Theophylline

This is the first study reporting the presence of endogenous caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in all organs of poplar plants. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used in order to evaluate the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of caffeine-(trimethyl-(13)C) in Populus alba L. Villafranca clone grown in hydroponic conditions. We investigated the remediation of caffeine since it is one of the most widely consumed drugs and it is frequently detected in wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface water, and groundwater worldwide. Our results demonstrated that poplar can absorb and degrade exogenous caffeine without negative effects on plant health. Data showed that concentrations of all endogenous compounds varied depending on caffeine-(trimethyl-(13)C) treatments. In particular, in control conditions, endogenous caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline were mainly distributed in roots. On the other hand, once caffeine-(trimethyl-(13)C) was provided, this compound and its dimethy-(13)C metabolites are mainly localized at leaf level. In conclusion, our results support the possible use of Villafranca clone in association with other water treatment systems in order to complete the process of caffeine remediation.

Alcohol clamping is a technique that maintains a constant breath alcohol Concentration (BrAC) for prolonged intervals, thereby reducing experimental variance in the timc course of organ exposure to alcohol, when compared with oral alcohol administration paradigms. ...

In this study some affinity and dielectric properties of molecularly imprinted (MIP) conducting polymer-polypyrrole (Ppy) based thin films were evaluated. Films of polypyrrole molecularly imprinted with theophylline (MIP-Ppy) and non-imprinted polypyrrole (NIP-Ppy) were formed on boron doped silicon (Si) substrates in order to evaluate the efficiency of Ppy to bind theophylline. The substrates were modified with boron-doped oxygen terminated nanocrystalline diamond (B:NCD:O) The dielectric properties of B:NCD:O/Ppy-based multi-layered structures were analyzed using spectroscopic ellipsometry and spectrophotometric techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was applied for the investigation of kinetics of theophylline interaction with MIP-Ppy and NIP-Ppy. The sensitivity of molecularly imprinted and non-imprinted polymer films was analyzed by injection of different theophylline concentrations. Assuming that Ppy film electrical capacitance change is a result of Ppy dielectric constant change induced by absorbed theophylline molecules, the electrical capacitance change (ΔC) kinetics at different concentrations of theophylline was analyzed using first pseudo order kinetic equation. The dissociation equilibrium constant KD of MIP-Ppy/theophylline complex at room temperature was calculated as 1.7·10-8 M, and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) of MIP-Ppy/theophylline complex formation was calculated as-43.5 kJ/mol. It was concluded that molecularly imprinted polypyrrole thin film could be used for the detection of theophylline.

Aminophylline is common used for treating asthma in Indonesia and has narrow therapeutic index.
Despite of its affordable price, data on the safety of using aminophylline is still poorly documented.
The aims of this study is to analyze the safety of using aminophylline based on Adverse Drug Reaction
(ADR) in hospitalized patients. This study used retrospective design by collecting 2-years-data of
hospitalized patients. Using purposive sampling methods, samples were collected from patients who
received aminophylline for asthma therapy. ADR event were recorded and evaluated based on some
literatures. It was evaluated by Naranjo Scale, a common tool to identify the probability of ADR related
drug. From 41 patients who used aminophylline for their exacerbation in asthma treatment, there was
one suspected incident of ADR events related to hypertension with tachycardia. In general, aminophylline
would improve symptoms in hospitalized patients with asthma. This study demonstrates that aminophylline
is safe although there was only one suspected incident of ADR which could be recorded during
these observations. However, for further research it still requires observation from laboratory tests and
communication with patients and other healthcare workers.

The objects of this investigation were (i) to prepare and characterize a new anhydrous theophylline phase that is metastable under ambient conditions, and (ii) to prepare model tablet formulations containing either this metastable anhydrate (I*) or stable anhydrous theophylline (I), store them under different relative humidity (RH) conditions, and compare their dissolution behavior. I* was prepared by dehydration of theophylline monohydrate (II). Variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry of II revealed the following series of transitions: II I* I. The metastable anhydrate, I*, which has not yet been reported in the literature, appears to be related monotropically to I. It was characterized by ambient and variable temperature X-ray powder diffractometry, Karl Fischer titrimetry, and thermoanalytical techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). Tablet formulations containing either I* or I were prepared and stored at 33 and 52% RH (room temperature). The solid state of the drug was monitored by X-ray powder diffractometry and the tablets were subjected to the USP dissolution test. In tablets, I* completely converted to I in ≤ 10 days when stored at either 33 or 52% RH. Scanning electron microscopy provided direct visual evidence of recrystallization. This recrystallization was accompanied by a decrease in the dissolution rate of the stored formulations that was so pronounced in the formulations stored at 52% RH that they failed the USP dissolution test. The in situ solid-state transition appears to be responsible for the decrease in dissolution rate observed following storage. Stored tablets containing I showed neither a phase transition nor an alteration in their dissolution behavior.

Controlled release by oral administration is mainly achieved by pharmaceuticals based on hydrogels. Once swallowed, a matrix made of hydrogels experiences water up-take, swelling, drug dissolution and diffusion, polymer erosion. The detailed understanding and quantification of such a complex behavior is a mandatory prerequisite to the design of novel pharmaceuticals for controlled oral delivery. In this work, the behavior of hydrogel-based matrices has been investigated by means of several experimental techniques previously pointed out (gravimetric, and based on texture analysis); and then all the observed features were mathematically described using a physical model, defined and recently improved by our research group (based on balance equations, rate equations and swelling predictions). The agreement between the huge set of experimental data and the detailed calculations by the model is good, confirming the validity of both the experimental and the theoretical approaches.

A simple, low-cost thin-layer chromatography (TLC) procedure to estimate the quality of simple pharmaceuticals in tablet form is described together with easily built equipment to carry out the test in the field. The approach is demonstrated for theophylline, but can be used to assay the drug content of any tablet or to determine its dissolution or disintegration characteristics. The procedure can be used in the field without the need for any instrumentation.