment in the workplace. A total of 1291 (709 college students in Study 1, and 482 working adults in Study 2) participants rated an account given by a male co-worker accused of sexual harassment. When the accused accepted responsibility for his actions he was generally rated more credible, more likable, more dedicated, and more competent compared to when he relied on excuses or denials.  The public images of both the accuser and the accused were tarnished when the account included a denial and attacked the credibility of the accuser.  Female respondents rated specific behaviors as more sexually harassing than did males, and females were generally more critical of accounts. In addition, excuses led to more warnings, punishments, and advice for the accused, while denials prompted respondents to study the matter further or refer the entire incident to a higher-up.  While there were few differences between the college students and the working adults, students in general were more apt to comfort the female accuser and rate her as more competent, likable and dedicated than were the non-students.  Finally, these studies challenge the existing theories of account giving and public image, and should lay to rest the notion that full apologies and excuses are mitigating in serious account episodes.

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of human resource information system (HRIS) on competitive advantage of firms listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange. Data was collected using a questionnaire from the human resource managers of firms listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange. 62 questionnaires were distributed to various firms and 39 were returned and fully completed forming a response rate of 63 percent. Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis to test the effect of HRIS on each component of competitive advantage (market share, profitability, public image). The results show that HRIS had a significant influence on profitability, public image and overall competitive advantage and no influence on market share. Specifically, the results show human resource analysis explained profitability, public image and overall competitive advantage.

At the heart of this paper lies the perennial problem of the legitimacy of tribunals judging war criminals and the role of public imagery in countering Victor’s Justice challenges. The paper follows along the paths of components of the cultural transfer from Nuremberg and Tokyo international tribunals (1946–1948) for the prosecution of war criminals post World War II through the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem (1961) to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague (1993), focusing on two specific ‘carriers’ of this cultural transfer: “Law” and “Architecture.” By Law, I mean the copying and re-application of similar legal procedures, the active participation of certain people within two of the three instances, and even the carrying forward of physical pieces of evidence from one trial to another. By Architecture, I mean the actual construction of the trial chamber in all three places. The location of the judges’ bench, the defendants’ dock, the witnesses stand, and the inter-relational architectural flow which became characteristic of each of these Lieux de Justice. In terms of public imagery, important counter measures to Victor’s-Justice claims also included the ample facilitation of journalist coverage, the provision of full translation services for the defendants (countering claims of linguistic non-misunderstanding), and the holding of the defendants in humane conditions of incarceration, in a somewhat deliberate juxtaposing countenance to their own crimes which habitually included concentration camps and harshly inhumane incarceration facilities. The paper concludes with a recalibration of Hannah Arendt’s mistaken claim vis-à-vis Eichmann, in contrast to her important understandings concerning the banality of evil.

Sabe-se que a imagem pública dos representantes construída pelo Jornalismo constitui um dos fatores que influenciam a calibragem das preferências políticas dos cidadãos. Assim, pretende-se investigar, por meio do estudo dos editoriais publicados n'O Estado de S. Paulo, os enquadramentos do jornal que se ligam à construção da imagem da presidente Dilma Rousseff e do governo que ela gerencia. São considerados os textos publicados em diferentes meses e semanas de 2012, totalizando 24 peças. Três principais eixos temáticos foram diagnosticados: Economia; Política; e Questões Sociais. Percebe-se que, embora o Jornalismo não seja o único fator a concorrer para a configuração da imagem pública dos agentes políticos, a importância de obter visibilidade positiva não pode ser desprezada, especialmente em produtos que dispõem de credibilidade junto à audiência.

The article reflects on the issue of leadership in an authoritarian regime and a democratic state and aims to show significant differences between them in the ethical aspect. After the introduction, in which the choice of subject matter was justified, it was explained what a political regime is in the light of the theory of politics, what features define democracy and authoritarianism, and what model of leadership is in force in each of the systems. The next fragment concerns the concept of the authoritarian personality.  Indicated values that democratic and authoritarian systems respect,  referring both to the behaviour of citizens and to the personality and behaviour of leaders. The principal part of the article concerns the axiology of the styles of leadership and images of the leaders of Russia and Ukraine. The results were obtained through analysis of the selected publications that appeared in the first phase of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Polish general information portals and on the Instagram social network. It was shown how politician image differences correlate with differences in the axiological dimension.

The celebrity culture industry has the notorious ability to construct exaggerated or fabricated identities and personas. What Guy Debord describes as a ‘spectacle’, others, such as Umberto Eco, would describe these personas in terms of the hyppereal. Numerous celebrity authors have expressed a feeling of Romantic agony in response to the way in which their persona has been created and cultivated by their admiring public. Following on
from the private angst felt by Lord Byron, and his creation of the Byronic Hero, authors have continuously felt the machinations of the publicity machine as intensely damaging to their identity and sense of self. Richard Schickel furthermore describes this in terms of what he calls an “illusion of intimacy”, in which fans and readers assume an intimate relationship between themselves and the publicised image of their favourite authors. As a result, there is a
noticeable, though overlooked trend of celebrity authors who embody this public/private dichotomy, characterised by a famous public image and private angst. Although such exaggerations of an author’s persona have been prevalent since the Romantic era, the mass media of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has invariably heightened the exposure of these authors, from Philip Roth to Bret Easton Ellis. What we can glean from this is how contemporary creations of the public persona are still inevitably tied to Romantic discourse. This paper will focus on how the author has come to be seen in contemporary publics, and how the public persona of celebrity authors is often seen as artistically damaging.