Wage Labour

Marx’s account of wage-labour is permeated with neo-Roman republican vocabulary. But Marx, in contrast to some interpretations of the tradition, also stressed the structural dimensions of domination and its relationship to exploitation. In this chapter, I focus on Marx’s account of the periods before, during and after the agreement of the labour contract. Marx held that workers were structurally dominated by the capitalist class because their ownership of the means of production meant that propertyless workers had no choice but to work for a capitalist master. Marx argued that this enabled the capitalist and capitalist class’s exploitation of the workers in the bargaining and setting of the labour contract. Finally, Marx detailed how once the labour contract had been agreed workers were subjected to the interpersonal domination of the individual capitalist inside the factory workplace. Together, these three moments of domination undermined the worker’s liberty and, according to Marx, made them a slave of the individual capitalist and the capitalist class. Marx thus maintained that the putatively free wage-labour contract amounted to wage-slavery.

This paper examines whether the concept of Unconditional Basic Income (UBI) can be realised within the framework of capitalism. After describing the essence of UBI, I present its historical antecedents, rival concepts and the pros and cons. The paper then contrasts the effect of UBI on wage labour with aspects of capital accumulation and makes an assessment of the obstacles to the introduction of UBI. It deduces why and how UBI might become unsustainable in cases where it is implemented within the framework of a profit-oriented and property-based society and concludes that as UBI would put a floor under the working-class income, restrict the possibilities of suppressing the wage share and increase the rate of exploitation, it is unlikely to be introduced and certainly cannot be maintained as long as the socioeconomic system is based on the profit motive.

Protestant missionaries have recently been praised for their comparatively benign features concerning their support of women's education in Africa. Using a novel dataset of 5,202 Protestant brides born between 1880 and 1945 from urban and rural Uganda, this paper offers a first pass at analysing empirically the role of mission education on African women's socio-economic position within the household. The paper finds that although mission education raised the sampled brides' literacy skills way above female national levels, they were largely excluded from participating in the colonial wage labour market. In this context, the missionary society presented an almost exclusive source of female wage labour in areas of religious service, schooling and medical care. While literacy per se did not affect women's marriage behaviour, women who worked for the missionaries married significantly later in life and married men closer to their own age, signalling a shift in the power balance between parents and daughters and between husband and wife. On average, daughters of fathers deeply entrenched in the missionary movement had the highest chances to access wage employment, emphasizing the importance of paternal mission networks for Protestant women's work outside the household during colonial times.

La tesi analizza gli effetti dello sviluppo dell'industria ortofrutticola orientata all'esportazione sulla povertà rurale e sulle trasformazioni agrarie in Tanzania, focalizzandosi da un lato sul contract farming, il quale ha coinvolto aziende agricole, imprenditori tanzaniani e piccoli agricoltori, e dall'altro sul lavoro agricolo salariato. Il lavoro è basato su uno studio di campo di 6 mesi nei distretti nord orientali di Meru, Moshi e Lushoto.

The framework of the keiretsu-based integrated production system, which is the production system of the Hyundai Motor (HM) Group, involves a keiretsu-based amalgamation of auto parts makers that makes it possible for 18 automobile-related affiliates to work organically as a single unit. This allows the HM Group to maintain low-cost production systems by easily downshifting assembly processes and taking advantage of the technical aspect of modularisation and the institutional aspect of the wage-labour nexus.

I vilken utsträckning fick tjänstefolk, tillfälliga arbetare, bruksarbetare och byggnadsarbetare under 1600-talet ut sina nominella löner i pengar? I vilken mån fick de varor eller någonting annat? Utifrån brev, domböcker och räkenskaper från tre olika arbetsplatser i 1600-talets Sverige visar uppsatsen att skillnaderna var stora, också på individnivå. Lönerna var inte enhetliga eller traditionsbundna, utan flexibla och förhandlingsbara.

Special Issue, The Origins of the Welfare State: Global and Comparative Approaches Co-edited by Agnoletto, S. and Palmieri, C. http://zapruderworld.org/journal/archive/volume-3/overcoming-barriers-to-voluntary-servitude-positive-thinking-and-self-help-the-post-political-ideology-of-workfare/

