Social Enterprises

Social enterprises (SE) emerge where there are opportunities to find new ways to balance otherwise competing interests and to achieve social purposes in ways that are better than and distinct from traditional approaches. Understanding whether the zoo and its elements are achieving these purposes, making progress, or causing harm is complicated and difficult. The challenges begin with assessing essential things that cannot be measured easily or well. They continue with how SE simultaneously has social impact at so many levels: individual, organizational, communal, within and among parts of the zoo, and society as a whole. They are exacerbated by the need to account for gains in one social impact area possibly being accompanied by harm in another. Of course, being complicated or challenging or even presently unprovable is no excuse for not trying. In that spirit this chapter approaches assessing the social impact of SE, its potential, and its distinguishing character at three key leve...

Emerging countries like Indonesia and developed countries like South Korea have a common need for the participation of their people to develop their economies aimed at overcoming social problems. One of the organizational vehicles that can be used to overcome social problems is Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) or social enterprises. The purpose of this study is to find out the definition of social enterprises in Indonesia and South Korea; to find out the mechanism of establishing social enterprises in Indonesia and South Korea; and to find out about the management of social businesses in Indonesia and South Korea. Furthermore, the method used is a conceptual paper related to the definition of social enterprises, the mechanism of social enterprises, and their governance. In this study, it is known that social businesses in South Korea have better governance than social enterprises in Indonesia. The contribution of this research is to provide input to all stakeholders to improve the performance of social enterprises, especially in Indonesia.

In the last two decades, a renewed interest on the concepts of social innovation and social entrepreneurship has emerged. In fact, a large body of theoretical developments that occurred in the fields of innovation, territorial development, social economics, and public governance (among others) have emphasised the need to adopt new approaches to new (or emerging) problems, such as: climate change; chronic diseases; increasing inequalities in income distribution; high rates of unemployment (particularly among young people); the impact of ageing population; and mass urbanisation and social exclusion phenomenon. This chapter aims at contributing to this literature by making an attempt to distinguish both concepts: social innovation and social entrepreneurship. For that purpose, the definition of each of these concepts, their main features as well as their major differences are presented. Finally, the role that HEIs might play in promoting social innovation and social entrepreneurship in...

The social cooperative is the opportunity for social and professional reintegration of people threatened with social exclusion:
Reintegration tool; The objectives of the social cooperative; The threefold nature of the social cooperative; Is it worth it to assume social co-operatives?

Community Works is a consulting firm with great interest in supporting social enterprise intiatives, in this document I share about an initiative that brought 20 NGO leaders from Latin America to Australia to share about social enterprises in the Australian context with a focus on how to develop similar initiatives in Latin America, steering thinking and ideas on the topic.

As organizações de economia social, com suas particularidades específicas, são um conjunto significativamente mais complexo de analisar e avaliar do que organismos públicos e empresas capitalistas, principalmente devido aos impactos econômicos e ao mesmo tempo sociais de suas atividades. O estudo da relação entre os princípios de ação dessas organizações e suas dimensões de avaliação pode oferecer pistas importantes sobre as especifi cidades únicas de seus processos de avaliação, visando construir metodologias de avaliação que considerem as suas características fundamentais. Este artigo tem como objetivo destacar essas especifi cidades que caracterizam o contexto único de avaliação na economia social, de forma a contribuir para a construção de um corpo teórico relativo ao processo de avaliação que seja extremamente útil para os atores que fazem parte dessa realidade. Trata-se de um artigo teórico cujas principais conclusões indicam que os processos de avaliação nessas organizações são essencialmente híbridos e mutlidimensionais, e devem ser construídos baseados nos princípios de ação dessas organizações. A avaliação na economia social deve ser um processo contínuo, resultado de uma co-produção baseada na participação, na negociação e na deliberação entre os atores envolvidos.

Liora Goldfield Davis grew up in Norwalk, Connecticut but lives and works in South Florida since 1986. She attended Parsons School of Design in New York. She has travelled and lived in Europe and has been a full time artist for more than 25 years.
Liora has exhibited widely and her collections include, among many, The Smithsonian Museum and the Virginia Beach Center for Contemporary Art. She has even been commissioned to paint two wooden Easter Eggs for the White House!
Liora is passionate about our Planet and cares deeply for all the creatures within it.

