Theoretical astrophysics

Under the two initial 1-D one parameter velocity distribution forms (one is normal, the other is exponential), the z direction scale height evolution of normal neutron stars in the Galaxy is studied by numerical simulation. We do statistics for the cases at different time segments, also do statistics for the cumulative cases made of each time segment. The results show in the cumulative cases the evolution curves of the scale heights are smoother than in the each time segment, i.e., the cumulation improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Certainly the evolution cases are different at different Galactic disk locations, which also have very large difference from the average cases in the whole disk. In the initial stages of z evolution of normal neutron stars, after the beginning transient states, the cumulative scale heights increase linearly with time, and the cumulative scale height increasing rates have linear relationship with the initial velocity distribution parameters, which have larg...

Based upon previous discussions on the structure of compact stars geared towards undergraduate physics students, a real experiment involving two upper-level undergraduate physics students, a beginning physics graduate, and two advanced graduate students was conducted. A recent addition to the physics curriculum at Florida State University, "The Physics of Stars", sparked quite a few students' interests in the subject matter involving stellar structure. This, coupled with "Stars and Statistical Physics" by Balian and Blaizot and "Neutron Stars for Undergraduates" by Silbar and Reddy, is the cornerstone of this small research group who tackled solving the structure equations for compact objects in the Summer of 2004. Through the use of a simple finite-difference algorithm coupled to Microsoft Excel and Maple, solutions to the equations for stellar structure are presented in the Newtonian regime appropriate to the physics of white dwarf stars.

Over time a few physicists have held out hope and suggested that the elusive (sterile) neutrino might actually be a disguised tachyon and could be the key to unraveling some of the universe's best-kept secrets.
The tachyon ... a hypothetical particle that always moves faster than light ... could reveal a plausible answer in e.g. Dark and Anti Matter (?)

The non-equilibrium thermodynamics of relativistic systems have a rich phenomenology. The simplest phenomenon in the class of dissipative processes is that of heat. This letter presents a brief summary of the efforts made to tackle the problem of relativistic heat conduction. In particular, we focus on the multi-fluid approach to relativistic dissipation.

My work here is the Determine Age of Open Star Clusters. Star clusters, as the name suggests are very large group of stars that are gravitationally bound. They are at the same distance from earth and are of the same age. By analyzing them we can find information about the evolution of different type of stars and clusters. There can be two types of clusters; Open star clusters and Globular star clusters. On comparison with Globular star clusters, Open star clusters are gravitationally loosely bound and young, mainly consisting of blue stars. Open clusters will often disrupt due to the gravitational influence of nearby giant molecular cloud even before the stars in it die. It will be having a few hundreds of stars and they are confined to the galactic planes, in the spiral arms of the galaxies. In this project I am using the data from Gaia DR2, which comprises of 46 open star clusters. I find the age of these clusters using two methods; Using theory of stellar evolution and Stellar isochrone fitting methods with the help of Excel and TOPCAT software.

Via decrement of mass of planets, we can send the entire planets to far space orbital allocations. We can convert physical matter into energy, it can either get irradiated to outer space, get transmitted back to Earth's potential energy, get used as a self-propellant, or it can get used in a complex model of these systems; it decreases the mass of the planet. By conversion of the matter to energy, Earth will lose some mass that decreases the gravitational fields for Earth; the formulas of the current research are deduced to control the movements of the planets. Celestial bodies, like any other mechanical systems which follow, and are based on, the physical laws of mechanics and dynamical systems, follow these laws. So since the celestial object “A” exerts the “F” force on the celestial object “B”, the celestial object “B” exerts an interactive force “F” on the celestial object “A” also. All celestial objects exert gravitational influences on each other. Scientists believe, once upon a time, the Sun would be much hotter than what it is today. By that point, this high temperature leads to extinction of the entire existence of life on Earth. When the gravitational force changes, a space particle may either get departed from the other particle or come closer to the other particle.

So little is understood about the nature of being/existence, that one might be lead to ask the following somewhat ridiculous questions: Is our universe coherent? And if so, does our coherent universe have coherency limits? Does our universe have limits? Outside of our universe, does frequency have limits? Outside of the envelope of our universe do all things still require a sufficient cause,  could gravitational covariance apply outside of our universe?
This short article  will look at the question: How does Planck scale determinism arise, and how does it inform quantum mechanics?

