UNEP

Through the commodification of nature, the framing of the environment as a 'natural resource' or 'ecosystem service' has become increasingly prominent in international environmental governance. The economic capture approach is promoted by international organizations such as the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) through Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) and The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB). This paper will inquire as to how forest protection is related to issues of social and ecological justice, exploring whether forest exploitation based on the top-down managerial model fosters an unequitable distribution of resources. Both top-down and community-based approaches to forest protection will be critically examined and a more inclusive ethical framework to forest protection will be offered. The findings of this examination indicate the need for a renewed focus on existing examples of good practice in addressing both social and ecological need, as well as the necessity to address the less comfortable problem of where compromise appears less possible. The conclusion argues for the need to consider ecological justice as an important aspect of more socially orientated environmental justice for forest protection.

UNEP 2016, The ABC for Sustainable Cites: a glossary for policy makers (lead authors: FRYXELL Stellan and DA SCHIO Nicola) ---

Global events such as Rio+20, the Summit for the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals, the COP 21, and the Habitat III conference show how the international community increasingly recognizes that many solutions to social, environmental and economic challenges facing our planet can be found in cities.
In the context of a proliferation of initiatives and projects, the ABC for Sustainable Cities aims to contribute to the international debate and action by clarifying key terms and concepts and providing policy makers with a key tool to understand a complex reality.

FOR CITATION:
UNEP 2016. GEO-6 (Sixth Global Environment Outlook) Regional Assessment for West Asia. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 145 Pages. (Hilmi S. Salem: Coordinating Lead Author, Lead Author, and Main Contributor, See Pages: 143 and 145).

ABSTRACT:
The GEO-6 Regional Assessment1 for West Asia2 is guided
by seven regional priorities: water, land, marine resources,
biodiversity, air, climate change and waste management.
These were identified by member States and stakeholders
at the Regional Environmental Information Network (REIN)
Conference held in Amman, 10-14 May 2015. Along with the
identified regional priorities, 2 themes governed the West
Asia assessment report; Peace, Security and Environment,
along with the water, energy and food nexus. This document
provides a summary of key findings and policy messages.
State and Trends of the West Asia Environment: Following
trends highlighted in previous editions of the GEO report
series, the current analysis of drivers, pressures, state,
impact and responses of the West Asia environment, shows
that a holistic and integrated approach is needed to identify
challenges related to the environment and address the two
themes. Several regional environmental challenges that are
continuing include:
• Despite some efforts on integrated water resource
management and the short lived solutions applied
for managing increasing water demand, there is
deteriorating water quality, in addition to persistent
overexploitation of groundwater resources;
• Shared water resources continue to be a source of major
regional concern due to lack of regional cooperation;
• Unsustainable consumption patterns threaten water,
energy and food security;
• Biodiversity loss, desertification and ecosystem
degradation are ongoing challenges;
• Air pollution continues to greatly impact human health
and the environment;
• Waste management continues to be addressed
through ad-hoc initiatives without an integrated waste
management outlook;
• Energy efficiency and energy mix continue to be a
priority; and
• The environment continues to be threatened by and a
cause for lack of peace and security and increasing levels
of conflicts.

As debates on reform of global environmental governance intensify, the future of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has come into acute political focus. Many argue that the organization has faltered in its role as the UN’s leading agency for the environment. In this article, I use historical institutional analysis in combination with current International Relations and management theory to explain UNEP’s creation and evolution. Having described how the creators of UNEP envisioned the nascent organization, I analyze its subsequent performance, identifying the key factors that have shaped its record. I argue that the original vision for UNEP was ambitious but fundamentally pragmatic, and that the organization’s mixed performance over the years can be explained by analysis of three factors: its design, leadership, and location. Thus, this article clarifies the record on UNEP‘s intended function, and lays the foundation for a systematic methodology for evaluating international organizations.

