Vo2max

Due to increasing prevalence of the COVID-19 virus, athletes were unable to train optimally. This study aimed to determine the differences in aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index in soccer players as the effect of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: Fourteen male participants were recruited from the university soccer team. Anthropometric characteristics were as follows: age = 20.75 ± 1.48 years, height = 174.35 ± 5.59 cm, body mass = 68.95 ± 6.17 kg, and body mass index = 21.92 ± 0.94 kg/m 2. Single-group pretest and posttest designs were selected to conduct this study. A multistage fitness test determined aerobic capacity. ANOVA test was used to identify aerobic capacity, body mass, and body mass index differences between pretest and posttest on university soccer players. Results: The pretest and posttest were similar in anthropometric characteristics, and there were no significant differences in age (P = 0.382), height (P = 0.106), and body mass (P = 0.068). Our findings showed significant differences between pretest and posttest for aerobic capacity (P = 0.042) and body mass index (P = 0.037) in university soccer players. Conclusion: We conclude that there was a significant effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the soccer player's aerobic capacity and body mass index. These findings may have implications, namely, as functional test's organization, administration, and outcomes while testing the players. Team coaches, trainers, and physiologists must consider the effects of lockdown on the players' performance while preparing players for competition. Further researchers should be established to modify other types of tests, conduct studies with a larger sample and population, and add other variables.

The aim of this study was to Compare the effect of resistance training with active and passive rest on aerobic and anaerobic fitness in soccer players. For this purpose 16 players of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan club, accidentally were divided into rest and active group (Height 177.78±6.68 cm, Weight 64.88±7.97 kg, age 18.22±0.83 years ,and percent fat 20.47±1.8) and rest passive group(Height 178.57±6.99 cm, Weight 64± 6.6kg, age 18±0.81 years ,and percent fat 20.05±1.7). The tests were performed in this order: maximal oxygen consumption, maximal strength, Tmax, muscular endurance, Hoff and RAST test in the pre and post test. The exercises were done for 8 weeks and twice week with 10 exercises of 30 to 50 percent of maximal strength with this difference that the active rest group performed 3 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest interval between 30 seconds was completed with 2 sets of 10 repetitions exercise in 30 second. The passive group performed 4 sets of 20 repetitions exercise in 30 seconds that rest interval between 30 seconds was completed with 3 sets passive rest. After determining the normality by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and homogenous variance test, independent and dependent t-tests with a significant level of α ≥ 0.05 were used. The results indicate that after the training period, a significant difference was found in all variables exceptfatigue index in active rest group. But in passive rest group there were a significant difference in variables AT, Vo2max, Tmax, performance of Hoff test, bench press muscular endurance and leg press strength from pre test to post test. The results between groups indicated that there was a significant difference between two groups in Vo2max, Tmax, AT, vVo2max, leg press muscular endurance, and mean power in benefits of active rest group. Finally, the results showed that the resistance training with active rest causes improvements in aerobic and anaerobic fitness of soccer players in comparison to resistance training with passive.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) , as a cause of death and illness, is increasing, which is also associated with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Physical exercise can improve CRF and spur increases IL-6 (an anti-inflammatory) induced through this same means, which therefore reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases. In addition, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) have a positive effect on health. This study aims to compare the effect of HIIT versus MICT on CRF and the acute response to exercise-induced plasma IL-6 in healthy and untrained adolescents. Methods: An experimental study with a pre-post design was conducted on 60 untrained and healthy adolescents aged 16.1 ± 0.4. The groups had been trained for 6 weeks with a frequency of three days weekly, while V̇O2max and blood sampling were performed before and after this activity. The CRF was tested using a multi stage fitness test (MFT), and IL-6 plasma levels were measured with ELISA methods. Results: HIIT increased CRF from 31.2 ± 5.8 to 35.6 ± 6.9 mL / kg / min (p <0.001) and MICT elevated V̇O2max from 32.3 ± 6.8 to 37.3 ± 6.7 mL / kg / min (p <0.001). In fact, there was no significant difference (p = 0.292) between the two types of training. There was no change in the acute response of the IL-6 at the time of the first and last exercise in both groups. Conclusion: Teenagers need to practice the HIIT and MICT training to reap the associated health benefits. The acute inflammatory response to exercise did not increase significantly, but there were elevated levels of plasma IL-6 afterward.