Purpose As a critical and intimate form of inquiry, ethnography remains close to lived realities and equips scholars with a unique methodological angle on social phenomena. This paper aims to explore the potential gains from an increased use of ethnography in social enterprise studies. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop the argument through a set of dualistic themes, namely, the socio-economic dichotomy and the discourse/practice divide as predominant critical lenses through which social enterprise is currently examined, and suggest shifts from visible leaders to invisible collectives and from case study-based monologues to dialogic ethnography. Findings Ethnography sheds new light on at least four neglected aspects. Studying social enterprises ethnographically complicates simple reductions to socio-economic tensions, by enriching the set of differences through which practitioners make sense of their work-world. Ethnography provides a tool for unravelling how practition...

Drawing on research carried out in the Highland region of Scotland, the paper describes the role of supported community action in the process of generating rural social enterprise. The focus is on whether, and if so how, rural communities can be supported through a facilitated process (drawing on the principles of community development practice) to create social enterprises as service providers. Using results from the analysis of 4 Highland community case studies involved in an action research process to develop social enterprise, the paper identifies the community capabilities and entrepreneurial skills needed to create social enterprises as rural community-based service providers. These processes, skills and capabilities are presented in the form of a model (or process description) of development. This model is a diagrammatical representation of the thematic analysis of qualitative material and is used to highlight both similarities and differences in how the development process took place in four case study communities. The final section of the paper presents conclusions identifying the contribution of the study to generating understanding about rural community social enterprises for service provision and the processes associated with their creation. Finally, the implications of the research for politicians, practitioners and researchers are shown.

This paper starts by defining the social enterprise sector, its history, and its current size and scope in the UK. This is followed by a discussion on the distinct legal structures available for social enterprises, and how these determine their identity and brand. The second half of the paper focuses on the potential for the emergence of socio-ecological enterprises out of university-led research, and presents a business plan which will be incorporated into upcoming  research projects

Snce the mid-90s, we have witnessed a breakthrough of three notions that hadvirtually never been used before: social entrepreneurship, social entrepreneur and so- cial enterprise. Although each is sometimes the subject of specifie conceptual debates, they are largely interconnected - especially since they havegained in popularity and are still riding on the crest of the same wave.
These notions are closely related to the various approaches which, since the 1970s, have stressed the existence of a "third sector" in our econo- mies, distinct from the for-profit private sector andthe public sector. It is important that we first
provide a brief overview of these now conven- tional approaches. In addition, far from replacing them, the new notions surrounding social enter- prisesand the analytical potential that stem from them illuminate and enrich existing approaches, highlighting particular dynamics within the third sector, and sometimes beyond it

Many scholars consider social entrepreneurship to be a special form of entrepreneurial practice; however, a review of the literature reveals practitioners consider their work to be more of a civil society activity than an entrepreneurial business. This suggests social entrepreneurship education should concentrate on incorporating knowledge of civil society and understandings of theories such as social justice, social identity and social movements. A productive approach to education in this field is to incorporate experiential learning in which students engage actively with social entrepreneurship startup or operation. Assessment involves the student comparing theory with the events that occurred in practice. This paper offers guidance for any university that is considering offering social entrepreneurship education. It also provides an overview of this complex practice that will be helpful for policy makers and commercial firms interested in social business.

—This paper investigates the perceived notion that China's goals are ideological as well as material. It is not in competition with United States or Europe for Africa or to score in the ongoing battle for global hegemony (Rothberg, 2008). Two different areas will be considered: one of which is in the area of bilateral relations and the other in investment. The relations between Ghana and China dates back to 1960 when the countries first established diplomatic relations, According to the Ghana investment promotion center, China, continuous to remain on top of foreign direct investment in Ghana, with a cumulative total of 23 new projects registered in just the first quarter of 2011. The Research philosophy here is based on Positivism and phenomenology that is associated with clarification of assumption about China's increased engagement with Africa which has sparked a debate in development circles. One group believes that the China demand for Africa's natural resources, has not only helped to re-establish Africa as a source of valuable commodities for the global market, but also, has helped to focus attention on why the continent still remains poor. The other group are voices believes that China's increased engagement with Africa is no different from earlier times which largely cast Africa as the supplier of cheap but abundant raw materials as well as a market for cheap manufactures. While Beijing and Accra have enjoyed relatively strong and stable bilateral relations since the 1960s, the backdrop of a recent surge in Chinese activities in Ghana warrants a closer examination of China's presence in Ghana and its implications for China's West Africa and pan-African strategy. The results of the research suggest that, Ghanaians are making efforts to build a better Ghana, while the Chinese people are striving to realize the China Dream. With the sincere efforts of both sides, the dreams of the two peoples will eventually come true and the relationship between the two countries will move ever forward like the Yangtze and Volta rivers.

