Waste Management

Solid waste can be considered as an urban burden or as a valuable resource depending on how it is managed. To meet the rising demand for energy and to address environmental concerns, a conversion from conventional energy systems to renewable resources is essential. For the sustainability of human civilization, an environmentally sound and techno-economically feasible waste treatment method is very important to treat recyclable waste. Several technologies are available for realizing the potential of solid waste as an energy source, ranging from very simple systems for disposing of dry waste to more complex technologies capable of dealing with large amounts of industrial waste. There are three main pathways for conversion of waste material to energy: thermo chemical, biochemical and physicochemical. This paper investigates the thermo chemical conversion of solid waste for energy recovery. The processes, advantages and dis-advantages of various thermo chemical conversion processes are ...

Burning coal in power plants produces significant amounts of deposits like fouling and slagging on boiler surfaces which contributes to the overall poor performance of the power plants (by reducing electricity generation capacity, decreasing boiler efficiency and increasing overall maintenance cost). Recent research and development on boiler fouling and slagging problems, with the current preventative measures and technologies available to minimise this deposition, is reviewed and discussed in this paper. There are several technologies to minimise the deposition problems in boilers, such as pulse detonation wave technology, intelligent shoot blower, anti-fouling coatings, chemical treatment technology, etc. The effectiveness of these technologies to prevent foulage problems is addressed, and concluding remarks and recommendations are drawn according to their effectiveness.

Transport fuel is one of the major concerns of the energy market. This fuel mainly comes from the processing of crude petroleum oil. The transport fuel processing industries, such as crude oil distillation plants, gas condensate fractionation plants, natural gas processing plants, etc., are one of the most energy-and emission-intensive sectors in the world. On the other hand, the handling and transportation of petroleum products like gasoline, kerosene, diesel, naphtha, octane and sprite, etc. also produce environmental pollution. This study reviewed energy and waste management by transport fuel processing industries in Bangladesh. Such industries are also known as petrochemical industries. They mainly produce gaseous pollutants such as process gas, waste gas, etc. and liquid pollutants such as produced water, waste oil and grease, etc. The gaseous pollutants are burnt in the flare system to save the environment. The liquid pollutants are more hazardous because of their higher salinity and corrosivity and higher amounts of grease. The literature on waste water management techniques, pollution abatement techniques and oil-water separator techniques is described. The waste water treatment techniques used in the case study industries are briefly discussed. Energy flows for both gaseous and liquid waste management are developed. Energy-saving and time frame measures which can be implemented are also outlined. The study found that the rational use of energy and proper environmental management are essential for achieving the energy and environmental sustainability of transport fuel process industries.

Management and treatment of solid waste can mitigate adverse impacts on environment and human health, and also can support economic development and quality of life. A number of thermo-chemical waste treatment methods (i.e. waste-to-energy conversion pathways such as, Pyrolysis, Gasification and Incineration) can transfer solid waste into energy, while gasification technology provides an efficient and environmental friendly solution to produce energy in the form of syngas. This paper presents an experimental investigation of syngas production using a pilot scale fluidised bed gasification process for energy recovery from solid waste. As feedstock preparation plays an important role to increase performance of gasification, steps of feedstock preparation (sorting, shredding and dying) are explained in detailed. Syngas production and clean-up and burning process is explained. The composition of syngas produced at different stages of the experiment is presented. Heat balance of heat engines, emission control and mass and energy balances of gasification plant used for energy recovery in this study is presented and discussed. This study found that about 65% of the original energy of solid waste is converted to syngas and 23% is converted to char with remaining 12% as residue loss. The primary energy conversion is done by burning syngas in a 0.5 MWe gas engine through an otto cycle power generation.

Used plastic polymer is one of the major wastes in the developed countries like Australia. Australia is spending a lot of money each year to process solid wastes in land filling which are not biodegradable and can be a threat to the environment in the long run. About 19% of the overall plastic wastes are recycled every year in Australia. The incineration processes of plastic wastes lead to severe air pollution, too. Since the plastic polymers are originated from the petroleum resources, the possible technologies of converting them into fuel have drawn attention to meet the future fuel demand. Thus, converting the plastic polymers into transport fuel through a cleaner combustion process will contribute to saving environment. It has been observed that the thermal fuel conversion technology, known as thermolysis and the dissolution process of plastic polymers into an acceptable bio-solvent can lead to reduction of plastic wastes effectively. This paper presents a review on various thermolysis processes and the dissolution effect of various plastic polymers into bio-solvents. The technical features of converting polymers into fuel through appropriate and optimal technologies for the fuel production also have been analyzed. The authors have undertaken further studies on developing alternative fuel processing technologies to utilize polymer wastes as a resource, thus reducing environmental contaminant in an effective way.

Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the major greenhouse gas which occupies approximately 55% of the total greenhouse gases. Coal fired power plants are one of the major contributors of CO 2 emission. Different carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies are available and some are being developed and implemented to minimise CO 2 emission. Mineral carbonation technology is one of the CCS technologies where CO 2 is sequestered as a solid environmentally safe stable carbonated product; however, carbonation process requires additional energy for pretreatment of the feed stocks (such as grinding of mineral) and compression of CO 2 before carbonation. The main advantage of this technology is its exothermic reaction process. Heat energy required for pretreatment can be supplied from this exothermic reaction if heat energy can be recovered. Sensible heat from carbonated product can also be recovered from the carbonation process. This paper presents the feasibility of integrating carbonation technology with coal fired power plant. The results of its impact on power plant efficiency are presented and analyzed through thermodynamic energy balance.

Bioenergy is now accepted as having the potential to provide the major part of the projected renewable energy provisions of the future. It has been ascertained that the biomass is a common form of renewable energy and widely used in the world. The use of biomass to provide energy has been identified as a fundamental to the development of civilization. There are different types of thermo-chemical conversion technologies available for converting biomass into energy which stretches from direct burning to more complex processes including gasification or pyrolysis. Among these processes, pyrolysis has become increasingly popular because it gives products of better quality compared to any other thermo-chemical conversion processes for biomass. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed using Advanced System for Process Engineering (ASPEN) PLUS which is a computer assisted energy simulation tool to analyse and optimize the performance of pyrolysis process i.e., to maximize the yields of pyrolysis products such as bio-oil, biochar and syngas as a function of pyrolysis temperature, operating conditions, and physical and chemical properties of biomass. The simulation was done for four types of biomass, namely shredded green waste, pine chips, wood and birch. The results show that the shredded green waste is the best for bio-oil production which possesses high cellulose and low moisture content. The bio-oil of up to 58% can be produced from this material.

The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical simulation model of a fixed bed gasifier for municipal solid waste (MSW) using ASPEN Plus (Advanced System for Process Engineering Plus) software. The model wasdeveloped based onGibbs' free energy minimisation approach and was validated with experimental data of MSW gasification available in literature. Proximate and ultimate analysis of MSW and operation conditions used in the model development are presented and discussed. The study found that simulated and predicted composition of syngas wasin good agreement with experimentally measured data (within 4%). The model can be used to analyse performance of gasification process for varying operating parameters, such as air-fuel ratio, gasifier temperature and moisture content of MSW. This model can be used for other biomass feedstocks, such as wood waste, green waste, food waste etc. to predict the syngas composition at optimised operating condition.

Cement manufacturing is a high energy consuming and heavy polluting process. To reduce the energy and environmental costs cement producers are currently using a blend of alternative fuels with conventional fossil fuels. Alkaline environment, high temperature and long processing time allow cement kiln to burn a wide range of alternative fuels including waste and hazardous materials. This paper summarizes and reviews literatures on the usage of different types of alternative fuel and their impacts on the plant performance. The past research suggests that the maximum benefit can be derived by using an appropriate blend of different types of alternative fuels together with fossil fuels. However, the studies on quantification of appropriate mixing ratio of different alternative fuels to increase the plant performance are scant. Further study is required to determine the correct blending ratios. This literature review is focused on the relationship between performance and blending of different alternative fuels used by leading cement manufacturing groups.

The manufacture of Portland cement is an energy intensive process. It produces significant pollution and uses large amounts on nonrenewable resources. With increasing pressures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to cement manufacture, research and development of fuel alternatives and their effect on the manufacturing process has become an industry focus. The inherent properties of sintering cement in a rotary kiln allows for a large number of fuels to be burnt which are normally prohibited for use as fuel in other processes. To examine the suitability of a fuel, process modeling and simulation can be undertaken to predict the final impact of that fuel on kiln performance and greenhouse gas emission. With an accurate model and sufficient data, it is possible to conduct simulations for a wider range of alternative fuels. This paper discusses and summarizes the simulation results of three alternative fuels, namely spent carbon lining, used industrial lubricants and used tires, for identifying the most effective fuel source among these three. Among the selected fuels used, industrial lubricant is found to be the best option regarding the CO 2 emission, while the spent carbon lining is the worst one. In contrast, feed material requirements can be reduced by up to approximately 15% by using spent carbon lining. Further research is recommended to justify the findings.

Energy recovery from biomass by gasification technology has attracted significant interest because it satisfies a key requirement of environmental sustainability by producing near zero emissions. Though it is not a new technology, studies on its integrated process simulation and analysis are limited, in particular for municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification. This paper develops an integrated fixed bed gasifier model of biomass gasification using the Advanced System for Process ENngineering (Aspen) Plus software for its performance analysis. A computational model was developed on the basis of Gibbs free energy minimization. The model is validated with experimental data of MSW and food waste gasification available in the literature. A reasonable agreement between measured and predicted syngas composition was found. Using the validated model, the effects of operating conditions, namely air-fuel ratio and gasifier temperature, on syngas production are studied. Performance analyses have been done for four different feedstocks, namely wood, coffee bean husks, green wastes and MSWs. The ultimate and proximate analysis data for each feedstock was used for model development. It was found that operating parameters have a significant influence on syngas composition. An air-fuel ratio of 0.3 and gasifier temperature of 700 °C provides optimum performance for a fixed bed gasifier for MSWs, wood wastes, green wastes and coffee bean husks. The developed model can be useful for gasification of other biomasses (e.g., food wastes, rice husks, poultry wastes and Energies 2013, 6 6509 sugarcane bagasse) to predict the syngas composition. Therefore, the study provides an integrated gasification model which can be used for different biomass feedstocks.

