Sudanese studies

DNA and other evidence suggests the early history of the Hebrew Old Testament concerns two entirely separate people united by monotheism and military conquest. The first, taking the name of Israelites from Israel (Jacob), the grandson of the Patriarch Jacob, had a brief stay in the Egyptian Eastern Delta before falling out of favour and eventually fleeing to West Arabia in the chaos of Bronze Age collapse ca.1200 BC. There they were overwhelmed in a lengthy campaign by a black Nubian Cushitic-speaking people called the Hebrew, recently converted to the cult of YHWH. The two peoples intermarried but the Nubian priesthood dominated thereafter and eventually reinvented itself as part of the Semitic Abrahamic tradition. Cut off through Babylonian exile from its gene pool in West Arabia, the Nubian high priesthood identified the present-day area of Israel and Palestine as the Promised Land of Moses and portrayed themselves as a special Middle East people who had escaped slavery in the Delta, not as a black Nubian enslaved gold mining force that had fled to Yemen during a time of ecological disaster characterised by severe earthquake and volcanic activity.

The following text is a response sent to an email dispatched to me by the Chairman of the exiled Oromo Parliamentarians who struggle for the Independence and Self-determination of the 5 millennia long Kushitic Ethiopian Nation of the Oromos.
The Hamitic - Kushitic Oromo Nation - due to criminal, inhuman and evil persecution conceived by the colonial powers (France, England and America) and executed by the colonially promoted barbaric and incestuous pseudo-Christian Abyssinians - lost their kingdoms and were engulfed within the Cemetery of Nations Fake Ethiopia, which consists in the world's most tyrannical realm and the location of the world's more abhorrent, more enduring, and more multifaceted genocides. There are more than 45 million Oromos in Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia) and Kenya today, despite the notorious and pathetic falsehood propagated by Wikipedia.
The present text enumerates all the major points of historical distortion and falsification carried out and diffused by the colonial academia, mass media, and diplomats, as well as by their local agents and criminal executioners, i.e. the barbaric, incestuous and Anti-Christian tribes of Amhara and Tigray (: the Abyssinians), who usurped the fair name of Ethiopia, which historically denotes the land of North Sudan and the Kushitic Nation that prospered there either in the Antiquity or in the Christian Era. Both, the Oromos and the Arabic-speaking (but not Arab) populations of Northern-Central Sudan are the descendants of Ancient Sudan's (i.e. Ancient Ethiopia's) Kushitic populations.
Representative photographic documentation was herewith added to the text in order to better illustrate the topic.

Refutation of historical forgeries propagated by European colonials and incestuous Abyssinians
First published here:
https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2017/07/26/kushitic-oromos-ancestry-in-ethiopia-ancient-sudan-semitic-amharas-tigrays-abyssinians-ancestry-in-yemen/

First published in Buzzle on 16th August 2006

Republished on the same day here:
http://sudaneseonline.com/en2/publish/Articles_and_Analysies_12/Sudan_s_Beja_Blemmyes_and_their_Right_to_Freedom_a_929.shtml

Republished on 23rd August 2006 and discussed in the forum below:
http://www.politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=62793
At the moment the misinformed international community plans to spend so easily US $ 3 billion for Lebanon's reconstruction, it is essential to highlight that much less money would be enough to bring peace in the strategically crucial area of Eastern Sudan where the Blemmyes / Beja have started their struggle for self-determination and independence. Support to historically indigenous Beja would bring the Khartoum tyrants at the brink of collapse, opening the path of independence for the oppressed peoples of Sudan, and at the same time it would reshape the entire area of the Red Sea where historical nations demand international recognition.

Mahmud Muhammad Taha (1909-85) was a Sudanese Sufi thinker and activist, who propagated a radical message of Islamic reform. In January 1985, he was executed for his opposition to the application of “Islamic” laws introduced by president Nimeiri. This article traces his early intellectual development as a nationalist activist in the 1930s and 40s, culminating in his imprisonment and a subsequent period of mystical retreat, after which he emerged with his Sufi-inspired message of Islamic reform.

