Sugar Technology

Molasses desugarization (MDS) is an example of a large-scale chromatographic separation that has been in use in the United States beet sugar industry for almost 40 years. The process has proven commercially viable under current market conditions, energy and environmental cost. As a result, most US sugar beet companies have been operating one or more MDS installations. Because of the variation in efficiencies and configuration of existing installations, it is sometimes difficult to evaluate the desired separation targets and identify the areas of operational improvement. Over the last few years, achievable separation targets have improved significantly, and new equipment configurations have been developed. Initially, a calculated sugar recovery (“sugar in the bag vs sugar in molasses”) of 75-78 % was considered acceptable. In modern systems, up to 88 % efficiency is commercially achievable. However, almost no guidance is available in the recent literature about how to achieve these results for various process configurations. The current presentation will attempt to provide these answers as well as assist in a general understanding of large-scale chromatographic technologies, existing types of equipment and factors that influence separation efficiencies. For many years, MDS systems were installed as stand-alone operations that could easily be “plugged” into conventional sugar factories. As chromatographic extract has notably different characteristics compared to thick juice, special consideration will be given to the way the extract processing is integrated in factories.

Rice syrup was produced from ten varieties of locally available rice in Nigeria. Flours of malted and unmalted rice from different varieties were treated with a combination of starch hydrolyzing enzymes (Amyloglucosidase, Bacterial α-amylase and Fungal α-amylase); and the starch hydrolysates were either filtered and/or centrifuged at the end of hydrolysis. The resulting rice syrup was evaluated for sugar compositions (maltose, glucose, maltotriose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) using HPLC. The results showed that syrups from malted rice had significantly higher (p<0.05) maltose and maltotriose concentration than syrups from unmalted rice. The resultant syrup is a „High Maltose Syrup‟ since maltose was found to be the predominant sugar in the rice syrup with concentration of above 50% especially for malted samples. Rice syrup can be widely applied as a potential raw material in beverage and confectionery industries as well as a good adjunct for brewing since the sugar profile ...

Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) are used for biomass valorization into valuable chemicals because of their remarkable properties such as thermal stability, lower vapor pressure, non-flammability, higher heat capacity, and tunable solubility and acidity. Here, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of C5 sugars (xylose and arabinose) from the pentosan present in jute biomass in a one-pot process by utilizing a catalytic amount of Brønsted acidic 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium hydrogen sulfate IL. The acidic IL is synthesized in the lab and characterized using NMR spectroscopic techniques for understanding its purity. The various properties of BAIL are measured such as acid strength, thermal and hydrothermal stability, which showed that the catalyst is stable at a higher temperature (250 °C) and possesses very high acid strength (Ho 1.57). The acidic IL converts over 90% of pentosan into sugars and furfural. Hence, the presenting method in this study can also be employed for ...

https://www.ijert.org/bio-energy-from-indian-sugar-industry-a-sustainable-renewable-energy-future

https://www.ijert.org/research/bio-energy-from-indian-sugar-industry-a-sustainable-renewable-energy-future-IJERTV10IS050435.pdf

India is the world's second largest sugar producer during 2019-2020, narrowly losing the top spot to Brazil. India produced 28.9 million metric tons of sugar which is about 17% of the world's total sugar production of 166.18 million metric tons. Also, the country expects sugar production to rise by around 17% for 2020-2021. However, the Indian sugar industry lacks in sustainability due to imbalances in demand-supply of sugar. The Indian sugar industry is faced with a reality that sugar, molasses and bagasse can no longer be regarded as final product from sugar industry and thus, value additions, diversifications and transformations to be vigorously investigated as possible routes to new market and making sugar industry less dependent on single commodity i.e. sugar. The future of the sugar industry, as a whole, lies in development of sugarcane bio-refineries i.e. bio-electricity, bio-ethanol, bio-gas/ bio-CNG, bio-manure, bio-plastic and chemicals etc.

Most product streams within the sugar process have physical properties that are well defined. However, upon crystallisation, the behaviour of the two-phase product becomes more complex. The physical properties of massecuite affect the design of all equipment and piping in the back-end of a sugar factory, however, the performance of equipment is only as reliable as the data on which the design is based. The massecuite viscosities used within the South African sugar industry were determined over 20 years ago using a rotating viscometer, however, this instrument is believed to be unsuitable for the application due to the heterogeneous nature of massecuite. A pipeline viscometer was thus constructed and experiments carried out to better understand the behaviour of massecuite. This research project aimed to use non-Newtonian theory and data from a pipeline viscometer to determine a correlation for the viscosity of massecuite for varying conditions of temperature, concentration, purity and crystal content taking into account the effects of dextran and crystal size.

