Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background: Professional dancers experience high rates of musculoskeletal injuries.
Objective: To analyze the effect of comprehensive management (case management and intervention) on injury incidence, time
loss, and patterns of musculoskeletal injury in a modern dance organization.
Study Design: Retrospective/prospective cohort study.
Methods: Injury data were analyzed over a 5-year period, 2 years without intervention and 3 years with intervention, in a modern
dance organization (42 dancers). The number of workers’ compensation cases and number of dance days missed because of
injury were compared across a 5-year period in a factorial design.
Results: Comprehensive management significantly reduced the annual number of new workers’ compensation cases from a
high of 81% to a low of 17% and decreased the number of days lost from work by 60%. The majority of new injuries occurred
in younger dancers before the implementation of this program. Most injuries involved overuse of the lower extremity, similar to
patterns reported in ballet companies. Benefits of comprehensive management included early and effective management of
overuse problems before they became serious injuries and triage to prevent overutilization of medical services.
Conclusions: This comprehensive management program effectively decreased the incidence of new cases and lost time. Both
dancers and management strongly support its continuance.

Hip hop dance has rapidly become a popular international
art form. There is limited information on injury patterns in
this population. The purpose of this study was to determine
injury incidence and patterns among three groups of hip hop
dancers. Three hundred and twelve intermediate, advanced,
and expert hip hop dancers were recruited at battles, dance
conferences, clubs, and on dance related web sites within the
United States and internationally. A Web-based survey was
conducted over a 6-month period. Inclusion criteria included
intermediate and advanced level dancers over the age of 13.
Dancers were divided into three main categories: Breakers,
Popper/Lockers, and New Schoolers. Separate analysis of
variances were used to compare injury pattern differences
between groups. Two hundred and thirty-two dancers reported
a total of 738 injuries. Five hundred and six of these
(sustained by 205 dancers) were time-loss (TL) injuries.
Annual injury incidence was 237% (162% involving TL).
Lower extremity injuries were 52% and upper extremity
injuries 32% of total injuries. Breakers had a higher injury
incidence compared with Popper/Lockers, and New Schoolers.
Hip hop dancers report injury rates that are higher than
other dance forms but similar to gymnastics. These dancers
should be educated concerning injury prevention, biomechanics,
and use of protective equipment.

"Objective: Increasing evidence suggests that one in four sign language interpreters (SLIs) may experience symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) severe enough to modify their activities. This systematic review examined published research on SLIs and the development of MSD pathology, seeking to identify injury pathways to MSDs and work-related factors with the largest impact in targeted MSD-reduction intervention.

Methods: Embase and Medline electronic databases were searched from their inception until March 2009, finding 23 eligible peer-reviewed papers related to MSD pathology in SLIs, including narrative reviews, intervention studies, and qualitative and quantitative research.

Results: Three factors were shown to have limited support as increasing the risk for MSD pathology in SLI: increased mechanical exposure, stress, and speaker’s pace (a contributor to movement rate). Overall, the published literature was rated medium to low quality, with limited statistical methods and power, often lacking description of how dependent variables were measured, and how risk of biasing or confounding was minimized.

Conclusions: A conceptual model was developed to integrate the multi-factorial elements of MSD pathology development among SLIs. However, to strengthen development of evidence-based practice and policy-driven initiatives, higher-quality research is warranted to examine MSD pathology amongst SLIs.

Keywords: Physical risk factors, cognitive risk factors, Evidence-synthesis"

Buku ENBORA: Teknik Penilaian Risiko Ergonomik di Tempat Kerja (Penerbit UTHM) Tahun 2019

Teknik ENBORA adalah alat atau kaedah penilaian risiko ergonomik yang mudah dan praktikal digunakan di tempat kerja serta memberi penanda aras tahap risiko dan tindakan yang perlu diambil berkaitan dengan aktiviti atau tugasan di tempat kerja

Jika berminat untuk tempahan buku, boleh layari laman web http://e-bookstore.uthm.edu.my/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=349 atau hubungi En Mohd Razif di talian 07453 8698 (Penerbit UTHM)