Gasification is a thermo-chemical process to convert carbon-based products such as biomass and coal into a gas mixture known as synthetic gas or syngas. Various types of gasification methods exist, and fluidized bed gasification is one of them which is considered more efficient than others as fuel is fluidized in oxygen, steam or air. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of fluidized bed gasification of solid waste (SW) (wood). The experimental measurement of syngas composition was done using a pilot scale gasifier. A numerical model was developed using Advanced System for Process ENgineering (Aspen) Plus software. Several Aspen Plus reactor blocks were used along with user defined FORTRAN and Excel code. The model was validated with experimental results. The study found very similar performance between simulation and experimental results, with a maximum variation of 3%. The validated model was used to study the effect of air-fuel and steam-fuel ratio on syngas composition. The model will be useful to predict the various operating parameters of a pilot scale SW gasification plant, such as temperature, pressure, air-fuel ratio and steam-fuel ratio. Therefore, the model can assist researchers, professionals and industries to identify optimized conditions for SW gasification.

In a municipal wastewater treatment plant, the anaerobic digesters are able to support the whole or a portion of the required fuel to offset the energy demand. Also, by implementing some techniques on municipal sewage sludge, leading to biomethane productivity enhancement, it is possible to generate surplus power. In this work, using batch biomethane potential assays, thermal pretreatment at 70 °C & 90 °C for the durations of 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h, and digestion temperature rise from the mesophilic to the thermophilic conditions have been studied to boost the biomethane productivity of the sewage sludge. Also a combined cooling, heat, and power generating plant was suggested to evaluate the techniques thermo-economically. It was shown that, compared to the non-treated mesophilic digestion of the sewage sludge, thermal pretreatment at 70 °C and 90 °C for 0.5 h, and thermophilic digestion were able to raise the biomethane productivity by 13.63%, 59.82%, and 160.8%, respectively. In this regard, the thermodynamic and the thermo-economic model of the plant was developed. The energy analysis of the system revealed that not only the studied methods, but also the mesophilic digestion of the non-treated sewage sludge result in a positive energy recovery balance in the plant. The exergo-economic analysis indicated that the major origin of cost in the system is the anaerobic digester. Implementing thermal pretreatment at 90 °C for 30 min and digestion temperature rise led to decrease in the required volume of the digester, and subsequently, in the total system cost rate. Additionally, all the applied techniques provided more fuel compared to the non-treated mesophilic case, and consequently they could reduce the levelized cost of energy in the plant. Among the studied techniques, the most effective one was digestion temperature rise which decreased the total cost rate and the levelized cost of energy by 30.31% and 41.29%, respectively. . Therefore, a technique which is able to boost the biomethane production rate and also to reduce the digester volume, is an effective method for increasing the biomethane productivity and decreasing the energy demand of the system. Researchers have shown that thermal pretreatment and increasing the digestion temperature from the mesophilic (35-40 °C) to the

finite resources of fossil fuels and their role as the most important factor in air pollution and climate change, the use of renewable energy sources is the best solution to meet the power requirements. One of the appropriate technologies in terms of energy saving and power generation with high efficiency is using the cogeneration of heat and power in which renewable fuels are used instead of fossil fuels. In the present work, a cogeneration system, consisting of a gas turbine cycle with power generation capacity of 30 MW, a steam generator, an anaerobic digester, and a heat exchanger for heating the digester and pretreatment system, has been applied. The purpose is the thermodynamic and the exergo-economic evaluation of a cogeneration of heat and power cycle (CHP), considering the three objective functions of first and second law efficiencies, and the total specific cost of the system. The combined heat and power plant was fueled by the mixture of natural gas and biogas. A parametric investigation was conducted to assess the influences of decision parameters on the performance and the total cost rate of the cycle. The results showed that in the absence of biogas (high mixing ratios) the irreversibilities of the combustion chamber and the heat recovery steam generator are high, and at low mixing ratios those of the combustion chamber and the anaerobic digester are significant. The irreversibility of the combustion chamber at all the mixing ratios is the highest value. The exergy efficiency of the cycle is increased from 46.94% in the case of pure biogas to 50.64% in the case of pure natural gas. Also, the total specific cost of the system is increased from 66.7 $/MWh in the case of pure natural gas to 98.71 $/MWh in the case of the pure biogas. Dual fuel GT-CHP is an interesting option to access for high efficiency, high flexibility and plant reliability at low cost in comparison to only biogas systems, facilitating a blend of fossil fuel and renewable resource systems.

The time has come for a treaty on plastic This anticipated development would be building upon all the previous United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) resolutions: we had one in each of the five meetings that preceded the forthcoming UNEA 5.2. There seems to a wide consensus that towards a treaty is what is needed. The idea has been actively promoted by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and lobbying stakeholders, not least from Norway, who have released over the last 2 years related reports exploring the need for such an agreement; and supported by major players in the sectors involved, such as the International Solid Waste Association (ISWA), through its Task Force on Marine Litter. However, the very nature of such an agreement, its scope and level of ambition are still to be seen. A resolution proposal has already landed in the public domain, enjoying the support of multiple governments.

Here we investigate the increasingly complex relationship between the resource recovery practices of the UK concrete industry and ongoing low-carbon transitions taking place in electricity and steel. Reductions in UK coalbased electricity and primary steel production are reducing domestic availability of residuescoal ash and steel slagthat are used to replace cement in concrete; for decarbonisation purposes and to increase concrete quality. This is leading to an unusual mass-transportation of 'wastes' from the Global South to Global North. Focusing closely upon the mitigation pathways of concrete producers, we develop an inter-industry model of material flows, and a diversity of scenarios and sensitivity tests, to consider how resource recovery practices and carbon emissions of the three sectors may evolve. A continuation of domestic shortages in waste-derived cement substitutes appears inevitable and future international shortages possible. But even if foreign producers supplied enough cement substitutes to meet UK demand, the broader carbon implications of such trade may be far from benign. Using a revenue-based approach to allocate emissions to coal ash leads to a wide range of embodied carbon estimatesfrom relatively low (0.15 t.CO 2 /t.ash) to exceeding that of traditional Portland cement (1 t.CO 2 /t.ash). However, the carbon associated with internationally traded recovered resources currently stands behind a 'double-blind' system of accounting: emissions do not register in the conventional territorial accounts of the importing country and they may be hidden from its consumption-based accounts as well. The impacts of such trade and related carbon accounting conventions are unclear and we emphasise the need for further investigation. To this end, our results demonstrate the importance of incorporating highly interconnected sectors and international trade into analyses of low-carbon transitions, and highlight the challenges this presents for designing appropriate policies, accounting frameworks, and interdisciplinary impact assessment methods that look beyond sectorial and national horizons.

The transition to a circular economy, where the value of resources is preserved in the technosphere, must be supported by policies and operational decision-making based on evidence. Existing methods used to provide this evidence (e.g. LCA, LCSA, CBA) are not robust enough to adequately address the creation and dissipation of systemic and multidimensional value that spans the social, environmental, economic and technical domains. This study proposes a novel, conceptual approach that seeks to assess how complex value is created, destroyed and distributed in resource recovery from waste systems. This approach expands beyond conventional methods of estimating value. It combines scientific and engineering methods with a socio-political narrative grounded in the systems of provision (sop) approach, and provides a comprehensive, analytical framework for making the transition to a resource-efficient future. This framework has the potential to connect bottom-up and top-down approaches in assessing resource recovery from waste systems, and address systemic challenges through transparency and flexibility, while accounting for the dynamic and non-linear nature of commodities flow and infrastructure provision in the overall system. This creates the pathway towards circular economy, and lays the foundations for future advances in computational and assessment methodologies in the field of RRfW.

The implementation of sustainable development principles as well as the prioritization of the circular economy as a healthy alternative to economic growth will cause producers to change their vision of production by incorporating concrete and effective environmental protection measures. The European Union, through Directive 2004/35/EC, on the prevention and repair of the damages produced to natural resources, has introduced, since its implementation for the first time on 30 April 2004, the obligation to respect the 'polluter pays' principle, with clear rules for them. The transposition of the Directive became mandatory three years later in 2007 for all member states and European producers were therefore responsible for both the pollution prevention action and the repair of potential environmental damage, as well as for bearing the associated costs of the two types of measures from the financial point of view. Within this research we find the concrete results of the implementation of the Directive, following the evaluations carried out by the European Commission, through the two official reports drawn up in 2010 and 2016, and also the difficulties faced by all Member States, in fact by European producers, in complying with environmental standards regarding waste. At the same time, these issues will be exemplified by reference to Romania's concrete example, as a case study.

Chemical recycling is considered an attractive technological pathway for reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as promoting circular economy. In the EU, readiness to develop a full commercial plant is becoming increasingly important given the ambitious goal to recycle all plastics by 2030. Household packaging streams tend to be of lower quality and lower recycling performance compared to industrial and commercial waste streams, thus requiring particular attention. This paper assesses chemical recycling technologies available and identifies the most suitable for recycling of household plastic waste. We identify eight different technologies and compare them in terms of process temperature, sensitivity to feedstock contamination and level of polymer breakdown, three critical factors affecting the cost and attractiveness of a chemical process. In addition, we carry out a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment for eight technologies based on the stage of their present development. The review is based on peer-reviewed scientific papers and information collected from technology developers and providers, as well as interviews with experts. Our analysis outlines advantages and disadvantages of technologies available for chemical plastic recycling and their TRL. The chemical recycling technologies with the highest TRL are pyrolysis, catalytic cracking and conventional gasification. However, the economic feasibility of these technologies is difficult to assess due to the low number of projects in operation and scarcity of data available for comparison. The results of this analysis provide timely information as policy makers and developers set targets for recycling, and contemplate investments on research and chemical plastic recovering plants.