The objectives of this work were directed towards the study of the suitability of honey produced from watermelon and the impact of packaging materials and storage temperature on quality of watermelon honey. The processing operations included: boiling, filtration and concentration. The concentration was carried out using an open jacketed pan at (100°C) temperature. Effects of storage temperatures (35°C and 4°C) and duration (1, 2 and 3 months) were studied for watermelon honey packaged in glass bottles and plastic jercans. The analysis involved physical properties, chemical composition (moisture, pH, TSS, ash, total sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars). It was found that there was a big difference between the percentage of honey and melon crude product; also there was a significant increase in the percentage of chemical parameters except pH and moisture, where there was a decrease. There were no significant differences (at P ≤ 0.05) between samples of honey melon, which were packaged in glass bottles or in plastic jercans. However, there were significant differences (at P ≤ 0.05) between products stored at 35°C and that at 4°C. Samples that were stored at a temperature of 35°C showed, a low shelf stability which was reflected in the low proportion of TSS, Total sugars, non-reducing sugars.

This Article will examine the international sugar trade industry and the implementation of sustainable development practices to improve labor standards, establish fair trade, and enhance energy efficiency, as well as explore the impetus for corporate social responsibility. The international sugar trade is a colossal industry that has been operating for centuries. Sugar as a commodity is a major player in the agricultural sector, and the price of sugar impacts international markets from Europe to Asia and down into Latin America.

If the international sugar trade industry were to alter its farming, labor, and business practices, tremendous improvement of social, economic, and environmental conditions would be possible. Despite the volatility of the price of sugar, innovation in agricultural and corporate techniques in the international sugar trade would serve as the launching pad for new and sustainable development practices.

This short essay provides the facts on the commonest addiction in the modern world: SUGAR. Its history shows how the English used this almost irresistable additive to launch their fortunes as the world's greatest contributor to global addiction, long before they started pushing opium on the Chinese Empire. It is not surprising to realize that sugar is the most addictive additive in the modern diet: almost impossible to avoid, even though its harmful effects are now well known, in spite of the deliberate obfuscation of the sugar and food industries. This essay discusses the history, biochemistry and negative health effects of sugar, so that readers can make informed choices. It is hoped that this short paper brings most of the relevant facts together on this important additive to help readers improve their own health. Sugar as the most popular form of carbohydrate links into the series of papers on the biology of life-systems written in the last two years.

The sugar ceramic from the towns of Machico and Funchal.
Historical and archaeological data to the Portuguese and sugar
production technology research. The present paper mulls over the sugar ceramic question, considering several sugar-moulds types of Madeira Island and Portuguese Mainland. There are discussed the distribution circuits, the historical and archaeological indicators, articulated with technological and typological results.There are mentioned the ceramic functional interpretation models, the terminology question and the results from physical chemical and mineralogical
analyses, based on a multi-disciplinary methodology performance.

Dirt collected with sugarcane is processed and separated from the juice in the sugar factory by filtration equipment for return to the cane fields. New technologies over the past decade have enabled performance improvements to be obtained for this key unit operation. Filter mud product still contains a reasonable amount of sugar and the transportation of high moisture mud product has considerable cost. Australia's traditional approach has been to use Rotary Vacuum Filters for processing and separating mud and other impurities from juice, but in recent years there has been interest in reducing sugar losses and transportation costs through utilisation of new technologies such as Horizontal Bed Filters, Vacuum Belt Press Filters, Membrane Press Filters and Centrifuges. Increasingly, these alternative equipment are being installed in new factories. This chapter describes the general principles of mud filtration theory and mud conditioning followed by a detailed description and review of the various filtration technologies and analysis of the relative merits associated with the equipment.

This is an update of Frank Blackburn’s comprehensive
book Sugar-cane, which was published by
Longman in 1984. I was asked to act as the editor in
April 1998, and undertook the task of approaching
several possible collaborators for producing this
edition. By the beginning of the following year I
was fortunate enough to have selected a team to
write about the topics on which they are the recognised
authorities in the world’s sugarcane agroindustry.
The list of authors is as follows:

This research about the substitutes of sugar cane that have the characteristics of a natural, valuable health, and have many functions for the preservation of nature. Brown sugar is a sugar substitute derived from palm plants, such as aren (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merrill), coconut (Cocos nucivera), siwalan (Borassus flabellifer L.). This research aims to investigate the potential of resource, social and economic of brown sugar as a natural sweetener that can substitute sugar cane. The study shows that the aren trees which is the raw material of brown sugar is available in abundance, especially in mainland Southeast Asia, has high adaptability, it also serves as a forestry crop. Furthermore, brown sugar business can be done by people with low education, and in all age groups but predominantly in the range of productive age. Brown sugar is a natural sweetener because of its natural raw materials and the way of processing so valuable health. Economically, brown sugar has proven to be a source of livelihood and feasible to be developed. The implication of this study is about information to explore the potential of resources, social, and economics of brown sugar as a natural sweetener internationally.

Production and evaluation of cookies from whole wheat flour and date palm fruit pulp as sugar substitute was studied. Whole wheat grains (WW) were cleaned and milled into flour. Date palm was cleaned, deseeded, dried and milled into flour. Composite flour of whole wheat and date palm meal were formulated in the following ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, which were used to produce cookies using refined wheat flour as control (W), Functional properties and proximate analysis were carried out on the flour samples. Proximate analysis, physical properties, microbial analysis and sensory evaluation of cookies were carried out. Data obtained were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and mean separation by Fishers LSD. The use of date palm fruit pulp as sugar substitute in cookie production improved the properties of the flours such as swelling index, oil absorption capacity, pH and viscosity as they were comparable to the control (refined wheat flour-W-). There were no significant difference in emulsion capacity, gelatinous temperature and bulk density of all the flour samples. The proximate composition of the samples generally increased with increase in incorporation of date palm pulp with the exception of carbohydrate and protein. The proximate composition of cookies increased with increase in percentage palm pulp in the cookies and the samples were comparable to the control (W) except in protein content where the control was very high. The physical properties of cookies produced from composites were comparable to the control with the exception of break strength which decreased with increase in date palm pulp incorporation. The organoleptic characteristics of WWDP 3 (whole wheat – date palm in the ratio of 70:30) was rated overall best in all the parameters tested. The incorporation of date palm pulp in cookies should not be less than 30%. Cookies samples stored for six (6) weeks had microbial loads less than the maximum count recommended in literature.

El presente folleto es un resumen de la experiencia vivida personalmente durante el desarrollo, investigación y puesta en marcha de una planta piloto  para producción de panela granulada en el Sector La Chorrera, San Jerónimo, cuenca del río Mira, parroquia de La Carolina, en la provincia de Imbabura, (Ecuador) en los años 2003, 2004 y 2005 lo que ha fundamentado el desarrollo de nuevos procesos productivos, coadyuvando a la producción de panela granulada con altos estándares de calidad, higiene y protección del ambiente.

These studies focused on the extraction of oil from petroleum nuts (Pittosporum resinferum) using polar and non-polar solvents such as ethanol, isopropanol, hexane, and cyclohexane. The dried petroleum nuts contain 55.88% moisture, 21.03% carbohydrate, 9.24% crude fiber, 7.86% crude fat, 4.22% ash, and 1.77% crude protein by weight. The effects of solvent-to-nut ratio, extraction time and temperature on oil yield and recovery were determined using different solvents. Among the three factors considered, solvent to nut ratio gave significant effect to yield and oil recovery for all the solvents used in the study. The highest oil yield and oil recovery were observed for all types of solvent used at 50 0 C, 3.5 solvent to nut ratio and 12 hrs. The highest amount of oil was obtained using ethanol as solvent with an oil yield of 15.38 ±0.18% (wt/wt) while the lowest oil yield was obtained using hexane with yield of 11.67 ±0.84% (wt/wt). The highest oil yield was obtained using ethanol due to its hydroxyl group allowing it to attract polar and ionic molecules while its ethyl group is non-polar so it also attracts non-polar molecules. An optimization study on oil extraction using ethanol as solvent was conducted since it gave the highest oil yield. Optimum conditions for the extraction of oil from petroleum nuts were found to be at 47.81 0 C, 2:1 (vol/ wt ethanol to nut ratio, and 8 hours of extraction time for a maximum oil yield (11.6272 %) at minimum operating costs. The predicted values obtained from the optimization study were validated experimentally and found to have no significant difference with the predicted values. Therefore the generated equation can be used to predict oil yield with high certainty. Results also showed that the oil contains C6, C10, C12, C14, C16, and C18 as well as terpinenes, monoterpene, monoterpene alcohol and sesquiterpenes which may indicate the potential of petroleum nuts as source for both fuel and high value products. The solvent extraction method gave an oil yield of almost two times compared with the traditional cold pressing and hydro-steam distillation.

