X-ray Tomography

Synchrotron radiation sources have proven to be highly beneficial in many fields of research for the characterization of materials. However, only a very limited proportion of studies have been conducted by the forensic science community. This is an area in which the analytical benefits provided by synchrotron sources could prove to be very important. This review summarises the applications found for synchrotron radiation in a forensic trace evidence context as well as other areas of research that strive for similar analytical scrutiny and/or are applied to similar sample materials. The benefits of synchrotron radiation are discussed in relation to common infrared, X-ray fluorescence, tomographic and briefly, X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. In addition, X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (incorporating XANES and EXAFS) is highlighted as an area in which significant contributions into the characterization of materials can be obtained. The implications of increased spatial resolution on microheterogeneity are also considered and discussed.

We analyzed the CT appearances of degenerative change in the atlanto-odontoid joint (AOJ) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and evaluated the effect of these changes on atlanto-axial joint (AAJ) rotation by dynamic CT. This revealed that 9 patients (24%) treated with methotrexate had degenerative features in the AOJ. The ratio of AAJ rotation to the total rotation of the cervical spine was significantly higher in normal subjects (54±3%) than in patients (38±12%). The degree of AAJ rotation was significantly lower in the patient group with degenerative features in the AOJ (20.9±8.4°) than in patients without degenerative features (28.5±7.4°). RA patients with a history of longstanding disease and treatment with antirheumatic drugs may develop AO OA. Although secondary OA was described as healing phenomena in the joints of RA patients, it can limit rotation in the AAJ and cause suboccipital neck pain. A regular check-up of the AAJ and AOJ by means of dynamic CT in all RA patients is proposed to avoid possible antirheumatic drug complications.

Radiographic technology has advanced considerably during the last years with the advent of reconstruction techniques allowing visualization of slices through the body. In spite of the advantage of computed tomography compared to conventional radiographic methods, there are still some shortcomings with the method If a different section of the body is desired, another recording has to be made, the width of the dice reconstructed is fixed, and a full 1800 view angle is required.

This paper deals with thermal drying of wastewater sludges, whose management will become crucial in the forthcoming years. Sludges collected after mechanical dewatering in 5 different WWTPs are submitted to the same convective drying treatment in order to try finding some relations between the drying behaviours, the type of effluent and wastewater treatments. Results show clearly sludge drying remains a particularly complex operation because sludges may exhibit very different behaviours, both from kinetic and texture points of view. Initial moisture content and global composition are not sufficient to explain the different observed behaviours. It is too early to claim one or another type of water treatment has an influence on the drying behaviour. However, the drying rates can be classified in the inverse order of the organic content. Moreover for sludges at the same siccities, the harder the material (rheological properties), the higher the drying rate. Final textural properties can be related to the rheological properties and the internal diffusion limitations lowering the drying intensity.

Background. Nonuniform attenuation artifacts cause suboptimal specificity of stress single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion images. In phantoms, normal subjects, and patients suspected of having coronary artery disease (CAD), we evaluated a new hybrid attenuation correction (AC) system that combines x-ray computed tomography (CT) with conventional stress SPECT imaging.

Transcranial radiographs are frequently used to assess condyle-fossa relationships. However, their validity in representing condyle position has been questioned. Intermethod comparisons were performed between methods assessing condyle position by subjective evaluation and by linear and area measurement of the interarticular space. Linear measurement of the subjective closest anterior and posterior interarticular space and subjective evaluation were the mutually preferred methods in both transcranial radiographs and tomograms. Statistically significant correlations were shown (p less than 0.05) for condyle position between pairs of clinical transcranial radiographs and linear tomograms of the same temporomandibular joints. However there was a qualitative concordance in assessed posterior concentric and anterior positions in only 80% of the pairs, and a full concordance in the degree of condylar displacement was found in only 60% of the cases. Although still clinically helpful, the us...

