Resolution Time

Time resolution of shell middens is normally addressed through estimation of shell accumulation rates, where calculations are based on radiocarbon analysis. Density values by volume or discard rates by time units are also normally estimated for comparative purposes. In this paper, we support the idea that time has many measurable properties in
archaeological deposits. These can be used as tapho-chronometric tools (e.g., bone weathering, shell fragmentation, soil formation, etc.) to identify differential time-averaging in shell midden formation, and to evaluate their archaeological implications regarding the material record. One site in the Beagle Channel, Argentina, was chosen to (a) demonstrate how different processes that interact in shell midden formation can provide information on temporal resolution and (b) discuss the implications of the time-averaged properties of shell middens for different analytical approaches and methodological pathways. Results show that several factors involved in the formation of mounds should be addressed prior to advancing interpretations about different behavioral aspects of the past: a) shell deposits do not necessarily represent a gradual accumulation of waste; b) these middens can represent occupations of varied duration that are expressed independently of both the thickness of the deposit and the rate of accumulation of the material; c) the formation of shell middens includes the actions of several cultural and natural processes that occur over variable time spans; d) re-occupations modify the shell deposits produced by previous occupations in the same location. Finally, we argue that to explore shell middens as time-averaged records helps to clarify distinctive aspects of mound formation, which in turn have significant effects on archaeological interpretations.

The high time resolution detectors are relevant in those experiments or simulations were the particles to detect, have a very short time of flight (TOF), and due this it´s required that the detections times are ranged between ns. & ps. Using Geant4 software, it was made thirty simulations of coupled detectors to plastic scintillators with two silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) located on the scintillator's central sides. To characterize the time resolution, it was required to quantify the optical photons that reach the Score in a certain time, which are generated by muons on the surface of the plastic scintillator. Different configurations of muon beams were simulated at energy of 1 GeV, to interact with the configuration of the scintillator material of its corresponding arrangement. The simulations were made varying three parameters: the scintillator material "BC404 & BC422", its size, and the location of the radiation source. Fifteen simulations correspond to BC404 material & fifteen simulations to BC422 material respectively. The first five simulations consisted in varying the scintillator's volumetric size and collocate the muons beam guided randomly distributed over it, the next five simulations differentiate from setting up a directly centered beam, and the last five simulations for guide the beam on the left lower corner of each scintillator. The best time resolution achieved was σ= 8.67 +/− 0.26 ps., reported by the detector with BC422 scintillator material which has a volume of 20x20x3 mm 3 .

The Six Sigma is an innovative, systematic, data-driven methodology for improving processes that reduce waste and defects/errors. The dynamic measure within Six Sigma is the number of defects and identifying the causes for variation. The variations are agile that creates uncertainty in delivering the desired outcome. Service organizations are offering services at a predetermined level stated in SLA. This paper attempts to standardize, reduce variation in offering service quality through identifying the causes of variations in the project operations by establishing specifications. The study shows the deviations among the projects teams. Analysing the time-variation in resolving the problems encountered in different projects, variation in the projects lapsed the delivery content within the SLA. Results after introducing process capabilities and online auto-triggering system enabled, variation in resolution times dropped. Team members were redeployed to other projects thus time-variations is controlled with multiple business opportunities

Time resolution of shell middens is normally addressed through estimation of shell accumulation rates, where calculations are based on radiocarbon analysis. Density values by volume or discard rates by time units are also normally estimated for comparative purposes. In this paper, we support the idea that time has many measurable properties in archaeological deposits. These can be used as tapho-chronometric tools (e.g., bone weathering, shell fragmentation, soil formation, etc.) to identify differential time-averaging in shell midden formation, and to evaluate their archaeological implications regarding the material record. One site in the Beagle Channel, Argentina, was chosen to (a) demonstrate how different processes that interact in shell midden formation can provide information on temporal resolution and (b) discuss the implications of the time-averaged properties of shell middens for different analytical approaches and methodological pathways. Results show that several factors ...

Abstract Collected rainfall records by gauges lead to key forcings in most hydrological studies. Depending on sensor type and recording systems, such data are characterized by different time-resolutions (or temporal aggregations), ta. We present an historical analysis of the time-evolution of ta based on a large database of rain gauge networks operative in many study areas. Globally, ta data were collected for 25,423 rain gauge stations across 32 geographic areas, with larger contributions from Australia, USA, Italy and Spain. For very old networks early recordings were manual with coarse time-resolution, typically daily or sometimes monthly. With a few exceptions, mechanical recordings on paper rolls began in the first half of the 20th century, typically with ta of 1 h or 30 min. Digital registrations started only during the last three decades of the 20th century. This short period limits investigations that require long time-series of sub-daily rainfall data, e.g, analyses of the effects of climate change on short-duration (sub-hourly) heavy rainfall. In addition, in the areas with rainfall data characterized for many years by coarse time-resolutions, annual maximum rainfall depths of short duration can be potentially underestimated and their use would produce errors in the results of successive applications. Currently, only 50% of the stations provide useful data at any time-resolution, that practically means ta = 1 min. However, a significant reduction of these issues can be obtained through the information content of the present database. Finally, we suggest an integration of the database by including additional rain gauge networks to enhance its usefulness particularly in a comparative analysis of the effects of climate change on extreme rainfalls of short duration available in different locations.

Time resolution of shell middens is normally addressed through estimation of shell accumulation rates, where calculations are based on radiocarbon analysis. Density values by volume or discard rates by time units are also normally estimated for comparative purposes. In this paper, we support the idea that time has many measurable properties in archaeological deposits. These can be used as tapho-chronometric tools (e.g., bone weathering, shell fragmentation, soil formation, etc.) to identify differential time-averaging in shell midden formation, and to evaluate their archaeological implications regarding the material record. One site in the Beagle Channel, Argentina, was chosen to (a) demonstrate how different processes that interact in shell midden formation can provide information on temporal resolution and (b) discuss the implications of the time-averaged properties of shell middens for different analytical approaches and methodological pathways. Results show that several factors ...