Taekwondo

This article argues against all forms of scientism and the widespread perceived need to define martial arts in order to study martial arts or 'do' martial arts studies. It argues instead for the necessity of theory before definition, including theorisation of the orientation of the field of martial arts studies itself. Accordingly, the chapter criticises certain previous (and current) academic approaches to martial arts, particularly the failed project of hoplology. It then examines the much more promising approaches of current scholarship, such as that of Sixt Wetzler, before critiquing certain aspects of its orientation. Instead of accepting Wetzler's 'polysystem theory' approach uncritically, the article argues instead for the value of a poststructuralist 'discourse' approach in martial arts studies.

This is Part 4 in a series of travel articles titled "Taekwondo Quest" published in Taekwondo Times magazine. The story revolves around a visit to an ITF Taekwondo school in Bukhara, the marvelous historical sites there, and a love story between two great Taekwondoka.

On the 5 of February 2016, the Martial Arts Studies Research Network held its first one-day seminar, on the theme of gender issues in theory and practice. Hosted by the University of Brighton, the day drew around 30 delegates, including academics from various fields of study and martial arts practitioners from a range of styles. The day featured discussion on a number of themes on the topic of gender; while a short summary of these can be found here, this report focuses on the key points raised by delegates during the first of two plenary sessions, addressing the ways in which clubs and gyms might best improve women’s and girls’ involvement in martial arts and combat sports (MACS).

Specificity of physical exercises is one of the main factors which could affect musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this research is to make a comparison about postural abnormalities of the spine and lower limbs between female taekwondo athletes and non-athletes. Samples of current research were 50 female black-belt taekwondo athletes and 50 non-athletes. To measure kyphosis and lordosis, flexible ruler was used; also to determine the angle of forward head posture and scoliosis, photogrammetry was used, and to determine knee and foot deformities caliper and navicular drop methods were used respectively. To compare two groups, independent t test was used. The results of independent t test showed that amount of lumbar lordosis (47.90°) in taekwondo athletes is significantly higher than that of non-athletes (44.04°). Also amount of scoliosis (3.52°) in taekwondo athletes was significantly higher than that of non-athletes. Also distance of internal condyle )3/26 CM) of taekwondo athletes was significantly higher than that of non-athletes)1/91 CM)(P≤0.05). But no significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of forward head posture, kyphosis, distance of internal malleolus, and navicular drop. Based on the results of this research it is possible to express that taekwondo due to type of its common exercises and could have impact on posture of its athletes.

In a good competition you bring out the best in each other. You want to beat your opponent when she is at her strongest; this is one aspect of sportsmanship. In popular games (e.g. football) we have been observing for more than a century that the ‘winning attitude’ (winning at all cost) has gained greater acceptance, to the detriment of the notion of sportsmanship. Players frequently fall down in the penalty area (simulation); they argue with the referee (disputing decisions), attempt to intimidate the referee (by squaring up to them), or they commit strategic fouls. All of this subverts the ‘good contest’.

[See video here: https://miroslavimbrisevic.wordpress.com/talks/]

The TV series ‘Cobra Kai’ brings up some interesting philosophical and practical questions about the teaching of martial arts (MA). I will reflect on these questions and try to come up with some answers. We are presented with two styles of teaching. One is hard and aggressive (Johnny Lawrence from Cobra Kai), the other soft and empathic (Daniel LaRusso from Miyagi Do).
The Karate competition invites the following questions: Is it ok to fight dirty, if this gives you victory? Can you use the rules strategically? Can you break the rules to gain an advantage? Isn’t it a hollow victory when you target a pre-existing injury of your opponent deliberately? In a good competition you bring out the best in each other. ‘You want to beat your opponent when s/he is at her/his strongest.’ This reflects the tension in MA teaching whenever there is a sports side (competition). Winning at all cost will be in conflict with MA values: winning honourably, exhibiting indomitable spirit, etc.

Los deportes de combate son actividades regidas mayormente por un pensamiento empírico, producto de su tradicionalidad que data de miles de años de historia. En la actualidad, los elevados estándares del Alto Rendimiento demandan nuevos abordajes que integren los conocimientos provistos por la ciencia, en busca de obtener mayores resultados con los entrenamientos sobre las habilidades de los atletas. En el presente artículo se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa con el objetivo de aclarar cuáles son los temas que inciden sobre la potencia de golpeo en deportes de combate y el abordaje más apropiado para su mejora.

