Social Inequality In Health

En este estudio se analizan las desigualdades en el estado de salud autopercibido de la población de 18 años y más residente en Argentina desde una perspectiva interseccional. Para ello se utilizan los datos de las cuatro ediciones de la Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo (ENFR 2005, 2009, 2013 y 2018) y se realizan diferentes modelos de regresiones logísticas binarias con la inclusión de términos de interacción entre variables. Los resultados muestran que en todos los años que se hizo la ENFR se repite el patrón de que las desigualdades en la autopercepción de la salud son interseccionales, de forma tal que las inequidades de género son significativamente más importantes entre quienes residen en hogares con menores recursos económicos, las personas con menores niveles educativos y más jóvenes, en comparación con quienes residen en hogares con mayores recursos, las personas de mayores niveles educativos y adultos mayores.l

Introduction: Health and health-related behaviours in childhood, adolescence and youth are crucial for health and behavioural patterns in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels, distribution and socio-demographic determinants of health outcomes among Slovenian youth using three subjective health indicators.
Methods: We used national survey samples of Slovenian youth from studies in 2010 and 2013 and analyzed three single-item indicators: self-rated health, self-reported chronic health problems (illness, disability, mental health problems) and perceived stress.
Results: In 2013 16.8 % of respondents rated their health as excellent, 71.6 % as (very) good, and 11.5 % as poor/fair – the latter more often by women and respondents with less educated mothers. On average about every tenth respondent reported chronic health problems in six surveys covering the period 2002–2013. In 2013, 40.2 % of Slovenian youth experienced stress “at least weekly”, a slightly smaller proportion than in 2011 (41.1 %). The frequency of perceived stress was higher among women and older youth.
Discussion and conclusions: In the 2010–2013 period there were no significant changes in subjective health status of Slovenian youth, despite the unfavourable macro-conditions in Slovenia and Europe, which had especially negative impact on the objective situation of young people (e.g., increases in the youth unemployment rates, etc.). Our study aimed to partially fill the research gap, since there is a lack of studies on health of Slovenian post-adolescent youth and young adults.
Key words: self-rated health, perceived stress, chronic health problems, inequalities in health, determinants of health, youth.

Izhodišča: Zdravje in z zdravjem povezana vedenja v obdobju otroštva, adolescence in mladosti so ključnega pomena za zdravje in vedenjske vzorce v odraslosti in poznejši starosti. Namen pričujoče raziskave je bil preučiti stopnje, distribucijo in sociodemografske dejavnike zdravstvenih izidov slovenske mladine na treh subjektivnih indikatorji zdravja.
Metode: Uporabljeni so bili nacionalni anketni vzorci slovenske mladine iz let 2010 in 2013, analizirali pa smo indikatorje: samoocenjeno zdravje, samoporočane kronične zdravstvene težave (bolezen, invalidnost, psihične težave) in pogostost samozaznanega stresa. 
Rezultati: V 2013 je 16,8 % respondentov svoje zdravje ocenilo kot odlično, 71,6 % kot (zelo) dobro, 11,5 % pa kot slabo/zadovoljivo – slednje pogosteje ženske in respondenti z manj izobraženimi materami. V povprečju približno vsaki desetih mladi v Sloveniji poroča kronične zdravstvene težave; v obdobju 2002–2013 je bil trend relativno stabilen. V letu 2013 je 40,2 % slovenske mladine doživljalo stres »vsaj tedensko«, nekoliko manjši delež kot v letu 2011 (41,1 %). Pogostost samozaznanega stresa je višja med ženskami in starejšo mladino.
Diskusija in zaključki: V obdobju 2010–2013 ni prišlo do bistvenih sprememb subjektivnega zdravstvenega stanja slovenske mladine, kljub neugodnim makrorazmeram v Sloveniji in Evropi, ki še posebej slabo vplivajo na položaj mladih (npr. naraščanje stopnje brezposelnosti mladih). Z raziskavo smo poskušali deloma zapolniti raziskovalno vrzel, saj v Sloveniji primanjkuje raziskav o zdravju postadolescentne mladine in mladih na prehodu v odraslost.
Ključne besede: samoocenjeno zdravje, samozaznan stres, kronične zdravstvene težave, neenakosti v zdravju, dejavniki zdravja, zdravje slovenske mladine.

Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are conventionally recommended in mental health
care literature as an important way to offer holistic treatment provision to patients. This
study aims to explore multidisciplinary teamwork in contemporary mental health
settings, particularly what aids and hinders the process of multidisciplinary teamworking,
and the social work contribution in such teams. In order to attain an in-depth
exploration of these phenomena, a single case study design was employed. Within this
design, data were generated through semi-structured interviews and structured
observation of a mental health MDT in Ireland. These data were analysed using
interpretative phenomenological analysis. The research highlights how the concept of
mental illness is contested within this MDT, with the medical model dominant within
an environment of fluid working arrangements. Professional role blurring and
stereotyping were found to impact the division of labour on this team, with role
negotiation found to be an integral part of retaining a professional’s practice identity.
This research raises concerns for social work’s capacity to function within mental
health MDTs in Ireland, and highlights ways in which social work educators might
respond in order to empower Irish social workers to meet the challenges of mental
health multidisciplinary teamworking.

Health and health-related behaviours in childhood, adolescence and youth are crucial for health and behavioural patterns in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to examine the levels, distribution and socio-demographic determinants of health outcomes among Slovenian youth using three subjective health indicators. We used national survey samples of Slovenian youth from studies in 2010 and 2013 and analyzed three single-item indicators: self-rated health, self-reported chronic health problems (illness, disability, mental health problems) and perceived stress. In 2013 16.8 % of respondents rated their health as excellent, 71.6 % as (very) good, and 11.5 % as poor/fair – the latter more often by women and respondents with less educated mothers. On average about every tenth respondent reported chronic health problems in six surveys covering the period 2002–2013. In 2013, 40.2 % of Slovenian youth experienced stress “at least weekly”, a slightly smaller proportion than in 2011 (41.1 %...

Class, Mothering and the Values of Food. The data analysed in this empirical paper stems from ethnographic fieldwork among new school parents at three Danish primary schools. I draw on empirically grounded theories on the cultural and subjective dimensions of class, inspired by the 'English School' of poststructuralist informed , feminist scholars, to explore how class matters. Using the values ascribed to food at social arrangements as a lens, I explore different ways of doing class and mothering: through the exchange values of the food, through its use value and through its healthiness. I conclude by arguing that food studies hold a huge potential for the development of empirically grounded theories on class in Scandinavian society, where class hitherto has been ascribed as a thing of the past.

In a world of neoliberal imperialist globalisation, there has been a profound growth of social inequalities, between and within nations. This has had a most negative impact on the health and quality of life of large sections of the populations in the developed and underdeveloped worlds. The contention of this paper is that the social production of health inequality, as shaped by neoliberalism, has to be understood in this historical context of the emergence of a new capitalist order which is primarily based on unfettered market with the motives of greed and acquitiveness. This divides societies into very rich and very poor. What a truism of coexistence of great wealth and great poverty/inequality. This offends the notion of a just and equal society.
Even Richard Wilkinson’s theory of social cohesion, modelled in the Emile Durkheimian tradition of moral individualism (a system in which the individual willingly performs in accordance with laws and customs of the society), distances itself from a true population perspective. In fact, it creates a smokescreen through its claim as an alternative paradigm, and thereby pushes the task of public health further back. In the Wilkinson model, the real shift has been only that of ‘community blaming’ in place of individual ‘victim blaming’. The attainment of better health status becomes the responsibility of the community as a whole through such measures as better social cohesion and solidarity, and better health is the responsibility of the individual through measures such as behaviour modification, self-­‐help and self-­‐control. In both the cases, the Wilkinson model implicitly suggests that the state has no role to play and there is no space for macro structural change.

