Soil contamination

RESUMEN La fractura hidráulica o fracking es una técnica que permite la extracción de gas y petróleo del subsuelo en yacimientos no convencionales. Sin embargo, esta extracción genera impactos negativos en los ecosistemas. Por esta razón, se aborda la contaminación que genera esta técnica y sus afectaciones a nivel de paisaje en tres posibles escenarios, así como la aclimatación y posibles respuestas de las especies vegetales.

ABSTRACT Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a technique that allows the extraction of gas and oil from the subsoil in unconventional deposits. However, this extraction generates negative impacts on ecosystems. For this reason , the contamination generated by this technique and its effects at the landscape level are addressed in three possible scenarios , as well as the acclimatization and possible responses of plant species.

In this study, total heavy metal contents and their relationships with soil microbiological characteristics were investigated in agricultural soils which were with polluted heavy metals. Total heavy metal content of the soils varied from 0.95 to 3.20 μg Cd g –1 , 17.10 to 42.33 μg Co g –1 , 18.43 ...

Soil contamination with heavy metals - Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn was studied in the main soil types of Imerti region. An attention was paid to diffusion pollution and metal distribution along the river valleys represent- ing the major flow paths for transporting different pollutants including heavy metals. The results of the laboratory analyses were compared to maximum permissible concentrations and guide values defined by Georgian legislation. An attempt was made to establish background concentration for heavy metals in studied soils and to use them as reference values in assessment of soil pollution. The comparison shows that the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn exceed their background contents in some soil samples. © 2007 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci.

This is the second paper of two companion papers presenting the results of laboratory bench-scale experimental studies on electrokinetic extraction of lead from two different kaolinites. The theoretical formulation and numerical simulation of the process are presented in the first paper. Two different kaolinites were used in the study: (1) Georgia kaolinite and (2) Milwhite kaolinite. The lead spiked in

The content of heavy metals in the soils of the Middle CisUrals (the town of Chusovoi and its vicinities) is controlled by both natural and technogenic factors. The enrichment of the parent rocks in Cr, Pb, Zn, and Cu, which influences the chemical composition of the soils, is the most important among the natural factors. Among the other natural factors, the gleying and washing of the alluvial soils with flood water are significant. The technogenic contamination of the urban soils reaches its maximum in the technozems, where the content of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cr exceeds their clarkes by 4–8 times. The index of technogeneity (the share of technogenic metals referring to their total content) is high for the bulk of metals in technozems, in particular, ranging within 36–97%. The technogeneity sequence is the following for the urban soils: Cr > Zn = Mn > Pb > Cu > Fe. The soil contamination with metals is confined to the depression where the metallurgical plant is operating, and it significantly falls already at a distance of 2–3 km in the settlements located at higher topographic positions.

Strategies of plants, known as metallophytes, in response to metal excess are explored. Specific features of medicinal plants related to metal exposition are discussed. Different parameters used for metallophyte classification are discussed. Bioaccumulation and translocation factors are characterized. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.), one of the most important medicinal plants, is presented as a case history. Based on actual knowledge of plant response to metal excess and published data related to chamomile, it has been concluded that this plant species is Cd hyper/accumulator. Thus, chamomile can manifest high potential for cleaning-up (phytoremediation) of the soils contaminated with cadmium. However, it should be stressed that cultivation of this medicinal plant under natural conditions for pharmaceutical use should be carefully supervised.

The present work describes a coke oven soil treatability study by landfarming, conducted on-site in a field scale facility covering 100 m2. The soil contamination was mainly due to high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) up to 1140 mg/Kg dry weight (ΣEPA). Along the treatment process the soil was characterised at the chemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological levels. After 3 months a reduction of 63% in total PAHs concentration was observed, being detected a more pronounced reduction for PAHs with 2, 3 and 4 rings (79%). Concomitantly, a change in the composition of the microbial population was observed with a significant increase in the PAHs degrading and total heterotrophic colonies. Concerning the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity data no effect was detected in the treated soil samples eluates.