Abstract
We still analyze Jupiter Data - the paper tries to answer the following questions: 
1. Why the three inner planets distances to Jupiter = their orbital circumferences but not accurately (with error 1%)?
Specifically
a. Venus Jupiter Distance 673 mkm = Venus orbital circumference 680 mkm
b. Earth Jupiter Distance 930 mkm = Earth orbital circumference 940 mkm (In this cases Earth and Jupiter should be at 2 different sides from the sun so 778.6 mkm +149.6 mkm = 930 mkm)
c. Mercury moves during its day period (175.94 solar days) a distance = 720.7 mkm= Mercury Jupiter distance 
2. Do these 3 planets define their orbital circumferences depend on their distances to Jupiter? If yes,  How?
3. Can Jupiter with the inner planets (including Mars) consist one system move together as a train carriages?
Paper Conclusions
I- There's A Light Velocity =1.16 mkm/Sec
II- Jupiter effects On The Inner Planets Periods Of Time

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

This article is the transcript of the audio-visual presentation titled ‘Wormholes: Science Fiction or Pure Fantasy?’ [7] prior to Hollywood’s release of the movie ‘Interstellar’, the plot of which involves astronauts travelling through a wormhole to save the Human Race. It is explained in simply terms why the wormhole has no relation to reality, just as the black hole has no relation to reality.

All alleged black hole solutions pertain to a universe that is spatially infinite, is eternal, contains only one mass, is not expanding, and is asymptotically flat or asymptotically curved. But the alleged big bang cosmology pertains to a universe that is spatially finite (one case) or spatially infinite (two different cases), is of finite age, contains radiation and many masses including multiple black holes (some of which are primordial), is expanding, and is not asymptotically anything. Thus the black hole and the big bang contradict one another – they are mutually exclusive. The black hole is almost universally claimed to be predicted by General Relativity. It is surprisingly easy to prove that this is not true. Similarly it is very often claimed that Newton’s theory of gravitation also predicts the black hole, but this too is very easily proven to be erroneous. Despite numerous claims for discovery of black holes in their millions, nobody has ever actually found one.  In addition it is not very difficult to prove that General Relativity violates the usual conservation of energy and momentum, with only a little use of mathematics. The simple proofs also demonstrate that all ‘singularity theorems’ related to General Relativity are invalid. Fundamentally there are contradictions contained in the very physical principles of General Relativity, combined with invalid mathematics, which render the theory untenable. It is the object of this paper to provide the proofs without the complicated mathematics usually associated with the subject.

Abstract
- The rate 1.0725 is found frequently between many solar planets orbital and internal distances (a constant rate)
- I suggest this rate is found because of Lorentz Contraction Phenomenon
i.e.
- There's a difference in velocities = "light velocity" between 2 motions in the solar group (even if we can't measure or notice this velocities difference)
i.e.
There's More Than One Frame In The Solar Group

This paper suggests a clear argument as following:
1. The solar group is created by light beams, but we see these light beams in different forms (as matters and distances)

2. We see the light as matter (Specifically, bright fringes produced by light coherence we see as matters, where dark fringes we see as distances)

3. We see bright fringes as matters because our mind works by light velocity (Mind Thinking Process), so the whole matter around us is found because of the human mind effect.

4. to enable us to see the sun rays, Earth has to move with light velocity relative to the sun, to create a difference in velocities = c velocity

5. So, the sun creation depends on the difference in Earth and Sun motions = c velocity.

6. That's why Lorentz contraction phenomenon is seen in the solar orbital and internal distances, specifically with the constant rate = 1.0725, (which equals 7.25%), where the sun obliquity to ecliptic (7.25 degrees).

7. means, the sun creation process contains Lorentz Phenomenon Effect on the solar orbital and internal distances (and on many other values) 
8. The Distance can be defined as "A Form Of Energy", which is proved by the moon orbit regression yearly 19 degrees (Metonic Cycle) (otherwise how distance can move?) (that supports the claim that, distances are dark fringes produced by light coherence)

This Paper Consists Of 2 Parts
1st Part    : Theory Of Matter Creation
2nd Part    : Application on the theory (the solar group creation from the light) 
 Starting From The Solar Group First Energy
 Explaining The Energy Coherence (light coherence)
 Discovering The Matter Creation
 Providing The Solar Group Motions Harmony Reasons

