Ruthenians

The study deals with the situation and activities of Ruthenians and Ukrainians in the Spiš region in 1945-1989. The introductory parts of the study deal with two events that particularly affected the life of Ruthenians and Ukrainians. It was an option to the Soviet Union in 1947 and the abolition of the Greek Catholic Church in 1950. The study also deals with the relationship of Ruthenians and Ukrainians with the majority and their employment. A considerable part of the study is also devoted to the education and culture of Ruthenians and Ukrainians, which were significantly influenced by Communist power interventions. The thesis tries to point out the specifics of the Spiš Ruthenians and Ukrainians and a certain difference in their historical development compared to Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Šariš and Zemplín.

“Mediji o svakodnevici” je druga knjiga u serijalu Novosadske novinarske škole Medijska sfera, zasnovana na kvantitativno-kvalitativnoj analizi sadržaja emitovanih na Javnom servisu Vojvodine. Osobenost ove knjige je u tome što su monitorovane i ekspertski tumačene raznovrsne emisije: od informativnih, preko onih specijalizovanih za poljoprivredu,koja je dominantna privredna grana u Pokrajini pa bi zato trebalo da bude i preferentan medijski interes Javnog servisa Vojvodine.
Emisija za selo na rusinskom jeziku (“Емисия за валал“) emituje se svake nedelje od 9:30 do 10:30, posle vesti, a pre emisije sa verskom tematikom “Хлїб наш насушни”. Emisija je koncipirana tako da prati i druge dimenzije života na selu, a ne samo poljoprivredu. Po karakteru, ovo je pretežno rekreativna emisija, sa osnovnim elementima informativnog programa. Monitoring je obuhvatio sve četiri emisije u junu 2007. godine – od 3, 10, 17. i 24. juna.

*** This is one of my largest papers and I hope once the typos are worked out it will be published *** Please assist me in pointing out any errors you find ***

This analysis of the national idea will be limited to two territories which were compromised of Ruthenian peoples, Galicia and Transcarpathia. This will allow for a comparative study between the two as they are radically different in regards to when there was consensus among the national idea and when it was able to flourish. It will be particularly interesting to examine why the national idea did not spread equally among Ruthenians living under the same empire. The importance is then to understand the role that the state and other external factors can play in determining the speed and direction of national ideas among a common people. At this point it will be possible to notice that regardless of the national idea, the attitude of the state towards nationalism can help or hinder any progression that leads to a national awakening. This, combined with the Ruthenian question of which national idea was to shape the identity of its people, complicated the uniform growth of Ruthenian nationalism and ultimately led to the stagnation of Ukrainian ideas in Transcarpathia. What specific events resulted in this stagnation as well as how the competition of diverging national ideologies affected the growth of the idea in Transcarpathia and Galicia from 1848 to 1914 is the purpose of this analysis. Providing a background of the specific situation that Ruthenians found themselves in living under Austro-Hungarian rule and stating the differences of the three national ideas will be a precursor that will set the context for the remainder of the paper. Galicia will be the first to be examined, specifically its major historical events from 1848 to 1914, the role of its intelligentsia, the role of the Austrian State in Ruthenian nationalism, and the politicization of the Ruthenian National Movement. Following this, Transcarpathia will be examined from 1848 to 1914 in the context of major historical events. This will then allow for a comparison of the similarities and differences between Galicia and Transcarpathia and will ultimately allow for the examination of why the Ukrainophile idea was a success among Ruthenians in Galicia but was not the same success for the Ruthenians of Transcarpathia.