Bibliographic research and laboratory tests have been conducted to determine the main factors that influence the development of color during the sugar storage, focusing on sulphited white sugar. Results concerning the color, the amino acids content, reducing sugars, flavonoids, sulfites and temperature, have enable describe to some extend the phenomenon of sugar browning during storage. It has been observed that the rate of heat transference between the interior of a stowage and the exterior is very low, being able to conserve the temperature at which sugar is stored during an extended period. Likewise it has been determined that the storage temperature is key for the kinetic of sugar browning during storage.

Una investigación bibliográfica y ensayos de laboratorios han sido realizados para determinar los principales factores que influencian el desarrollo del color durante el almacenamiento del azúcar, centrándose en el azúcar blanco sulfitado. Los resultados concernientes al color, el contenido de aminoácidos, azúcares reductores, flavonoides, sulfitos y temperatura han permitido describir en cierta medida el fenómeno del pardeamiento del azúcar durante el almacenamiento. Se ha observado que la tasa de transferencia de calor entre el interior de una estiba y el exterior es muy bajo, pudiéndose conservar la temperatura a la cual se almacena el azúcar durante un periodo prolongado. Así mismo se ha determinado que la temperatura de almacenamiento es clave para la cinética del pardeamiento del azúcar durante su almacenamiento.

“Las pérdidas indeterminadas en cualquier proceso de producción agroindustrial, debe ser tomado muy en cuenta desde todos los niveles de la empresa, grande o pequeña; el descubrirlas a tiempo puede inclusive ser de vital importancia para el crecimiento competitivo de la misma”.
Las cifras, las descripciones de métodos y la información presentada en este libro, han sido cuidadosamente verificadas buscando asegurar un buen nivel de precisión. No obstante, los autores y editores no se hacen responsables por errores de impresión, por planteamientos incorrectos o cualquier otra clase de errores. A las personas que pretendan manipular productos químicos con base a información proveniente de este libro, se les recomienda consultar los documentos originales, al igual que las especificaciones y normativas pertinentes con el fin de evitar posibles riesgos.

Las plantaciones de caña, por las exigencias de su cultivo, se establecieron en valles subtropicales de la Sierra y en muchas áreas de la Costa. La industrialización de la caña se consolida a finales del siglo XIX, cuando empiezan a llegar al Ecuador, procedentes de Europa, los trapiches accionados por fuerza hidráulica. Estas maquinarias, procedentes de Inglaterra y Francia, llegaban por mar hasta Guayaquil y luego eran trasladadas a lomo de mula hasta las haciendas. En esta etapa de los albores de la industrialización, se inscribe la hacienda El Progreso de Manuel J. Cobos (Galápagos, 1870), productor de azúcar con mano de obra de la colonia penal existente en las islas. En el territorio continental, el más antiguo de los ingenios del Ecuador es el de San Carlos, fundado en la provincia del Guayas en 1887. En el siglo XX y con disponibilidad de una tecnología más desarrollada, se fundaron los ingenios Valdéz, Monterrey Tababuela, y Aztra.

La producción azucarera en la historia del continente y en el Ecuador tiene sus variables estructurales, económicas y sociales. Bajo estos criterios se analiza los procesos de producción, comercio e impactos económicos y sociales en el contexto internacional y local. En este último caso, se debe destacar que el componente laboral del ingenio Aztra fue víctima de la represión policial con un saldo de por lo menos 100 obreros fallecidos, durante la huelga por reclamo de mejores salarios y condiciones de vida, hecho histórico ocurrido durante un gobierno militar en 1977.

An overall study was made of the color´s behavior in the production process of sugar from cane, the main color precursors of color and other related factors to the generation of color within the production process of sulphited white sugar (plantation white sugar) and raw sugar. The persistence and variation of the phenolic compounds and amino acids along the process line and their incursion to the sugar crystals was observed, it was also observed a direct relationship between the color precursors content and the sugar color produced.