Ground-breaking examination of organizations founded on a social mission – social enterprises, non-profits, co-operatives, credit unions, and community development organizations. The second edition contains six new case studies as well three new chapters addressing leadership and strategic management, and human resources management.

Social entrepreneurship is relatively a new concept within social sciences. Like the case with any newly emerging field, social entrepreneurship is confronting the challenges of justifying the use of new constructs and hence the challenge of generating new knowledge and insights. Till date, the field of social entrepreneurship has majorly been consented as a multidisciplinary approach to social problem solving. In this regard, researchers are attempting to take insights from different disciplines in an effort towards delimiting the scope and context of social entrepreneurship. However, social entrepreneurship is projected or seen as sharing much in common with business management and entrepreneurship. As such, the different approaches of management domain find high appropriateness for application, explanation and further expansion of this field. In light of the above and on the basis of a few qualitative case studies conducted in the western countries till date, the paper attempts to gain critical insights about the use of marketing concepts in social enterprises.

The French nonprofit sector has been in existence since July 1, 1901 when the legal form of associations was created. Since then, as a consequence of legal, fiscal, and cultural restrictions, it has developed characteristics that are markedly different to those of other nonprofit sectors. This paper focuses on one such characteristic that makes the French nonprofit sector virtually unique, that is the restrictions imposed on social entrepreneurism. It was not until July 17, 2001 that a new organizational form called Sociétés Coopératives d'Intérêt Collectif (SCIC) was created specifically to address this anomaly. This paper discusses the context within which this organizational form was created, and the potential advantages that it offers in respect to facilitating the development of social enterprises. The paper also explains why a specific organizational form was required and why it was placed outside the nonprofit sector. It concludes by identifying potential problems concerning organizational effectiveness in delivering socially beneficial services and the difficulties that may arise as a consequence of SCIC's unique governance structure.

Rynek pracy jest jednym z naturalnych pól działania podmiotów ekonomii społecznej. Praca, czy też szerzej patrząc aktywność zawodowa, uznawana jest obecnie za najbardziej efektywny instrument przeciwdziałania skutkom wykluczenia społecznego. Nowocześnie pojmowana polityka społeczna oraz polityka zatrudnienia (rynku pracy) odchodzi od działań pasywnych, mających zapewnić osobom wykluczonym wsparcie o charakterze finansowym czy rzeczowym, na rzecz działań aktywizujących, ukierunkowanych na przywrócenie tych osób na rynek pracy.

The Value Chain Assessment Studies were carried out for by Chitral Integrated Area Development Program (CIADP), a 5-year project, funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and implemented by Thrive, Pakistan.  The purpose of this assignment is, a) to identify the key products of Chitral and neighbouring valleys and b) to assess commercialization potential of these products with associated issues.  The studies will also provide an insight of these products and key recommendations to boost their brands and sales for improved livelihood of the locals.
With Shahzad Mubin Bukhari.

This article discusses recent developments in the home-based lifestyle business featuring the example of two cases: Tammuri farm restaurant near Otepaa in South Estonia, and home restaurant MerMer in Kolga-Aabla in North Estonia. We study the restaurants from a Goffmanian performance perspective, focusing on the lifestyle entrepreneur's viewpoint of creating a restaurant experience in their homes. Accordingly, the home and its surroundings are considered a setting in which food has an important role as a performance medium and multiple roles are enacted by a single entrepreneur as a performer. Freshness, quality and locality of food, homeliness and personalised service are used for creating a special home restaurant meal experience. The two cases also shed light on the dynamics of the concepts of home and lifestyle entrepreneurship in contemporary Estonia, challenging the understanding of restaurant cuisine and home cooking as oppositional practices of food preparation and consu...