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product; process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

Fly-ash is produced by all coal-fired utilities, and it must be removed from the plant exhaust gases, collected, and disposed of. While much work has been done in the past to utilize fly-ash rather than disposing of it, we nevertheless do not find widespread examples of successful industrial utilization. This is because past work has tended to find uses only for high-quality, easily-utilized fly-ashes, which account for less than 25% of the fly-ash that is produced. The main factor which makes fly-ashes unusable is a high unburned carbon content. In this project, physical separation technologies are being used to remove this carbon, and to convert these unusable fly-ashes into usable products. The main application being studied for the processed fly-ash is as a binder for inorganic materials, such as iron-ore pellets. Work in the first quarter concentrated on obtaining samples of materials to be used (fly-ash, and magnetite ore), training of personnel on pelletization procedures, obtaining and setting up pelletization apparatus in the MTU laboratories, and running pelletization experiments with bentonite binder to establish a baseline for comparison with the fly-ash binders to be made. In the second quarter, additional fly-ash samples were collected from the E. D. Edwards station (Bartonville, IL). Experimentation was begun to study the removal of carbon from these fly-ashes by froth flotation, and to make and test pellets that use fly-ash as binder. During the current quarter, flotation experiments were continued on the fly-ashes. Three types of ashes were studied: 1. Ash from the disposal pond ("wet" ash); 2. Dry fly-ash collected directly from the standard burners ("low-carbon" ash); 3. Dry fly-ash collected from the low-NO, burners ("high-carbon,' ash). Each of these was chemically analyzed, and conventional froth flotation experiments were carried out to determine the optimum reagent dosages for carbon removal. Decarbonized ashes were then made from each ash type, in sufficient quantity to be used in pelletization experiments. These experiments will determine the fly-ash characteristics that are most important for forming high-strength pellets.

The reduction of sulfur oxides from high sulfur coal burning utility companies has resulted in the production of huge quantities of wet flue-gas desulfurization scrubber sludge. A typical 400 MW power station burning a coal containing 3.5% sulfur by weight and using a limestone absorbent would produce approximately 177,000 tons (dry weight) of scrubber sludge per year. This brownish colored, finely divided material contains calcium sulfite (CaS03"l/2H20), calcium sulfate (CaS04"2H20), unreacted limestone (CaC03), and various other impurities such as fly-ash and iron oxide particles. The physical separation of the components of scrubber sludge would result in the re-use of this material. The primary use would be conversion to a highly pure synthetic gypsum. This technical report concentrates on the effect of baffle configuration on the separation of calcium sulfite/sulfate from limestone. The position of the baffles as they related to the feed inlet, and the quantity of the baffles were examined. A clean calcium sulfite/sulfate (less than 2.0~0 limestone by weight) was achieved with the combination of water-only cyclone and horizontally baffled column.

This study investigates the impact of conflict management strategies on conscientiousness in the oil and gas industry in South-South Nigeria. The research involves a population of 320 employees holding supervisory positions and above from five prominent companies. A sample size of 175 respondents was randomly selected for data collection using structured questionnaire. The study employed a cross-sectional research design, and data were analyzed using correlation analysis. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.649, p < 0.01) between conflict management strategies and conscientiousness. The study emphasizes the importance of appropriate conflict management approaches and highlights the positive relationship between effective conflict resolution and employee conscientious behaviour. The results provide valuable insights for organizations seeking to enhance employee morale, productivity, and overall performance through proactive conflict management strategies.

This report describes the evaluation of treatment technologies for industrial process wastewater containing the insensitive munitions (IMs) hexahydrotrinitrotriazine (RDX), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), nitroguanidine (NQ), and 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). The IM-containing waste streams were assessed based on current and expected future production. Current treatment of production wastewater uses granulated activated carbon (GAC) columns and reuses the treated water. However, the GAC treatment does not completely remove all IM constituents. Engineering issues to consider for treatment of IM wastewater include: the presence of IM precursor components, colorization of the wastewater, and the pH of the fresh production water. Ten wastewater technologies were evaluated during this study. The ten technologies are based on destructive and filtration methods such as biological treatment (destructive), chemical reduction (destructive), reverse osmosis (RO)/nano-filtration (filtration), and advanced oxidation processes (destructive). A comprehensive evaluation of alternatives relies on a detailed list of criteria, allowing for a consistent and unbiased comparison. For this evaluation of production and IM wastewater treatment alternatives, criteria for technical, cost, and risk factors for each proposed technology were used. Ultraviolet catalyzed hydrogen peroxide and electrochemical treatment scored well. UVperoxide is a more mature water treatment system that degrades most of the IM chemical components and decolorizes the production water. Electrochemistry also scored well because it degrades some IM chemical components and there are established electrode vendors. There are data gaps associated with all of the evaluated technologies; these gaps are discussed in the final chapter. Data to fill these gaps is required before most of these options can be implemented. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR.

