Tree Pruning

A potential objective of every financial organization is to retain existing customers and attain new prospective customers for long-term. The economic behaviour of customer and the nature of the organization are controlled by a prescribed form called Know Your Customer (KYC) in manual banking. Depositor customers in some sectors (business of Jewellery/Gold, Arms, Money exchanger etc) are with high risk; whereas in some sectors (Transport Operators, Auto-delear, religious) are with medium risk; and in remaining sectors (Retail, Corporate, Service, Farmer etc) belongs to low risk. Presently, credit risk for counterparty can be broadly categorized under quantitative and qualitative factors. Although there are many existing systems on customer retention as well as customer attrition systems in bank, these rigorous methods suffers clear and defined approach to disburse loan in business sector. In the paper, we have used records of business customers of a retail commercial bank in the city including rural and urban area of (Tangail city) Bangladesh to analyse the major transactional determinants of customers and predicting of a model for prospective sectors in retail bank. To achieve this, data mining approach is adopted for analysing the challenging issues, where pruned decision tree classification technique has been used to develop the model and finally tested its performance with Weka result. Moreover, this paper attempts to build up a model to predict prospective business sectors in retail banking.

Background: Assessment of liver fibrosis is a vital need for enabling therapeutic decisions and prognostic evaluations of chronic hepatitis. Liver biopsy is considered the definitive investigation for assessing the stage of liver fibrosis but it carries several limitations. FIB-4 and APRI also have a limited accuracy. The National Committee for Control of Viral Hepatitis (NCCVH) in Egypt has supplied a valuable pool of electronic patients' data that data mining techniques can analyze to disclose hidden patterns, trends leading to the evolution of predictive algorithms. Aim: to collaborate with physicians to develop a novel reliable, easy to comprehend noninvasive model to predict the stage of liver fibrosis utilizing routine workup, without imposing extra costs for additional examinations especially in areas with limited resources like Egypt. Methods: This multi-centered retrospective study included baseline demographic, laboratory, and histopathological data of 69106 patients with chronic hepatitis C. We started by data collection preprocessing, cleansing and formatting for knowledge discovery of useful information from Electronic Health Records EHRs. Data mining has been used to build a decision tree (Reduced Error Pruning tree (REP tree)) with 10-fold internal cross-validation. Histopathology results were used to assess accuracy for fibrosis stages. Machine learning feature selection and reduction (CfsSubseteval / best first) reduced the initial number of input features (N=15) to the most relevant ones (N=6) for developing the prediction model. Results: In this study, 32419 patients had F(0-1), 25073 had F(2) and 11615 had F(3-4). FIB-4 and APRI revalidation in our study showed low accuracy and high discordance with biopsy results, with overall AUC 0.68 and 0.58 respectively. Out of 15 attributes machine learning selected Age, AFP, AST, glucose, albumin, and platelet as the most relevant attributes. Results for REP tree indicated an overall classification accuracy up to 70% and ROC Area 0.74 which was not nearly affected by attribute reduction, and pruning. However attribute reduction, and 316 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) tree pruning were associated with simpler model easy to understand by physician with less time for execution. Conclusion: This study we had the chance to study a large cohort of 69106 chronic hepatitis patients with available liver biopsy results to revise and validate the accuracy of FIB-4 and APRI. This study represents the collaboration between computer scientist and hepatologists to provide clinicians with an accurate novel and reliable, noninvasive model to predict the stage of liver fibrosis.

The architectural analysis of silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) in natural environments has revealed the sympodial nature of its growth, the three levels of organization that govern the development of its stems through an alternation of organization plans (hierarchic and polyarchic), as well as the characteristic traits of the three architectural units involved and of the four categories of differentiated axes. The growth responses of silver maple alongside streets were analyzed in four pruning contexts associated with tree position relative to the wires of the power distribution network. Data reveal that with increasing pruning pressure, the percentage of the crown composed of suckers becomes higher, as does their growth rate, indicating a greater disorganization of the structure of the crown. Silver maple is naturally capable of developing a low fork with limbs that have hierarchic development. However, the pruning has promoted the reverse, which is the appearance of a high fork and, after repeated prunings, a more polyarchic development of the crown, increasing the threat that trees represent for wires. Résumé : L'analyse architecturale de l'érable argenté (Acer saccharinum L.) en milieu naturel a révélé la nature sym-podiale de sa croissance, les trois niveaux d'organisation qui gèrent le développement de ses tiges dans une alternance de plans d'organisation (hiérarchique et polyarchique) de même que les traits caractéristiques des trois unités architec-turales impliquées et des quatre catégories d'axes différenciés. Les réactions de croissance de l'érable argenté en bor-dure des rues ont été analysées dans quatre contextes d'élagage associés à la position de l'arbre par rapport aux fils du réseau de distribution. Les données révèlent que plus la pression de taille augmente, plus le pourcentage de la cime sous forme de rejets et plus leur taux de croissance sont grands, ce qui témoigne d'une plus grande désorganisation de la structure de la cime. L'érable argenté est naturellement apte à mettre en place une fourche basse avec des branches maîtresses au développement hiérarchisé. Toutefois, les tailles de dégagement ont encouragé l'inverse, soit l'apparition d'une fourche haute et, après insistance des tailles, un développement plus polyarchique de la cime, augmentant ainsi la menace que font les arbres aux fils.