Relativity theory treats spacetime as a mathematical abstraction—a four-dimensional coordinate system analogous to the three dimensions of Cartesian geometry. It does not exist, per se. It is not a “thing” in any tangible sense. It merely serves as the background needed to describe the behaviors of the “real” things that exist within it. It is no more than the stage on which the cosmic drama plays out. That’s the theory.
    What if spacetime exists after all? Are we not obliged to take this stuff seriously and start asking questions? What are its properties? Where did it come from? Is spacetime a simple or a composite thing? Can it be broken into simpler parts? If not, are we compelled to wonder if spacetime is actually the fundamental substance of the universe? And how does this remarkable stuff come together to form the physical world around us?
    The Substance of Spacetime sets out to investigate these very mysteries and the results are truly exciting. Treating spacetime, not merely as a coordinate system, but as a real physical substance, opens a window onto reality that would otherwise be impossible to even contemplate.

Since the beginning of human history people have always wondered about the cosmos however limited the educational horizons of a generation might be. People also have always wondered about space and time and the relation they bear to the unfurling of life from birth to death and the implications of the many faces of this topical question. Albert Einstein provides an angle to this issue and this will be used as a stepping stone to introduce a new perspective that proves to be challenging and very creative and which is derived from a spiral conception of space and time within the frameworks of an emergent Spiral Theory of Everything contrary to the existing linear and cyclic conceptions.

The so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ is not Schwarzschild’s solution, but a corruption, due to David Hilbert (December 1916), of the Schwarzschild/Droste solution, wherein m is allegedly the mass of the source of an associated gravitational field and the quantity r is said to be able to go down to zero (although no proof of this claim has ever been advanced), so that there are two alleged ‘singularities’, one at r = 2m and another at r = 0. It is routinely claimed that r = 2m is a ‘coordinate’ or ‘removable’ singularity which denotes the so-called ‘Schwarzschild radius’ (event horizon) and that a ‘physical’ singularity is at r = 0. The quantity r in the so-called ‘Schwarzschild solution’ has never been rightly identified by the physicists, who, although proposing many and varied concepts for what r denotes, effectively treat it as a radial distance from a source of the gravitational field at the origin of coordinates. The consequence of this is that the intrinsic geometry of the metric manifold has been violated. It is easily proven that the said quantity r is in fact the inverse square root of the Gaussian curvature of a spherically symmetric geodesic surface in the spatial section of the ‘Schwarzschild solution’ and so does not in itself define any distance whatsoever in the that manifold. With the correct identification of the associated Gaussian curvature it is also easily proven that there is only one singularity associated with all Schwarzschild metrics, of which there is an infinite number that are equivalent. Thus, the standard removal of the singularity at r = 2m is, in a very real sense, removal of the wrong singularity, very simply demonstrated herein. In addition, the ‘field equations’ Rμν = 0 define a spacetime that contains no matter, and since the ‘Principle of Superposition’ does not apply in General Relativity, it is impossible for Schwarzschild black holes to persist and mutually interact in a mutual spacetime that by construction contains no matter. Consequently, there are no black holes associated with the equations Rμν = 0 and therefore no related gravitational waves.

In contact binaries mass transfer is usually non-conservative which ends into loss of mass as well as angular momentum in the system. In the present work we have presented a new mathematical model of the non-conservative mass transfer with a uniform mass accretion rate in a contact binary system with lower angular momentum. The model has been developed under the consideration of reverse mass transfer which may occur simultaneously with the original mass transfer as a result of the large scale circulations encircling the entire donor and a significant portion of the gainer. These circulations in contact binaries with lower angular momentum are caused by the overflow of the critical equipotential surface by both components of the binary system making the governing system more intricate and uncertain.