This study undertaken to access the cardio respiratory fitness of healthy African male residing in Cedar Falls, Iowa, U.S.A. using actual measure of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max). VO2 max was determined using metabolic gas analyzer in an open circuit indirect spirometry at the Exercise Physiology Laboratory of University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, Iowa, U.S.A. A total of 9 healthy African males who volunteered to participate in the study were measured for height, body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage. Resting values including heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured. Subjects' VO2 max was determined using single stage treadmill walk test with the indirect spirometry until subjects reached exhaustion. The highest volume of O2 consumed during one minute of testing was recorded as the maximum heart rate was monitored and recorded throughout the test. Statistical analysis of VO2 was based on the computer-generated information, while descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation were used in the analysis. VO2 max of subjects was compared with Black Americans norms and was found to be above average. For further improvement in maximum oxygen consumption, aerobics activities such as walking, jogging and running performed 3-5 days a week for 30-45 minutes was recommended.

Background & Study Aim: In recent years, physiological testing in karate has been focused on the specific characteristics of this sport. Some of the tests in karate have their intensity close to competitive bouts, but do not simulate competitive conditions, while other tests simulate a competitive workload, but their intensity is not pre-determined. The aim of this study was to create a model of programmed kumite, which includes the techniques most often used in competitions, and which has a pre-determined intensity close to that employed under competitive conditions.

Material & Methods: This study included 14 men (18-29 years old), who were members of the Bulgarian national team in Shotokan karate, competing in the kumite discipline. The study was conducted in two stages: 1) in competitive conditions during the National Championships, when capillary blood lactate concentration was determined after each bout; 2) in training conditions when the programmed kumite was performed. Heart rate was registered and blood lactate concentration was determined before and after the programmed kumite.

Results: The lactate concentration increased progressively in each bout under competitive conditions. After performing the programmed kumite, the lactate concentration did not differ significantly from the one after the first bout in competition, and heart rate remained nearly constant throughout the workload with a mean heart rate of 168.7 bpm.

Conclusions: The programmed kumite model has an intensity which is close to bouts under competitive conditions, and can be used as a specific pre-competition test in the conditioning preparation of karate practitioners.

One of the measurement to improve the aerobic fitness condition is VO2 max. This is how to measure the cardiorespiratory endurance who will gives us an indication of the individual’s aerobic fitness. Endurance athletes generally have a larger capacity for aerobic energy transfer