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A manufacturing work system should be designed by attempting not only to maximize worker productivity, but also to improve worker satisfaction and minimize safety hazards. It is possible to achieve such a desirable goal through proper application of ergonomics principles to provide a comfortable, safe, and pleasant working area for their employees. It automatically results in producing high quality user-friendly products and also continuous improvement in productivity. One of the major key areas of ergonomics that need attention is environmental ergonomics, in particular industrial noise as an unwanted or damaging sound, in order to provide better working environment. The proposed work focus on the significant aspects of industrial noise and presents a review of the causes and effects of noise, especially on human performance and productivity. A survey is carried out in this regard and also a research plan to develop a computer assisted ergonomics system to enhance the application of ergonomics principles in manufacturing industries is highlighted.

Prolonged standing during surgical procedures poses a high risk of causing muscu-loskeletal disorders, including back, leg, and foot pain, which can be chronic or acute in nature. Ergonomic Tool 4: Solutions for Prolonged Standing in Perioperative Settings provides recommendations for relieving the strain of prolonged standing, including the use of antifatigue mats, supportive footwear, and sit/stand stools, that are based on well-accepted ergonomic safety concepts, current research, and access to new and emerging technology. AORN J 93 (June 2011) 767-774. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of AORN, Inc. Editor's note: This is the fourth in a series of seven articles based on the "AORN guidance statement: Safe patient handling and movement in the perioperative setting" that describe specific ergonomic solutions for high-risk patient handling tasks in the perioperative clinical setting.

MSD and Work: A Critical Mapping (Disturbi muscolo-scheletrici e lavoro: una mappatura critica).

Trends in Italian and European health statistics show an exponential increase in work-related illnesses. Within the range of work-related illnesses there is a different incidence of “old and new illnesses”. Musculoskeletal diseases (from here on, MSD), along with work-related stress, are the main illnesses in the new mode of production. On the European level, 60% of work-related illnesses are due to MSD, with stress related illnesses being the second most common. And the growing trend in these illnesses seems to be unstoppable. In Italy, in recent years, there has been an exponential increase in MSD, almost certainly linked to the fact that INAIL has created a new list of insurable diseases. This has finally brought Italy in line with Europe. The research project “Musculoskeletal diseases and Work: A Critical Mapping” was the first attempt that we know of to bring together the study of the phenomenon of work-related MSD with that of insurance claims, with the aim of mapping MSD risk based on INAIL data.

The Italian scientific community is an international leader in studies regarding the medical causes of MSD, the instruments of risk valuation, and solutions of an ergonomic nature. But there has been little work done studying insurance claims to deepen the understanding of the macro dynamics of MSD. The most recent Eurogip report on work-related illnesses also points out that Italy lacks an in depth study of insurance claims. Apart from the annual reports of INAIL that simply describe the current state of things, there are few attempts to understand the phenomenon of MSD in an inter-disciplinary manner. For example, in France the study of this phenomenon has brought together heterogeneous disciplines: from medicine to sociology, from ethnography to jurisprudence, from ergonomy to economy. To analyse MSD workplace illnesses in Italy on a macro level, one has to begin from the INAIL insurance data, as it is the only source of such information in Italy, after the stalling of a project by the National Register of Work Place Illnesses (Registro Nazionale delle malattie professionali) to epidemiologically map MSD. It is important to affirm from the start that insurance claims relating to workplace-illnesses are a ‘social fact’ and not simply a medical fact. This affirmation is the thread that links – in the different studies of the two authors – the chapters that follow this introduction.

As Hatzfeld notes in his historiographical work on the subject in France, work-related MSD has been recognised since Ramazzini (18th Century father of work-related medicine), but it only became a social question once it was political accepted, legally recognised and quantified in insurance claims. The fact that this process is based on political and social choices is clear from the fact that Italy lags 36 years behind France in its professional recognition of MSD (happening in 2008 and 1972 respectively), and also from the fact that in Italy there exist important territorial and sectorial distortions both in trends in insurance claims and in the recognition of those claims. Obviously choosing to begin from all insurance claims made and not only from those illness positively recognized by the insuring institution, is a choice that allows us to investigate the diverse dynamics inherent in the processes of recognition, and to see that they are also subject to distortions.