This forum reflects upon the current state of research on post-conflict natural resource management. It identifies two dominant perspectives on environmental peacebuilding in the literature: one focused on environmental cooperation, the other on resource risk. Both perspectives share a concern for the sustainable management of natural resources in post-conflict settings and prescribe environmental cooperation at large as a means to foster peace and stability. Yet both perspectives also feature notable differences: The cooperation perspective is driven by a faith in the potential of environmental cooperation to contribute to long-term peace through spillover effects. The resource risk perspective , however, recognizes that resource-induced instability may arise after intrastate conflict; stressing the need to mitigate instability by implementing environmental cooperation initiatives. Despite the significant contributions of both perspectives, neither has provided any cohesive theoretical understanding of environmental peacebuilding. This article suggests a timely revision of the research agenda to address this gap. For international and domestic actors, post-conflict situations constitute one of the most difficult policy arenas to understand and operate within. In this context, the role of natural resources management has received increasing scholarly attention over the past two decades, as researchers have focused on the ecological foundations for a socially, economically, and politically resilient peace. However, this research has not led to a cohesive theoretical understanding of the pathways by which environmental cooperation facilitates peace. This is concerning, because it is increasingly evident that the interaction between social, political, and ecological processes decisively shapes the post-conflict landscape.

Environmental justice is the idea that all environmental costs and  benefits of development should be equally distributed across the population. The concept emerged mainly in the 1980’s, when studies first showed that in the United States of America the incidence of pollution was higher in poor communities areas. Other studies have since endorsed these conclusions, meaning that some specific populations are more affected by development costs than they are by its benefits. The ones that suffer the most with environmental injustices are mainly determined by their social status, their race or their nationality. Furthermore, those people are not only more affected by pollution, but also are usually excluded from policy and decision-making processes, rendering them even more vulnerable.
In this sense, the matter of environmental justice also comprehends the idea of social justice and how economical and political inequalities have influence over the distribution of environmental costs and benefits. On the one hand, the placement of highly polluter industries or landfills, for example, would be more likely determined to be in low-income settlement regions because people living there would not have the power to react against it. On the other hand, some argue that the cause is on reverse: low-income populations would settle down in hazardous areas after the industries are there located, since lands in industrial areas are cheaper than in other areas of the cities. Thus, independently of the temporal ordering, both visions relate environmental injustice with economical inequality.
Environmental injustice affects fundamental human rights, such as the right to live with dignity. People living near polluted areas are more likely to have health problems, due to air pollution, animal proliferation and contaminated water. Besides, since those people do not have political influence, polluting industries are hardly ever accountable for their violations. Environmental justice has, then, two dimensions: the participation in the decision-making process and the fair distribution of costs and benefits (Keller 2011). Both are essential to the discussion and cannot be considered solely. Another important side of the problem is the pollution itself, for if it was controlled it would not have negative consequences. Therefore, the environmental justice debate includes also the matter of responsibility and accountability over development externalities.

Numerous recent studies project that 'climate engineering' technologies might need to play a major role in the future. Such technologies may carry major risks for developing countries that are often especially vulnerable to, and lack adaptive capacity to deal with, the impacts of such new technologies. In this situation, one would expect that developing countries-especially the least developed countries that are most vulnerable-should play a central role in the emerging discourse on climate engineering. And yet, as this article shows in detail, the discussion about whether and how to engage with these technologies is shaped by experts from just a small set of countries in the Global North. Knowledge production around climate engineering remains heavily dominated by the major research institutions in North America and Europe. Drawing on information from 70 climate engineering events between 2009 and 2017 along with extensive document analysis, the article maps a lack of involvement of developing countries and highlights the degree to which their concerns remain insufficiently represented in politically significant scientific assessment reports. The article concludes by sketching options that developing countries may have to influence the agenda on climate engineering, reflecting on earlier attempts to increase control over novel technologies and influence global agenda setting.