Bu araştırma basketbolda farklı gruplama yöntemleriyle oynanan dar alan oyunlarının egzersiz şiddetlerini karşılaştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya yaş ortalaması 14.6±0.51 yıl olan 24 erkek basketbolcu gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Başlangıçta sporcuların vücut kompozisyonu hesaplanmış ardından 1.gün 20 m mekik koşusu uygulanarak maksimal oksijen kapasiteleri (VO2maks) tespit edilmiş, VO2maks sonuçlarına göre sporcular 48 saat arayla 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunu oynayacak şekilde gruplandırılmıştır. 3.gün 3x3, 5.gün 4x4 yarı saha 10’ar dakika dar alan oyunu oynatılmıştır. Oyun süresince kalp atım hızları (KAH) takip edilmiş, oyun sonrası sporcuların kulak memesinden laktik asit (LA) ölçümü yapılmıştır. Maç sonrası Algılanan zorluk derecesi (AZD) Borg Skalası yardımıyla kaydedilmiştir. 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunlarının gruplar arası dinlenik ve maksimal KAH, LA ve AZD arasındaki farklılıklar Wilcoxon Signed Rank testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre 3x3 dar alan oyunlarında KAHdinlenme 84.10±7.77 atım/dk, KAHmaks184.40±12.89 atım/dk, LAdinlenme 1.45±0.46 mmol/L, LAmaks 4.55±2.20 mmol/L, AZD 11.60±2.17; 4x4 dar alan oyunlarında KAHdinlenme 81.00±11.46 atım/dk, KAHmaks188.10±10.35 atım/dk, LAdinlenme 2.25±0.66 mmol/L, LAmaks 4.39±1.68 mmol/L, AZD 11.10±1.60 olarak bulunmuştur. 3x3 ve 4x4 dar alan oyunlarında KAH, LA ve AZD arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, basketbolda yarı sahada oynanan 3x3 ve 4x4 oynanan dar alan oyunlarına verilen fizyolojik cevaplar benzerlik göstermektedir. Bu tarz dar alan oyunları egzersiz şiddeti bakımından farklı adaptasyonlar yaratmasa da teknik anlamda adaptasyonlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Planlanacak araştırmalar için farklı oyun süreleri, topla buluşma sayıları azaltılarak ya da benzer teknik beceriye sahip kişilerden oluşan gruplandırmalar yapılarak fizyolojik cevaplar tekrar değerlendirilebilir.

This study aims to find out: (1) The differences of effects between recovery of contrast bath and pre neuromuscular facilitation methods of post-anaerobic interval training to lactic acid levels, (2) The differences in lactic acid levels between high VO2max and low VO2max, and (3) The effects on the interactions between recovery method and VO2max to lactic acid levels. The sample was male students of basketball extracurricular SMAN 4 Surakarta collected using purposive random sampling techniques. The data were then analyzed using Two-way ANOVA at a significance level of 5%, as data obtained previously must meet the required tests which include normality test and homogeneity test. It can be concluded that (1) there are differences in the effect of recovery contrast bath method and PNF to the lactic acid levels. Recovery of contrast bath method has an average value of decreased lactic acid levels of 4.58, while stretching pre neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) method is 3.91. The hypothesis test indicates that Ho is rejected in which the value of P <α (0.00> 0.05) with Fobservation of 25.74. (2) There are differences in lactic acid levels between students who have high VO2max and low VO2max. The group with high VO2max has an average value of 4.48, while the group with low VO2max has an average value of 4.01. The hypothesis test of Ho is rejected in which the value of P <α (0.001> 0.05) with Fobservation of 12.74. (3) There is no interaction effects between recovery i An Experimental Study of Recovery of Contrast Bath and Pre Neuromuscular Facilitation Method in Male Students of Basketball Extracurricular SMAN 4 Surakarta, Indonesia method using contrast bath and PNF with VO2max in lactic acid levels, in which the hypothesis test of Ho is accepted with P value > α (0.57> 0.05) with Fobservation of 0.31.

The balance of physical activity, fitness and nutrition is important to people's daily lives. The main purpose of this study was to establish profile of physical activity, health fitness (VO 2max), body composition, and dietary intake among college students in Malaysia. This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), whereby a total of 330 respondents of 1500 undergraduate and postgraduate students. Energy expenditure exercise levels (EEEL) was assessed by using physical activity lifestyle questionnaire (PALQ), health fitness (VO 2max) and body composition were examined through Queen's College step test, Heath & Carter method, and skinfold technique, whereas dietary intake was assessed via the administration of Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). According to somatotype anthropometric rating (low = 0.5-2.5, moderate = 3-5 and high = 5.5-7), in Endomorphy 5.17 and 4.83, Mesomorphy 5.12 and 3.15 and Ectomorphy 1.72 and 2.09. BMI for male and female were 24.8 and 22.0 in Malay 24.9 and 22.2, Chinese 23.1 and 20.8, Indian 27.4 and 23.2. Overweight prevalence was 46.5% men, 17.4% women. %BF in below and above 30 years in male were respectively 17.1±8.2 and 28.9±5.9 and in female 20.89±4.5 and 28.18±6.7. Estimated V • O 2 max was 44.5ml.kg-1 .min-1 in male and 34.34ml.kg-1 .min-1 in female. Thus, male respondents were more susceptible to diseases and complications in comparison to females. Therefore, physical activity may need to emphasize the amount, intensity , and activity types for promoting overall public health, not merely exercise time.