The process of the globalization of taekwondo started in the aftermath of the Korean War (1950-1953), as the result of the influence of members of the Korean Diaspora, when a number of Korean martial arts instructors emigrated to the United States. In addition, members of the South Korean and American military were largely responsible for the early spread of taekwondo, when they founded some of the first Korean martial arts clubs in the United States and other countries. However, during the late 1950s and 1960s, the South Korean government provided limited efforts to promote taekwondo internationally, with the exception of a small number of taekwondo teachers dispatched to instruct South Vietnamese soldiers in hand-to-hand combat. Despite the Korean government’s limited role in its early globalization process, taekwondo’s early spread around the world had been quite successful, often as a result of the efforts of dedicated individuals. The South Korean government’s official role in promoting taekwondo internationally changed only after 1971, when taekwondo was declared the nominal ‘national sport’ of South Korea and the Park Chung Hee regime exploited taekwondo’s full potential in promoting Korea’s soft power and cultural recognition. In fact, taekwondo was South Korea’s first successful, international cultural export, long before the now popular, so-called, ‘Korean Wave’.

Yapılan çalışmada dengeli ve dengesiz yüzeylerde uygulanan farklı kor stabilizasyon
egzersizlerinin taekwondocularda statik-dinamik denge, fonksiyonel hareket analiz
puanlaması ve yopchagi teknik performansına etkisini karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır.
Çalışmaya katılan yıldız-genç kategorilerinde yarışan 70 aktif taekwondocunun (15.6±1.3)
26’sı dengesiz yüzeylerde yapılan egzersizlerini, 24’ü dengeli yüzeylerde yapılan
egzersizlerini 10 hafta boyunca haftada 3 gün, günde yaklaşık 30 dakika uygularken 20
sporcu diğer sporcuların da katıldığı rutin taekwondo antrenmanlarına devam etmiştir. 10
hafta sonucunda uygulanan egzersizlerin sporcuların statik-dinamik denge, fonksiyonel
hareket puanlaması ve yopchagi teknik performans testlerine etkileri ön ve son test
düzeninde gruplar içinde ve arasında tekrarlı ölçümlerde MANOVA varyans analizi
kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır (p<0,05). Yapılan statik ve dinamik denge testleri sonucunda
gruplar arası ve grup içi anlamlı farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Fonksiyonel hareket analiz
puanlamalarında ise Plank ve Sol Ayak Engel testi dışında kalan tüm testlerde gruplar arası
ve grup içi karşılaştırmalarda pozitif yönde anlamlı farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Yopchagi
teknik performans analiz sonuçlarında ise sağ ve sol diz fleksiyonları ve sola gövde lateral
fleksiyonu testlerinde gruplar arası anlamlı bir farklılık görülmezken kalan tüm testlerde
gruplar arası ve grup içi anlamlı farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak uygulanan
dengeli ve dengesiz yüzeylerde yapılan kor stabilizasyon egzersizlerinde sporcuların
dengesiz yüzeylerde yapılan egzersizlerde daha olumlu sonuçlar elde ettiği ve test edilen
parametlerde gelişme gösterdikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak taekwondo branşının
iki temel yarışma disiplini olan kyorugi ve poomsae dalları adına performansı belirleyen bu
kritik parametreler için kor stabilizasyon egzersizlerinin gerekli olduğu söylenebilir.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil kondisi fisik atlet junior taekwondo Puslatkot Kediri tahun 2016 dalam menghadapi Pekan Olahraga Provinsi (Porprov) Jawa Timur tahun 2017. Jenis penelitian adalah non eksperimen dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode survey dan teknik tes. Subyek penelitian adalah semua atlet Taekwondo kategori junior baik putra maupun putri yang tergabung dalam Pusat Latihan Kota (Puslatkot) Kediri yang berjumlah 15 atlet. Instrumen kondisi fisik yang digunakan adalah tes: leg dynamometer, vertical jump, sit and reach, lari 30 meter, tes Balke, flexometer, dan sit up. Data yang diperoleh tiap- tiap item tes merupakan data kasar dan diubah menjadi nilai t-skor dengan rumus t-skor kemudian data dimaknai, yaitu dengan mengkategorikan data. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan profil kondisi fisik atlet junior Taekwondo Puslatkot Kediri tahun 2016 adalah terdapat 0 atlet (0%) dalam kategori baik sekali, 5 atlet (33,33%) dalam kategori baik, 6 atlet (40%) dalam kategori cukup, 2 atlet (13,33%) dalam kategori kurang, dan 2 atlet (13,33%) dalam kategori kurang sekali.