This study focusses on the energy efficiency of compressed air storage tanks (CASTs), which are used as small-scale compressed air energy storage (CAES) and renewable energy sources (RES). The objectives of this study are to develop a mathematical model of the CAST system and its original numerical solutions using experimental parameters that consider polytropic charging and discharging processes, changes in the time of the temperature, flow parameters of the inlet and outlet valves under choked and subsonic conditions, and the characteristics of the air motor. This model is used to select CAST as an energy storage system for compressed air generated by compressors and recycling, as well as an energy source to drive DC generators and a pneumatic propulsion system (PPS). A measuring test rig is built to verify the polytropic pressure and temperature variations during CAST charging and discharging obtained from numerical solutions. The topic of discussion is the functional model of a high-pressure air system (HPAS) that contains a CAST connected to an air motor coupled to a mechanical drive for a DC generator or PPS. Such a system is used in small-scale CASTs, which currently respond to socio-economic demands. The presented CAST energy efficiency indicators are used to justify the storage of compressed air energy on a small scale. Small-scale compressed air storage in CASTs is currently important and relevant due to the balance between peak electricity demand and the development of wind energy, photovoltaics, and other renewable energy sources.

The effect of slow ON-OFF liquid flow modulation on the yield of consecutive reactions is investigated for oxidation of aqueous ethanol solutions using a 0.5 % Pd/Al 2 O 3 commercial catalyst in a laboratory trickle-bed reactor. Experiments with modulated liquid flow rate (MLFR) were performed under the same hydrodynamic conditions (degree of wetting, liquid holdup) as experiments with constant liquid flow rate (CLFR). Thus, the impact of the duration of wet and dry cycles as well as the period can be independently investigated. Depending on cycling conditions, acetaldehyde or acetic acid production is favored with MLFR compared to CLFR. Results suggest both the opportunity and challenge of finding a way to tune the cycling parameters for producing the most appropriate product.

The circular economy is an umbrella concept that applies different mechanisms aiming to minimize waste generation, thus decoupling economic growth from natural resources. Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced is wasted; this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food, which is worth around US$1 trillion or even $2.6 trillion when social and economic costs are included. In the fruit and vegetable sector, 45% of the total produced amount is lost in the production (post-harvest, processing, and distribution) and consumption chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find new technological and environmentally friendly solutions to utilize fruit wastes as new raw materials to develop and scale up the production of high value-added products and ingredients. Considering that the production and consumption of fruits has increased in the last years and following the need to find the sustainable use of different fruit side streams, this work aimed to describe the chemical composition and bioactivity of different fruit seeds consumed worldwide. A comprehensive focus is given on the extraction techniques of water-soluble and lipophilic compounds and in vitro/in vivo functionalities, and the link between chemical composition and observed activity is holistically explained.

The circular economy is an umbrella concept that applies different mechanisms aiming to minimize waste generation, thus decoupling economic growth from natural resources. Each year, an estimated one-third of all food produced is wasted; this is equivalent to 1.3 billion tons of food, which is worth around US$1 trillion or even $2.6 trillion when social and economic costs are included. In the fruit and vegetable sector, 45% of the total produced amount is lost in the production (post-harvest, processing, and distribution) and consumption chains. Therefore, it is necessary to find new technological and environmentally friendly solutions to utilize fruit wastes as new raw materials to develop and scale up the production of high value-added products and ingredients. Considering that the production and consumption of fruits has increased in the last years and following the need to find the sustainable use of different fruit side streams, this work aimed to describe the chemical compositi...

Food waste, particularly animal-derived waste, presents a significant challenge globally, prompting the need for sustainable management strategies. In 2022, the amount of food waste per capita reached 131 kg/capita in the EU (European Union), which is why the search for environmentally friendly ways to manage food waste through thermochemical conversion processes has gained momentum in recent years. Animal-derived waste is a good source of organic matter (proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) and mineral compounds (calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite). This composition makes animal-derived waste valuable for the extraction of chemical compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), which constitutes up to 70 wt% of animal bones; keratin; collagen; and hyaluronic acid (HA), to produce pharmaceutical, medical, or industrial byproducts. The thermochemical conversion of chicken bones through pyrolysis and gasification creates a new opportunity to valorize this type of waste by reintroducing valuable by-products into the economy and thus achieving sustainable waste management objectives. The results of this study showcase the multiple applications of the pyrolysis of chicken bone waste products (as adsorbents in aqueous mediums, catalysts, fertilizers, and biomedical applications) and the necessity of a better exploration of the gasification process of chicken bone waste. Therefore, this study explores the properties of animal-derived waste and discusses the pyrolysis and gasification of chicken bone waste, the influence of process conditions on product yields, and the catalytic enhancement of these thermochemical processes.