Mineral precipitation in the pores of a rock may exert a force, which is called crystallization pressure. This process has been studied experimentally and results bring a new look on the way fractures may develop and seal in natural systems. Cylindrical core samples of porous limestone and sandstone were left for several weeks in contact with an aqueous solution saturated with sodium chloride, at 30 or 45°C, under axial normal stress in the range 0.02-0.26 MPa. The fluid was allowed to rise in the core samples by capillary forces, up to a controlled height where evaporation and precipitation occurred. The uniaxial deformation of the samples was measured using high-resolution displacement sensors. The samples were characterized using computed X-ray tomography, allowing therefore imaging in 3D the intensity and localization of the damage. Two kinds of damage could be observed. Firstly, small rock fragments were peeled from the sample surface. Secondly, and more interestingly, fracture networks developed, by nucleation of microcracks at the interface where evaporation occurred, and propagation to the free surface. Two families of fractures could be identified. A first set of sealed fracture parallel to the evaporation front is directly induced by crystallization pressure. A second fracture network, perpendicular to the evaporation front, accommodates the first set of fractures. An analytical model where fluid flow is coupled to evaporation, vapour transport, and localization of mineral precipitation explains the shape of this fracture network.

... Permissions & Reprints. Starvation prior to slaughter in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): I. Effects on weight loss, body shape, slaughter-and fillet-yield, proximate and fatty acid composition. Olai Einen * , Børre Waagan and Magny S. Thomassen. ... 3.4. Fatty acid composition. ...

La malrotación intestinal con su propensión al vólvulo representa un desafío diagnóstico en pacientes pediátricos. El diagnóstico precoz es de suma importancia para conseguir un buen resultado. En este artículo se revisan e ilustran los hallazgos radiológicos de la malrotación y el vólvulo de intestino medio en la infancia y adolescencia, y se discuten la embriología, la presentación clínica, el manejo radiológico y la evolución de este proceso. El diagnóstico de malrotación y vólvulo debe tenerse en cuenta siempre que se evalúe a un lactante o niño con vómitos y dolor abdominal, particularmente si los vómitos son biliosos. Un tránsito baritado generalmente dará el diagnóstico. La ecografía es muy útil, si bien no es suficientemente segura para excluir el diagnóstico. Sin embargo, el «signo del remolino» es un signo altamente sensible para el diagnóstico del vólvulo de intestino medio. El radiólogo siempre debe tener presente que esta complicación puede ocurrir a cualquier edad.

The ability of Minkowski Functionals to characterize local structure in different biological tissue types has been demonstrated in a variety of medical image processing tasks. We introduce anisotropic Minkowski Functionals (AMFs) as a novel variant that captures the inherent anisotropy of the underlying gray-level structures. To quantify the anisotropy characterized by our approach, we further introduce a method to compute a quantitative measure motivated by a technique utilized in MR diffusion tensor imaging, namely fractional anisotropy. We showcase the applicability of our method in the research context of characterizing the local structure properties of trabecular bone micro-architecture in the proximal femur as visualized on multi-detector CT. To this end, AMFs were computed locally for each pixel of ROIs extracted from the head, neck and trochanter regions. Fractional anisotropy was then used to quantify the local anisotropy of the trabecular structures found in these ROIs and to compare its distribution in different anatomical regions. Our results suggest a significantly greater concentration of anisotropic trabecular structures in the head and neck regions when compared to the trochanter region (p < 10-4). We also evaluated the ability of such AMFs to predict bone strength in the femoral head of proximal femur specimens obtained from 50 donors. Our results suggest that such AMFs, when used in conjunction with multi-regression models, can outperform more conventional features such as BMD in predicting failure load. We conclude that such anisotropic Minkowski Functionals can capture valuable information regarding directional attributes of local structure, which may be useful in a wide scope of biomedical imaging applications.

Industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) systems have the ability to map internal and external structures simultaneously in a non-destructive way with high imaging resolution. Recently, there has been an increase of surveys in the field of dimensional metrology referring to CT as a tool for nondestructive dimensional quality control (i.e., traceable measurement and geometrical tolerance verification of industrial components). This increase in surveys runs parallel to the growth of commercial markets for industrial X-ray CT technologies and research institutes as well as metrology-governing bodies' growing interest in creating standarization. Currently, there is a lack of international standards that provide comprehensive procedures and guidelines for dealing with the verification of CT systems' dimensional metrology performance and developing task-specific measurement uncertainty budgets in compliance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). To overcome this, some CT manufactures have opted to design their own calibration methods so that they can provide an estimate of maximum permissible error (MPE) for the measurements obtained with systems dedicated to metrology tasks. Essentially, the traceability of the instrument to the meter is provided with an expanded uncertainty upper-bounded by the MPE. In an effort to clarify some of these concepts, this paper gives a brief review of the use of X-ray CT for dimensional metrology with an update on the international attempt to create standards for metrological testing and uncertainty assessment with this technique. An example of in-house calibration is presented, which found deviations in the range-4.4 m to 3.5 m between CT measurements and calibrated references obtained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and this is contrasted to the MPE limits pre-established for CT measurement. A particular emphasis is made in the understanding of the terms " trueness " , " precision " , " accuracy " , and " uncertainty " , so the main metrology-related terminology is revisited with reference to international standards and other guidelines. It is concluded that while in-house calibrations might suffice, international standards are still needed, not only to reach homogeneity in the commercial market but also to avoid misinterpretations. In addition, users and manufacturers from the industry of measuring equipment need to better understand the terms " accuracy " and " uncertainty " , which are often misused and interchanged.

This study aims to create an ima the synogram of scanning perfume bottles on a obtained from the collection of perfume bottle scanning results. The synogram will then be reconstructed in Python to get the reconstructed image. The test was performed visually and numerically which included speed, spatial resolution and reconstruction program can be made. This program can be used to reconstruct the results of the scanning process synograms on the Computed Tomography reconstructed using Python is better than the reconstructed image quality using Matlab. However, judging from the time required for the reconstruction process, the the reconstruction process using Matlab. Tomography is a technology used to see the inner cross section (doing 'splitting') of an object without having to split the object in question. Various modes of tomography technology that have been developed in the medical world include CT scan (nuclear radiation), MRI (ultra high magnetic field), PET (nuclear particle radiation), ultrasonography (ultrasonic), etc. information, but also carries potential dangers due to th get the lowest possible dose while maintaining image quality. Since CT images were first used in clinical settings, standard methods of image reconstruction have been applied to make objects shar

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging aids in retinal abnormality detection by showing the tomographic retinal layers. OCT images are a useful tool for detecting Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) disease because of their capability to capture micrometer-resolution. An automated technique was introduced to differentiate DR images from normal ones. 214 images were subjected to the experiment, of which 160 images were used for classifiers' training, and 54 images were used for testing. Different features were extracted to feed our classifiers, including statistical features and local binary pattern (LBP) features. The experimental results demonstrated that our classifiers were able to discriminate DR retina from the normal retina with Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC) of 100%. The retinal OCT images have common texture patterns and using a powerful tool for pattern analysis like LBP features has a significant impact on the achieved results. The result has better performance than previously proposed methods in the literature.

Amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) have been cultivated in the Andean region of South America since Pre-Hispanic times. They are regarded as formidable nutritious alternatives due their high content of protein (rich in lysine), dietary fibre and bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, phenolic compounds and folate. Despite this, the academic research conducted on their utilisation for human consumption is relatively low. Conversely, lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) is a well-known legume used for animal feed in most of the Nordic countries. The aim of this research was to incorporate amaranth, quinoa, kañiwa and lupine to cornbased
snacks, and study their physical, chemical and sensory properties. A co-rotating twin screw extruder was used to obtain corn-based extrudates containing amaranth, quinoa, kañiwa and lupine. In preliminary studies (incorporation up to 20% of solids), Box-Behnken experimental design with three predictors was used: water content of mixture (WCM, 15-19%), screw speed (SS, 200-500 rpm) and temperature of the die (TEM, 150-170 °C).
Subsequent studies were conducted using partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Lpartial least squares regression (L-PLSR) with nine predictors: Grain type, grain content (20-50% of solids), temperature of die (140-160 °C), screw speed (200-500 rpm), water content of mixture (WCM, 14-18%) as well as contents of protein, ash, fibre and sum content of main fatty acids of blend. In general, WCM and screw speed had the greatest importance for response variables
such as torque and pressure at the die during extrusion, sectional expansion index (SEI), stiffness and water content of extrudate; the content of protein and dietary fibre in the blend
was particularly relevant during the extrusion of extrudates containing kañiwa and lupine. Regarding the most expanded extrudates, those containing 20, 35 and 50% amaranth, quinoa
or kañiwa presented comparable SEIs and stiffness while those containing above 20% lupine suffered from structural collapse. Extrusion reduced the content of fatty acids and tocopherols in the solids but it had a slight effect on the content of total phenolic compounds and folate. In sensory studies, extrudates with higher contents of amaranth, quinoa and kañiwa were rated less crispy, less crunchy and less adhesive with less hard particles. Temporal analysis showed that with increasing contents of amaranth, quinoa and kañiwa, crispiness and crunchiness became the most dominant attributes during mastication while the dominance of roughness reduced considerably. Porosity and wall thickness, measured by
X-ray microtomography, were linked to the perception of crispiness and crunchiness, respectively. In storage, whole extrudates containing 20% amaranth, quinoa or kañiwa and
exposed to RH of 76% presented the lowest formation of hexanal compared to milled extrudates exposed to RH of 11%. This study showed that expanded corn-based extrudates containing up to 50% amaranth, quinoa and kañiwa and at most 20% lupine of solids can maintain key mechanical and textural properties as well as added nutritional value. This study applied successfully PLSR and L-PLSR modelling techniques to study the incorporation of amaranth, quinoa, kañiwa and lupine to corn-based snacks. This research has expanded the knowledge linked
to the development of gluten-free extrudates with added nutritional value.

An accidentally found long seax from Horní Folmava in
South Bohemia fully corresponds to the so-called South
German/Danube group of seaxes both typologically and
technologically. It belongs to the Krachenhausen group
(Upper Palatinate). Long seaxes are known mainly from
early medieval burial sites in eastern Bavaria (the nearest is
Satzdorf) and south of Bohemia in Upper Austria (Linz-Zizlau, Gusen), or as imports at burial sites of the Avar period
(geographically closest Děvínská Nová Ves and Zillingtal).
Comparable grave finds allow the dating of the long seax
to around 700, i.e. the turn of the 7th/8th centuries and
the first half of the 8th century. The weapon was probably
lost near Všerubský Pass and therefore in the context of an
important, long-distance trail leading to the Upper Danube region (East Bavaria) in the direction of Regensburg. With several other finds (for example a spearhead and an axe-hammer), it proves the use of this long-distance communication route in the 8th century. Together with the almost identical seax from Jindřichov/Honnersdorf in the Region of Cheb/Egerland, probably placed in an inhumation grave, and the seax from the Teplice region near the border with Saxony, it represents the only evidence of the use of this single-edged weapon in Bohemia. Another weapon of Western origin was found near the site: an octagonal socked spearhead dated broadly to the 7th/8th–9th centuries, Remains of undated old paths are clearly visible
near this site.

As the trends in mineral processing move towards the beneficiation of finer grained and more complex ore bodies, so too do the methods needed to understand and model these processes. During the heap leaching of low-grade ore bodies, the crack distribution and mineral dissemination in ore particles are important characteristics that determine the performance of sub-processes, such as the diffusion of reagents in and out of particle pores. Recent developments in X-ray computed tomography (CT) as an advanced diagnostic and nondestructive technique have indicated the potential for the technology to become a tool for the acquisition of 3-D mineralogical and structural data. The spatial distribution of cracks and mineral dissemination in particles derived from a sphalerite ore in the Northern Cape, South Africa, was characterized using a high-resolution industrial X-ray CT system. This paper describes the use of image analysis techniques including image segmentation, which uses a combination of thresholding and other methods to characterize and quantify crack and mineral dissemination in the sphalerite particles. The results are validated with those obtained using traditional techniques such as physical gas (with N 2 ) adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, SEM and QEMSCAN. A comparison of the effect of different comminution devices (HPGR and Cone crusher) on crack generation is also given.