INAIL’s statistics naturally constitute the base of the official reporting on work-place accidents and illnesses, as well as being used for the calculation of insurance premiums that – as a function of estimated risk – businesses have to pay to the Institute. They also constitute the principle source of information systems on the surveillance of work-related illnesses (such as the MalProf project and Flussi Informativi INAIL-Regioni). The objective of the project was therefore primarily to develop a method of analysis that attempted to partially reveal the dynamics that underlie insurance claims and their recognition allowing us to say something more about the trends of MSD in Italy. The key for the development of such methodologies has been identified in our analysis of different territories, in particular at the provincial level and in the productive sector. The objective of the investigation has been to discriminate as much as possible between these components: the behaviour of businesses and the related sectors; the behaviour of the claims of insured labourers; the decision making behaviour of INAIL in its role as insurance body; and the role of other institutional actors/factors. This approach has brought to light new issues, as well as deepening investigations already present in the literature. It reveals the phenomenon of MSD in all its complexity, a subject until now underestimated in Italy, in which territorial differences distort the figures beyond those logically expected in the different productive sectors.

This report is the fruit of the independent work of the two authors, who have partial differences in the interpretation of the subject matter and have concentrated on different chapters. Chapter 1 is dedicated to a general outline of the phenomenon of MSD, while Chapter 2 presents the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of insurance claims. Chapter 3 gives a complete illustration of the dataset used in the analysis, presents the descriptive evidence, and describes the problems we met in the application of the administrative data supplied by the 2013 edition of Flussi informativi Inail-Regioni. Chapter 4 is dedicated to the statistical analysis of the phenomenon of insurance claims and their recognition from an economic-organisational and sociological perspective. Chapter 5 reconstructs the framework of Italian institutions in which the analysis of MSD insurance claims are situated. Chapter 6 engages in statistical analysis of the phenomenon of insurance claims and their recognition from a economic-juridical perspective as well as a politological persepective, as outlined in Chapters 2 and 5.

The research was carried out as part of a study on health and safety at work by the Marco Biagi Foundation, and thanks to funding by the foundation of the Banca nazionale delle comunicazioni. The data with which the research was carried out – Flussi informativi Inail regioni, 2013 Edition – was provided by the Epidemiology Unit ASL TO3, in the region of Piedmont. The authors would like to thank: the institutions that allowed this work to happen; the coordinators of the research project, Ylenia Curzi and Iacopo Senatori, the researchers within the Marco Biagi Foundation; Angelo D’Errico and Osvaldo Pasqualini from Epidemiology Unit ASL TO3; and Giuseppe Fiorani from University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, for their advice and their help in filling the gaps in our knowledge.

(FULL TEXT IN ITALIAN: http://www.fmb.unimore.it/on-line/home/ricerca/pubblicazioni/quaderni-fondazione-marco-biagi/documento9387.html )

Ergonomics Risk Factors (ERFs) at computer works are commonly related to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) such as repetitive movements, doing work in awkward postures and static postures while prolonged seating at works. The main objective of this study was to investigate the ergonomic risk factors associated with MSDs among employees in computer workstation. In this study, the data were obtained by structured interview using self-reported questionnaire and direct observation. The results show that there is significant association between neck and stress score with musculoskeletal symptoms and among office workers. As a conclusion, by assessing ERFs at workplace, the effectiveness of workplace interventions can be evaluated without waiting for changes in the prevalence of MSDs.

Heavy truck drivers are exposed to various psychological, psychosocial, and physiological factors, some of which can cause musculoskeletal discomfort in different body regions.

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the correlation between different factors of musculoskeletal discomfort in heavy truck drivers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was applied. A total of 384 participants were interviewed by an updated version of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire (NMQ). While hypothesis testing was used to assess the association of different factors in musculoskeletal discomfort, logistic regression was applied to explore different correlations among questions of the survey.