1989 óta, a történelmi fordulatok és Francis Fukuyama jóvoltából, a mértékadó vélemények szerint a szabad piacgazdaság és a demokrácia együttese az emberi társadalom legfejlettebb formája. Mivel a fejlődést az ellentmondások hajtják előre, az előbbi tétel akkor igaz, ha sem a szabad piacgazdaságon, sem a demokrácián belül, sem a szabad piacgazdaság és a demokrácia között nincsenek súlyos ellentétek. Ezért e tanulmány a szabadpiac és a demokrácia mibenlétének és a kettő viszonyának tisztázását célozza. A demokrácia általános és specifikus tartalmából kiindulva megkülönbözteti a jogi és a reális egyenlőség fogalmát, elemzi a szabad piacgazdaság legfontosabb hatásmechanizmusának, a versenyképességi harcnak a sokirányú egyenlőtlenségekre gyakorolt hatását. A reális egyenlőtlenséggel kapcsolatban kitér a jövedelmi és a termelőeszközök tulajdonlásában megnyilvánuló egyenlőtlenségekre, illetve a tőkén belüli, valamint a tőke és bérmunka közötti egyenlőtlenségre. Az egyenlőtlenségeken keresztül mutatja be a szabadpiac szerepét a demokrácia kiüresedésében és/vagy a demokratikus intézmények korlátozásában. (A tanulmány elsőként műhelytanulmány formájában jelent meg, rövidebb verzióját a Köz-Gazdaság c. folyóirat publiklálta. Az Academia.edu-n mindkét változat elérhető.)

Overall, if the labour markets would be accepted as two polarized blocks, surveying the economic and social dimensions of wages will be pertinent. It has become a confliction between employers and employes, shuttered in this distinction, a fair regulation of wages for many economists were forced to detect new formulas. However, in the labour economics literature such secondary actors employes and employers; have to accept the existence of government and unions. These secondary actors acquirement from labour markets seat the economic balance on a quartet trivet. So far, in observance of the doctrinal explanation that it can be obtained is a multi-dimensional and multi-functional wage model on the basis of four actors in the labour market can be reached will contribute to the balance.

This study empirically investigates (for the period of 1983-2017) the relationships between the parameters (labour wage (LW), labour productivity (LP) and unemployment (UNM) rate) of the construction sector in New Zealand. This study employs the Johansen co-integration test to determine if the relationship in the long run does exist among the investigated variables as well as to assess the relationships. The results show that the LW has a positive effect on the LP, while the UNM affects negatively, which indicates that the higher salary, the more productive labour. In other words, increase in salary stimulates the belief of the workforce that they are substantially paid for their work, which ultimately increases their trust and loyalty to the employer; hence, productivity. Moreover, the results show adverse effect of UNM on LP, which indicates that labours may also lose his/her productivity due to fear of losing his/her job. The model stability is verified by Histogram Normality Test, Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation, Heteroscedasticity Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey tests. Thus, the forefront of the construction sector is recommended to consider the empirical relationships determined in this study in order to improve the productivity level at various levels.

New Zealand's Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme allows Pacific islanders, including many from Vanuatu, to migrate as temporary agricultural labourers. For government stakeholders, the program's success can be measured, in no uncertain terms, by the increased consumption of foreign goods and community development projects funded by returned migrants. Yet it is precisely in these terms, of new belongings and one's sense of belonging, that returnees, especially young men, experience the greatest uncertainty. How should they use the money they earn overseas: to strengthen their kinship networks and communities by sharing their wealth, or to purchase clothes, stereos, cars, or even land, which will belong only to them as individuals? Each strategy has its potential promises and pitfalls, and the outcomes remain uncertain. Will workers who spend on belongings alienate themselves from their kin and island communities? And how might they be forging new kinds of belonging as young urban wage earners? In addition to exploring these questions, this paper suggests that these strategies might inform and inspire relevant policy that is better able to grapple with the very uncertainties the RSE helps to create.

Questo studio ha analizzato gli effetti della globalizzazione agroalimentare sulla poverta rurale in Tanzania, inquadrando il fenomeno nei piu ampi processi di cambiamento politico, sociale ed economico in corso nel Paese e nel continente africano. Dopo un lungo periodo di disinteresse tanto del settore pubblico quanto di quello privato, negli ultimi anni e infatti emersa una nuova attenzione da parte dei governi nazionali, dei donatori e degli investitori esteri verso l’agricoltura e la terra africana. Come suggerito dalla Banca Mondiale con la pubblicazione del World Development Report 2008, il governo tanzaniano ha intrapreso una strategia di sviluppo che pone grande enfasi sull’attrazione di investimenti esteri nel settore agricolo, sulla creazione di ‘cluster agroindustriali’ e sulla diffusione di nuove colture ‘high value’ e ‘labor intensive’ per l’esportazione nel mercato internazionale. I donatori e il governo tanzaniano ritengono infatti di facilitare la riduzione della pov...