The golden ring to which most physicists aspire is a unified field theory that incorporates all of modern and classical physics. Some scientists and others call this a TOE or ‘theory of everything’, but it is no more than false hubris to believe that humans could possibly know and explain everything about the universe at this time. Einstein chased this goal for the last three decades of his life, basing his theoretical research on his general theory of relativity. Meanwhile, the vast majority of scientists supporting the other major accomplishment of the Second Scientific Revolution were investing all of their time and efforts to advancing the quantum theory and their quest has been extremely successful. They originally had no interest in a unified field theory. After Einstein died in 1955, his efforts were all but abandoned because of his philosophical stance against the prevalent Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory even though he had been one of quantum theory’s founders. During the 1970s the tables started to turn and quantum theorists became interested in unifying physics, although not from the foundational principles of relativity theory. They claimed that quantum theory was more fundamental than relativity so they began the same quest from a totally different direction despite their claims to be continuing Einstein’s quest.  Throughout the development of the ensuing standard quantum model, superstring theory and many other theoretical schemes, quantum theorists have remained resolute in their conviction that the quantum and relativity are mutually incompatible so the quantum must completely do away with and replace relativity once and for all. However, the quantum theory and relativity are not actually incompatible and, in fact, say the some of the same things about the nature of physical reality. When the similarities are fully defined and studied and the basic assumptions behind each of the theories are altered to reflect the similarities instead of the incompatibilities, only then can the point of their compatibility be determined and act as a unifying principle resulting in a completed unified field theory of the type that Einstein once sought. The development of this physical model of reality is not without irony. Not only is the quantum theory incomplete as Einstein argued in EPR, but Einstein’s general relativity is also seriously incomplete and true unification cannot be rendered complete at any level of reality until all the theoretical models being unified are themselves complete.

We still discuss the question " Can Jupiter effect on the Earth Moon?"
Let's summarize the main idea:
-I suppose the solar system is one building and each planet is a part of this same building – based on this vision – each planet data is created relative and complementary to the other planets data – i.e. the solar system is Not Separated Planets From Each Other but one building connecting together-
This is my vision I have explained in (Part I) clearly –
But
-Suppose the respectful reader doesn't believe me – suppose he finds the one building vision is an illogical idea and can't be acceptable practically – how can I provide a logical question concerning the solar system vision?

-In these 2 papers I try to prove a clear claim which is "The Earth Moon Is Created By An Effect From Jupiter" – that means – the Earth moon diameter (3475km) should be changed if Jupiter didn't effect on the Earth Moon Creation process – Similar to that the Earth Moon Mass, Orbital Distance.......etc
i.e.
-I provide in both papers (Data Analysis) Only – and try to prove that – this (moon) data is created because of Jupiter Effect on the moon creation process – How this effect is done? This question is out of our papers scope – my basic job to prove that – this Data (The Earth Moon Data) can never be created Unless Jupiter effected on the Moon Creation process.
Now
-If the respectful reader refuses my conclusion – what will happen? Someone should answer the question "Can This Data Be Created Without Jupiter Effect?" If Not – So we have a point in our progress to prove that the solar system is one machine – where Jupiter Effect on the Earth Moon Data proves that the solar system can't be separated planets from each other.
References
Can Jupiter effect on the Earth Moon? (I)
Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292

Since the age of three, I have been completely engaged in thinking about where I found myself since before birth;  reality.  I was born thinking dualistically and knew it.  This duality spun around in my head and I didn’t yet know what it was or how to express it or control it.  I just knew it was two different things in my fledgling consciousness.

It disturbed my thoughts to the extent I wished to be rid of the sense of division or opposites.  I relaxed and concentrated and asked for a little help and it all went away, poof, and only returned once due to my stupidity.

From then on I would either produce or have placed, complete, well formed ideas, in my head by simply thinking deeply about the nature of reality.  I have no idea how many three year olds have the experience of deep cogitation, but I did.

I am sure, I drove my parents and folks who worked for my Grandparents crazy with my questions about the universe and various abstract concepts.  I have always been naive and innocent about what other people think and know, believing that most people were and are aware of what has always been in my awareness.

I am now sixty six years old and, boy, was I mistaken about what others think about.  I assumed that people were like Sigmund Freud or Plato or Einstein or the people that worked in the near-by school of technology like Doctor Willard who worked on the Manhattan Project for the atomic bomb who I knew growing up and in collage.

I grow up reading the Book of Knowledge and Freud and Einstein and many other books in my Grandmothers library which I still possess.  I began buying books when I was in high school and continued until the world wide net and Pdf files came around.

These books were science fiction which has become a dead Art form, philosophical and metaphysical tomes, psychological and math and science.  Early on determining, I had a math block like my Father had, after Doctor Einstein had him tutored at Cal Tech when he was there briefly to see if he could overcome the block which he couldn’t.

This did not daunt my spirit, now, having enough of a grasp of quantum physics and astrophysics to meld these sciences with the philosophy of these subjects and the ancient art of thinking dialectically about the phenomenonological and the inner explorations of purely subjective consciousness and cogitation.  More simply put, a synthesis of a posteriori evolution and a prior involution of empirical reality of the human state of being.  In my experience it is all One or all this IS That.