The monograph History of Ruthenians in Spiš deals with the history of Ruthenians in the region of Spiš in eastern Slovakia from the 14th century to the present. It also addresses the Spiš Ruthenians from an ethnographic perspective.
The first chapter of the monograph is called Ruthenians in Spiš until 1848. In its introduction, the issue of ethnicity in Spiš and Hungary in the Middle Ages is briefly described. This is followed by a subchapter entitled Settlement of Spiš by the Ruthenian population in the 14th – 17th centuries. It discusses the circumstances of the arrival of the Ruthenian population in Spiš at the end of the 14th century. The Wallachian colonization, which was an immediate impulse for the arrival of the Ruthenians, is also of interest. This section also discusses the process of settling Ruthenians in various parts of Spiš, which was completed in the 17th century. In this early period the ethnicity of the Ruthenians was inseparably linked to the faith of the Byzantine Rite. Their religious life is therefore devoted to the second subchapter. Among other things, it discusses the impact of the Reformation on their religion, Uzhgorod Union and the changes in ecclesiastical administration of the Spiš Greek Catholics. It also deals with the presence of Ruthenian language among believers and parish priests. The conclusion of the first chapter is devoted to important church personalities of the Spiš Ruthenians in the modern period.
The second chapter of the monograph is dedicated to the history of the Ruthenians in Spiš in the period 1848 – 1918. At the beginning of the chapter, on the basis of census, the number of Ruthenians in the Spiš region and their belief in the second half of the 19th century is discussed. Subsequently, the participation of Spiš Ruthenians in the 1848/1849 revolution is of interest. Furthermore, attention is paid to the Ruthenian national revival in the next period. The next part of the chapter deals with ethnic and religious development in individual Ruthenian villages in Spiš. Attention is also paid to education, emigration, employment and everyday life of inhabitants in these municipalities. The chapter also deals with the impact of Hungarianization on the Ruthenians and the development of their abundance at the beginning of the 20th century.
The third chapter is devoted to the history of Spiš Ruthenians from 1918 to 2020. This chapter is divided into four subchapters. The first subchapter called Ruthenians in Spiš in 1918 – 1945 is divided into two parts. The first one deals with the Spiš Ruthenians during the First Czechoslovak Republic. First, it follows the political activities and efforts of the Ruthenians in Spiš by the establishment of the 1st Czechoslovakia. Subsequently, it focuses on political activities, education, language issues and culture of Spiš Ruthenians in the next period. Attention is also paid to their socio-economic structure, employment and emigration. The second part of the first subchapter deals with the situation of Spiš Ruthenians in the period of autonomy and the Slovak state. First, it deals with their political activities during autonomy and then follows the education, culture and attitude of the Slovak state towards the Ruthenian minority. The conclusion of the subchapter is devoted to the participation of Spiš Ruthenians in World War II fights and the war hardships of the civilian Ruthenian population in Spiš. The second subchapter is called Ruthenians in Spiš between 1945 and 1989. The first chapter deals with the political activities of the Spiš Ruthenians immediately after the end of the Second World War. Subsequently, attention is paid to the emigration of Spiš Ruthenians to various parts of Czechoslovakia and beyond. This topic is followed by the issue of options in the USSR in 1947, which also affected the Ruthenians from Spiš. Next part of the subchapter deals with the abolition of the Greek Catholic Church, its renewal and the religious situation during the whole period of socialism in the Ruthenian municipalities of Spiš. In the period of socialism, the schooling of the Ruthenians underwent significant changes, so to this issue is also paid considerable attention. The section concludes with a section dealing with the culture of Spiš Ruthenians. The third subchapter is called Ruthenians in the Spiš region between 1989 and 2020. First, attention is paid to the activities of the Ruthenians shortly after the regime change in 1989 and to political parties. Consequently, attention has been paid to the solution of the Church problem in the past thirty years. The education and language issue of the Spiš Ruthenians is the subject of the next section. The conclusion of the subchapter is devoted to the culture of the Ruthenians in Spiš in the years 1989 – 2020. The fourth subchapter is entitled National and Confessional Development of the Ruthenians in Spiš in the 20th and 21st centuries. The subchapter analyzes the national and religious development of the Spiš Ruthenians based on the results of the population census.
The fourth chapter deals with Ruthenians in the Spiš region from an ethnographic point of view. First of all, it focuses on agriculture of the Spiš Ruthenians, which was the main source of livelihood for most of them. Subsequently, it deals with their other jobs and crafts to which they devoted. The next part of the chapter describes the diet of Spiš Ruthenians and its variations at different life events and important holidays. Subsequently, attention is paid to folk clothing and family habits of Spiš Ruthenians. The chapter concludes with an article dealing with the annual customs of Ruthenians living in the Spiš region.
Identifying common and different features of Ruthenians living in different regions is one of the greatest benefits of the monograph. So far, regional differences have been largely ignored in research of the Ruthenian minority in Slovakia. Identifying and naming these differences is of great importance not only for the understanding of the past, but it can help to the development of this minority in the future, especially in trying to delay assimilation. The monograph also benefits from being one of the few which explores the minority of Ruthenians in a given region. To understand the broader historical context in connection with the minority issue, it is important to know the life of minorities not only in general but also in the regions.

Kniha byla vydána v roce 1921 v Užhorodu (Ždímal a Vetešník), jako 7 svazek edice Podkarpatská Rus. / The book was published in 1921 in Uzhgorod (Ždímal and Vetešník), a 7 volume series Ruthenia. / A könyv 1921-ben Ungváron (Ždímal és Vetešník), 7 kötetben Kárpátalját.

From the Germans of Danzig (now Gdansk, in Poland) to the Turks of Rhodes: the «Europa etnografica» map (1:6.000.000) of the Atlante internazionale del TCI (1st ed., 1927). For a later version of this map (3rd ed., 1929) you can see www.davidrumsey.com

The paper deals with the activities of the Ruthenian population inhabiting the region Spiš in the years 1918 - 1945, in the period of the first Czechoslovak Republic and the Slovak State. This period was very important in the history of Ruthenians, because they were occurred in absolutely different conditions as formerly, thus in era of the Hungary kingdom, and they cope with this situation. The contribution focuses on the activities of Spiš Ruthenians in the field of education, culture, religious life and politics. The aim is also pointing to the attitude of state power to mentioned Ruthenians activities. Focusing of the study is not strictly local character, but the position of the Spiš Ruthenians is included into a broader country-wide scope.

Interethnic relations are a complex social and political phenomenon. National pluralism, minority relations with the majority and also between individual minorities are currently phenomena in Slovakia. These are often an object of political discussions. The aim of the contribution is to analyse interethnic relations between Slovaks, Ruthenians and Ukrainians in 2004 – 2017 based on empirical research data focused on the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of ethnicity and ethnic relations. Data was collected in the second half of 2004 and 2017 in all regions of Slovakia. In 2004, a total of 480 respondents were surveyed for the needs of our study. The selection criteria for the research sample were: nationality indicator, t. j. public declaration of belonging to the minority; gender, age and education. In 2017 the total quota sample in our research consists of 482 adult respondents. Several conclusions follow from the presented results of intra-ethnic and interethnic relations. The evaluation of intra-ethnic relations has produced mixed results. Problems of the Ukrainian and Ruthenian minorities are not significantly reflected in Slovakia. Relationships between the Slovaks, the Ruthenians, and the Ukrainians have never had an antagonistic character. Ethnic affiliation of the population is one of the prerequisites for eliminating the possible formation of ethnic barriers. Socio-economic problems, multiplied by the specifics of the area cause more problems for population than national problems.