Should we grant a fresh start to those who come to regret their past lifestyle choices? A negative response to this question can be located in the luck egalitarian literature. As a responsibility-sensitive theory of justice, luck egalitarianism considers it just that people’s relative positions reflect their past choices, including those they regret. In a recent article, Vansteenkiste, Devooght and Schokkaert argue against the luck egalitarian view, maintaining instead that those who regret their past choices in health are disadvantaged in a relevant way and should receive compensation. Employing the ideal that people should be made equal as measured by equivalent resources they purport to show the fairness of such an arrangement through a hypothetical scenario. Relaxing the implicit assumptions of this scenario brings forth several unattractive consequences of the fresh start idea. The main problem is that in striving to ensure that people’s past choices do not affect their own opportunities, the authors must accept that these choices put heavy strains on the opportunities available to other people. Furthermore, the luck egalitarian position is more compelling than they admit.

In this chapter we measure “felt-suffering” and examine its social variations in China. By using the 2005 and 2010
Chinese General Social Surveys (CGSS), we conceptualize felt-suffering as feeling limited in daily life, due to physical and mental conditions. We measure felt suffering on three indicators: poor health, physical suffering, and mental suffering.
We are particularly interested in the uneven distribution of felt-suffering among different social groups in contemporary China. Our analysis shows that gender, education, level of economic development of the region, partner status, and social connections were found to exert generally consistent effects on felt suffering among the three measures in both 2005 and 2010. Age, rural-vs.-urban residence, and self-perceived socioeconomic status also affected one’s felt-suffering in all three measures, and the effects of these factors
varied from 2005 to 2010. Overall, the levels of individuals' felt suffering have increased in all the three measures, despite a fast-growing economy in China.

Въведение: Населеното място и регионът формират контекста за възможностите за работа, образование и доходи на индивидите. Регионът може да се разглежда и като детерминант на здравето, както и на здравните неравенства. Целта на настоящото изследване е да се проучат и анализират различията в използването на здравни услуги между жителите на отделните видове населени места в Североизточния район на България.
Материал и методи: В изследването са използвани данни от социологическо проучване чрез анкета. Проучването е проведено в периода март-юни 2014 г. сред 618 граждани на Североизточния район, живеещи в областни градове, малки градове и села.
Резултати и обсъждане: В трите вида населени места с най-голяма честота на посещенията са тези при общопрактикуващите лекари. Разглеждана по типове населени места, средната използваемост е най-висока в малките градове, с изключение на медико-диагностичните изследвания. В селата използваемостта, както при първичната, така и при специализираната медицинска помощ, е по-ниска от средната общо за извадката, което се дължи предимно на затрудненията в достъпа до здравни услуги. Статистически значими различия според типа населено място има в използването на стоматологична и болнична помощ.
Заключение: Изводите показват, че са налице различия в използването на здравни услуги и достъпа до здравната мрежа, зависещи от местоживеенето, които са пример за неравнопоставеност в здравеопазването.

""Studies of socioeconomic inequalities in health have consistently shown that people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds have worse health outcomes. Furthermore, past research has also indicated the ubiquity of socioeconomic inequalities in health across modernized countries – inequalities which are not only continuing but also increasing (Marmot et al., 1991; Macintyre, 1997; Della Bella et al., 2012; Avendaño et al., 2005; Mackenbach, 2012). Similarly, past studies of the Slovenian population have detected a socioeconomic gradient in health (Buzeti et al., 2011; Farkas and Zaletel-Kragelj, 2011; Jeriček Klanšček and Žiberna, 2012; Kirbiš, 2013), with inequalities increasing in the last decade, according to some health indicators (e.g., Malnar and Kurdija, 2012). Since relatively few past studies focused on health inequalities among post-adolescent youth and young adults, the aim of the present research was to examine the impact of individual and family socioeconomic status (SES) on self-rated health, mental health and depression among young people aged 16–27 years. We analyzed survey data from the FES-CEPYUS Slovenian Youth 2013 Study (N = 907). Health outcomes were measured with three single-item indicators: 1) self-rated health; 2) self-rated mental health; 3) and self-reported depression. Results indicated that SES indicators (educational level of the respondent, the mother and the father, self-assessed family material status, and the respondent’s monthly income), combined with gender and age that were also included in all regression models, explained 5.0 % of variance (self-rated health), 6.6 % of variance (self-rated mental health) and 6.3 % of variance (self-reported depression). The authors conclude that, among Slovenian youth, SES has a somewhat greater impact on mental health than on general health. Implications of the results are discussed.