Despite of persistent efforts from the part of organizations aiming to solve or to alleviate the
world’s most challenging issues, there are limitations of the current problem-solving system based
on hierarchical bureaucratic models. These are mainly related to the powerlessness of the profes-
sional sector when, alone, facing global issues of ever increasing complexity and uncertainty. The
current context often called “the network age” has in turn, supported and enhanced systems
which serve as means for coping with these complex and uncertain scenarios, such as the concept
of distributed cognition that leads (in its positive aspects) to collaborative, participatory and peer-
to-peer common oriented processes, including the emergence of decentralized systems as well as
the gradual empowerment of the civil society (overlapping with the latter); forming altogether,
the background of latent paradigm shifts. 
Concurrently there is the political discourse (driven by the UN) on Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and of a Data Revolution, where the claim is that the latter is indispensable for
achieving the former. The Data Revolution’s main purpose is to fill data gaps in order to leave no
one behind and its realization is also crucial for unlocking other latent paradigm shifts. This thesis
introduces the core concepts of such a paradigm shifts whilst focusing on two collaborative ap-
proaches for data collection and analysis: crowdsourcing and citizen science; most specifically on
their role and challenges in the context of the current data revolution. Crowdsourcing and citizen
science (also citizen journalism and other participatory monitoring activities) are not just part of the
context of latent paradigm shifts, but do play a major role for the realization of a data revolution,
once professionals and machines do not currently suffice to fill those data gaps. This hinders proper
accounting, planning and distribution of resources and hence spoils efforts to tackle the critical
issues involved in the SDGs. 
Unfortunately there is wide reluctance from the part of the institutions (UN, INGOs and
governments) in adopting these approaches as valid data/information sources. The main goal of
this MA thesis is to identify the reason behind this reluctance, shedding light on deadlocks ham-
pering the consolidation of a data revolution. In order to do so, the problematic was approached
from multiple perspectives, characterizing a truly interdisciplinary inquiry, which, based on the
approach of the “informed grounded theory”, presents the main challenges of crowdsourcing
and citizen science in multiple levels and from multiple perspectives. 
From a pragmatic perspective, issues related with data quality as well as the issue of little un-
derstanding  have  been  the  most  cited.  Withal  the  fact  that  both  issues  are  not  exclusive  to
crowdsourcing or citizen science has shown to be crucial for the present inquiry, although widely
neglected  in  the  literature.  Thus  for  this  and  other  important  reasons  to  be  further  discussed
throughout chapters 3 and 4, an alternative to the “quality-centred” approach towards crowdsourc-
ing and citizen science is appropriate, nevertheless the quality issue should not be disregarded, as it
is reasonable, but eventually addressed in a different manner as part of the problematic, but not as
“the problematic” itself. 
In addition, prejudice from the part of professionals has been cited by some expert inter-
viewees as the “real” reason behind the reluctance vis-à-vis crowdsourcing and citizen science as
valid data/information sources. Analysis has shown that prejudice is omnipresent with regards to new technologies or any novel approach. For there is no time to wait for wider acceptance, given
the urgency of matters, and as prejudice shows to result from ignorance linked to the clash of
paradigms, this thesis also focuses on the question of what lays behind prejudice. In order to
answer this question, other crucial parts of the problematic encompassing constrained profes-
sional autonomy, risk and blame aversion are discussed throughout the thesis, forming altogether
a hypothesis advocating that the resistance from the part of institutions towards crowdsourcing
and citizen science is not just rooted on prejudice, but also on lack of trust in society; being both
resultants of excess of accountability which has been ultimately delineated by public discourse.
After a rough analysis, the latter has shown to be in unbalance, overemphasizing the need for
accountability and consequently (based on the premise of a necessary balance between trust and
control/accountability), inadvertently, undermining trust.
Paradoxically the overdose of accountability in public discourse reflects an attempt to restore
trust in society. This paradox can be found also within the discourse on the data revolution, hinder-
ing this and other latent paradigm shifts of thriving, as for them all mutual trust is a requisite. If
there is no trust from the part of organizations towards the public, there will be no room (ac-
ceptance) for approaches relying on citizen-generated data, leaving data gaps and many people and
countries behind. The outcomes of this analysis are useful for those stakeholders contributing to
the discourses on the fundamental role of a data revolution, as they should reframe the latter giving
more weight to “top-down” trust, if we are to see the realization of such a shift.

The present work aims to analyse the action of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) from the beginning to present days, taking into account its structure and the core functions established by the UN General Assembly Resolution 2297 (XXVII), enlightning both its virtues and critical aspects.
Considering its juridical status of General Assembly subsidiary body ex art. 22 of the UN Charter, the article underlines the limits of UNEP action.
The analysis can't ignore the context of the International Environmental Governance, with the profusion of Agencies, Institutes and Organizations that works on these issues, and the broader context of sustainable development, considering the international debate emerged during the preparatory works towards the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20, June 20-22, 2012) established by the UN General Assembly Resolution 64/236 adopted on the 24th of December 2009. 
Finally, the article analyses the reform options for the IEG and the UNEP itself, since the reform of the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development will be one of the focus themes of the Rio+20 Conference.

This paper presents an overview of the current state of global environmental governance with an eye toward highlighting the challenges that are presented by the scale and speed of environmental change that we are now witnessing. The scale of anthropogenic environmental change has led to what many now dub the Anthropocene-reflecting that humanity is changing our natural planetary systems in ways that have fundamental implications on a geologic scale. It also harkens in an era when humanity will be called on to consciously manage on a planetary level massive environmental change and the economic and social impacts that arise from this change.