Abstrak Latihan tabata bertujuan untuk mengurangi dan mengatasi rasa bosan. Untuk itu latihan tabata diterapkan bagi atlet yang ingin melakukan latihan fisik dengan tantangan lebih tinggi. Latihan tabata bukan hanya melatih aerobik tapi juga anaerobik. Inilah yang kemudian menjadi daya tarik utama Tabata. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat pengaruh latihan tabata terhadap kemampuan Vo2Max atlet sepakbola PS. Tungkal Ulu U-21. Cara pelaksanaan latihan tabata harus didahului dengan pemanasan minimal 5 menit. Tabata dapat dipraktekkan dalam beberapa cara. Salah satunya adalah latihan yang sama di semua rangkaian. Jenis penelitian penelitian eksperimen dan metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dalam bentuk one group pretest-posttest design. Tes akan dilaksanakan sebanyak dua kali yaitu tes awal (pretest) dan tes akhir (posttest) untuk mengetahui peningkatan VO2max setelah diberikan perlakuan latihan tabata. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data pada hipotesis dalam penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan dari latihan sirkuit terhadap Pengaruh latihan tabata terhadap kemampuan Vo2Max atlet sepakbola PS. Tungkal Ulu U-21. Hal ini ditunjukkan dari nilai thitung lebih besar daripada t tabel (12,889) > (1,739). Pengemasan latihan yang baik akan memberikan kontribusi pada perubahan yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan latihan. Abstract Tabata training aims to reduce and overcome boredom. For that tabata training is applied for athletes who want to do physical training with higher challenges. Tabata training is not only aerobic but also anaerobic training. This is what later became the main attraction of Tabata. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of tabata training on the ability of Vo2Max PS soccer athletes. Tungkal Ulu U-21. The practice of tabata training must be preceded by a minimum of 5 minutes of warming up. Tabata can be practiced in several ways. One of them is the same exercise in all series. This type of experimental research research and the method used in this study is in the form of one group pretest-posttest design. The test will be carried out twice, namely the initial test (pretest) and the final test (posttest) to determine the increase in VO2max after being given tabata exercise treatment. Based on the results of data analysis on the hypothesis in the study it is known that there is a significant effect of circuit training on the effect of tabata training on the ability of Vo2Max PS soccer athletes. Tungkal Ulu U-21. This is indicated from the t-value greater than t table (12,889) > (1,739). A good training package will contribute to changes that are tailored to the purpose of the exercise.

Objectives: The aim of our work was to analyse the VO2 kinetic during a constant load exercise, to check the existence of a VO2 decrease at the end of this kind of exercise and finally to study the respiratory muscles strength evolution, before and after this kind of exercise. Patients and Methods: Eight endurance trained athletes (20.6 ± 2.7 yrs) performed three field-tests until exhaustion: firstly a maximal graded test to determine their maximal oxygen uptake ( VO2max ) and maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) and secondly two constant velocity exercises on track at 100% (tlim100) and 95% of MAV (tlim95) until exhaustion. Results: Our study outcomes revealed a  VO2 decrease before the end of exercise for three subjects. The mean decrease duration was 51.3 ± 13.4 s and represented 8.3 ± 2.1 % of the total exercise duration. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax), measured before and after exercise were considered as respiratory muscle strength indices and were not significantly different before or after the exercise. Conclusion: The existence of a VO2 decrease before the end of the exercise, already highlighted in the literature is confirmed. Our results indicated that respiratory muscle fatigue was not explicative for VO2 decrease. However, further studies are necessary to confirm these results.

Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the erythrocyte oxidative status of the wrestlers after performing the maximal aerobic test, by registering in erythrocytes the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), total glutathione (tGSH) and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Materials and methods. A group of 12 healthy wrestlers conducted a treadmill maximal aerobic test, and venous blood samples were obtained before and immediately after the exercise. Erythrocytes were separated from plasma and used for spectrophotometric determination of LPO, tGSH and enzyme activities. Plasma was used for determination of hemoglobin concentration (Hb) as an index of hemolysis. Results. The performance of the maximal aerobic test resulted in a significant increase of Hb in blood plasma, a decrease of LPO, and no changes of the tGSH level in erythrocytes. In regards to antioxidant enzymes, our results showed an increase in the activity of GPx, while the CAT and SOD activity remain unchanged. Conclusions. It can be concluded that in active athletes, predominate erythrocytes that are more resistant to oxidative stress, because of the accelerated hemolysis induced by physical exercise, lead to the elimination of the old and oxidative modified cells.

Aerobic capacity (VO2max) for any species is a key factor regarding their RBC production and the associated hemoglobin that is carried within the red blood cells. Hemoglobin (Hb) is vital for oxygen transport, in which animals oriented towards athletically-inclined nature will need more oxygen to fulfill their physiological functions, therefore needing more hemoglobin, and more erythrocytes (RBCs) to draw from. Within this study, there was an essential comparison between species that are highly active, with high aerobic capacity and those that were sedentary, or moved very little in comparison, with low aerobic capacity. The study had hypothesized that species that were of low aerobic capacity would have lower RBC counts and lower hemoglobin determinations, while those that were of higher aerobic capacity would have higher RBC counts. The study had predicted the horse and dog species would have the highest counts within the respective parameters of the study, while the sheep and bovine species would have the lowest counts. These postulations ended up being for the most part true, besides for a few of the test where the bovine remained an outlier. The literature and recent studies that are of similar nature have concluded very analogous results within their findings, suggesting that this study was properly approached and executed.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is an essential part of health and physical fitness, and refers to the highest rate of oxygen consumption an individual can attain during exhaustive exercise. In this study, for the first time in the literature, we combine the triple of maximal, submaximal and questionnaire variables to propose new VO 2 max prediction models using Support Vector Machines (SVM's) combined with the Relief-F feature selector to predict and reveal the distinct predictors of VO 2 max. For comparison purposes, hybrid models based on double combinations of maximal, submaximal and questionnaire variables have also been developed. By utilizing 10-fold cross-validation, the performance of the models has been calculated using multiple correlation coefficient (R) and root mean square error (RMSE). The results show that the best values of R and RMSE, with 0.94 and 2.92 mL kg −1 min −1 respectively, have been obtained by combining the triple of relevantly identified maximal, submaximal and questionnaire variables. Compared with the results of the rest of hybrid models in this study and the other prediction models in literature, the reported values of R and RMSE have been found to be considerably more accurate. The predictor variables gender, age, maximal heart rate (MX-HR), submaximal ending speed (SM-ES) of the treadmill and Perceived Functional Ability (Q-PFA) questionnaire have been found to be the most relevant variables in predicting VO 2 max. The results have also been compared with that of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Tree Boost (TB), and it is seen that SVM significantly outperforms other regression methods for prediction of VO2max.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effect of 50 gr changes in sport shoes' weight on Vo2max and running economy during 15 minutes running protocol. Method: 15 active males (age of 24.60 ± 2.06; height of 178 ± 5.83 cm) were selected in this study. Subjects ittrcicitrap in a 15 minutes running protocol in three running speeds of 4, 6 and 8 km/h. Total time for each running speed was 5 minutes. Vo2max was measured using Metamax gas analyzer and running economy was determined by calculating the slope of vo2max changes during 15 minutes running. One way repeated measure ANOVA was used to test hypotheses (p<0.05). Results: Vo2 max increased significantly during 15 minutes running, however, no significant changes was observed in slope of Vo2 max when we increased 50 gr shoes' weight. Conclusion: 50 gr increases in sport shoes' weight could increase mean Vo2max but may not affect running economy in a 15 minutes running protocol.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between 10 km running performance and VO2max as measured by a continuous horizontal treadmill test performed to volitional exhaustion. Methods: Ten male athletes (mean age 32.6 8.6 years, mass 67.8 ± 9.1 kg, height 1.74 ± 0.05 m and 10 km time 36.1 ± 2.5 min) participated in the present study. Mean ± (SD) values of the major variables were as follows: 62.7 ± 4.2 ml kg-1 min-1, 4.23 ± 0.5 l min-1, Peak Treadmill Speed (PTS) 19.9 ± 2 km h-1, Heart rate 183 ± 8.5 beats min-1, Lactate 8.8 ± 2.9 mmoles-1.  Results: The results demonstrated no significant correlation between 10 km time and VO2max (ml kg-1 min-1) r=0.49 and r=0.50 respectively (p>0.05). Four subjects failed to satisfy the criteria of VO2max (McConnell, 1987) but presented the best 10 km times and the lowest blood lactates associated with PTS. Peak Treadmill Speed was also correlated with both 10 km running times (r=-0.81) and 10 km race pace (r=0.76) (p<0.05). Although VO2max was very reproducible (Coefficient of variation 1.82%) it was not an accurate predictor of 10 km performance for the present sample group. However, the use of a horizontal treadmill protocol for the determination of VO2max should be considered because provides specific information about the subjects; training adaptations as reflected in PTS. Conclusions: Although VO2max is considered a prerequisite for elite endurance performance, does not necessarily determine success in a homogenous group of 10 km runners.

