Suatainable Energy

""also see www.sunwindlight.net

How to design buildings that heat with the sun, cool with the wind, light with the sky, and move into the future using on-site renewable resources

Developed for rapid use during schematic design, this book clarifies relationships between form and energy and gives designers tools for designing sustainably. It also:

* Applies the latest passive energy and lighting design research
* Organizes information by architectural elements at three scales:
* building groups, individual buildings, and building parts
* Brings design strategies to life with examples and practical design tools

Features:
* 109 analysis techniques and design strategies
* More than 750 illustrations, sizing graphs, and tables
* Both inch-pound and metric units""

Daylight was the main source of lighting in vernacular architecture, and building design accordingly responded to its strategic limitations. Needs for new types of buildings in conjunction with the great development of electric lamp led to the ascendancy of electric lighting. However, a return to the interest in natural lighting emerged with the energy crises in the 1970s. In order to meet the new requirements, new optical materials and technologies have been combined to produce innovative daylighting systems able to deliver daylight long distances into buildings. There is a need to maximize the utilization of daylight, to optimize the integration between daylighting and electric lighting systems so as to increase the potential application of daylighting system. The development of the hybrid lighting systems (HLS) aims to satisfy these desires. 
HLS seek to maximize the utilization of daylight by tracking sunrays, and in most cases they are concentrated to minimize the light guidance size, which eases the installation and in turn increases the potential application of HLS. Prior to delivery of daylight, electric lighting source is added to instantly top up any possible shortage of daylight. A control system works to regulate this process to minimize the energy consumption. The one output device for both sources used in the HLS made it possible to no longer need for two distinct lighting systems to be installed in one space.
Investigations in this work have measured HLS performance in terms of light delivery, light quality, energy saving and economic performance. Potential applications of HLS in different buildings types and across a wide geographical region have been investigated. An overall evaluation of HLS has been carried out. Furthermore, methods to estimate illuminance data, where measured data is unavailable, have been developed to help investigating systems performance over different geographical locations. Illuminance data produced using the developed methods showed superiority over that produced using other available methods, with the additional advantages of simplicity and universal application.
HLS performance and potential application are influenced by many variables including system characteristics, building types, and location features. The research showed that the most important variable is the concentration ratio of the light collector. This determines HLS ability to collect daylight, and thus its applicability in different geographical locations. It also stipulates light collector and guidance size, and thus HLS applicability in different building type, influences the delivered light quality, and thus occupants’ perception of daylight, and influences HLS initial and running costs. Delivered light by HLS may not be perceived as daylight due to the absence of the outside view, the likely change in daylight colour because of the mixing with electric light, the fade awareness of the seasonal and diurnal changes in daylight colour and intensity because of the instant and continuous top up. The challenges of cost, light quality and integration in building design are the most serious barriers confronting HLS ability to penetrate the market and to be used widely. This work makes suggestions to overcome these problems.

An investigation is carried out for the evaluation of the performance of Microbial Fuel Cell, which is designed and operated under specific parameters. The experimental study has been extended about 45 days cycle and brought out four essential findings. Firstly, cow dung slurry ratio 1:10 is found to be suitable for harnessing sustained power generation; Second, MFC produced a maximum voltage of 1.4V within 18 days in a 45days cycle and maintained 1.0V and above for 14 days. Electricity generation continued until the end of the period. Current density and power density showed a similar trend. Thirdly, pH in anolyte decreased from 10.5- 8.5pH and catholyte increased from 3.5-4.5pH where a higher voltage recorded at pH 4.5 and pH 9 in anolyte and catholyte. Finally, during the 45-days cycle, either anolyte or catholyte was not recharged which indicates the suitability of the components selected for the MFC. All these findings are compared with previous reports and found that this is first of its kind regarding electrolytes used and generated electricity. Further studies on optimization of major parameters are required to evolve a prototype for cow dung-fed magic reactor as a potential substitute for dairy farms electricity requirement.

For the promising population, the growing demand of energy has delicate the requirement of alternative sources of energies other than fossil fuels. Though renewable energy resources like solar, biomass, hydro and geothermal energy appear as environment friendly, replenishing sources of energy, a comprehensive solution appears far-fetched as far as large scale production and wide-spread dissemination is concerned when long term cost factors are taken into consideration. The unwavering boost of population and ongoing depletion of fossil fuels and have further exacerbated the energy crisis. In this paper, discussions on the limitations of conventional and renewable sources of energy compared to advanced fourth generation nuclear power on the basis of environmental contamination, energy security, cost of fossil fuels and electricity generation and have philosophy to the prospects of nuclear power as the ultimate future energy option for the developing countries are done. Environmental issues, long term cost factors, radiation hazard and safety concerns have been considered with respect to the generation of electricity using advanced third Generation nuclear power. This study proposes that gen-4 nuclear appears to be a long term environment favorable panacea to the much discoursed problem of energy crisis by maintaining energy security and long term cost concern in developing countries as well as in the whole world.