The "white Australia policy" has so far largely been discussed with regard only to its political-ideological perspective. No account was taken of the central problem of racist societalization, i.e. the everyday production and reproduction of "race" as a social relation ("doing race") supported by broad sections of the population.
This comprehensive study of Australian racism and the "white sugar" campaign shows that the latter was only able to achieve success because it was embedded in a widespread "white Australia culture" that found expression in all spheres of life.

Gula merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat dan industri. Kebutuhan gula setiap tahun diperkirakan meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan penduduk. Gula yang banyak tersebar dipasar yaitu gula kristal putih, gula rafinasi, dan gula mentah. Pabrik Gula Pradjekan merupakan salah satu pabrik gula yang dinaungi oleh PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XI (Persero) atau PTPN XI yang beroperasi di Bondowoso Jawa Timur. Produk utama Pabrik Gula Pradjekan adalah gula kristal putih dengan mutu SHS (Superior High Sugar). Oleh karena itu diperlukan strategi pengendalian mutu gula untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan mutu produk gula kristal yang sesuai dengan permintaan konsumen.

The first industrial process in which sugar cane undergoes is the extraction of juice. The purpose of this step is to separate the sucrose contents from the fiber and other components as it goes along several mills in the tandem. A mathematical model involving mass, brix, pol and fiber balances has been developed in order to predict a handful of factors important in the process, such as pol extraction and bagasse moisture. This is all done considering the extensively used compound imbibition and screened fiber returning to the second mill. Feedstock characteristics and mill parameters are varied and compared to actual process results to ratify the effectiveness of the model.

" This paper aims at making financial analysis of a sugar entity in terms of liquidity, solvency, operational efficiency and profitability. Management practices with professional approach tend to improve the financial performance of sugar factories by implementing some innovative practices to reduce the controllable cost and generating additional revenues. " Introduction The basis for financial analysis, planning and decision making reflects in scientific analytical financial statement which mainly consists of Balance Sheet and Profit & Loss account of a sugar factory. This summarized financial report provides the operating result and financial position of a sugar factory and detailed analytical information contained therein is useful for assessing the operational efficiency and financial soundness of a sugar factory.

Cane industry is a large employment generator right from cultivation, harvesting, transportation to sugar processing. India has more than 500 sugar manufacturing units which manufacture sugar from sugarcane. In the past two decades after the introduction of cogeneration, most of the sugar units have opted for it and the installed capacity is 3221 MW. Plants established in recent times are all integrated complexes. The sugar units today are integrated plants which apart from manufacturing sugar, generate power and supply to the grid and also have distillery to produce ethyl alcohol. Karnataka too has 37 sugar units with installed capacity of 993 MW with ten units in the district of Belgaum. Sugar units have been set up in cooperative sector, by private sector as well as few set up in state public sector. The general trend is that the government established units and those setup in cooperative sector are not doing well and the ones managed by private sector are doing well and flourishing. This calls for study to analyse the reasons for the difference in performance which can lead way for better understanding of the cane industry. As this sector is now generating 5000 MW of power and supplying to the grid, the sector needs to be looked into properly as the power generated is eco friendly and renewable in nature. This article reviews 45 research papers on sugar industry along with sharing the experiences of interaction with the officials of 5 sugar units in the district of Belgaum. The study can throw light on the policy implications as sustainable development demands new strategies, solutions and policy making approaches
India is an energy deficit nation, as it suffers from stagnation in domestic oil production and continued increase in oil imports over the years [1]. Hence, Demand Side Management (DSM) which includes judicious energy use and enhancement in generating capacity are vital for matching the demand and supply of energy. India is perennially an energy importing nation and is shelling out nearly 7934 million USD annually in foreign exchange to import the crude oil. Central Electricity Authority vide its Load Generation Balance Report of 2013  pegs India’s annual requirement of electricity at 10,48,533 Million Units (MU). However, the supply is 9, 78,301 MU leading to a shortfall of 70,237 MU i.e. a deficit of 6.7% [2].  DSM of power can assuage the situation to some extent. Apart from DSM it’s quite imperative that India takes strides in increasing its installed capacity for power generation. India has lately started an exclusive ministry for new and renewable sources to promote and improve its share of renewables in the energy basket. Hence cogeneration is a very handy option to improve India’s power generating capability.