Objectives: The physical component of tasks can be a problem because of muscle weakness; therefore, this research was performed to investigate the relationships between some physical fitness factors and muscle damage enzyme levels in people with mild Intellectual Disabilities (ID). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 314 students with ID (Body Mass Index [BMI]: 23.42±4.84 kg/m 2), after measuring their anthropometric variables (height, weight, and BMI), performed the Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF). This test includes flexibility (sit and reach test), muscle endurance (Push-ups and Sit-ups tests), muscle strength (Hand-grip test), and cardiorespiratory endurance (Canada Home Fitness test). Then saliva samples were collected from 20 subjects who were homogeneous for age (Mean±SD: 20.30±2.27 years), sex (male only), and type of ID, for measuring their saliva levels of Creatine Phosphate Kinase (CPK), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and C-reactive Protein (CRP). Data were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and linear and nonlinear regressions (P<0.05). Results: The findings indicated significant relationships between some of the physical fitness factors and some enzymes of muscle damage (P<0.05). The results indicated significant relationships between CPK, with push-ups, sit-ups, and hand-grip strength, as well as between the LDH with push-ups and CRP with sit-ups and hand-grip strength (P<0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the present research, CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels in males with an ID have a significant relationship with some of the physical fitness components. Also, the results of the present research have provided equations for estimating CPK, LDH, and CRP saliva levels through CSTF battery test scores in people who have an educable ID. Highlights • There is a significant and negative relationship between CPK levels with the push-up, sit-up, and hand-grip strength of physical fitness factors. • There is a significant and negative relationship between LDH levels with push-up physical fitness factor. • There is a significant and negative relationship between CRP levels with push-up and hand-grip strength physical fitness factors. Plain Language Summary Findings of the current research have shown relationships between some physical fitness components and some muscle damage factors in people with intellectual disabilities. Also, according to the results of the present research, the amount of muscle tissue damage and muscle destruction may be predicted by measuring some physical fitness factors in males with intellectual disabilities.