An overview is given of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for use in measuring quality attributes of horticultural produce. Different spectrophotometer designs and measurement principles are compared, and novel techniques, such as time and spatially resolved spectroscopy for the estimation of light absorption and scattering properties of vegetable tissue, as well as NIR multi-and hyperspectral imaging techniques are reviewed. Special attention is paid to recent developments in portable systems. Chemometrics is an essential part of NIR spectroscopy, and the available preprocessing and regression techniques, including nonlinear ones, such as kernel-based methods, are discussed. Robustness issues due to orchard and species effects and fluctuating temperatures are addressed. The problem of calibration transfer from one spectrophotometer to another is introduced, as well as techniques for calibration transfer. Most applications of NIR spectroscopy have focussed on the nondestructive measurement of soluble solids content of fruit where typically a root mean square error of prediction of 1 • Brix can be achieved, but also other applications involving texture, dry matter, acidity or disorders of fruit and vegetables have been reported. Areas where more research is required are identified.

Modern digital mine planning, plant design and mineral processing operations demand detailed characterisation of the ore and plant feed. Textural parameters, such as mineral liberation size and mineral association, combine with modal mineralogy data to strongly influence mineral processing conditions and recovery. Traditionally, the measurement of these ore characteristics employed the tools of an optical microscope and/or a semi-automated SEM. These methods are time consuming, costly and frequently produce semi-quantitative results from data sets that are too small to be statistically valid. Thus, the results cannot be used reliably and effectively in digital mine planning and design.

Synchrotron radiation sources have proven to be highly beneficial in many fields of research for the characterization of materials. However, only a very limited proportion of studies have been conducted by the forensic science community. This is an area in which the analytical benefits provided by synchrotron sources could prove to be very important. This review summarises the applications found for synchrotron radiation in a forensic trace evidence context as well as other areas of research that strive for similar analytical scrutiny and/or are applied to similar sample materials. The benefits of synchrotron radiation are discussed in relation to common infrared, X-ray fluorescence, tomographic and briefly, X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. In addition, X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (incorporating XANES and EXAFS) is highlighted as an area in which significant contributions into the characterization of materials can be obtained. The implications of increased spatial resolution on microheterogeneity are also considered and discussed.

Mehrphasenströmungen, in denen Tropfen, Blasen oder Feststoffpartikel in einer kontinuierlichen Phase vorliegen, beherrschen die überwiegende Zahl heutiger Prozesse der verfahrenstechnischen Industrie. Trotz der großen Bedeutung von Mehrphasenströmungen können Dispersphasen-, Temperatur-und Konzentrationsverteilungen bisher nicht mit der geforderten Genauigkeit berechnet werden, da durch Grenzschichten und anisotrope Turbulenz sehr komplexe, strömungsmechanische Transportphänomene vorliegen, die auf sehr unterschiedlichen Größenskalen ablaufen. Für ein tieferes Verständnis der skalenübergreifenden Transportphänomene sind folglich lokale Messverfahren für Mehrphasenströmungen erforderlich, die Daten mit hoher räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung erfassen und die Strömung möglichst nicht beeinflussen. Es wird ein Überblick über einige derzeit verfügbare lokale Messverfahren gegeben, wobei nicht explizit zwischen Gas-und Flüssigströmungen unterschieden wird.