I recall thinking, the day I understood what the empirical method in science and the scientific method in science were;  that I now had the tools to comprehend everything combined and together with pure reason derived from the dialectic which brought accurate visualization and synthesis of ideas and objective facts, measured by validity and reliability and truth based in fact. 

Facts are tri-dimensional occurrences in time and space which are just as real in our bodies and heads as they are outside of our bodies.  If facts are not the same thing in both states, objective and subjective, then knowledge is impossible and the study of epistemology is a complete waste of time.  There is then no solution for the epistemological difficulty demonstrated by the perfection of the mathematics of quantum physics.

There are physicists who now contend that we will never know what reality is made up of scientifically as we humans are simply not capable of comprehending the complexity of the quantum state.  I disagree because that quantum state exists right between my ears and I may observe it directly and examine what it is, ad infinitum.

I suppose I “worshiped” Doctor Albert Einstein and I still do, hearing from that early age about the final treasure to be accomplishment that the good doctor was working on as the Unified Field Theory.  I am fairly sure I have found the path to its synthesis and I could care less if anyone agrees with me because I know I am correct in my fundamental insights and visualizations and pure epistemology.

I think Doctor Einstein had most of it figured out until the quantum physicists distracted him from his original insights and formulations.  Had he continued to apply his astrophysics to the quantum physical world he would have found synthesis.  I think Doctor Higgs and associates and a couple of groups of Russian physicists are on the right track and are not mistaken in their visualizations.  As near as we may determine there is a Higgs Boson and likely five or more.

I think the scientific disciplines are very close to discovery of something more fundamental than fire or the genome or the Wmap or other profound discovers of science which are discussed in the ancient texts of India and more.  Ah, but what do I know?

When I was in grade school an idea came into my head that was geometrical in nature that drove me until 1970 when I finally was able to get it drawn on paper and copy righted and published with theory and name.  It has taken me until recently to actually write the whole idea down that others may comprehend.

The major thing that has always disturbed me is ego.  Ego is derived from the fear of death and the fear of inferiority which all people are unfortunately obsessed in either defending (me) or escaping the thought of doing (dying).  I do not give a crap about either state of consciousness that are really the same and are usually manifest as subconscious states in the majority of human beings.

My advice to any human being that has an ego they believe they need to defend or foist upon others is find the best method for each to get rid of it, the finite ego, because it is a disease process and malady derived from impressions of primitive evolution.  Good luck to one and all and I won’t hold my breath;  star seekers of all kinds being the worst condition of the disease. 

Just ask Robin Williams and other truly talented people that have stardom forced upon them by the people who wish to be like them and suffocate these talented souls to death with their desires.  This abnormal attention is what killed Jesus Christ who was God-Man and Melarepa the man-God of Tibet.  Jesus was in Nirvikalpa/Sahaj Samadhi and taught in Kashmiri until He dropped His vehicle and has a Samadhi (Tomb) in Kashmir where He lived and taught.   

These competing states of delusional thinking, fear of inferiority and death, are inherent relics of evolution and have kept humankind completely in the throws of utter ignorance and self induced stupidity and without recourse unless deeply  and humbly and actively sought.  In other words people who read this diatribe should consider waking the fuck up.

These willfully induced states bring us greed, warfare and mass stupidity in abundance and the proclivity of thinking dualistically, without objectivity, integration and dialectic synthesis.  The best en masse example of the stupid delusion is the socially engineered political parties that unfortunately thrive in the United States of America and overly influence the rest of the Worlds’ peoples. 

In other words, I think 98% of humanity are simply lost in a self induced delusion due to self generated fear of inferiority and death.  Get over it and kiss your ego goodbye, Chillan.’

The most important thing humanity totally doesn’t get is who, what, when, where, how and why they are.  All this information is now most available to anyone who has access to a computer connected to the world wide net, so there is no longer any excuse to remain stupid and ignorant if you can type, mouse, ask and read.  Soon we will be able to talk to these unfortunately necessary machines.

The big question, of course, is God the Tetragrammaton (Everything and/or Light) and God the tetrahedron (Nothing and/or light) a Man-God? 

This very paper is an attempt to bring this salient information to folks in a condensed and unified manner.  If you don’t get it, go study somewhere else until you do or remain an ignorant sot drunk on the beliefs of dogmatism when true knowledge is fluid and ever changing due to study and firmly based in science and empiricism.