The “Profile of Sustainability in some Mediterranean
Tourist Destinations” project comes out of the
recommendations of the Mediterranean Strategy for
Sustainable Development (MSSD) adopted in 2005 by
the Contracting Parties of the Barcelona Convention.
The objective is to assess the sustainability of tourism
in several destinations1 but also to provide a common
tool for the monitoring and promotion of sustainable
tourism in the Mediterranean. The orientations and
actions of the MSSD for promoting sustainable
tourism include the following recommendation:
“Draw up (…) 10-year promotional framework
program for the Mediterranean (…) highlighting the
assets of Mediterranean cultural and environmental
heritage, with a view to developing a Mediterranean
tourism quality label”. This orientation leads Plan Bleu
to raise the issue of “labelling” (certification of the
sustainability of Mediterranean tourist destinations),
which would constitute the final stage of the process.
The “Profile of Sustainability in some Mediterranean
Tourist Destinations” project is based on systemic and
territorial approaches, which consider the destination
as the basic unit for assessing the development of
tourism. The relations between the Mediterranean
tourist system and the other priority fields in the
MSSD (water, transport, waste, energy, urban and
rural development, etc.) and the various stakeholders
have to be addressed at several levels: local, national,
regional, and global.
The aim of the project is to measure and assess the
results, performance and impacts of tourism, and
to link it with the sustainable development of the
destinations. The proposed approach addresses
environmental, economic and social parameters.
Firstly, the tourism is considered as a driving force.
Secondly, its results and performance within the
destinations have to be measured following the
three pillars of sustainable development: economic,
social and environmental components. Thirdly, the
impacts of tourism are estimated in order to assess the
sustainability of the destinations. Finally, conclusions
are drawn in terms of multi sectoral policy measures
that could improve the performance or impacts of
tourism within the destinations. Policy measures
have to be focused on addressing specific problems
affecting the sustainability of the destinations.

The State of Play of Sustainable Building in Latin America provides a general picture of the current situation regarding public policies, programs and initiatives on sustainable building and on sustainable social housing in Latin America. UNEP-SBCI expects that this report and its findings will contribute to more strategic attention of the challenges and opportunities presented by sustainable buildings, social housing and resource efficient cities in the Latin America region and serve as a baseline for the further development of awareness raising, policies and tools. The report was a collaborative effort of the Mexico Green Building Council (GBC), the Tecnologico de Monterrey team, UNEP-SBCI and several GBCs in the region, as well as the World Green Building Council.

This article is published as part of  Fridays With MUNPlanet and its special series dedicated to world politics. The aim of this series is to bring you the analysis of global affairs by the established and upcoming scholars, decision-makers and policy analysts from various world regions. This week, Lucile Maertens  (University of Geneva/Global Studies Institute and Sciences Po Paris/CERI) writes about climate change and the process of its becoming a security issue in the United Nations system.  Climate change has presented a source of divides among great powers since the 1990s, but, as the author argues, in 2015  "the UN not only draws attention to the dangers of climate change but also creates hope" and "fully acknowledging the security risks caused by climate change, the United Nations is also trying to turn these dangers into opportunities for diplomatic cooperation."

Ground station measurements of total column ozone worldwide in the study period 1964-2009 are aggregated into zonal averages. Latitudinally weighted mean global ozone is estimated from these data on an annual time scale. Trend profile analysis of the mean global ozone time series shows a depletion rate of 0.31 DU per year on average across the entire sample period. The observed ozone depletion rate is not sustained and not of a magnitude that has an implication with respect to the ability of the ozone layer to protect life on the surface of the earth from the harmful effects of UV radiation. The results are consistent with prior results for both ground station and satellite data. The findings are inconsistent with the Montreal Protocol and the Rowland-Molina theory of ozone depletion on which it is based 1 .

This paper shows that the organic waste and / or useful biomass of the client as a particular analysis scenario, using a bioreactor of ours that allows the transformation of organic matter in a volume of 4400 m3 generating a volume of biogas (60% CH4, 35% CO2, 1% H2S, 0.5% NH3, 3.5% H20, 0.3% N2, 0.2% O2) daily between 1886 m3 to 2000 m3 and thus financially and technically evaluate its transformation into electrical energy and / or biomethane (process of cleaning and removal of H2S, CO2, NH3 and particulate matter), demonstrating the most favorable energy offer to our client in 10 years, as well as identifying institutional barriers to the development of this energy business in Colombia based on innovative and applied research. The objective is to promote the natural decomposition or biodegradation by microbiological and chemical actions of manure from pigs and cattle, in a container to give environmental control and carry out an energy valorization where the preliminary and basic designs of the infrastructure are framed, achieving CAPEX (investment of capital) and OPEX (operating costs), obtaining the results they dictate whether it is feasible or not, according to the client's energy infrastructure and surrounding their economic activity.