The aim of this study was the spatial analysis of the elements copper, lead and cinc in soil of the plate 168 (Algeria), located in the southeastern region of Antioquia Colombia. The samples used are part of the "Survey and compilation of information-Map Regional Geochemistry-Ingeominas (Colombia)" and were facilitated by Ingeominas for the project "Geochemical Map of Antioquia". For the preparation of the corresponding baselines, were applied lognormal kriging geostatistical techniques. The assessment of pollution by heavy metals Cu-Pb-Zn in soil horizon plate 168, was developed taking into account the analysis of the background level, Environmental Accumulation and the Index enrichment. The results obtained indicate that content available for the elements Cu-Pb-Zn in these soils pose no real danger to be lower than its content phytotoxicity threshold given by some authors.

Aspergillus niger isolated from soil of leather tanning effluent had higher activity to remove chromium then the other fungal isolates. The potency of A. niger was evaluated in shake flask culture by absorption of chromium at pH 6, temperature 30°C. The toxicity of chromium evaluated in petriplates and soil microcosm seed bioassay test had indicated increase in toxicity with the

Rosa M Rosales, doctora en Ingeniería Química, ha desarrollado un nuevo método para medir la contaminación del suelo de las estaciones de servicio. El novedoso sistema, que ya está patentado, supone un avance tal que una empresa petrolífera se ha interesado por él y comenzará a hacer pruebas próximamente.

The aim to prepare and present this paper is to highlight the source, management and quantification of the unintentional POPs in an unindustrialized least developing landlocked small country Nepal. The methodology adopted for this is the review of the relevant research documents and national initiative towards addressing this issues complemented with sharing of the first hand experience from the implementation of the POPs management activities undertaken by our organization. Nepal is a small country of size 147181 sq.km but having large sources of POPs including unintentional POPs (PCDD/Fs) mainly because of weak enforcement of the existing environment related laws, standards and international commitment including POPs Convention. Country became homes to about 75 tons of Obsolete Pesticide since last 30 years including about 44 percent (33 tons out of 75) are of known POPs. These obsolete pesticides including identified POPs have been poorly stored in some about 25 locations through...

Abstract This paper reviews on the soil condition for three rivers at Carey Island namely Air Hitam, Judah and Keluang River. The activities on the island such as palm oil industries are believed affect the soil. Thus a study was carried out to determine the parameters of pH value, total sulphates, chloride content, total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon (IC) and nitrogen in soil. The tests that have been conducted are Moisture Content Test, Specific Gravity Test, Atterberg Limit Test, pH Test, Total Sulphates Test and Total Chloride ...

Page 1. Population Changes of Soil Microbial Communities Induced by Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contamination Roger Dobler, Matthias Saner, and Reinhard Bachofen* University of Zurich, Institute for Plant Biology, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland ...

It is a common practice for farmers in India to use soils in municipal waste dump sites as fertile soil for the cultivation of a variety of leafy vegetables and the soils are also used as ‘compost’ by farmers without regards for the probable health hazards the heavy metal contents of such soils may purpose. This was the case of formers using the deserted dumpsite soil at Baxibandh municipal waste for their livelihood. It was concern that prompted the determination of heavy metals in the soil and control planting on Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science farm and that of the Makoy (Solenum nigrum L.) plant used to inactivate metals in dump soil. The concentration of heavy metal in the edible part of Spinach vegetable from the dump site and control: Pb (12.4-1.2 mg kg-1); Cd (0.65-0.26 mg kg-1) Zn (44.8-24.6 mg kg-1); Cu (24.2-11.8 mg kg-1) and Cr (0.08-0.04mg kg-1), respectively. The concentration of heavy metals in Makoy (Solenumnigrum L.) plant is Pb (45.6mg kg-1); Cd (1.44 mg kg-1) Zn (92.6mg kg-1); Cu (28.8 mg kg-1) and Cr (0.81mg kg-1) in Buxibandh dumpsite soil. The levels of heavy metals in the dumpsite soil and the soil after harvesting the makoy (Solenum nigrum L.) plant are Pb (116.4 -50.64mg kg-1); Cd (3.26-1.86 mg kg-1) Cr (2.24-1.72mg kg-1); Zn (184.4-108.6 mg kg-1) and Cu (58.2-24.24mg kg-1), respectively. The spinach species from the dump soil accumulates more heavy metals than that of the control. The level of heavy metals in dump soil decreases rapidly after harvesting the makoy (Solenum nigrum L.) plant.