Most importantly do not injure your person in your seeking knowledge for if you do you are doing something wrong, must stop and regroup until it feels good which is normal and natural.  You are your own best guide if you seek to avoid stupidity which is lying to one’s self and loving the lie which disrespects the Self which we seek love and acceptance from daily!

As the new millennium begins, science is entering a new era with a high expectation of another scientific revolution. Pundits and academics have all agreed that twentieth century science was dominated by physics, but the twenty-first century would witness a shift to biology. However true this may be, it would still seem more likely that physics and biology would come together to define life, mind and consciousness in the coming century. Recent trends in physics, characterized by changing attitudes toward the recognition of alternative physical models of the universe that are friendlier and more oriented toward biological interpretations, support this view of the future of science.  Within the physics community, most of twentieth century physics was dominated by the strict interpretation of the quantum worldview and paradigm at the expense of relativity theory and the space-time continuum. Yet, since the 1970s the acceptance of Einstein’s personal goal of unification as a goal for all of physics and science, including progress toward a ‘theory of everything’, has come to be regarded as a good thing. Still, most efforts toward this goal have come from within the quantum paradigm as represented by the successes and extensions of ‘unified field theories’.  The various ‘unified field theories’ have been unbelievably successful in describing specific aspects of nature, but they are not without serious problems. In answer to those problems and shortcomings of the new extended quantum theories, new and novel attempts at unification have been undertaken from outside of the quantum paradigm while attempting to retain the accepted scientific features and successes of the quantum theories. These alternative models of reality are more conducive to explaining life, mind and consciousness as well as those aspects of nature that are presently considered paranormal by science, such as the various alternative forms of healing.

The search for extrasolar planets is strongly motivated by the goal of characterizing how frequent habitable worlds and life may be within the Galaxy. Whilst much effort has been spent on searching for Earth-like planets, large moons may also be common, temperate abodes for life as well. The methods to detect extrasolar moons, or "exomoons" are more subtle than their planetary counterparts and in this thesis I aim to provide a method to find such bodies in transiting systems, which offer the greatest potential for detection. Before one can search for the tiny perturbations to the planetary signal, an understanding of the planetary transit must be established. Therefore, in Chapters 3 to 5 I discuss the transit model and provide several new insights. Chapter 4 presents new analytic expressions for the times of transit minima and the transit duration, which will be critical in the later search for exomoons. Chapter 5 discusses two sources of distortion to the transit signal, namely blending (with a focus on the previously unconsidered self-blending scenario) and light curve smearing due to long integration times. I provide methods to compensate for both of these effects, thus permitting for the accurate modelling of the planetary transit light curve. In Chapter 6, I discuss methods to detect exomoons through their gravitational influence on the host planet, giving rise to transit timing and duration variations (TTV and TDV). The previously known TTV effect is updated with a new model and the associated critical problems are outlined. I then predict a new effect, TDV, which solves these problems, making exomoon detection viable. Chapter 7 presents a feasibility study for detecting habitable-zone exomoons with Kepler, where it is found that moons down to 0.2 Earth masses are detectable. Finally, conclusions and future work are discussed in Chapter 8.

Nuclear Spin is a Vector Quantity and not a Scalar.  Pauli's logic about the (alleged) Nuclear Spin of Neutrinos is not credible.

The Brilliant Wolfgang Pauli's Logical Blunder of 1930

As of yet, 2020, no experiment has ever been done which has confirmed that Neutrinos actually exist. It took 25 years after Wolfgang Pauli (incorrectly) speculated that Neutrinos must exist, before the first claim of an experimental confirmation was made. In 1956, some creative assumptions were made by Reines and Cowan. They devised their own unique detector, which involved needing protons, neutrons, positrons and electrons (in order to try to prove the existence of a Neutrino). A Nuclear Reactor was found to have produced a handful of unexpected responses in their detector and they announced it as proving the Neutrino.

NO ACTUAL NEUTRINOS were ever found but instead only a microscopic number of creative sequences of nuclear processes. One of those processes also resulted in a burst of gamma radiation. A later process resulted in a second burst of gamma radiation. Based on a lot of speculative assumptions, Reines and Cowan calculated the time delay they expected between the two gamma radiation bursts. Based on this, an assumed sequence of nuclear events which resulted in two unique gamma radiation bursts, Reines and Cowan announced that the had proven the existence of a Neutrino. All their experiment had actually proved was that some (unknown) processes took place where two gamma bursts occurred, where no reference to any Neutrino at all was ever involved. But this specific experiment, inside a nuclear reactor, is still considered the "absolute proof of Neutrinos". NO ACTUAL EXPERIMENT, during the following 60 years has ever (yet) even detected a single Neutrino.