Anaerobiosis is a biochemical reaction in the absence of oxygen, of our interest the phenomenon of degradation of organic matter animal excrements (pigs and cows) with generation of excrement biogas of wet porcine and bovine excrement, this process consists of the reaction of biomass with water due to the microorganisms present that decompose proteins, transforming them mainly into carbon dioxide (CO2), methane gas (CH4), which are greenhouse gases with global warming potential of 1 and 25(1) respectively and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the latter very characteristic for its nauseating smell as a rotten egg and which is also high ecotoxicity.

Environmentally, the impacts to the ecosystem of this reaction can be positive and negative, because thanks to this phenomenon the matter is degraded and thus the disappearance of the excreta of animals or corpses in the ecosystem, despite the generation of greenhouse gases every day in increase and pollution of water basins in the planet requires reflective thinking and contemplate the measurement and control of the sources of emissions of these gases that in this study we emphasize three (CO2, CH4, N2O) respectively, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbon aliphatic methane and nitrogen oxide precursor of acid rain, generated in the combustion of biogas or hydrocarbons at high temperature.

Bearing in mind that in Colombia 75% of the population is housed in urban centers, represent 70% of the world's energy consumption and responsible for 50% of greenhouse gas emissions and use of ozone depleting substances. It is in these cities where the activities involving the continuous and growing generation of waste from both residential, commercial and industrial processes (solid, liquid and gaseous) were carried out, typifying some as solid urban waste (RSU), of organic nature                (60%), usable or recyclable (25%) and unusable (15%), in the latter hazardous waste (must be incinerated according to law 1252 of 2008).

The knowledge of the effects of pollutants on human health and the environment, of which we serve, provides the methodological capacity to execute strategic actions that avoid the continuation of life's injuries, such as overexploitation of the ecosystem and inadequate use of the resources, where the only thing that will be achieved are pecuniary sanctions by the environmental authorities and the depression of the natural inventory, natural resources that are common heritage and public service, with effects such as; Affectation of the economy, the lower productivity of the territory, energy insecurity, inequity and therefore the instability of current and future generations in the Republic of Colombia and other nations of the planet, thus promoting climate change (2).

In the international context as a frame of reference, Europe plans to own an electric energy matrix by 2020, where 40% of it comes from renewable sources, as well as 100% of primary energy in Europe contributed by renewable sources, 14.4% will be biomass, compared to the 4.11% stake it had in 2004, an increase of 300%, that is, the most important renewable energy source of all the others (wind, hydro, solar photovoltaic, geothermal, solar thermal, solar thermoelectric , Marine). The environmental benefits of the use of biomass in Europe are clear, reduction of atmospheric CO2 emissions of 728 Mt / year in 2020, this is equivalent to the reduction of 17.6% of the total emissions of the European Union with respect to the year 1990 and a generation of employment of 2'023,000 people in renewable sources where bioenergy alone would generate 1'142,000 jobs, more than 56.45% than with any other source of renewable energy, the former supported by an investment plan since the year 2001 to 2020 of 443 billion Euros (training of human talent and innovation), reducing purchases of traditional fuels of 115.8 billion Euros in said period (3).


Image 1. Participation of the different renewable energies in the years 2004, 2010 and 2020 in Europe.
Source: Alonso Mateos, J. J, Energy of the Biomass, University of San Pablo, Madrid, Spain, July 2010, Pag 300.



Colombia is a growing economy based on its agricultural capacity, this causes it to have a growing energy demand, with positive slope and according to the Mining and Energy Planning Unit of the Ministry of Mines and Energy of the Republic of Colombia (UPME) is visualized a reduction of the reserves of natural gas and not in the continental crust, the fuel except in the shale and waters at indefinite depths, which leads them to think about the exploitation of non-conventional hydrocarbons by Fracking, besides the consumption of the Energy is increasing in the Colombian population, with the current Cusiana, Cupiagua and Ballenas gas fields in a noticeable decline, showing a short-term (10 years) outlook of natural gas self-sufficiency crisis, losing energy independence and preparing Colombia to the importation of liquefied natural gas (LNG), fostering energy dependence(4).