La mayoría de las acciones realizadas en Deportes de Combate requieren que los atletas lleven a cabo gestos que demandarían niveles de movilidad por encima de la media.
A lo largo del presente artículo se presentará una mirada integradora, en donde se buscará ofrecer al lector de una serie de herramientas para una implementación segura y eficaz de los entrenamientos asociados a la mejora de la flexibilidad en Deportes de Combate.

Purpose: Taekwondo demands for quick change in direction while keeping balance, strength,
speed and body control through high level of lower limb strength, agility to improve performance.
Methodology: 30 elite national level male Taekwondo players (mean age 22.0±1.6 years; mean
Height, 174.4±4.4; mean mass 62.4±6.9 kg, training experience were 21±2.29 years, 5±1.70
years respectively) were divided into two groups, G1 (n=15) has undergone plyometric training
for 6 weeks and G2 (n=15) control group. Before and before after 6 weeks all subjects underwent for Illinois agility test, vertical jump by kinematic measurement system t and isotonic
muscles (Hamstrings - quadriceps) peak torque ratio by isokinetic dynamometer.

This study aimed at examining the benefits and challenges of practicing Taekwondo (TKD) to adolescents in Addis Ababa. In so doing, the study investigated the nature of TKD training, benefits of practicing TKD, and challenges/problems related with practicing TKD. A descriptive concurrent mixed methods research design was used. Accordingly, the quantitative part of the study had 108 TKD adolescent participants while the qualitative part had 12 participants (eight TKD adolescents and four TKD coaches), from four TKD clubs in Addis Ababa. Both one‐stage cluster sampling technique and purposive sampling technique were employed to select participants for the quantitative and qualitative parts of the study, respectively. Questionnaires and in‐depth interviews were used to collect data from participants. Results of the study indicated: (1) the TKD training provided by the four TKD clubs was more of a modern/sport form of TKD; (2) TKD adolescents and coaches perceived that the benefits of TKD for adolescents are multifaceted, i.e., social benefits, physical benefits, mental benefits, self‐defense, addiction avoidance, and other benefits; and (3) though majority (63.6%) of the respondents claimed that they did not face any problem as a result of practicing TKD, the following were identified as major problems that could threaten the wellbeing of TKD adolescents: family‐related problems, community‐related problems, and competition‐related problems. In general, results show that the training of TKD can have a multifaceted positive contribution to adolescents' wellbeing.

This paper examines the status of ‘history’ as an element of the discourses of traditional Asian martial arts. It discusses key ways in which ideas such as tradition, authenticity and history are deployed for different ideological ends, from nationalism to personal self-advancement, in different contexts, and it theorises the consequences of the antagonisms that have recently arisen between traditional beliefs about certain Asian martial arts (such as taekwondo, Shotokan karate and taijiquan being ‘ancient’) and recent historical studies that challenge such beliefs. The article proposes that the dissemination of the findings of contemporary martial arts historiography by means of academic and para-academic outlets such as scholarly blogs and open access journals has accrued the power precipitate crises in beliefs about and discourses of traditional Asian martial arts among practitioners. Accordingly, the paper turns to consider the implications of these challenges and changes for practitioners of traditional Asian martial arts. It argues that the discursive status of ‘history’ is not fixed or permanent, but varies depending on context, and that present conjunctures are characterised by forms and processes of mediatization that have amplified the visibility and effects both of rigorous scholarship and of processes of verifying the efficacy of martial arts to such an extent that the status of ‘history’ can be said to have changed decisively. Ultimately, the paper argues for the ethical and political value of rigorous critical historical scholarship even when it runs counter to cultural beliefs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of taekwondo (TKD) training on the subjective well‐being (SWB) of adolescents (12‐18 years old) in Addis Ababa city. A cross‐sectional survey method was used; self‐administered questionnaire was the main data collection tool. A total number of 162 adolescents (108 TKD adolescents from four randomly selected TKD clubs and 54 non‐TKD adolescents from a randomly selected public high school), participated in the study. The study sought to determine TKD adolescents' level of SWB as measured by the Personal Wellbeing Index – School Children (PWI‐SC). Besides, adolescents in different groups (TKD adolescents in three groups according to rank/belt level and TKD adolescents and non‐TKD adolescents) were compared based on their score of PWI‐SC. Results of the study showed that: (1) TKD adolescents had high level (mean points) of SWB as measured by the PWI‐SC, i.e., 81.95 (95%CI: 79.70 to 84.20); (2) there was no significant difference in SWB among the three groups of TKD adolescents (lower, middle and high level belts) (F(2, 81) = 1.58, p > .05.); and (3) when compared with non‐TKD adolescents, TKD adolescents were found to have a significantly higher mean points of SWB, (t = 4.25(77.97), p < 0.001; d = 0.79). Overall, the results of this study indicated the training of TKD can have a positive contribution to adolescents' well‐being.

Previous Western sociological research on Eastern martial arts has identified a tension between ‘traditional’ Eastern forms of practice and ‘modernised’ Western methods of training and competition. Particularly, the ‘sportisation’ of Eastern styles, where combat-centred arts based upon moral philosophies have transformed more or less into competitive activities following Western models of rationalised sport, has been an important theme. However, it is also suggested that Eastern martial arts hold special significance in the West for their seemingly esoteric nature. In this regard, such martial arts are considered significant because they are not ‘sports’, but rather disciplines with fairly different connotations for practitioners. Drawing on interview data, this paper explores how Western practitioners of Eastern martial arts articulate this difference, principally by examining the place of martial artistry in British men’s narratives of masculinity. Comparing themselves favourably to assumed, typical visions of Western sporting masculinity, such men draw upon the imagined uniqueness of their martial arts to construct a sense of moral superiority over other men. In so doing, they contribute to a rejection of what they believe to be ‘mainstream’ sporting Western masculinity, thus indicating the role that ‘alternative’ visions of physical culture can play in men’s active constructions of gender.

Background: In taekwondo (TKD), the incidence of concussion is four times greater than in American gridiron football. Biomechanical studies of concussion in taekwondo are scarce. Research question: To assess the effect of head impact biomechanics as a result of taekwondo kicks. Type of study: Between-groups design. Methods: Two male (22.0±0.0 years, 184±0.0cm, 81.3±1.8 kg) and two female (0.0±2.8 years, 171.0±1.4 cm, 63.0±5.2 kg) elite taekwondo athletes participated in this study. Head linear acceleration (RLA) and head injury criterion (HIC) data were collected from five different head kicks randomly performed five times. A Hybrid II Crash Dummy head (H2D) was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer. Results: Significant differences were found between kicks in RLA (eta2=3.8) and HIC (eta2=4.6) in the men and women (RLA, eta2=4.5 and HIC, eta2=4.7). Post-hoc analyses showed differences in RLA between the jump back kick (61.6±31.0 g) and clench axe kick (33.3±11.1 g) in males (ES=0.9). HIC analysis revealed differences between the jump back kick (556.8±679.2) and jump hook kick (191.0±37.2) (ES=0.7) and in head velocity between the turning kick (5.0±0.5 m.s-1) and jump hook kick (3.2±1.3 m.s-1, ES=1.1) in the males. In the females, there was a difference between the jump back (HIC: 236.8±104.3) and clench axe kicks (22.2±11.2) (ES=1.2) and in foot velocity between the turning (15.7±1.2 m.s-1) and clench axe kicks (9.1±2.3 m.s-1) (ES=1.2). Conclusions: Previous research reported RLA values of 67.0 g (HIC=167) in boxing compared to 72.8 g (HIC=667) in TKD. These high magnitudes of injury-related measures highlight the need for the implementation of more safety precautions. Keywords: taekwondo, head injury criterion, acceleration, concussion, kick

El proyecto es la continuidad de una investigación realizada a nivel técnico, tecnólogo para fortalecerla nivel profesional, donde se pretende demostrar la viabilidad de crear una academia de Taekwondo en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali, evidenciándose que es una oportunidad de negocio la formación de este deporte dividió en 3 grupos (iniciación, recreación y competición) donde se identifica una problemática que cada día es más evidente la inadecuada utilización del tiempo libre por parte de los niños, jóvenes y adultos, aumentando drásticamente el sedentarismo y por ende, enfermedades asociadas al sobre peso, lo cual se puede asociar a la falta de lugares donde se pueda aprender y practicar este deporte en la capital vallecaucana.
Sin duda el taekwondo debe ser un deporte que debe formar a deportistas de alto rendimiento impulsándolos a ser ganadores en diferentes competiciones a nivel nacional e internacional, este es el propósito que busca la academia de Taekwondo Titanes, de generar un impacto social, cultural y deportivo en cada uno de los practicantes.

Palabras Claves: Emprendimiento, deporte, academia, defensa personal, taekwondo.

This article relates the training of gendai budō/mudo to theatrical performance. While there are already studies that discuss theatricality in martial arts, the aim of this paper is to provide a systematic overview of the theatrical structuring of elements of martial arts training. This could be further developed in the study of different martial arts and in comparative case studies. For this purpose, Andreas Kotte's theory of scenic processes is used to arrange different phenomena in martial arts training systematically, representing the constitutive aspects of theatricality as derived from theatre and performance art. Gendai budō/mudo are used as cases to elaborate a systematic approach to the analysis of martial arts as theatrical performance. These examples were chosen because of their emphasis on aesthetics and technical expertise, rather than practical fighting applications. While theatricality in martial arts is usually seen as something for enjoyment or possibly to improve and display athleticism, it is argued here that theatricality has to be viewed as a mode of communication to convincingly elevate and spread information. It is therefore possible to trace ideological features such norms, values, and ideals in the theatrical staging of martial arts training. Martin Minarik has studied Philosophy, History, as well as Theatre-, Film-, and Media Studies in Bielefeld/Germany and Vienna/ Austria. During that time, he was also a member of the off-theatre ensemble FLEISCHEREI_mobil, which he still collaborates with as an independent choreographer and performer. He is currently working at the faculty of cultural sciences at the Paderborn University, while also a PhD candidate at Hamburg University. His research includes East Asian, especially Korean, martial arts, cultural theory, theatre and performance studies, and sociological practice theory. He has practiced different martial arts since 2002, especially kukki-style taekwondo.

This is the Curriculum Vitae of Jeronimo de Souza, Law Analist at TRE-RS and Muay Thai fighter. He born in São Bernardo do Campo  at 1966-11-11. He's married and stepfather of two girls and a boy. Love to write comic scripts and drive to places like Torres, Gramado, etc...

This paper addresses sex integration in martial arts and combat sports, discussing the implications of mixed-sex training for challenging orthodox Western constructions of gender. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 37 long-term martial arts practitioners from around the English East Midlands between 2007–2011, the paper argues that restrictive, essentialist and hierarchal conceptions of sex difference can be challenged through integrated training practices. The paper advocates the “undoing” of gender in this regard as helping to build a more progressive, inclusive and liberal form of physical culture, seen as a key potential of sex-integrated training. To that end, the paper makes a number of proposals for instructors and practitioners interested in developing such inclusive environments in their own clubs and training settings.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la interpretación predictiva de la acción táctica del adversario, en deportistas masculinos juveniles con un mínimo de dos años y un máximo seis años de entrenamiento de taekwondo. Con un diseño descriptivo cualitativo. Su metodología fue triangular una instrumentalización a través de una entrevista expostfacto (la cual, se analizo bajo criterios de concordancia o discordancia del discurso), descripción de los acontecimientos y videogr abación. Consecuentemente los resultados muestran un predominio de discordancia entre la triangulación sistemática desarrollada para el análisis del estudio. Acorde a los objetivos se identificó y caracterizó bajo análisis sistemático, concluyendo un predominio en la discordancia de los proceso tácticos en los deportistas, consecuentemente los límites de esta investigación son de orden particular, pudiendo servir como referencia específica, más su metodología extrapolarse aplicar y utilizar con otros grupos de estudio. La confiabilidad del instrumento utilizado se manifiesta en la triangulación instrumentalizada por consistencia interna consecuentemente.