Cardiovascular fitness can improve autonomic function (AF) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals.  Methods:  Cross-sectional study investigating relationship between AF and cardiovascular fitness in HIV+ individuals on antiretroviral therapy.  Participants’ (n=29) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MAX) were assessed by graded exercise test and scaled allometrically, then divided into tertiles by fitness level (Unfit, Low-fit, and Moderately-fit).  Heart rate variability (HRV) and the Autonomic Reflex Screen were used to assess AF. Results:  Median VO2MAX were 104.9, 130.5, and 150.2 mL∙kg-.67∙min-1 for Unfit (n=10), Low-fit (n=10), and Moderately-fit (n= 9) groups respectively (p<0.05).  Positive correlations were found between VO2MAX and HRV (Spearman’s rho range 0.383 to 0.553) were found.  Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (QSART) Distal Leg volumes was lower in Unfit compared to Low-fit (p=0.007) and Moderately-fit groups (p=0.018).  Unfit QSART total volumes was lower than Moderately-fit (p=0.014).  Conclusion:  A positive relationship existed between AF and fitness levels. HIV+ individuals could benefit from improved fitness.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the importance of various physiological indices related to the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA) on predicting 10 kilometer (10km) running performance. Methods: Seventeen endurance trained males 28-51 years old tested twice, on two separate occasions on a treadmill with a continuous method for the determination of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and OBLA respectively. The determination of OBLA was based on the fixed blood lactate concentration of 4 milimoles per liter (4mmol/l). During testing, except blood during lactate measurements, heart rate and oxygen consumption were also measured.  Results: Mean ± (SD) values for treadmill speed, oxygen consumption, heart rate and percentage of VO2max that correspond to OBLA level, were 16.7 ± 1.9 km/h, 53.0 ± 7.1 ml/kg/min, 167 ± 9.9 b/min and 80.1 ± 7.6 % respectively. Treadmill speed and oxygen consumption at OBLA level showed strong correlation (r=-0.87 and r=-0.84 respectively; p<0.001) with 10km performance but there was only a moderate relationship (r=-054; p<0.05) for OBLA expressed % of VO2max. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that the faster 10km performance times were best explained by higher treadmill speed and oxygen consumption at OBLA level rather than the percentage of VO2max associated with the mentioned intensity

Objective: To investigate how a change in VO2max induced through 6 weeks of high intensity aerobic interval training affects daily total energy expenditure (TEE), active energy expenditure (AEE) and mitochondrial function in people not previously exposed to structured high intensity aerobic interval training (AIT).

Methods: Thirty healthy males (39±6 yrs) not exposed to structured exercise training were randomized to either 1x4 min AIT (1-AIT), 4x4 min AIT (4-AIT), both at 90-95% maximum heart rate (HRmax) or 47 min of MCT at 70% HRmax. TEE, AEE, number of steps, active time, sedentary time, VO2max and mitochondrial function in m. vastus lateralis were measured before and after intervention.

Results:  TEE increased 14% (p=0.014) and AEE increased 43% (p= 0.004) after MCT. There was no change in TEE or AEE after 1-AIT or 4-AIT, but 1-AIT had significantly lower TEE (p=0.033) and step-count (p=0.011) compared to MCT post intervention. VO2max increased 7% after 1-AIT (p= 0.004) and 9% after 4-AIT (p=0.004), with no change after MCT. No change was observed in maximal mitochondrial respiration (VMAX) or Citrate Synthase (CS) activity within or between interventions. Basal respiration (V0) increased after 1-AIT (p=0.029) and 4-AIT (p=0.022), with no significant change after MCT.

Conclusion: AIT interventions that increase VO2max, do not stimulate subjects to increase TEE or AEE. The intensity of exercise seems to play apart, as MCT increased TEE and AEE and AIT did not. Emphasis should be placed on the importance of maintaining everyday activities when introducing structured exercise training to untrained individuals.