Food waste, particularly animal-derived waste, presents a significant challenge globally, prompting the need for sustainable management strategies. In 2022, the amount of food waste per capita reached 131 kg/capita in the EU (European Union), which is why the search for environmentally friendly ways to manage food waste through thermochemical conversion processes has gained momentum in recent years. Animal-derived waste is a good source of organic matter (proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides) and mineral compounds (calcium phosphate, mostly hydroxyapatite). This composition makes animal-derived waste valuable for the extraction of chemical compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), which constitutes up to 70 wt% of animal bones; keratin; collagen; and hyaluronic acid (HA), to produce pharmaceutical, medical, or industrial byproducts. The thermochemical conversion of chicken bones through pyrolysis and gasification creates a new opportunity to valorize this type of waste by reintroducing valuable by-products into the economy and thus achieving sustainable waste management objectives. The results of this study showcase the multiple applications of the pyrolysis of chicken bone waste products (as adsorbents in aqueous mediums, catalysts, fertilizers, and biomedical applications) and the necessity of a better exploration of the gasification process of chicken bone waste. Therefore, this study explores the properties of animal-derived waste and discusses the pyrolysis and gasification of chicken bone waste, the influence of process conditions on product yields, and the catalytic enhancement of these thermochemical processes.

Statistically designed experimental strategy has been performed in order to evaluate and optimize nutritional and environmental parameters that affect ferrous ion oxidation rate in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270. Plackett-Burman design was carried out to evaluate efficiently the biological significance of 10 culture conditions influencing ferrous-ion oxidation rate of T. ferrooxidans grown for 5 days in shake-flask batch mode on the newly modified 9-K media. Among the ten fermentation factors examined, the most significant variables influencing ferrous-ion oxidation rate were statistically elucidated to be pH and calcium nitrate as positive contributors, whereas trace metals solution and potassium chloride were the most significant negative contributors. The optimal levels of the most significant three nutritional factors were further predicted from a polynomial model created from the data obtained from three level factorial design, a Box-Behnken design. Predicted optimal ferrous-ion oxidation rate Q Fe2+ was recorded to be 0.148 (g Fe 2+ /l/hr). On verifying the predicted value, an experiment was performed under optimal predicted conditions and showed an actual experimental Q Fe2+ of 0.152 g/l/hr, which was 2.7% over the predicted value. Our optimized medium formula gave overall five folds increase in ferrousion oxidation rates over the previously published data of standard 9-K medium on batch culture of T. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 with higher µ max (hr -1 ) of 0.177, which was achieved within 75 hr incubation in shake-flask culture.

Purpose Variability in consumer behaviour can significantly influence the environmental performance of products and their associated impacts and this is typically not quantified in life cycle assessments. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate how consumer behaviour data can be used to understand and quantify the variability in the greenhouse gas emissions from domestic laundry washing across Europe. Methods Data from a pan-European consumer survey of product usage and washing habits was combined with internal company data on product format greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints and in-home measurement of energy consumption of laundry washing as well as literature data to determine the GHG footprint of laundry washing. The variability associated with four laundry detergent product formats and four wash temperature settings in washing machines were quantified on a per wash cycle basis across 23 European countries. The variability in GHG emissions associated with country electricity grid mixes was also taken into account. Monte Carlo methods were used to convert the variability in the input parameters into variability of the life cycle GHG emissions. Rank correlation analysis was used to quantify the importance of the different sources of variability. Results and discussion Both inter-country differences in background electricity mix as well as intra-country variation in consumer behaviour are important for determining the variability in life cycle GHG emissions of laundry detergents. The average GHG emissions related to the laundry washing process in the 23 European countries in 2014 was estimated to be 5 × 10 2 g CO 2 -eq/wash cycle, but varied by a factor of 6.5 between countries. Intra-country variability is between a factor of 3.5 and 5.0 (90% interval). For countries with a mainly fossil-based electricity system, the dominant source of variability in GHG emissions results from consumer choices in the use of washing machines. For countries with a relatively low-carbon electricity mix, variability in life cycle GHG emissions is mainly determined by laundry product-related parameters. Conclusions The combination of rich data sources enabled the quantification of the variability in the life cycle GHG emissions of laundry washing which is driven by a variety of consumer choices, manufacturer choices and infrastructural differences of countries. The improved understanding of the variability needs to be balanced against the cost and challenges of assessing of consumer habits.

Problems about energy cannot be separated from human life. Therefore, alternative fuels are needed that cheap and eco-friendly for small industry and home industry. One of them is using alternative energy briquettes from biomass waste. So, the purpose of this research is to find ways of making Bio-briquette &quot;Co-FES&quot; from the mixture of coconut fiber and shell eggs, to determine the effect of pressure from pressing process with quality of Bio-briquette, and to determine the ratio of Bio-briquette experiments results with the Indonesian National Standardization (SNI) briquettes. There are there stages to make Bio-briquette from coconut fiber and egg shell. First step is pre-treatment stage, it is stage to prepare a raw material by drying and charing coconut fiber and eggshells. And the next stage by mixing all the raw materials of coconut fiber and egg shells plus a starch adhesive with a ratio of each of 3: 1 and 2: 1. Then, insert the material that has been mixed into the ...