RESULTS: Results demonstrate that hours of exposure to vibration were associated with discomfort in the neck and shoulders (p < 0.001). This relationship was not statistically significant in the lower back area (p = 0.300). Additionally, 19 equations, their correlations, and their odds ratios (ORs) were formulated with a Nagelkerke R2 value greater than 0.05.

CONCLUSION: Fifty-seven percent of the drivers were suffering from discomfort in their lower back region. Moreover, seat comfort was found to be highly correlated with discomfort in the neck, shoulder, and upper back areas. Additionally, with aging, the likelihood of experiencing discomfort in the neck, upper back, and knees is increased.

This review aims to give an overview of current techniques available for pen and paper based observational methods in assessing work-related upper limb disorders. Searched from an electronic database for materials from 1993 until 2015, the methods discovered were based on upper limb disorders, observational method, risk factors and musculoskeletal disorders. The evaluation process for selected publication has been conducted by two researchers. Seven observational methods used to assess exposure to work-related Upper Limb Disorders (ULDs)were identified. The risk factors involved in current techniques of pen and paper based observational tools were postures, force, repetition, vibration, movement, frequency of action and duration. From the seven methods, only three methods were proven to be reliable and rated as moderate to good. For the three methods reviewed, the validity test showed moderate results. Many observational tools exist, but no single tool appears to cover all of the risk factors which is related to upper limb. Although the most important factor in developing tool is proper validation of exposure assessment techniques, the existing observational method did not test reliability and validity.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), especially low back pain and neck pain cause
substantial socio-economic losses. Professional drivers are particularly at high risk for developing back pain and
neck pain from prolonged sitting and vehicular vibration. This study assesses ergonomic exposure on the
developmental risk of WMSDs among bus drivers.
Methodology: A total of 280 male drivers with acute body pain in any region were randomly selected for the study,
and ergonomic information on driver’s seat was collected using a validated questionnaire. Then the exposure and
risks of developing WMSDS were assessed using Quick Exposure Check (QEC), Rapid Entire Body Assessment
(REBA), Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ).
Results: The results of QEC showed that back and shoulder had very high exposure followed by neck and wrist.
REBA revealed that nearly half (46%) of the drivers were at high risk of developing WMSDs, whereas14% were at
very high risk and 29% were at medium risk. As per RULA, 46% of bus drivers needed further ergonomic
investigation and modification of workstation/work style, indicating that the risk for WMSDs is potentially high.
Among others, 29% were at moderate risk and 14% were at low risk, whereas 11% were at very high risk, requiring
immediate change. From NMQ, it was found that 26% of drivers had musculoskeletal problems in the neck, 24% in
the back, 20% in the upper limbs (shoulder and wrists were equally affected), 6% in the knees and 4% in the ankles.
Conclusion: The current study evaluated the risks of developing WMSDs among bus drivers. Exposure to unsafe
ergonomic practices/conditions and health risks were evident from the findings of the study. Prospective studies are
necessary to confirm the cause and effect in this association. Ergonomic intervention measures with workplace
health promotion activities need to be implemented in order to reduce the risk of WMSDs among bus drivers.

––Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are amongst the most common work-related problem in India. In Indian saw mill yards we find all the conditions which expose workers to MSD risks: hard environmental conditions (low temperatures, slippery and uneven ground), heavy works (manual handling of loads, back flexed and twisted) and dangerous tools and machineries such as chainsaws. The high manual work load can therefore cause MSDs amongst the loggers. This pathology risk increases with the component 'vibration' induced by chainsaws, tractors, skidders and other machineries. In this study we have considered different logger groups working in saw mills and we have analysed their MSD risk exposure, the typical case of manual workers in a saw mill process in northern Karnataka State, India is investigated. Most workers are male. In an Indian saw mill most of the work is still carried out manually hence issues of work related musculoskeletal disorders and injury in different parts of the body are prominent. Postural analysis using REBA, RULA indicates that the workers are working above the safe limit. The average REBA score observed was 7.5. The hazardous postures and MSD's were also justified by the questionnaires and VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) techniques. Moreover the workers were exposed to noise above the OSHA's safe limits for prolonged time. These methods indicated that different body parts at specific postures are vulnerable to injury and musculoskeletal disorders and warrant immediate ergonomics intervention.

Background. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) have a significant impact on nurses worldwide. However there is limited information on its prevalence in Greece. Objectives. To explore: (1) lifetime, annual and weekly prevalence rates of WMSDs in nursing personnel and (2) the perceived (according to the nurses) risk factors for WMSDs and (3) the inter-gender differences. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 randomly selected nurses across 15 hospitals in Greece. Data was collected via the Nordic questionnaire asking for lifetime, annual and weekly prevalence of WMSDs and a self-administered questionnaire for obtaining the socio-demographic variables and the risk factors. Conclusions. Questionnaires were completed by 278 nurses (response rate 92,7%). Musculoskeletal symptoms were experienced by 84% of the participants at least once in their lifetime. The most prevalent area among nurses was low back pain (lifetime prevalence: 59,15% annual prevalence: 39,6% and weekly prevalence: 34,2%). Of the most important perceived risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders were lack of ergonomic knowledge and training as well as shortage of staff amongst nursing personnel in Greek hospitals.

This study focuses on the assessment of musculoskeletal disorders as well as psychosocial work factors among bus drivers in Malaysia. Furthermore the association between psychosocial work factors and MSDs is also investigated. This research is based on questionnaires extracted from the standard Nordic questionnaire for assessment of MSDs and psychosocial work factors. The questionnaires were translated into the Malay language, and a pilot study is carried out to determine the reliability of the questionnaires. The MSDs symptoms of shoulder, neck, and upper back were found to be significant. The recent researches reported that the psychosocial work factors are significantly associated with the development of MSDs, Hence, Control at work, Job-demand, Work Motivation, and Role Expectation were selected. The association of psychosocial work factors and prevalence of MSDs is determined via Pearson Chi-square test. Significant relations were found between the job demand and control at work, in the development of MSDs.

Nurses have one of the highest rates of MSD of any occupation. Although en number of studies were done to find out
prevalence of Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among nurses across the world, there is limited
information on its prevalence in Rural Maharashtra. This study investigated prevalence of WMSDs, job risk factors
and the coping strategies towards reducing the risk of development of WMSDs among nurses from selected hospitals
in rural Maharashtra, India. Validated questionnaires were distributed to 250 nurses working rural hospitals across
Maharashtra but only 228 questionnaires were returned and 212 complete questionnaires were included for study. On
Analysis we found that 89.1% nurses had experienced work-related musculoskeletal pain or discomfort at sometime
in their occupational lives. WMSDs was highest in the low back (48.2%), followed by the shoulder (34.6%), neck
(33.1) and knee (29 %). Other regions with less prevalence were Thoracic (10.5%), Feet and ankle (7.6%), Elbow (
1.88%) and Hip (1.6 %). Priority was given to getting help to handle heavy patients ( 57.1 %), nursing procedure
modification in order to avoid stress injury ( 50.2 %) coping strategies. Our study Concluded that high prevalence of
LBP, Shoulder, neck and Knee pain  over a 12-month period among nurses working in Rural hospitals in Maharashtra
state , and certain risk factors  like working in same position for long time, bending, twisting, lifting and treating
excessive number of patients were strongly associated with WMSDs.