Transparent electrodes that are used in amorphous silicon solar cells are textured to provide light scattering. We studied the light scattering behavior in transmission and reflection and found that in order to describe the measured spectra thickness variations of 50–60 nm over several micrometers have to be assumed. This is in qualitative agreement with measured rms roughnesses as determined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is important to include these thickness variations in the modeling of amorphous silicon solar cells. The wavelength dependence of the light scattering in transmission at the TCO–air interface was found to be λ−3 for light incident from both sides. Scattering of the weakly absorbed long wavelength light at the back contact is therefore essential in order to obtain high solar cell efficiencies.

This paper describes how the city of Panjim (capital of Goa, in India) and its wider region could meet the multiple goals that sustainable development requires – combining high quality living conditions, a successful economy, and sustainable levels of resource use and waste generation. It outlines the methodologies used and describes the changes needed in the use and management of water and land, infrastructure, buildings and transport systems, and in the governance framework needed to underpin such changes. It uses the term “RUrban” to highlight how this requires a sustainable integration of rural and urban communities, where rural living standards come to match those in urban areas and where cities become net producers of ecological services rather than relying on regional and global resources and waste sinks.

As being one of the fastest-growing businesses in Bangladesh, the industry is steadily expanding its job opportunities. The local rules & regulations for an Industrial building design control the design metrics such as building length, width, height, courtyard dimensions, etc. Although these metrics have an unequivocal relationship with visual comfort and energy performances, limited studies are informed to compare the parametric iteration approach with those stipulated in the regulations. In the climatic setting of Bangladesh, this project intends to give an environmental performance-based design process rather than solely focusing on regulation-based designs. The proposed framework utilizes parametric modeling and iterative energy simulations to evaluate abundant design possibilities instantaneously. It is hypothesized that this process can generate optimal design options and suggest the ranges of design metrics for contributing to the local rules and regulations. In the first step of the workflow, a hypothetical industry building was permanently modeled. The second step was to define the design variables for the simulation process. Finally, the parametric design options were iterated to measure Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), Energy Use Intensity (EUI), Percentage of People Dissatisfied (PPD), and Envelop cost (EC). The research explains simulation iterations, complexities in the application, and constraints to handle regulation variables. The suggested process is expected to be applied by regulatory body planners and architects to define design parameters based on energy performances that might enhance occupant health.

Optimization of consumption and distribution of resources, as well as power management efficiency improvement, are the top priority tasks for economy of most countries. Problems of world energy require innovative solutions in the area of constructing highly energy efficient buildings, based on alternative fuels. The article develops a concept of a high-rise nearly zero energy building. Due to architectural and engineering decisions, the building may autonomously produce the amount of energy which is necessary for its proper functioning.

This paper describes how the city of Panjim (capital of Goa, in India) and its wider region could meet the multiple goals that sustainable development requires – combining high quality living conditions, a successful economy, and sustainable levels of resource use and waste generation. It outlines the methodologies used and describes the changes needed in the use and management of water and land, infrastructure, buildings and transport systems, and in the governance framework needed to underpin such changes. It uses the term “RUrban” to highlight how this requires a sustainable integration of rural and urban communities, where rural living standards come to match those in urban areas and where cities become net producers of ecological services rather than relying on regional and global resources and waste sinks.

Optimization of consumption and distribution of resources, as well as power management efficiency improvement, are the top priority tasks for economy of most countries. Problems of world energy require innovative solutions in the area of constructing highly energy efficient buildings, based on alternative fuels. The article develops a concept of a highrise nearly zero energy building. Due to architectural and engineering decisions, the building may autonomously produce the amount of energy which is necessary for its proper functioning.

For the promising population, the growing demand of energy has delicate the requirement of alternative sources of energies other than fossil fuels. Though renewable energy resources like solar, biomass, hydro and geothermal energy appear as environment friendly, replenishing sources of energy, a comprehensive solution appears far-fetched as far as large scale production and wide-spread dissemination is concerned when long term cost factors are taken into consideration. The unwavering boost of population and ongoing depletion of fossil fuels and have further exacerbated the energy crisis. In this paper, discussions on the limitations of conventional and renewable sources of energy compared to advanced fourth generation nuclear power on the basis of environmental contamination, energy security, cost of fossil fuels and electricity generation and have philosophy to the prospects of nuclear power as the ultimate future energy option for the developing countries are done. Environmental issues, long term cost factors, radiation hazard and safety concerns have been considered with respect to the generation of electricity using advanced third Generation nuclear power. This study proposes that gen-4 nuclear appears to be a long term environment favorable panacea to the much discoursed problem of energy crisis by maintaining energy security and long term cost concern in developing countries as well as in the whole world.