Sap2000

Turbo Generator foundation is one of the Paramount structures; if not the most one; in power generation plants. For the Turbo Generator foundation design, finite element (FE) is the commonly acknowledged analysis tool in structural engineering field. As the turbine and generator are relatively rigid compared either to the foundation or to the soil in analysis, both machines contributes in the finite element model through their masses applied at their center of gravity. Those elevated masses are connected to the foundation using rigid links / rigid beam elements in order to transfer loads / masses from the machines CG level to the foundation level. Rigid links are usually simulated in the analysis model as beam elements with a large Young's modulus value relative to other elements presented in the model (e.g., 100 times stiffer than the elements they are linked to) [1]. The aim of this paper is to examine study and recommend the most efficient rigid links Young's modulus value and modeling method in order to simulate the actual behavior of the system to reach the optimum dynamic and static analysis results of the Turbo Generator foundation. the analysis result indicates that using Young's modulus for the rigid link equal to ten-thousand-time steel young's modulus provide the most realistic dynamic behavior for the machine foundation.

There has been a growth in extensive research aimed at examining the effects of seismic events on the performance of a structure. Buildings have a tendency to exhibit inelastic deformation in during seismic activities and post-elastic behavior. Hence, better insights of the performance of structure can be obtained by examining its post-elastic behavior. Non-linear static analysis (also known as Pushover Analysis) is an improved and effective modern way of examining structural performance in the event of potential seismic impact. Such an approach involves horizontally pushing a structure using a predetermined loading pattern which constantly increases over time thereby making it possible to determine the collapse conditions, associated lateral displacement and total applied shear force. It offers a sound Perception of Structural Performance against earthquake as well as damages suffered. Thus, pushover analysis makes it feasible to ascertain the responsive behavior of buildings in non-linear zones which is not catered for by conventional elastic designs.

Until recently there were no applicable hysteresis rules or nonlinear elements available in structural analysis software that can be used to exactly model triple Friction Pendulum bearings for response-history analysis. And to model TFP bearings, Series models composed of nonlinear elements were proposed to simulate the behavior of TFP bearings in analysis software [1]. However, the behavior of the triple Friction Pendulum bearing is not exactly that of a series arrangement of single concave Friction Pendulum bearings, though it is similar. But recently, CSI released newer versions of SAP2000 that has a direct link element of TFP bearings. This paper describes how to enter the input parameters of TFP bearing. Recommendations are made for modeling in SAP2000 and are illustrated through analysis of a simple high-rise seismically isolated structure.

Now a days, need of water is so essential due to increase in population, there might be depletion of water. So that storing of water is very much required for the people to cope water crisis. In order to store the water, the use of water tank is needed. The construction of water tanks are very important, different loads are acting on the tank and the tank should resist such loads and should have more life. In this work, analysis and design of intez water tank is performed using SAP 2000 analysis software. Total analysis is done by using Indian Standard Codes. Such as dead load, hydrostatic load, earthquake load, wind load and time history loads are used. These types of loads are very important and tank should be designed by considering worst possible load combinations. This work is mainly concentrated on capacity of the tank, height of wall, hopper height and bottom dome diameters. Using deformation, bending stress, base shear and base moment optimum parameters to construct the tank is proposed and this study is useful to the structural engineer to construct the water tank. Resonance is a main considerable parameter in high raised structures to know the resonance of the structure and model analysis is performed to find out the natural frequencies.

This paper has been envisaged which consists of analysis and design of multi-storeyed building using steel concrete composites. The building is analysed by using Sap 2000 and designed according to codal provisions. Steel concrete composite means the concrete slab is connected to the steel beam with the help of shear connectors, so that they act as a single unit. Steel concrete composite construction is now a day's very popular owing to their advantages over conventional concrete and steel structures. Concrete structure is bulky and imparts more seismic weight and less deflection whereas steel structure imparts more deflection and ductility to the structure, which is beneficial in resisting earthquake forces. In the present work a simplified method of composite slab, beam and composite column design is used and software is developed with pre and post processing facilities in Sap2000. The screenshots are included in the paper to illustrate the method employed for designing composite slab, beam and column.

The Palace of Baron Empain in Cairo is a unique architectural masterpiece of its kind. Edward Empain, a rich Belgian, built it in 1911 influenced by the architecture of the famous Cambodian temple of Angkor Wat. The palace is composed of three floors (basement, ground and first) and a roof, it is surrounded by a garden from all sides. It suffered from neglect for decades, and recently appeared initiatives for its restoration and re-use. This paper aims to provide a proposal for the re-use of the palace. For this purpose, the palace was visually inspected and the signs of damage were documentated and explained. A re-use proposal was developed in which the ground floor is re-used as a small museum after being furnished on the historical style. The first floor is re-used as a museum and/or a motel. The roof is re-used in holding cultural seminars, and as a place for distinctive imaging types. The palace garden is to be re-used similar to its historical usage as an open space for celebrations and parties. The basement is re-used as a service floor for the visitors. To support this re-use proposal, a 3D numerical model of the palace was created and the new expected loads were applied on it. It was found that the palace's walls and foundations can sustain the new loads. The slabs were found to be unable to sustain the new loads at certain places and further investigation and analysis is needed to judge its actual capacity.

Moment resisting frames are commonly used as the dominant mode of lateral resisting system in seismic regions for a long time. Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames are proportioned and detailed to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions that result as a building sways through multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground shaking. Reinforced concrete special moment frames are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes. The poor performance of Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF) in past earthquakes suggested special design and detailing to warrant a ductile behaviour in seismic zones of high earthquake (zone III, IV & V). Thus when a large earthquake occurs, Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) which is specially detailed and is expected to have superior ductility. Special proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame capable of resisting strong earthquake shaking without significant loss of stiffness or strength. These moment-resisting frames are called “Special Moment Resisting Frames” because of these additional requirements, which improve the seismic resistance in comparison with less stringently detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames.

The Nepal(Gorkha) earthquake (Mw=7.8) of April 25, 2015 caused widespread damages that took many lives, ruptured lands and damaged many buildings, heritages and monuments. The disaster turned out to be perilous for many non-engineered masonry structures in rural part of the country. Nepal being a developing country, most of the rural houses are non-engineered. The seismic vulnerability of these types of buildings is presumed to be very high. As Nepal, lying in a very high seismic zone, an immediate attention is imperative to improve the seismic resilience of such buildings.
To qualify the status and seismic resistivity of these buildings a typical building is to be taken and computer modeled. The modeled building is to be simulated at various magnitude of earthquake and the effects are to be noted and studied. This simulation shows the seismic resistivity and failure of the buildings at various points. These weak points are to be identified and retrofitted by using various available methods.

Perencanaan Struktur Gedung Ruang Belajar Sekolah Menengah Atas
3 Lantai Di Provinsi Riau

Rani Youlanda Sihombing
Program Studi Teknik Sipil D3, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau

ABSTRAK

Struktur yang direncanakan adalah balok, kolom, pelat dan tangga. Sistem struktur adalah Sistem Rangka Pemikul Momen Biasa dengan sistem metode kuat ultimit. Pembebanan dilakukan meliputi beban gravitasi dan beban gempa statik ekuivalen, yang mana termasuk wilayah gempa 3 dan tanah lunak. Mutu material yang digunakan adalah beton 25 MPa, baja 400 MPa dan 240 MPa. Analisis struktur secara keseluruhan dilakukan dengan 3D menggunakan program ETABS. Software lain yang digunakan ialah Pca Col, SAP 2000, dan SAFE 8.1. Proses perencanaan struktur dan penggambaran detail penampang elemen dan struktur mengikuti SNI 03-1726-2002, SNI 03-2847-2002, dan SNI 1727-1989 menghasilkan elemen struktur balok dan kolom menggunakan tulangan baja berdiameter 22 mm sedangkan pelat dan tangga memakai tulangan baja dengan diameter 10 mm.

Kata Kunci : Struktur Bangunan, Beton, Baja Tulangan, Beban, Elemen Struktur

Lokasi : Kabupaten Wonosobo. Latar belakang : Perencanaan Struktur Plat untuk Lantai Parkir dan Pondasi Gravitasi setinggi 7 meter menggunakan SAP2000 dan Excel. Perencanaan ini merupakan redesain karena bangunan sebelumnya berupa gorong-gorong setinggi 3,5 m yang ditimbun dengan tanah setinggi 3,5 m (Total 7m) sudah ada tetapi kondisi lantai plat penahan tanah mulai kropos dan beberapa ruas ambruk.

Buckling of thin-walled and load-bearing elements of a structure can have devastating consequences. Hence, buckling checks are an integral part of strength analysis of structures. The buckling problem of thin rectangular plates subjected to in-plane com-pressive and/or shear loading is of great importance in building, bridge, aerospace, marine, and shipbuilding industries. When buckling occurs, thin plates undergo large out-of-plane deflections, which in turn results in the development of large bending stresses and eventually complete failure of the structure. This paper deals with the buckling stability assessment of uniaxially-compressed plates with different support conditions within the framework of classical plate theory. The main objective of this research is to explore some uncovered aspects of buckling stability of plates by considering the effects of support conditions, aspect ratio, and slenderness ratio, which will consequently result in efficient design of such thin-walled structures. To this end, in addition to validation of the numerical simulation, some case studies have been performed in order to gain a better understanding of different aspects of buckling stability of such thin-walled structures.

En este post aprenderemos a predimensionar estructuras portantes de hormigón armado compuestas de vigas, columnas (pilares) y losas. Para obtener las dimensiones de los elementos de un edificio necesitamos conocer las cargas (el peso) de la edificación. Pero si no tenemos las dimensiones de los elementos. ¿Como podemos saber el peso del edificio? Surge aquí un círculo vicioso. Para este primer acercamiento lo recomendable es recurrir a las normas y reglamentos de diseño para el pre-dimensionamento de estructuras, edificios o elementos de los mismos. Empecemos: Predimensionar Vigas: Para el predimensionamiento de vigas de hormigón. En un caso común tenemos la luz de la viga (la luz se refiere a la longitud entre columna y columna, es el termino técnico ingenieril).

The Bubble Deck slab is a newly designed bi-axial concrete floor slab system. High density polythene (HDPE) hollow spheres are placed in the center of slab by replacing the ineffective concrete to decrease its dead weight so increase the efficiency of floor. This abstract deal with work carried out to compare the bubble deck voided slab system and conventional flat slab system by finite element analysis using SAP 2000 as well as manual calculation by Direct design method using IS456:2000 to study the behavior of bending moments, shear force, deflections and reactions due to change in span for various load conditions. The present study is carried out to study the seismic behavior of structure due to reduction in dead weight of structure by modelling and analysis of G+12 storey structure for 6mx 7m , 7m x 8m , 8mx 9m grid systems.

This study presents the development of software tool for
integrated frame analysis and design of structural steel connections.
The open Application Programming Interface (API) technology
is applied to integrate the developed software with SAP2000 for frame analysis and design. The software complies with the current version of AISC LRFD requirements and specifications. It aims to serve as a simple but efficient tool for not only professional structural designer but also the local
contractor who has limited knowledge and tool in design of typical steel framing connections as well as assist the designer in automated structural steel design procedure. The software currently supports 4 types of bolted beam-
column and 2 types of welded beam-column connection.
The program is designed to be user-friendly in which several design examples and online help are supported.

The Palace of Baron Empain in Cairo is a unique architectural masterpiece of its kind. Edward Empain, a rich Belgian, built it in 1911 influenced by the architecture of the famous Cambodian temple of Angkor Wat. The palace is composed of three floors (basement, ground and first) and a roof, it is surrounded by a garden from all sides. It suffered from neglect for decades, and recently appeared initiatives for its restoration and re-use. This paper aims to provide a proposal for the re-use of the palace. For this purpose, the palace was visually inspected and the signs of damage were documentated and explained. A re-use proposal was developed in which the ground floor is re-used as a small museum after being furnished on the historical style. The first floor is re-used as a museum and/or a motel. The roof is re-used in holding cultural seminars, and as a place for distinctive imaging types. The palace garden is to be re-used similar to its historical usage as an open space for celebrations and parties. The basement is re-used as a service floor for the visitors. To support this re-use proposal, a 3D numerical model of the palace was created and the new expected loads were applied on it. It was found that the palace's walls and foundations can sustain the new loads. The slabs were found to be unable to sustain the new loads at certain places and further investigation and analysis is needed to judge its actual capacity.

Earthquake is a natural disaster that destroyed the large property and two deaths
with many injuries during this decade, occurring at the northern of Thailand. By this
cause, this paper aims to evaluate the performance level of existing reinforced concrete
building by retrofitting with the braced steel frames. Moreover, a three-story building
is analysed in SAP2000, used the Nonlinear Static Procedure Method. Therefore, three
different methods are chosen to study in this paper. The first of all, Displacement
Coefficient Method presented in ASCE/SEI 41-13 and FEMA 440, used to calculate
target displacement to point out building performance levels. The second method,
Capacity Spectrum Method published in ACT 40, used deformation limits to compare
with total roof displacement ratio (Δ roof top /H) at the performance point to classify
various performance levels. The last one, The ASCE/SEI 41-13 uses plastic rotation
limit criteria to compare with maximum plastic hinge rotation for member evaluation
of the RC frames. According to the result before retrofitting, the first and second
methods meet Life Safety (LS) and Immediate Occupancy (IO) levels, respectively. The
third method of this paper separated into column and beam performance levels which
meet performance levels in both Life Safety (LS) levels. From the experiment, It shows
that if we use the concentrically braced steel frames to retrofit the structure, it will lie

Earthquakes are the most challenging forces that affect the buildings and other structures. The behaviour of a building during an earthquake depends on various factors such as shape, size and geometry of the building. The growth of population and the scarcity in the availability of land has constrained the architects and engineers to provide areas of parking inside the building leading to the formation of a weak/soft storey inside the building. Also the desire to build aesthetically appealing structures has inspired the engineers to build structures different from the conventional ones. The engineers are nowadays building structures different in plan and configuration. Due to recent demand of building structures aesthetically different, the plan, configuration and other geometrical features such as shape and orientation of the columns are changed. These geometrical features such as shape of columns and their orientation influences the lateral stiffness of the building .The inclusion of a weak storey and change of orientation of columns creates vertical stiffness irregularity and lateral stiffness irregularity in the building which is a form of plan irregularity. Thus,making the building vulnerable to the earthquake forces. This review of past studies aims to find out how does orientation of columns and soft storey affect the seismic parameters such as deflection and time period. The study concludes that the soft storeys are to be provided in upper stories and combined effect of soft storey and column orientation is to be studied by means of software aid to prevent failure of building during earthquakes.

Modeling of steel frame structure using beam with web opening has been done using macro and micro models. In macro model, 3 story building was modeled in space frame and the beam was modeled as nonprismatic frame elements. In micro model, the beam with opening was modeled in space plate  with 2 supports, the flange and web were modeled using shell element, the opening on the web was modeled as is and loaded with vertical and earthquake loads equivalent to the macro model. Beam models with and without opening in macro and micro models were analyzed and its behavior was compared. The analysis results showed that thepresence of opening led to an increase in the normal stress up to 964,4 % . Secondary beams nearby the opening led more increase stress on the beams.

This paper presents the evaluation hydro-mechanical equipment from HPP Iron Gates I (Danube river) and and HPP Izbiceni (Olt river). Consolidation solutions, supported the results of finite element numerical simulations, are presented together with on-site visual inspection findings . The two hydro-mechanical equipment were the subject of two surveys conducted in 2004 and 2005 by the Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics led by Prof. Dan Dubina.

Large-scale liquid storage tanks are used worldwide for storing chemicals, liquefied natural gas (LNG) and oil. Any possible damage from man-made or natural hazards, such as earthquakes, to these critical infrastructures would cause serious problems and devastating consequences. Moreover, they should remain functional even after a severe earthquake to support restoration, thus, their reliable seismic design is mandatory. Nevertheless, their seismic performance assessment is quite complex, mainly due to the hydrodynamic interaction with their liquid content. For this reason, base isolation is generally considered as a highly efficient technique for the seismic protection of liquid storage tanks. The aim of any base isolation scheme is to decouple the superstructure from the imposed ground motions, providing flexibility in the horizontal axes and sufficient rigidity in the vertical axis to accommodate the structural weight. Various types of such devices have been installed in storage tanks in order to achieve best possible seismic isolation. Elastomeric bearings, such as lead-rubber bearings (LRB), high damping rubber bearings (HDRB) and frictional bearings, such as single friction pendulum bearings (SFPB), double friction pendulum bearings (DFPB) and triple friction pendulum bearings (TFPB) have been used. In this work, the optimization of the main parameters of SFPB is considered. In particular, genetic algorithms (GA) are used to derive friction coefficient and radius of curvature values that optimize the performance of SFPB isolators applied in the base of tanks of both squat and slender geometry. The objective is to minimize the imposed ground accelerations at the base of the tanks, while constraints related to damping and period are used.