The definition of energy security for Colombia adopted in the final report 3 of the UPME CIDET(5), obtained by open and defined innovation in the main cities of the Andean country (Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali, Medellin), converges on the need to diversify the energy matrix, identifying and developing neutral carbon energy sources, through technological exploitation processes, innovating, managing to guarantee the supply of current and future demand in critical conditions without dependencies, in a socially and environmentally acceptable manner with efficient processes of utilization of natural resources, promoting the competitiveness of the country, providing reasonable market prices, motivating the inclusion of users, conscious and participatory (in supply and demand) transforming the market into competitive (many agents) connected to international markets, with a system resilient with the ability to respond to events and emergencies, which contributes to the general welfare of society, providing support for the country's economic growth, contributing to the consolidation of peace.

According to the previous paragraph, INVESTIGACION ENERGETICA APLICADA S.A.S, proposes the renewable energy source "anaerobic digestion" as BIOENERGY, renewable source of feasible energy that contributes to the energy security of the country that by means of innovation with defined mechanical flow conditions for obtain biomethane and inject it into the grid (ROI 16%) and according to the conditions of this study, electric energy with a biogas source using an engine gave a ROI of 10% with particular conditions (European motor with presence of energy surpluses in the customer's consumption) , it is a feasible business, it is also environmentally sustainable of neutral carbon, contributes to the energy security defined in the national and international context and diversifies the market agents, nevertheless it requires the support of the Colombian government eliminating the operating taxes to the use of this renewable energy source, which in addition to providing energy a chemical or electric provides fertilizers of high nutritional value for Colombian agricultural soils with composition in Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium, relieving the importation of chemistry from the north.

The UN has shown clear proof in its creation of the UNEP and its inclusion of environmental material in multiple official documents of its commitment to promoting environmental sustainability. Many covenants, national legislations and reports provide evidence that human rights are a driving force behind the responsibility to protecting the environment. While human rights may not be the only driving force behind environmentally friendly activities and sustainable development, it is important to recognize that it can be a contributing argument for the many reasons behind the protection of the environment and biosphere, and can only enhance the success and rational application of international law among the countries party to the United Nations and its agencies.

Victime collatérale des conflits armés, source de tensions interétatiques, enjeu de prévention et outil de médiation, l’environnement fait son entrée dans le domaine de la sécurité internationale à la charge de l’ONU.

Si les missions originelles en matière de sécurité internationale et son mandat fondamentalement polyvalent, incluant les problématiques environnementales, lui attribuent des fonctions privilégiées au croisement des deux domaines, aucune étude transversale n’analyse de manière approfondie le travail de l’organisation – entendue dans sa variété d’acteurs comprenant principalement les États membres et les fonctionnaires internationaux  – en matière de sécurité et d’environnement. Ce chapitre vise à combler ce vide  en s’appuyant sur les théories de la sécurisation et l’étude des organisations internationales. Après avoir présenté les travaux sur la sécurisation et leurs limites, en particulier dans leur interprétation des fonctions des organisations internationales (I), nous montrerons, à partir du cas de la rencontre des champs de la sécurité et de l’environnement à l’ONU, que la sécurisation peut s’articuler selon plusieurs modalités différenciées et complémentaires (II).

FOR CITATION:
Hilmi S. Salem "L'Orient-Le Jour: Une conférence organisée par Heïnrich Böll pour tenter de sonder ce danger” (Page 41). In "The Environment in the News", United Nations Environment Programme's (UNEP) Report – 6 November 2007, 101 PP (in English and French).

ABSTRACT:
Hilmi S. Salem, directeur de l’Institut de recherche appliquée à Jérusalem, a montré les injustices bien actuelles vécues par les Palestiniens de la Cisjordanie, en mal d’eau. Alors que les accords d’Oslo leur accordaient un peu plus de 200 millions de mètres cubes par an, et que leurs besoins réels se situent autour de 300 millions de mètres cubes, la part qui leur est régulièrement réservée par les Israéliens est de… 28,6 millions de mètres cubes, selon les chiffres qu’il a avancés. Il a raconté que les familles palestiniennes ont parfois l’eau deux fois toutes les deux semaines, et une eau polluée de surcroît.