A conventional PCR and a SYBR Green real-time PCR assays for the detection and quantification of Phytophthora cryptogea, an economically important pathogen, have been developed and tested. A conventional primer set (Cryp1 and Cryp2) was designed from the Ypt1 gene of P. cryptogea. A 369 bp product was amplified on DNA from 17 isolates of P. cryptogea. No product was amplified on DNA from 34 other Phytophthora spp., water moulds, true fungi and bacteria. In addition, Cryp1/Cryp2 primers were successfully adapted to real-time PCR. The conventional PCR and real-time PCR assays were compared. The PCR was able to detect the pathogen on naturally infected gerbera plants and on symptomatic artificially infected plants collected 21 days after pathogen inoculation. The detection limit was 5 × 103 P. cryptogea zoospores and 16 fg of DNA. Real-time PCR showed a detection limit 100 times lower (50 zoospores, 160 ag of DNA) and the possibility of detecting the pathogen in symptomless artificially infected plants and in the re-circulating nutrient solution of closed soilless cultivation systems.

A geochemical comparative study was conducted in the municipality of Guadalupe in Zacatecas, Mexico. The objectives were to measure the bioconcentration factor in maize plants in function of their heavy metal absorption, to identify the toxicity order of heavy metals in plants of agronomic interest, to assess potential environmental impacts taking into account the particularities of the selected crop and to evaluate the potential consequences on the region’s food security. High levels of arsenic, lead and mercury contamination in agricultural soil were found in two irrigation zones. High levels of Zn and Cu were found both in soils and plants in all the areas.
Heavy metal absorption in maize plants aimed for human consumption was calculated using the bioconcentration and the translocation factors. The accumulation of Pb and As
in plants was very high. Those metals are highly toxic and could be bioaccumulated and transferred to the food chain. Further, high levels of Zn and Cu were found both in soils and plants. Although they are not considered toxic for humans, they are toxic for plants. These elements hinder the development of plants and could reduce land productivity.

This paper aims to provide a review of the analytical extraction techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. The extraction technologies described here include Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic and mechanical agitation, accelerated solvent extraction, supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, solid phase extraction and microextraction, thermal desorption and flash pyrolysis, as well as fluidised-bed extraction. The influencing factors in the extraction of PAHs from soil such as temperature, type of solvent, soil moisture, and other soil characteristics are also discussed. The paper concludes with a review of the models used to describe the kinetics of PAH desorption from soils during solvent extraction.

An experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the effect of contaminated soil by zinc industry wastes in heavy metal levels and in root and shoot nutritional status of young willow plants. One year old plantlets were transferred and cultivated for thirty days in 6 L pots containing 0, 15 e 30 % (v/v) of contami-nated soil with (mg kg-1 soil) 18600 of Zn, 140 of Cd, 450 of Cu and 410 of Pb. Plants grown in this conta-minated soil showed high levels of metals in leaves, ranging from (mg kg-1 DW): Zn = 362 to 878 and Cd = 19 to 35, and exhibited Zn and Cd phytotoxicity symptoms. Except for Mn, Fe and S; nutrient (P, K, Ca, Mg and N) levels in plants were not affected by the contaminated soil, showing a low heavy metal influence on
their nutritional status.

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY 
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA