The Transtheoretical Model

Current study was aimed at analyzing the phenomenon of bullying, identifying the bullies and victims involved in its incidence and reducing the incidence by implementing anti-bullying interventions at tertiary stage through training and coaching. Individual level and group level anti-bullying interventions of training and coaching were implemented at tertiary stage. Out of 266 respondents in pretest, 25 were identifi ed as bullies from which 22 participated as the subjects in anti-bullying intervention implementation at tertiary stage. Previous studies suggested to use tertiary stage anti-bullying interventions to reduce the incidence of workplace bullying. With respect to medium, use of training followed by coaching of bullies were suggested to implement anti-bullying interventions. Results revealed signifi cant reduction in bullying behaviors of subject bullies in posttest stage with a large effect size. Academia and practitioners can take guidance from the fi ndings of current study to reduce the incidence of workplace bullying. Current study utilized individual level and group level anti-bullying interventions. However, policy level and organizational level interventions should also be tested to broaden the magnitude of anti-bullying intervention's effect.

Measurement theory and practice defines how well we can measure the most important constructs in the health behavior field. This article reviews the sequential process of measurement development that builds upon both theory and evidence, as well as building toward the future of measurement development. Some basic measurement theory and concepts are reviewed, including types of reliability and validity. The process of scale development and selection is described in some detail with clear advise for choosing ...