Garland, C. (2014) ‘As Barriers Fall, Contingency Becomes Possibility: Protest Resisting and Escaping Containment and Categorization’, Part II Identity, Embodiment and Categorisation in Eds. Lamond, I. and Spracklen, K. 'Protests as Events: Politics, Activism and Leisure (London: Rowman & Littlefield International) Hardback ISBN/9781783480760 Paperback ISBN/978-1-78348-077-7 eBook ISBN/978-1-78348-078-4 

https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781783480760

Paper presented at 'Practicing Theory - ASCA International Workshop and Conference 2011', Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, University of Amsterdam, 2nd-4th March 2011 https://asca.uva.nl/programme/archive-conferences/asca-international-workshop-2011-practicing-theory/asca-international-workshop-2011-practicing-theory.html?1583659550967

Wann und wo die kapitalistische Produktionsweise entstanden ist und sich durchgesetzt hat, istumstritten, auch unter Marxisten. Nun ergreift der griechische Ökonom Jannis Milios das Wort: Erlokalisiert die Geburtsstunde des Kapitalismus in Venedig, und zwar schon Ende des 14.Jahrhunderts.Noch einmal lässt Milios die Diskussion um die Entstehung des Kapitalismus Revue passieren. InAuseinandersetzung mit Marx, Lenin, Max Weber, Braudel und Ansätzen der Weltsystemtheorie sowiedes sogenannten Political Marxism (Robert Brenner, Ellen Meiksins Wood) lehnt er überkommeneErklärungen ab. Das betrifft die Dialektik von Produktivkräften und Produktionsverhältnissen ebensowie jede Form von Geschichtsnotwendigkeit. Mit Rückgriff auf den Begriff aleatorische Begegnung (Althusser/Balibar) rekonstruiert Jannis Miliosdie Geschichte des zufälligen Zusammentreffens von Geldbesitzern und doppelt freien Arbeitern in derLagunenstadt und analysiert die Bedingungen, unter denen diese Begegnung sich historischwirkmächtig entfalten konnte. Eine beeindruckende Studie über eine frühe Finanzialisierung undProletarisierung der Gesellschaft
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On 4-7 April 2018 the 12 th European Social Science History Conference will take place at Queen's University in Belfast (Northern Ireland) – https://esshc.socialhistory.org/esshc-belfast-2018. The ESSHC brings together scholars interested in explaining historical phenomena using the methods of the social sciences. The conference is characterized by a lively exchange in many small groups, rather than by formal plenary sessions. It is organized in a large number of networks that cover specific fields of interest. One of the largest networks is Labour. We think that progress in Labour History is being made by analysing global developments in labour relations and labour struggles, including the influence of these global developments on specific contexts and vice versa. It also remains essential to take into account other constituent elements of working class identities besides class, such as gender, ethnicity, religion, age and nationality. Furthermore, we see the emergence of substantial new areas of study within Labour History, for example: the connected histories of colonial and metropolitan labour across the early modern and modern periods; the " provincialization " of Atlantic slavery vis-à-vis the emergence of new research on the experiences of enslavement in the medieval Mediterranean and the early modern Indian Ocean, Asia and the Pacific; a renewed approach to the question of free and unfree labour; the entanglements between the management of slave, indentured, convict and wage labour; the entanglements between the study of labour relations and workers' individual and collective agency; and the focus on single sites of production and reproduction (plantations, factories, mines, households, manufactures, docks, railways etc.). Moreover, we witness a growing tendency to foreground labour history in order to understand pressing contemporary issues, such as globalization, social inequality, migration, labour precariousness, mass incarceration and citizenship. The Labour Network welcomes any session or paper proposal dealing with all topics and periods in labour and working class history. For a detailed list of the criteria that we will follow in our selection, see the annex 1 below. Please, read it carefully when preparing your proposal. As part of the Labour Network programme, at the ESSHC 2018 we aim to organize three 'Methodological Sessions'. These are sessions where methodological issues in the study of Labour History are explicitly foregrounded (this does not prevent the papers to be also empirically based). For example, you may think of sessions on new perspectives in comparative labour history, on the role of petitions in the study of workers' agency, on the archives for global labour history, on the alternativeness or complementariness of macro-and micro-analyses in labour history, etc. If you wish to propose one such session, please use 'Methodological Session' as a subtitle to your session. If your panel will not be selected for the 'Methodological Sessions', we will of course still take it into consideration for our regular sessions. In order to broaden the chronological scope of labour history, we will also reserve at least two time-slots for sessions that focus on labour in the Antiquity and the Middle Ages, and/or with longer-term perspectives including the centuries prior to 1500. For these sessions we will seek alliance with related ESSHC networks. The conference language is English.

Social scientists agree that women are generally more religious than men, but disagree about whether the differences are universal or contingent on social context. This study uses General Social Survey data to explore differences in religiosity between, as well as among, women and men by level of individual earned income. Extending previous research, I focus on high earners with other groups included for comparison. Predicted probabilities based upon fully interacted models provide four key findings: (1) There are no significant gender differences among high earners; (2) high-earning women are less religious than low-earning women; (3) high-earning men are more religious than low-earning men; and (4) differences among women and among men at different earnings levels are just as large as average differences between women and men. Further analyses demonstrate that the relationship between gender, earnings, and religiosity varies by race. The findings demonstrate the utility of intersectional approaches for understanding gender differences in religiosity. Beyond the implications specific to the gender differences in religiosity literature, this study also indicates that religion is an important, yet often underemphasized, aspect of our intersectional selves.