The use of pili shells as fuel in a biomass roasting furnace for roasting meat was investigated in this study. To estimate the capacity of pili shells in roasting meat, researchers used observation, experimentation, data analysis, and interpretation. Pili shells as a fuel were found to be a good substitute for roasting. Pili shells are more effective than an electric oven, according to the researchers. More research into the qualities and components of pili nutshells is needed to establish the treatment required before they may be utilized as fuel. Increased pressure has an effect on torrefaction metrics such as mass yields, energy densification ratio, energy yield, process energy consumption, the proximate analysis, high heating value.

This work aims to identify teaching and learning practices in practical classes of Computer Network Technology courses, which promote the use of the Physical Laboratory (PL) as an epistemic tool to improve learning in epistemic terms. Content analysis of Multimodal Narrations (MN) of three classes by two teachers were used. An MN aggregates and organizes the data collected in the PL environment. Based on the results, we infer that the student and the teacher, under certain conditions, use the physical laboratory as an epistemic tool since the physical interactions prove its use and reuse. In addition, this study allows, in the context of work in the physical laboratory of networks, to identify that the orchestrations of mediation patterns adopted by the teacher influence the students' epistemic practices and the use of the laboratory as a tool to produce new knowledge. The following contributions are presented: (1) The quality of the students' epistemic practices is increased if, in the teacher's dynamics of mediation, the control of the students' action is reduced; (2) The orchestration of the teacher's mediation patterns is essential to achieve beneficial results in student learning with the use of artifacts from the physical laboratory of Computer Networks; (3) For the physical laboratory to become an epistemic tool, it is necessary that the mediation standards allow students to develop epistemic practices to a high or very high degree and there is a certain mediation orchestration.

Carbon steels and stainless steels are largely employed in order to build up biological purification systems of urban and industrial waste. The former are applied in building up tanks, vessels and pipes; the latter are employed in building up operator machines and appliances. This paper presents a study of the corrosion behaviour of these materials in anaerobic and aerobic environments. Tests have been carried out by continuous immersion in a biologic liquid with mixed flora. The observation of samples taken at different times of exposure has given information of great interest of application, especially about the mechanisms of localized corrosion phenomena and about the behaviour of these materials in function. Besides the presented study shows original possibilities for the assessment of the corrosion phenomenon that can be adopted and developed further still.

Background Neutralizing Coal Mine Effluent with Limestone to Decrease Metals and Sulphate Concentrations Design Criteria for Limestone Neutralization at a Nickel Mine Treatment of Acid Leachate from Coal Discard using Calcium Carbonate and Biological Sulphate Removal Treatment of acid and sulphate-rich effluents in an integrated biologicaVchemical process Treatment of Mine Water for Sulphate and Metal Removal Using Barium Sulphide Optimizing the Effluent Treatment at a Coal Mine by Process Modelling Conclusions and Achievements Appendix A -Patents

Para se obter uma correta aplicação de técnicas arquitetônicas sustentáveis em um projeto devese entender que uma arquitetura com qualidade já se ergue sustentável e que esta sustentabilidade transcende à apenas ser correto em relação ao meio ambiente. A questão da sustentabilidade na arquitetura abrange diversos aspectos: ambientais, econômicos e sociais O aspecto ambiental garante uma boa relação entre o projeto realizado e o meio no qual está inserido, restringindo os impactos causados ao meio ambiente. No aspecto econômico, busca reduzir as despesas de capital utilizadas para alcançar uma eficiência ambiental, pois gerar um alto custo interfere diretamente no entendimento de ser sustentável. Já o aspecto social abrange a relação entre o projeto realizado e os indivíduos que nele transitaram influenciando no modo como se sentem.

Healthcare establishments, pharma industries, and medical laboratories generate various waste materials, collectively called hospital or healthcare waste. Waste management regulations differ depending on the laws and acts adopted by the authorities and their level of compliance. For instance, in the United States of America, hospitals follow the rules set by the Environmental Protection Agency. In Europe, hospitals adhere to guidelines and standards set by the European Environmental Agency, while globally, the World Health Organization has established standardized policies and regulations. As a result, waste treatment technologies have become more prevalent for making medical waste non-infectious. These treatments include thermal treatment using microwave technologies (e.g., Wet air oxidation), steam sterilization, electropyrolysis, and chemical and mechanical systems. This research aims to model the treatment of hospital wastewater by wet air oxidation method using Aspen Plus for the first time in Lebanon. The simulation showed that the reaction conversion yield for thiols or mercaptans was 89.7% and 83.8% for sodium hydrosulfide, and the COD and BOD5 levels were reduced by 79.1% and 88%, respectively.