Hand block textile printing is an important operation in small scale textile industries of India. Hand tool
mechanisms designed to reduce the various risk factors have rarely been studied. To make comfortable
handle design, musculoskeletal disorders prevalence investigation of workers associated with hand block
printing operation has been done. Data related to musculoskeletal discomfort were collected from 80
workers (age group 18-60 years) using questionnaire. Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) technique was
applied for postural analysis. New hand block tool was designed using Autodesk Inventor 2014
(Educational Institute Version i.e. V5R12) and then analyzed with HyperMesh (Version 12.0) software.
Most of the workers reported that working with existing hand block tool is not comfortable. RULA
technique resulted as final score of arm and wrist for the working with existing hand block tool was found
out to be 5. After the modifications in hand block tool by using the ergonomics principles and
anthropometric data, RULA final score of arm and wrists for the working with developed hand block tool
was found out to be 3. The developed hand block tool has been revealed to be better than the existing one in
term of comfort level, it is improved 42.69% and production rate 29.62% increase as compared to the
existing hand block tool, it could offer an improved working facility and trim down unwanted workplace
injuries.

; b Physiologist and independent researcher, Turkey Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major hazard for sewing machine operators. Ergonomics education is recommended for reducing musculoskeletal disorders at workstations. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an ergonomics education in reducing the exposure to risk factors for WMSDs among sewing machine operators. In this study of 278 workers, their exposure to the risk of WMSDs was assessed using the quick exposure check scale prior to them attending an ergonomics education programme and then again 3 months after the programme. The scores for risk exposure before the education programme were moderate for back (static) and back (dynamic), high for shoulder/arm and very high for wrist/hand and neck. The results obtained 3 months later were low for back (static) and shoulder/arm, and moderate for back (dynamic), wrist/hand and neck. Based on our results, ergonomics education can reduce the exposure to risk factors for WMSDs in the workplace.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are responsible for morbidity in many working populations, which are of multifactorial in origin and of global concern due to industrialization. Dentists as one of the health-care professionals are prone to develop these WMSDs. The study aims to determine the prevalence of WMSDs among dentists in Bhopal region and explores the various risk factors for the development of MSDs and WMSDs. Materials and Methods: This proposed study is a cross-sectional study conducted among dentists of two randomly selected dental colleges of Bhopal, India. A structured questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information, occupational history, risk factors, and ergonomic awareness with job task details. Prevalidated standardized tools such as quick exposure check list, rapid entire body assessment score sheet, and Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire were also used. Data were entered in MS-Excel and analyzed through SPSS version 18. Results: More than 92% of the participants reported pain and discomfort in at least one part of their body. The major affected body part is neck, followed by the lower back and wrist. More than half of the orthodontists and oral surgeons reported that their MSDs are work-related origin. Pearson's correlation test indicated that there is a positive correlation between the current exposure and risk (r = 0.613). Multivariate regression analysis found that younger participants, male (OR = 4.1), involved physical activity (OR = 1.04), dentists not taught about ergonomics in their dental school (OR = 1.69) or never attended any workshops (OR = 1.38), who reported task involving sustained muscle contraction (OR = 1.12) or task with repetitive movements (OR = 1.11) are the major risk factors for the development of MSDs among the dentists. Conclusion: This risk assessment study found that there is a high prevalence of MSDs and WMSDs among dentists. Ergonomic awareness and health promotion need to be integrated with the professional practice for dentists.

Abstract: Musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limb are a most important cause of ill-health, incapacity and health care expenditure. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of Upper Limb Disorders associated with awkward posture and psychosocial factors among Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) workers. Simple random sampling was used to draw 271 participants from six faculties of the university. The use of a structured question was employed for data collection. Results of the study showed thatprevalence of ULDs among UPM workers was 67.2% in different body regions. Results showed that there is a significant association between ULDs and age, awkward posture, control at work, psychological demand, social support, and job satisfaction) (p<0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showedthat the workers who had medium and very high RULA risk level were 12.242 times more likely to complain about ULDs (OR=12.242, 95%CI: 3.617-41.435), compared to other workers who have low RULA risk level.In conclusion, it can be said from the result of the study that there is high prevalence of upper limb disorders among UPM workers which is significantly associated with age, awkward posture and all psychosocial factors. In order to minimize the prevalence rate of upper limb disorders, it is recommended that workers be educated on prevention strategies and an ergonomic program which emphasizes psycho-social risk factors and how to improve working conditions.
Keywords: Upper Limb Disorders, Psycho-social Factors, Prevalence, Public University Workers, Malaysia