One of the smartest people ever, Wolfgang Pauli, saw that there seemed to be a serious error in nuclear physics, but then he made an even bigger logical blunder in thinking that he solved it. During the 1920s, Physicists had found that nuclear particles, Protons, Electrons and Neutrons each had "Spin", which meant that they had to comply with a "Conservation of Angular Momentum Law." There appeared to be a serious problem. Every 15 minutes, every Neutron did a "decay" (which later came to be known as a "Beta Decay"), where the Neutron "came apart" into a Proton and an Electron. This seemed to represent a serious problem. Each Neutron was known to have a "Nuclear Spin" of what is now called "1/2 unit", and it came apart into two new objects, which each had a "Nuclear Spin" of 1/2 unit. This was considered a catastrophe! They wrongly thought this meant that the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum must not be true! Unfortunately, they were thinking in what Physicists call "Scalar Addition" without realizing that all those Nuclear Spins were actually Vector quantities. Vectors add differently, like Geometrical quantities and not like simple Numbers.

Graphic of a Vector Addition Diagram of an equilateral triangle of Vectors

Dreadfully incorrect logic was used in trying to explain how and why a Neutron can Beta-Decay into a Proton and a Electron about every 15 minutes. During the 1920s, Physicists had discovered that the elementary particles Electrons, Protons and Neutrons each had a "Nuclear Spin" and all three surprised Physicists by having the exact same amount of this Nuclear Spin, of what is now commonly called "1/2 unit". When it was realized that every Neutron "came apart" into a Proton and an Electron, many Physicists were panicked. There is a basic Law in Physics called the Conservation of Angular Momentum. The entire Physics Community was troubled by a particle (a Neutron) having a Spin of 1/2 unit somehow coming apart into two new particles, an Electron and a Proton, each of which definitely had a Spin of 1/2 unit. And so Physicists were constantly discussing whether they might have to discard a basic Law, that of Conservation of Angular Momentum. Some people today have applied "Revisionist History" in claiming that Pauli was instead explaining some problem in Energy Conservation, but that was not actually the case. Energy is Conserved just fine in Beta-Decay. Pauli's focus was entirely based on what he thought was an Angular Momentum Conservation issue. The Beta-Decay of Neutrons soon became the "Nuclear problem of the Decade". Wolfgang Pauli took the lead in this matter, and he soon gave a "major speech" where he "explained to the world" how this could happen. Pauli announced that he had discovered that a "new particle" (which was later called a Neutrino) was also created in every Beta-Decay process, and Pauli explained that Nuclear Spin was thereby conserved:

Pauli claimed that 1/2 → 1/2 + 1/2 + -1/2 which is (Neutron) → (Proton) + (Electron) + (Anti-Neutrino). This Scalar Addition would have worked if Nuclear Spin had been Scalar quantities.

The Ten Assumptions of Science presents the logically coherent set of assumptions destined to define 21st century scientific philosophy. Glenn Borchardt first explains why assumptions and not absolutes are necessary for scientific thinking. By exploring the opposition between deterministic and indeterministic views, he clearly shows how critical choices among underlying assumptions either clarify or muddle scientific analysis.
He shows how customary mixtures of deterministic and indeterministic assumptions are responsible for the current confusion in modern physics. According to Dr. Borchardt, only rare physicists and philosophers have an inkling of the nature of time, space, energy, and matter. The need for reassessing our fundamental assumptions is indicated by the present sorry state of cosmology. Otherwise intelligent scientists promulgate the idea that the universe expanded from a tiny "singularity" smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. At the very least, adherence to Borchardt’s assumptions will contribute to the rejection of the "Big Bang Theory," which has surpassed the flat Earth theory as the greatest embarrassment to serious thinkers everywhere.

Although the book makes an excellent supplement to college courses in scientific philosophy, it is an astounding eye-opener for the educated reader with an interest in science and philosophy.