Številne raziskave socioekonomskih neenakosti v zdravju so pokazale, da imajo ljudje iz nižjih socioekonomskih skupin slabše zdravje. Poleg tega so pretekle raziskave pokazale tudi na vseprisotnost tovrstnih neenakosti v zdravju v razvitih industrijskih družbah, ki se v zadnjih letih ohranjajo in celo povečujejo (Marmot et al., 1991; Macintyre, 1997; Della Bella et al., 2012; Avendaño et al., 2005; Mackenbach, 2012). Podobno so tudi pretekle študije slovenske populacije zaznale socioekonomski gradient v zdravju (Buzeti et al., 2011; Farkas and Zaletel-Kragelj, 2011; Jeriček Klanšček and Žiberna, 2012; Kirbiš, 2013), ki se je v zadnjem desetletju po podatkih nekaterih raziskav še povečal (npr. Malnar in Kurdija, 2012). Ker obstaja relativno malo raziskav o neenakostih v zdravju med postadolescentno mladino in mlajšimi odraslimi, je bil cilj naše raziskave na vzorcu mladih v starosti  med 16 in 27 let preučiti vpliv socioekonomskega statusa (SES) posameznika in njegove družine na njegovo samoocenjeno zdravje in duševno zdravje. Analizirali smo podatke FES–CEPYUS študije slovenske mladine iz leta 2013 (N = 907). Splošno zdravje je bilo izmerjeno s tremi uveljavljenimi kazalniki subjektivnega zdravja: 1) samoocenjeno zdravje; 2) samoocenjeno duševno zdravje; 3) samoocenjena depresivnost. Rezultati so pokazali, da so kazalci SES (izobrazba matere, očeta in respondenta, mesečni dohodek respondenta in samoocenjeni materialni status družine), v kombinaciji s spremenljivkama spola in starosti, ki sta bili vključeni v vse regresijske modele, pojasnili 5,0 % variance (samoocenjeno zdravje), 6,6 % variance (samoocenjeno duševno zdravje) in 6,3 % variance (samoocenjena depresivnost). Avtorji sklenejo, da ima med mladimi v Sloveniji SES večji vpliv na njihovo duševno zdravje. Predstavljene so implikacije rezultatov.""

Premiere cause de mortalite en France, la pathologie cancereuse est aussi l’un des principaux facteurs des inegalites sociales devant la mort. La responsabilite du travail dans sa survenue demeure largement sous-estimee, en lien notamment avec l’importance du non-recours au droit de la reparation des maladies professionnelles par les personnes atteintes de cancer, evoque institutionnellement par les termes de « sous declaration » et de « sous reconnaissance ». Profitant d’un dispositif d’alerte et d’accompagnement s’exercant depuis 2002 sur le territoire de la Seine-Saint-Denis (GISCOP93), cette recherche s’est attelee a suivre au long cours des salaries ou anciens salaries atteints de cancer broncho-pulmonaire, et leurs proches, dans leur parcours d’acces au droit a reparation, pour identifier les facteurs de l’exercice de ce droit.Nourrie de ce materiau ethnographique, de fonds d’archives et d’observations dans une Caisse primaire d’assurance maladie, la these se partage en trois ...

The COVID-19 outbreak has infected millions of people across the world, caused hundreds of thousands of deaths, and collapsed national economies. Recognizing the importance of handwashing in preventing the spread of COVID-19, concerns have arisen about the condition of millions of Africans who lack access to hygiene facilities and clean water services. This paper compiles evidence from the WHO-UNICEF data to show the health disparities that limit the capacity of African countries to effectively address the COVID-19 disease along with recommendations for addressing the challenge.