This expanded Table of Contents offers an outline of the book, including the Primer on Feminism for Business, Obstacles and Approaches to Gender Equality in Business, and Feminist Interventions in core business concepts such as Redefining Work, Work-Familiy-Life Conflict, Gendered Work and Gendered Wages, Foundations of Organizational Structure, Reconsidering Organizational Culture, Bodies in the Workplace, Harmful Workplace Experiences, and Models of Leadership & Expressions of Power.

The government’s vision of an extended school has meant that a range of activities and services, outside of the normal school day, have been accessible through school sites, by a range of recipients, for several years since the concept was adopted. The vision was government funded, which encouraged schools to work collaboratively with other schools and partners, to provide ‘access’ to these services. This meant that not all schools had to offer the full range on their site, but could signpost accordingly within the network of partners that was created.

However, the sustainability of this new way of collaborative working to provide services though schools was under question, in the event that the government funding which assisted to deliver this vision was to be reduced. In response, within the education sector, a range of current partnership models were being promoted, as a way forward, to sustain the collaborative approach to the delivery of extended services.

Could the formation of schools into a social enterprise or other structure be the answer, to the maintenance of services in the wake of funding cuts?

Discusses the evolution of social enterprises in Costa Rica, from the rise of NGO's after the 50's to corporate spin-offs in more recent years. It analyses the particular social and economic conditions that have shaped social enterprises in the country, and finishes with current trends and perspectives.

There is increasing interest in the social entrepreneur and the process of social entrepreneurship. This has led to criticisms of fuzziness surrounding these concepts. This paper explores the concept of the social entrepreneur, considering whether social entrepreneurs can really be termed “entrepreneurs” or if they are something else - individuals motivated by meeting social objectives to achieve social change. Drawing on structuration theory, we place the agent (a social entrepreneur) in the structure (a social system/the context), arguing that they are engaged in a process of co-constructing the current momentum in social entrepreneurship development.

Creative Attributes Framework explains how enterprise and employability learning forms a core part of the curriculum in arts, design and media degrees at University of the Arts London (UAL).

The framework demonstrates how, through the curriculum, UAL empowers their students and graduates to develop the wide-ranging qualities, experience and behaviours that prepare them for the future and enable them to develop and sustain a rewarding professional life.

Explore the online toolkit
http://www.arts.ac.uk/about-ual/teaching-and-learning/careers-and-employability/creative-attributes-framework/

There is no single way to embed enterprise and employability within the curriculum and there are many ways for courses to engage with and respond to the framework.

The toolkit offers guidance, inspiring interviews, articles and examples of cross-disciplinary course practice to help interpret the framework and learn from others.

Enterprise and employability is not new to the curriculum, nor is it a bolt-on. It is core to a creative education and to practice at UAL, however, translating enterprise and employability into student learning can be complex.

A Higher Education Academy (HEA) funded project, the framework provides a systematic approach that supports curriculum making, and provides descriptors that join enterprise and employability to benchmark a wide range of curriculum delivery at UAL.

The aim of the research was to create a model for sustainable socio-economic development in selected informal areas of Cairo, through collaboration of NGO members, informal area inhabitants and designers.
The objectives were as follows:
Using design intervention to develop more effective socio- economical empowerment program for informal areas through NGOs
Repositioning the role of designer in relation to social change
Providing a sustainable project that lives on after the designer has left.

After conducting field research, including extensive interviews with NGO project managers, it was concluded that many of their economic development programs were having limited impact, and new strategies were needed. The selected strategy was to bring design thinking to the development of new product lines to be made by women in informal areas. The concept was to implement a well branded line of clothing targeted to a specific market segment; to be promoted through social media; sold through an online store; to be manufactured by informal area inhabitants, thus the money gained will be returned to the informal area inhabitants.

Therefore a pilot project was implemented for 12 months, where 4 trails were made in 4 different informal areas until acceptable quality of products were produced. The concept is creating a sewing workshop in the homes of the informal area inhabitants where they produce clothes designed through participatory workshops where potential customers are gathered to design for their needs. Then the NGO team uses online marketing to sell the products through a well-branded online shop.

Consequently, after holding 4 participatory workshops, 16 products where selected and produced and eventually promoted through Facebook and Instagram. This resulted in the informal area inhabitants gaining a minimum of 30 LE per piece rather than their previous pricing (2 LE, 7 LE and 14 LE).