Since Einstein died in 1955, very few theoretical scientists have tried to complete his work because the pendulum of history has swung toward favoring field theories based on the quantum for the expected unification of physics. Nearly everyone now believes that the quantum (discrete point) and relativity (continuity) are incompatible and the quantum is more fundamental than relativity and continuity, so those who have sought unification have looked for new and unique quantum approaches to accomplish unification. However, the truth is that the quantum and relativity are not incompatible and the traditional differences between the two–discreteness and continuity, indeterminism and determinism–are just the outward appearances of an even deeper fundamental problem–geometric point and extension–that when solved renders relativity and the quantum completely compatible. This deeper problem is even more significant because Riemann knew of and failed to consider and even purposely ignored the problem of point-elements and based his differential geometry of surfaces on metric-elements alone. Therefore, expanding the Riemannian geometry to include point-elements, which can be interpreted as discrete points for the quantum, forms a fundamental enough foundation for developing a unified field theory.

The Catalogue of Spacetimes is a collection of four-dimensional Lorentzian spacetimes in the context of the General Theory of Relativity (GR). The aim of the catalogue is to give a quick reference for students who need some basic facts of the most well-known spacetimes in GR.

I extend my thanks to Professor Gerardus ‘t Hooft, Nobel Laureate in Physics, for making more widely known my work on black hole theory, big bang cosmology, and Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, by means of his personal website, and for providing me thereby with the opportunity to address the subject matter - supported by extensive references to primary sources for further information - in relation to his many comments, by means of this dedicated paper. The extensive mathematical appendices herein are not prerequisite to understanding the text.

A century and a half ago, a revolution in human thought began that has gone largely unrecognized by modern scholars: A system of non-Euclidean geometries was developed that literally changed the way that we view our world. At first, some thought that space itself was non-Euclidean and four-dimensional, but Einstein ended that ‘speculation’ when he declared that time was the fourth dimension. Yet our commonly perceived space is four-dimensional. Einstein unwittingly circumvented that particular revolution in thought and delayed its completion for a later day, although his work was also necessary for the completion of that revolution. That later day is now approaching. The natural progress of science has brought us back to the point where science again needs to consider the physical reality of a higher-dimensional space. Science must acknowledge the truth that space is four-dimensional and space-time is five-dimensional, as required by accepted physical theories and observations, before it can move forward with a new unified fundamental theory of physical reality. 

Keywords: four-dimensional, five-dimensional, space-time, Einstein, Clifford, Kaluza, Kaluza-Klein, magnetic vector potential, electromagnetism, Yukawa potential, expanding universe, general relativity, unification, Superstrings, Branes, Randall-Sundrum

Nearly three decades ago, a physical anomaly that should have shaken physics to its very foundations was observed: The galaxy rotation problem. The new concept of Cold Dark Matter was invoked to explain this anomaly. Alternative explanations such as Modified Newtonian Dynamics and models utilizing specific variations in Newton’s Universal Gravitational Constant have been proposed, but altering the basis of Newtonian physics by adding fudge factors to the laws of motion and/or gravity are aesthetically displeasing as well as completely unnecessary. The problem has been further complicated by the recent discovery of Dark Energy, which must be related to Dark Matter at some fundamental level. Both the Dark Matter halo that surrounds galaxies and the Dark Energy that seems to be propelling expansion in the universe at an increasing pace can be easily explained if scientists are willing to accept the physical reality of a fourth dimension of space, which amounts to a fifth dimension of space-time. Although space-like, this new dimension is uniquely different from the normal three dimensions of space. This solution may seem radical, but there is ample evidence in other areas of physics to support the existence of a fourth spatial dimension. What is commonly called Dark Matter is no more nor less than an extrinsic curvature of common space-time that is not directly associated with local matter, but is instead a local variation in the total or global curvature of the universe induced by nearby matter. 

Keywords: galactic rotation problem, halo, Dark Matter, CDM, HDM, Dark Energy, General Relativity, Kaluza, five-dimensional, fourth dimension, MOND, Modified Gravity, Randall-Sundrum, Branes, space-time, curvature

The Matter Creation:
1- The Energy is found before any Matter Birth
2- The Energy is in motion (always) 
3- The Energy motion creates relativistic effects (because the Energy has different velocities in her motion)
4- Lorentz Length Contraction effect causes to concentrate the Energy (Hypothesis) 
5- The matter is created from the Energy based on the quantum standardization
6- The Space is Energy but has different Energy density… 

7- There's a higher velocity in the solar group causes relativistic effects
8- We can't observe this higher velocity but we can observe the relativistic effects on the distances and periods values in the solar group…
9- These relativistic effects effect on Earth moon orbit, causes length contraction effect which enable the moon orbit to store the solar group main energy.