Normally, Running vehicles generate vibration load due to the rounghness of road surface. When vehicles run on a bridge, the vibration of the bridge sometimes becomes fairly large because of amplification by the dynamic interaction of vehicle and bridge. In the expansion joint of Rama 9 Bridge, the
oscillating problem due to running vehicles has actually
occurred long time. Furthermore, the structure is subject
to a continuous degradation due to ageing and
environmental factors. In present, working conditio
n of the expansion joint of Rama 9 Bridge is not perfect as
design criteria. Therefore, responsible supervisory
authority would like to maintenance or part replacement
of the structure. Objective of this study is focus on
analysis dynamic response of the expansion joint of
Rama 9 Bridge due to running vehicle. It has been found
that speed of vehicle is quite sensitive to dynamic
response of the structure. Therefore, finite element
method, popular method, is used to analyze the problem.
The solution is used to decide and conduct the problem
which generally results in more economical repairs.

Structural dynamics is a module of structural analysis that encapsulates the behavior of structures subjected to dynamic loadings. The problems of structural dynamics can be categorized as SDOF, MDOF or Continuous systems. LabVIEW is simulating software possessing extensive graphical representation and data acquisition capabilities. It is of particular interest to the engineers working in the general area of structural health monitoring. The graphical user interface and the capability to acquire & process real time data makes it the ideal choice of programming language.  In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a dynamic system using a SDOF model in LabVIEW. The results were compared with NONLIN program and SAP2000 software. Parametric study has been done using Newmark β method and the results were plotted for accelerations, velocities and displacements.

Correctly assessing the non-linear behavior of structural elements in buildings can improve the results of a seismic design. In this work, the most probable causes of the observed damage in a shear wall building during the 2010 Chile earthquake were detected by using two different approaches implemented in commercial software. The first procedure predicts the precise time in which the building gets into the nonlinear range by performing a linear elastic analysis. The second approach uses a fiber model to represent the inelastic response of specific wall zones, considering materials properties and the hysteretic behavior. The proposed model was validated with experimental results of rectangular and T-shape walls. The model enabled to obtain the nonlinear response of the entire structure and to compare it with the results of the linear analysis. The significant variation of the axial load on the elements analyzed, as well as the reduction of the shear and moment forces of the walls with respect to the linear model were studied. Disadvantages of the extrapolation of results obtained from a single axis simplification with respect to the behavior of the entire structure were examined. Results obtained have given insight about the observed type of failure in shear wall buildings.

Capacitación en SAP2000 - Hormigón.

Más info:  https://www.calculistaestructural.com/curso-sap2000etabs/

Parte del Curso de SAP2000 y ETABS.

En este vídeo el Ing. Miguel Jiménez explica como aplicar cargas laterales de subpresión en a un sótano.

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Cairo DownTown is known as Khedival Cairo. It is famous for its rich architectural heritage buildings designed by many European architects during the 19th and the 20th c. Many of these buildings have deteriorated due to misuse and lack of maintenance. In this paper, the survival of a historic balcony of one of these buildings (dating back to 1911) due to extensive intervention works is presented. The leaked water from airconditioning resulted in corrosion of the steel beams carrying the balcony. Subsequently, the decorative units at the balcony bottom were detached and started to fall down. An intervention was carried out to allow the balcony to survive. The adequacy of the intervention was ensured by numerical analysis and in-situ static loading test. It was found that the adopted intervention represented a good example that could be applied to many other similar balconies widely found in Khedival Cairo.

En este vídeo el Ing. Miguel Jiménez realiza comentarios a la tarea presentada por uno de los estudiantes del curso de SAP2000 y ETABS en relación al diseño por corte en vigas.

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