During the construction period of the controversial Merowe Dam in Sudan, foreign archaeologists were surveying and excavating in order to save the cultural heritage of the land to be flooded without considering the local people's attitude towards the development project that would resettle them. This article addresses the ethical implications of conducting salvage archaeology when the local people are in opposition to the development project that necessitates both their resettlement and the archaeological salvage.

Turkish-Sudanese Relations from Past to Present

Sudan is an important country as a geo-politic area in Africa. Relations began at the time of Tulunids in late IX.th century and then continued with the conquest of Egypt by Yavuz Sultan Selim. After the Mohammad Ali Pasha’s conquest, Sudan had been ruled sixty years de facto, and then fourty years de jure part of the Ottomam State. After the invasion of Sudan by England, relationships between Sudan and Turkey collapsed de facto, and after the First World War de jure. After the independence of Sudan in 1956, relations began to develop year by year. At present, relations reached as a level of strategic partnership and progress is going to continue.
There are historical, cultural, political, social, religious, economic togetherness between Sudan and Turkey. The facilities of cooperation will be beter with development of relations and deficiencies of each other will be fullfilled.
Prejudgements which caused in cooling the relations, must be reduced to provide the further development of relations.. While investments of Turkey in Sudan increase, Sudan government has to be effective to remove the barriers on economic and politic subjects. Equal position and effective cooperation have been provided on the aspects of profitable occasion of relations for both sides since the independence of Sudan. Turkey has been striving to built this subject as much as possible.

The Kingdom of Kush flourished in northern Sudan between 2000 and 1500 BCE. During this period, the capital Kerma emerged as a major economic and political centre in the Nile Valley. After a short review of the application of world system theory and centre-periphery perspectives in archaeology, the author proceeds to a presentation of the Bronze Age societies in northern Sudan and their wide-reaching trade relations. A central argument is that an incentive for the rise of the Kingdom of Kush was its intermediate position in long-distance trade between the north and the south. The article concludes with a discussion of Kush as a centre on the periphery of the so-called Bronze Age World System in Afro-Eurasia.

If one wants to summarize in one brief sentence three centuries of Egyptian radiation throughout the Middle East and Northeastern Africa, the following is quite sufficient:

A permanent strife between two priesthoods for prevalence and authenticity.

The two opposite priesthoods permeated the temples' personnel, the court, the administration, the army and the society. They viewed their rightful rejection of one another in terms of human authenticity and orientation. Their views were diametrically opposed, and each of them considered their perception of the world as the only reflecting the purpose of the Creation, and of the existence of the Mankind.

This spiritual – religious – intellectual – ideological clash did characterize other countries as well; Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Canaan and other parts of the Middle East and the world have become the theater of similar debates and strives. In Egypt and Kush / Ethiopia, we identify the beginning of the opposition in the 4th millennium BCE.

It all reflects an opposition between a monotheistic approach to the perception and description of the Divine and a polytheistic system that highly personalizes the aspects of the Divine, and favours the use of pictorial representation of the Divine. The monotheists are virtually aniconic, which means they reject / oppose the use of icons, idols, statues and bas-reliefs. Polytheism and idolatry are identical.
First published on 19th March 2010 in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle
Republished in the portal of Oromo parliamentarians:
https://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Oromo%20Kushatic%20nation-Egypt.htm

The article argues that Mustafa's sexual exploits in England do not reflect a vindictive attitude from a colonized subject, who seeks to castigate the British colonizer, as generally assumed. Drawing on Homi Bhabha's conceptualization of the ambivalence of colonial mimicry as a mode that disrupts authority, Mustafa's violent acts mark his latent desire to be completely westernized as he considers aggression to be part of the colonizer's constituent identity. His aim is not, as often assumed, to retaliate against the colonizer but to seamlessly assimilate with the western world through mimesis, which he manifests as his fellow students call him the "Black Englishman." By examining his education and life through the eyes of others who have known him well and by setting him as the foil of the unnamed narrator, Mustafa comes to represent a slippage in the mimetic discourse of colonial mimicry, a puppet in the hands of English puppeteers.

In several previous articles, I examined the parallel characteristics of the fake colonial states of Sudan (real Ethiopia) and Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) that have been the end result of the Freemasonic Orientalist fallacies of Pan-Arabism and Ethiopianism.

In this article, I will examine a bogus-historical term that has been constructed by the Freemasonic Orientalist ateliers and academia of France and England to further spread confusion in the wider region, and – more importantly – consolidate the two fallacies in the area, namely the pseudo-doctrines of Pan-Arabism and Ethiopianism: Nubia.
First published in:
http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/143394

Republished here:
http://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Ethiopia%20Kushati%20land.htm
and
http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=006830;p=1

Several misconceptions diffused by colonial historians and totalitarian governments need immediate refutation.

Ancient Ethiopia and its borders

Part of the Abyssinian state propaganda advances the idea that in the Antiquity “the Cushites populated the whole of Eastern Africa” and that “the majority lived in present day Abyssinia”. Even worse, these falsifiers diffuse the idea that at those days “Sudan and Ethiopia were one country” to add that “Abyssinians were just a few Sabaean (Yemenite) refugees who intermingled with the Kushite population”.

This is absolutely wrong, although there are some correct elements in it. In addition, it is said in a very misleading way! Even more, it is self-contradictory.
First published in AfroAticles, American Chronicle, and Buzzle on 21st April 2007
Republished in the present form on 13th January 2010 here: http://betterlesson.com/community/document/329273/american-chronicle-abyssinia-ethiopia-axum-meroe-yemen-history-and-modern-politics-pdf

Paper presented as lecture on various occasions

Following the death of Ramesses XI, Egypt entered into a chaotic situation of multi-division that lasted more than 300 years. The high priests of Amun of Thebes had risen to power during the century-long period of the successors of Ramesses III, and their polytheistic ideology could not be accepted by other priesthoods in Egypt.

The secession of the North (Lower Egypt) created the phenomenon of several parallel dynasties; the reason for this is that the pharaohs of Lower Egypt, although backed by the priesthoods of Heliopolis and Hermupolis and strengthened by the interfering Libyan princes, were still very weak to drive the Theban priests out. On the other hand, the latter, known in Ancient Egyptian as Whem Mesut (lit. repetition of births; e.g. Renaissance), although drawing from the wealth of Kush / Ethiopia and machinating against the North, were not strong enough to recapture the whole of Egypt.

The high priests of Thebes were not considered as a proper dynasty, despite of the existing kin relationship among them, and despite the fact that all of them resumed the pharaonic position, and had their names inscribed in cartouches according to the royal customs of Egypt.

Through Horihor´s grandson, Psunennes I, there was kin relationship also between the high priests of Thebes and some of the Lower Egyptian pharaohs. Even this was not able to make the "Two Lands" (Tawy in Ancient Egyptian, a second name for Egypt) reunite, due to the risen priestly control (either monotheistic Heliopolitan and Hermupolitan in Lower Egypt or polytheistic Theban in Upper Egypt and Kush / Ethiopia).
First published in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle on 20th March 2010
Republished in the portal of the Oromo Parliamentarians:
https://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Oromo%20Kushatic%20Nations%20Napta%20-%20Egypt.htm

Pan-Arabism was the fake doctrine fabricated by the colonial Orientalist academia in order to project the fake Arab identity onto the former.

Ethiopianism was the fake doctrine fabricated by the colonial Orientalist academia in order to project the fake Ethiopian identity onto the latter.

I underscored that the evil, colonial diplomacy and academia, in order to better implement Pan-Arabism in Sudan and effectively disorient the Arabic-speaking Sudanese from the search of their true Kushitic – Ethiopian identity and historical heritage, machinated the renaming of the Kushitic – Ethiopian Antiquity, monuments, History, and culture as "Nubian". This is a misnomer.

To clarify that the non-Egyptian antiquities of the Egyptian South and the Sudanese North cannot be called "Nubian", I initiated a series of articles, presenting the historical interaction among the Hamitic – Kushitic Egyptians, the Kushitic Ethiopians (ancestors to today's Arabic-speaking Sudanese, Oromos, Sidamas, and other Eastern African Kushites), and the Medjay – Nubians, who are ancestors to the modern Nubians. The latter may now be the exclusive inhabitants of a vast part of the territory of Ancient Kush (Ethiopia), namely from the South of Aswan to Wadi Halfa and further to Debba, but in the Antiquity, they were a minority in the said territory (and in the rest of Egypt); furthermore, the Ancient Nubians never formed a state of their own in the pre-Christian times.

Consequently, the Nubians cannot be considered as the only or the primary heir to either the Egyptian or the Kushitic / Ethiopian Antiquity, History, monuments, and Heritage. The term "Nubian" cannot be given to the kings of Kerma, Napata and Meroe – the three most important capitals of Pre-Christian Kush / Ethiopia – because these kings were not Nubians but Kushites / Ethiopians; speaking at both, the ethnic and the linguistic levels, they were as different as the Ancient Greeks from the Ancient Babylonians.
June 04, 2010
https://mereja.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=59294

On the other hand, Jan Assman cannot possibly deceive every one! His interpretation of the pictorial presentation of the evil worshipped by Hyksos as god cannot be left so incomplete. Certainly, the Hyksos worshipped Seth (Zety) and Apophis (Apope), but the depiction of Seth under the combined form of man and hippopotamus has nothing to do with artistic inventions due to a fictional need of "personalizing" Seth. Furthermore, Seth was not a properly speaking "desert god", as Assman implies; Seth was cast in the desert which represented for the Ancient Egyptians the concept of vacuum, the "non existence". But Seth was originally conceived as Satan, and according to the religious – spiritual concepts and fundamentals of the Ancient Egyptian Art, Satan was represented as a hippopotamus (and at times as a crocodile), when the apocalyptic level of mythical semiotics was involved. A perfect example in this case is the Messiah – Satan conflict narrative at Edfu (inner part of the Western Outer Wall) that antedates and clearly supersedes the Christian Book of the Revelation.

The fact that the Hyksos pseudo-pharaoh Apope dispatched a delegation to Thebes to demand the immediate termination of the traditional Egyptian game of harpooning hippopotamuses (which in the Ancient Egyptian culture was a theatrical act, aptly pre-modeling the ultimate victory of Messiah – Horus over Satan – Seth) illuminates his Satanic identity, while shedding also light on the real identity of any modern scholar presenting a pro-Hyksos version of Egyptian History.

All this is necessary to take into consideration, when the History of Ancient Kush / Ethiopia is concerned. Ideological – religious – spiritual identification clarifies much the situation and helps draw the correct conclusions. In fact, the same ideological – spiritual – religious clash that characterized Egypt for millennia can be attested in Ancient Kush / Ethiopia, and this greatly helps in properly assessing historical developments as the outcome of clash between two priesthoods.

As societies are not monolithic phenomena, one should not imagine that the kingdom of Kerma that sided with the Hyksos rulers was entirely under control of a priesthood dedicated to Satan – Seth. Ancient Egypt and Kush / Ethiopia were highly nuanced societies whereby the rival priesthoods coexisted for millennia, perpetuating their fight by means of myth interpretational variants, educational literature, socioeconomic involvement, and grip over the political – military power.
First published in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle on 12th March 2010

Son of Piye and Abale, younger brother of Shebitqu, Taharqa (690 – 664) reigned in Kemet (Egypt) and Kush (Ethiopia) at the times of the Assyrian zenith. There could not be worse time for a polytheist pharaoh to merge Kush / Ethiopia and Egypt under his scepter. The monotheistic emperors of Assyria Sharrukin (722 – 705 BCE; Sharru Kinu: ´Stable King´ in Assyrian; also known as Sargon, through his mention in Ancient Greek historiography) and Sennacherib (705 – 681 BCE; Sin Ahe Eriba: ´Sin has elevated the brother´ in Assyrian) reassessed the Assyrian monotheistic imperial ideology, as heirs of the Sumerian – Akkadian universalist ideal, and reigned as "Emperors of the Universe". This signified unprecedented military expansionism, exportation of Assyrian administration to all the faraway places of the immense empire, and elimination of all polytheistic priesthoods and associate administrations from the invaded territories. From Caucasus to the central parts of Arabia, and from the Iranian plateau to Cyprus and the westernmost confines of today´s Turkey, an area of ca. 3.3 million km2 was ruled by one emperor – for the first time in the History of the Mankind.
First published on 27th March 2010 in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle
Republished in the portal of the Oromo Parliamentarians:
https://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Kush%20-Oromo%20Part%20VIII.htm

In this article, I will examine a bogus-historical term that has been constructed by the Freemasonic Orientalist ateliers and academia of France and England to further spread confusion in the wider region, and – more importantly – consolidate the two fallacies in the area, namely the pseudo-doctrines of Pan-Arabism and Ethiopianism: Nubia.

One must eventually refer beforehand to my earlier publications "Fake Sudan (Real Ethiopia) and Fake Ethiopia (Real Abyssinia): what is at stake?" and "Sudan (Real Ethiopia), Abyssinia (Fake Ethiopia): Evil Progeny of Pan-Arabism and Ethiopianism" to better understand the nature and the targets of the colonial interference and forgery.

Freemasonic Orientalist Projection of False Identities onto Africans

Summarizing the subject briefly, I would state that the customary colonial attitude of creating fake identities and projecting them onto the targeted victims – peoples, involved in the case of Sudan and Abyssinia (fake Ethiopia) the following binary method:

1. Projection onto the Kushitic Arabic speaking populations of Central Sudan (who constitute the colonial state´s ruling elite) of a fake Pan-Arabist doctrine that would make of the Kushitic Arabic speaking populations of Sudan "Arabs" (therefore Semites), totally cutting them off the historical greatness and heritage of Ancient Kush (Cush) / Ethiopia. This would totally deform and alter the real identity of the Kushitic Arabic speaking populations of Central Sudan, effectively detaching them from their historical monuments, study, research, exploration and interpretation; the end result would be a) the prevention of an all-inclusive National History of Ethiopia (this is the correct name of Sudan) and b) the rise of a historically baseless and ignorant elite unable to run the country as per the indigenous peoples´ interests and incapable to properly assess the national history of the country.

2. Projection onto the Semitic Amhara and Tigray Abyssinians (who constitute the ruling elite of the colonial state that is fallaciously called ´Ethiopia´, and govern tyrannically the numerous subjugated non-Semitic, Kushitic and Nilo-Saharan nations) of a fake Ethiopianist doctrine that would make of the Semitic Amhara and Tigray Abyssinians (who originate from Ancient Yemen) "amalgamated Kushites and Semites", treacherously attributing to them the historical greatness and heritage of Ancient Kush (Cush) / Ethiopia. This would facilitate the (unlawful and fake) justification of the Abyssinian occupation of Kushitic Ethiopian lands belonging to Oromos, Afars, Sidamas, Kaffas, Kambaatas and others.

http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=006830;p=1

(Oromo Studies Association, 2005 Conference Proceedings, Washington D.C.) in: The Journal of Oromo Studies, vol. 14 no 1 (February/March 2007), p. 7 - 34
The volume containing the article is available online:
http://oromostudies.org/OSA-USER-FOLDER/josfiles/JOS%20volume%2014%20Number%201%20(2007).pdf
Slightly edited, the article (under the title "The Kushitic / Meroitic Origins of the Oromo Nation") is also available independently here: 
https://www.academia.edu/24273923/The_Meroitic_Ethiopian_Origins_of_the_Modern_Oromo_Nation_-_By_Prof._Dr._Muhammad_Shamsaddin_Megalommatis and
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2014/10/24/the-meroitic-ethiopian-origins-of-the-modern-oromo-nation/

Scholars have depicted the Arabization and Islamization of Sudan either as two parallel, centuries-long processes or as a set of interrelated state policies in the postcolonial era. This article contributes new chronological and empirical insights into the growing conflation of Arabic, Arabness and Islam in twentieth-century Sudan. First, it locates state efforts at Arabizing and Islamizing the South one decade before independence (1956) within the context of British imperial retreat and Northern Sudanese empowerment. Second, it examines how language and religion were increasingly enmeshed in cultural representations and school practices, even if the two were strategically distinguished in political discourses. The article assesses Southern Sudanese experience of forceful Arabization and Islamization, suggesting that cultural definitions of the nation and the access to educational, political and economic resources remain at the heart of the current citizenship crisis in Sudan and South Sudan.

As is well known, Phoenicians were among the principal traders in the Mediterranean during the First Millennium B.C. The vast amount of artifacts considered to have been produced by Levantine people testify to the amplitude of the Phoenician trade which reached all the Mediterranean area. Past literature has focused essentially on the Central and Western parts of the Mediterranean area, often leaving aside the Nile Valley. This attitude is essentially due to the difficulty of differentiating Phoenician and Egyptian objects in this context. However, recent studies have shown that during the Third Intermediate Period, Egyptian artistic production was influenced by Levantine culture and that it employed some decorative motifs originating in the Levant.
This paper aims to focus on the analysis of the funerary equipment of royal tombs discovered in Sudan: several artifacts found in El Kurru and Nuri attest to a connection with Phoenician production, and may be useful in delineating the characteristics of the Phoenician presence in the Nile Valley.
By comparing these objects with the available information from other artifacts found in areas such as the Central and Western Mediterranean, the present research aims to offer a contribution to the study of the Phoenician trade in Egypt and Sudan.

This article engages with the works of Sudanese American poet Safia Elhillo, a rising star in Arab, African, and diasporic literary circles. It explores the chronotopic use of metre, repetition, keywords, and mise-en-abyme in Elhillo’s works to think through the ontological stakes of postcolonial verse. It consequently proposes fractals as a non-binary way of conceptualizing hybridity, linking these to a polychronic logic, where the poems’ form and content foreground temporality as a recursive, self-repetitive contemporaneity. Further, through a sustained focus on how Elhillo creates a network of intertextual links between her poems, the article shows how recursive structures that highlight time-space dialectics cast scale as the main link between the various building blocks of the poems. By linking these chronotopic fractals to patterns of orature that draw on both Arabic and African traditions, the article gives an aesthetic reading of the betweenness of Elhillo’s American Sudanese positionality.

Link to full paper: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/RRZSCN4CGPZ5SFVYKXVY/full?target=10.1080/17449855.2021.1888150

هذه ورقة تتناول العلاقات السودانية التشادية ودور ليبيا القذافي في توجيه مسار تلك العلاقات، أي أن العلاقات السودانية التشادية كانت خلال الفترة من 1966-2011 متأثرة الى حد كبير بما يحدث بين ليبيا وتشاد وبسياسة الرئيس القذافي تجاه أفريقيا بعامة والسودان وتشاد بخاصة

Fake Term "Nubian" – Why?

To clarify that the non-Egyptian antiquities of the Egyptian South and the Sudanese North cannot be called Nubian, I initiated a series of articles, presenting the historical interaction among the Hamitic – Kushitic Egyptians, the Kushitic Ethiopians (ancestors to today´s Arabic-speaking Sudanese, Oromos, Sidamas, and other Eastern African Kushites), and the Medjay – Nubians, who are ancestors to the modern Nubians.

The latter may now well be the quasi-exclusive inhabitants of a vast part of the territory of Upper Egypt (Kemet) and of North Sudan (Kush - Ethiopia), namely south of Luxor to Wadi Halfa and thence further to Debba, but in the Antiquity, their ancestors were only a minority among the Egyptians and the Kushites (Ethiopians) who inhabited the said territory (and the rest of Egypt and North Sudan).

More importantly, the Ancient Nubians never formed a state of their own in the pre-Christian times. So, the royal monuments, temples, palaces, military camps and outposts, administrative buildings and private homes that have been unearthed in the land where today's Nubians live were not built by their ancestors and consequently, they are not their own historical heritage, but mainly the heritage of today's Egyptians, Arabic speaking Sudanese, Oromos, Sidamas and eventually other, minor, Kushitic nations.

Today's Nubians therefore cannot be considered as either the only or the primary heir to either the Egyptian Past or the Kushitic / Ethiopian Antiquity, History, monuments, and Heritage. In other words, the Egyptian temple of Isis at Philae cannot be characterized as a Nubian temple, and the Kushitic / Ethiopian temple of Amun of Napata (in today´s Karima, North Sudan) cannot be labeled "Nubian temple"; the latter is valid for even one more reason, namely that there is no Nubian population living there today as well.

The term "Nubian" cannot be given to the kings of Kerma, Napata and Meroe – the three most important capitals of Pre-Christian Kush / Ethiopia – because these kings were not Nubians but Kushites / Ethiopians. Considering both, the ethnic and the linguistic levels, the Nubians were as different from the Egyptians and the Sudanese Kushites / Ethiopians as the Ancient Greeks from the Ancient Babylonians.

The fake term "Nubian" has been introduced in order to effectively detach the Arabic-speaking Sudanese from the search for their identity, prevent them from properly assessing their tremendous historical heritage, further engulf them into the Pan-Arabist fallacy, and definitely disconnect them from their brethren, namely the tyrannized Oromos, Sidamas, and the other subjugated Kushitic nations. These Kushitic nations have been comprised within the non-Kushitic, non-African, Semitic colonial state of the racist Amhara and Tigray Abyssinians, who are totally unrelated to the Oromos, the Sidamas, and the other subjugated Kushitic nations of Abyssinia. 

For the above reason, the Amhara and Tigray Abyssinians are absolutely irrelevant of the historical name of Ethiopia, which belongs only to he Arabic-speaking Sudanese, the Oromos, the Sidamas, and the other subjugated Kushitic nations of Abyssinia. The criminal colonial state of Abyssinia has to be forced - by any means - not to use the fair name of Ethiopia anymore in the future.
First published in AfroArticles, Buzzle and American Chronicle on 24th March 2010
Republished in the portal of the Oromo Parliamentarians:
https://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Kushatic%20_%20Oromo%20Nation%20Part%20VI.htm

Only through an exhaustive, in-depth approach to the reasons that have caused the ongoing Darfur Genocide, and following a thorough understanding of the criminal work of the French, namely the fabrication of a false language, an inexistent culture, and a bogus-nation, can people realize the tragedy befallen on the various peoples of Sudan – that are all non-Arabs.

All people in Khartoum know already that they live the end of a long tyrannical experience; they have not identified the forthcoming solution, but they have the real feeling that the nightmare named ‘Sudan’ has already its expiry date. It was about time!

No one knows the details of the final, ultimate division of Sudan; even the number of the emanating countries is not precisely told. Will there finally be a Free Nubia? Will the Red Sea coast’s Beja / Blemmyes ultimately get the freedom they have fought so many centuries for? What will the various borders among the possibly 6 or 7 countries east of Chad look like?
The only issue they have no doubt about is Peace; Peace will be achieved only when all these various peoples and ethnic – religious groups will get their independence and enjoy their self-determination and freedom, following the cancellation of the murderous and inhuman frame of ‘Sudan’, a name that means just Death.

هذا نص اعمال ندوة عقدت بمركز البحوث العربية والإفريقية ندوة يوم 20 يناير 2019 تحت العنوان: "الحراك الشعبى بدولة السودان الشمالي- السودان إلى أين؟ في حدود التبادل المعرفي والفكرى والتضامن الشعبى بين الشعبين السوداني والمصرى، بمعزل عن الدور الرسمى بين الحكومتين، وحضر اللقاء مجموعة متنوعة من المفكرين والباحثين والمثقفين السودانيين والمصريين.
نتج عن هذا اللقاء اطلاق نداء للتضامن مع انتفاضة الشعب السوداني يوم 25 يناير 2019 والذي وقع عليه متضامنون من مختلف التيارات الثقافية والفكرية والسياسية المصرية.
وكانت هناك ضرورة في نشر ملخص ما دار من نقاشات جادة ومتحملة للمسؤولية التاريخية في طرح تصوراتها الفكرية والعلمية لمجريات الاحداث في السودان, ونأمل ان يحقق نشر هذه الورقة الأمل المرجو منها في تقديم تبصرة عن احداث الإنتفاضة الشعبية بالسودان.

Were the A-Group people Kushites - Ethiopians, ancestors of the inhabitants of Kerma and Napata, capital cities that rose to prominence in later periods? Most probably not. They must have rather been of Hamitic, Berber origin, who settled in that area, after being separated from their Libyan counterparts, who settled far in the north, at modern Egypt´s westernmost confiens. The fact that Pharaoh Snefru attacked them both (A-Group and Libyans) suggests a possible affiliation (not however close) with the Lower Egyptians, another Hamitic group that may have left Sahara at an earlier date to settle in the Delta region and Lower Egypt.

The tombs at Qustul bear witness to multifaceted exchanges with Egypt, and Egyptian artifacts were abundant there. On the other hand, A-Group artifacts have been found at Nekhen, although not many. Interpreting archeological evidence from pre-dynastic times (before 2950 BCE) with the help of later Egyptian narrations and legends about the pre-dynastic states in the area, we can deduce that for the centralizing power of the United Egypt (starting by Narmer at whose times Egyptian Hieroglyphic writing was introduced) A-Group constituted a permanent threat and the realm of negative. Osirian influence seems to have been vastly diffused from A-Group to Upper Egyptians, and as it encapsulated the entire political ideology of both states, Osiris´ white, tall crown became that of the A-Group kings and also of the Nekhen kings. After the unification of the Tawy, the two lands (Upper and Lower Egypt), the white crown remained as one of the two crowns of every Egyptian Pharaoh, until the times of Diocletian and Constantine, the Roman Emperors.
First published in AfroArticles, American Chronicle and Buzzle on 3rd March 2010
Republished in the site of the Oromo Parliamentarians:
https://www.oromoparliamentarians.org/English/Facts%20about%20Oromo/Prof.%20Mahamad%20Shamsadin%20Oromo%20and%20Kushatic%20Nations%20of%20the%20Horn.htm

The Euro-cannibals
False concepts, ideological and theoretical confusion, treachery, corruption, inducement into high treason, and comprehensive conspiracy against the colonized peoples are all constituent parts and fundamental pillars of the European colonialism. To understand why all these evildoings have been perpetrated worldwide by the Euro-cannibals, one must see the map of the world in three dates: 1490, 1785 and 1920.
Before 520 years, there was still an Islamic state in Spain, there were still great indigenous kingdoms in America, and the Islamic world was ruled by many local authorities and kings, spanning from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Africa was constituted in a myriad of rather modest states, whereas China was living with the fresh memory of Emperor Yongle´s expansion up to the easternmost confines of Central Asia. Russia was an insignificant realm that had just managed to deter the Great Horde, and Western Europe was a multi-divided, poor, barbaric and uncivil circumference in turmoil.
Before 225 years, America was occupied by and divided among five European colonial powers (Spain, Portugal, France, England, and Holland), after terrible genocides had taken place due to the forced Christianization of many subjugated indigenous peoples. The then recent formation of the US was viewed by the Founding Fathers as key to the elimination of the colonial scourge from the Western Hemisphere. The Islamic world was mainly under the control of three huge kingdoms, namely the Ottoman Empire (Islamic Caliphate), Safavid Iran, and Mughal India, although the latter had started being disintegrated due to the English – promoted Maratha Hindu kingdom and the increasing colonial presence of the English and the French. Islamic – Ottoman control over North Africa was still firm, and only in Africa´s coastal lands, European colonial presence was attested. Qing (Manchu) China was on the eve of the Messianic White Lotus rebellion that weakened the Manchu rule. Russia had risen to a significant European power due to the expansion in Siberia, the Far East, and more importantly, in the South (the Black Sea and the Caucasus region), although Central Asiatic Islamic states were still independent. Contrarily to almost the rest of the world, Europe was significantly stronger and wealthier due to the exploitation of the natural resources of the colonized territories, mainly in America and secondarily in India.
First published in the American Chronicle, AfroArticles and Buzzle on 16 February 2016
Republished:
https://shorkaror.wordpress.com/2010/06/23/fake-sudan-real-ethiopia-and-fake-ethiopia-real-abyssinia-what-is-at-stake/

A CONTRIBUTION OF POZNAŃ ETHNOLOGY TO POLISH
AFRICAN STUDIES IN
Abstract: This article focuses on the contribution of Poznan Ethnology to
Polish African studies in the field of ethnology. Their founder in Poznan
is primarily prof. Ryszard Vorbrich. However, the text also discusses the
achievements of his predecessors in this area, as well as students and potential
successors.
Key words: African studies, ethnology, Poznań, Ryszard Vorbrich