Palabras Clave: Taekwondo, Táctica, combate

Interviews with Mirzahid Mirdjalalov, Vice President of Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo of Uzbekistan, WTF GMS Event Assistant Sarvar Shamusarov, Dr. Abbos Latipov, Secretary General of the Uzbekistan WTF Association, Farrukh Usmanov, Director of the Academy of Art of Uzbekistan International Caravanserai of Culture of Ikuo Hirayama, and Sheyko Constantine, Chief Supervisor Archeologist of Silk Road sites in Uzbekistan working out of the Uzbekistan International Caravanserai of Culture, and photos by author

Martial arts should be the therapy of choice over verbal psychotherapy for youths in Southeast Asia afflicted with hostile aggressive tendencies. This is due to martial arts’ legitimacy as a therapeutic approach accounted for by its efficacy in having a holistic impact on the individual, from physical, psycho, social to emotional. Comparatively speaking, martial arts is preferred over verbal psychotherapy as a therapeutic approach because of its cultural appropriateness, developmental appropriateness and superiority in therapeutic delivery. We usually treat youths with behavioural problems by giving them the stick (punishment) or sending them to clinical therapy. Given that, martial arts has proven its legitimacy and suitability as a therapeutic approach because of its efficacy and cultural appropriateness, how about considering martial arts therapy as the intervention of choice next time we meet such youths?

The objective of this study is the determination and comparison of the body composition and somatotypes of the elite level Turkish and foreign taekwondo athletes. Totally 93 taekwondo athletes, being 45 Turkish (27 male, 18 female) and 48 foreign (35 male, 13 female) in the age range of 17-27, taking part in the national teams of their countries participated in the study. Sportive ages, heights, body weights, body mass index, body fat percentages, and somatotype of taekwondo players were determined. The difference between the groups was analyzed by t test in independent groups. The analyses were conducted in the SPSS 16.0 package program and 0,05 was accepted as a significance  level. No significant difference was determined between Turkish and foreign athletes in all the measured variables in the male and female athletes (p>0.05). It was determined in the study that Turkish male athletes were mesomorph-ectomorph and that of foreign male athletes were mesomorphic ectomorph, and that of Turkish and foreign female athletes were central. As a result, we can say that the Turkish and foreign national team taekwondo players have similar body composition and somatotype.

El objetivo de este artículo es determinar la relación entre ansiedad estado y autoconfianza res- pecto del resultado competitivo en deportistas categoría juveniles, todas las divisiones, género masculinos del deporte Taekwondo. Su metodología en el estudio descriptivo es correlacionar, dentro de un marco cuantitativo, la muestra intencionada con una cantidad de 100 sujetos, con- secuentemente las variables expuestas son evaluadas a través de criterios psicológicos y de carác- ter competitivos. Acorde a la conclusión con los objetivos se verificó la correlación bajo análisis estadístico a través, de un trabajo sistemático, con software SPSS versión 22.0 consecuentemente los resultados muestran una nula correlación significativa entre ansiedad estado y el resultado competitivo, como también una correlación negativa significativa a mayor autoconfianza positiva, mejor es el resultado competitivo, los límites de esta investigación son de orden general, pudiendo servir como referencia específica y su metodología extrapolarse, aplicar y utilizar con otros grupos de estudio en el trabajo cuantitativo. La confiabilidad del instrumento utilizado se manifiesta sobre 0.87% por consistencia interna consecuentemente.

Love Fighting Hate Violence is a campaign aiming to raise awareness of the important moral difference between sport-based combat, and violence. It seeks to encourage practitioners and fans of martial arts and combat sports to reflect on this distinction, and to encourage various forms of anti-violence action within and through their different disciplines. This manifesto aims to clarify some of the central ideas and objectives of LFHV. It outlines the reasoning behind the campaign, points to the general spirit of what we hope it can achieve, and also hints at some ways it could be put into practice.

NB - the manifesto is also available in Polish and Spanish via our website, www.lfhv.org/manifesto - other translations to follow.