Background: Work related musculoskeletal disorders affect millions of people around the world and are the most common cause
of severe long-term pain and physical disability. Sugarcane workers are involved in heavy lifting, bending, cutting and twisting
activities. Our study objective was to find out the prevalence and identify most commonly affected body regions among sugar
cane worker.
Procedure: The Ethical clearance was obtained for the study from Institutional Ethical Committee of PDVVPF, COPT,
Ahmednagar. Written informed consent was obtained from all the subject fitting in inclusion criteria. Initially the demographic
data i.e Name, Age, Gender, Height, Weight & BMI was assessed and standardized Nordic questionnaire was filled up by every
participant.
Result: The descriptive statistical analysis of data (N=100, Workers, Males-57 & Females-43).The most commonly affected
body regions are low back pain(50%) & knee pain(29%).
Conclusion: The result shows that prevalence of MSDs is high in sugarcane workers. The highest prevalence of MSDs for the
last twelve months is on the low back & knee

Background: Garment workers are susceptible to various health problems by virtue of their workplace
and working conditions. The present study was conducted to assess the morbidity profile of female
workers of garment factory in Bengaluru.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among all the females working in the
garment factory. An interview was conducted using a semi-structured pretested questionnaire. Clinical
examination was done to measure height, weight. Visual acuity was tested using Snellen’s chart. The
data was compiled in Microsoft (MS) Excel worksheet and analyzed using SPSS.
Results: The mean age of the study participants was 30.33 ±7.06 years. Musculoskeletal problems
were the most common problems present among 110(51.4%) study participants. 61.22% of the females
worked in standing posture.
Conclusion: In the present study found that the most common problem was musculoskeletal disorders.
Regular periodic medical examination would help in early diagnosis and treatment of morbidities
among the workers.

Postoje brojni i raznoliki faktori rizika koji doprinose nastanku mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja. U radu je prikazan odgovor tela na primenjeno naprezanje kao i postojeće metode za procenu / kvantifikaciju sile kao faktora rizika za nastanak mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja. Predložena je multidimezionalna skala za rangiranje nivoa rizika od primenjene, tj. potrebne sile pri radu, koja može biti od koristi pri proceni rizika radnog mesta.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a common problem among office workers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact
of a workplace exercise program on neck and shoulder pain and flexibility in office workers. The workstation assessment was performed
using Rapid Office Strain Assessment. Workers were assessed for pain pre- and post-implementation of the workplace exercise program
using the Nordic Questionnaire for Musculoskeletal Symptoms, and for flexibility. The program lasted 3 months and entailed twice weekly
sessions. The sample consisted of an intervention group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 8). The results suggest improvements in pain
reduction and increased flexibility. The workers had less musculoskeletal pain at the end of the evaluation. The increase in flexibility
between the evaluations was significant in the intervention group, though there were slight improvements there too.

BACKGROUND: Bottling workers maintain awkward postures while performing machine paced repetitive motions in many of their job tasks and therefore are predisposed to work related musculoskeletal discomfort (WMSD). There is a paucity of literature on prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal discomfort among this occupational group. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted among Eastern Nigerian beverage factory workers to investigate prevalence of WMSD as a first step towards risk factors investigation and ergonomic future intervention. METHOD: A total of 301 workers (8 workstations) completed a modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire in this cross sectional survey. RESULTS: Twelve month prevalence of WMSD was 91.4% and 65.1% had been prevented from doing activity at home or workplace by WMSD in the past 12 months. Shoulder, neck and upper back in that order were the most common complaints. Prevalence of WMSD in body regions were associated with age but not with gender except for neck, upper back, shoulder, and ankle/foot complaints. CONCLUSION: WMSDs are very high among beverage bottling workers. Investigation into the prevailing risk factors especially the work posture and work organization/work psychosocial factors for possible risk exposure in these workers is essential for ergonomic intervention towards work injury prevention.