The use of industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) for dimensional metrology has become an important aspect of modern quality control [1, 2, 3]. The CT technique presently contributes to geometric dimensioning and tolerancing of mechanical parts (and other device components) for technology and manufacturing companies. It is used as a tool for nondestructive dimensional quality control in various industries, such as automotive, aerospace, electronics assembly and packaging, medical devices, injection molding, casting, and additive manufacturing. However, even under optimal measurement conditions, the technologies for CT dimensional metrology have traditionally been limited to spatial resolutions no better than 3-10 μm. This leads to several challenges for measuring samples of small dimensions (with volumes in the order of a few mm 3)-e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio in the CT data, and limited detection of contrast changes and spatial details. To overcome these challenges, the authors of this paper have developed a package-a solution consisting of hardware and software-for performing high-precision metrology using the high-resolution capabilities of ZEISS Xradia Versa 3D X-ray microscopes (XRM, or sub-micron CT systems), which can attain spatial resolutions better than 1 μm (e.g., 0.5 μm with the Versa 620 model). This new package, Metrology Extension (MTX) for Xradia Versa, includes a workflow designed to adjust and calibrate the XRM system to perform metrology tasks. Once the MTX calibration workflow is executed, the system can be used to measure small volumes, in the order of (5 mm) 3 or less, with high dimensional accuracy. The main purpose of this paper is to present, evaluate, and analyze, the experimental results of several measurement tests to verify the metrological performance of several XRM systems after calibration (and pre-setting of the instrument's work zone) with MTX. In addition, examples of industrial measurement applications that use the MTX workflow are presented. FIGURE 1. Two-stage magnification architecture of the ZEISS Xradia Versa 3D X-ray microscopes. The combination of both geometric and optical magnification enables high-resolution capabilities.

In situ tensile tests have been carried out on a high-strength, dual-phase steel. These experiments show that it is possible to follow and quantify the evolution of damage nondestructively and in three dimensions in this type of material. The measurements were analyzed in terms of density, size, aspect ratio of the cavities but also of the local deformation and the stress triaxiality in the sample. It was found that damage initiation is progressive with the applied tensile strain and that the initiation of new small cavities reduces the average diameter while the growth of the previously created ones increases the average diameter. This information was used to develop a new model for void growth based on the classical Rice and Tracey approach. This simple approach was modified to account for progressive damage initiation. The results of the proposed model are in good agreement with the measurements.

Authigenic carbonates associated with cold seeps provide valuable archives of changes in the long-term seepage activity. To investigate the role of shallow-buried hydrates on the seepage strength and fluid composition we analysed methane-derived carbonate precipitates from a high-flux hydrocarbon seepage area ("Batumi seep area") located on the south-eastern Black Sea slope in ca. 850 m. In a novel approach, we combined computerized X-ray tomography (CT) with mineralogical and isotope geochemical methods to get additional insights into the three-dimensional internal structure of the carbonate build-ups.

Rocks are commonly very heterogeneous materials. Randomly distributed micro 12 flaws inside the rock are believed to initiate tensile cracks from which shear fractures develop 13 and coalescence through en echelon interactions leads to fracture. In this paper, we describe 14 the results of applying high-resolution X-ray tomography to samples of greywacke and 15 limestone experimentally deformed under unconfined axial shortening at various loads 16 equivalent to different fractions of the sample strength. Mineral grains, pores, microcracks 17

Knowledge of the micromechanics of fault or shear zone development might lead to better understanding of fault sealing and fault leakage in subsurface reservoir situations. In this study, we investigate the development and propagation of shear bands in the Vosges sandstone (~22% porosity, mean grain size ~300µm, quartz-rich, well cemented) loaded under low to medium confining pressures (20-50 MPa). Previous work (Bésuelle, 1999) has shown that this sandstone develops dilating or compacting shear bands, at low and medium confining pressures, respectively.

A series of triaxial compression tests has been carried out to investigate the different mechanisms responsible for such behaviour. Tests have been run at different confining pressures to assess the different mechanisms and, to gain further insight into the shear band evolution, tests have also been run to different degrees of axial strain after the load peak for the same confinement. In this paper, we present results of four tests loaded under 50 MPa and stopped at 5%, 10%, 20% and 40% of after peak strain. A combination of several “full-field” laboratory techniques (high-resolution x-ray tomography, ultrasonic tomography and digital image correlation) is used to characterise the deformation.

Ultrasonic tomography results depict shear bands as zones of reduced velocity. The decrease in velocity can be considered as being related to the degree of damage (i.e., the degradation in elastic properties). We observe that the greater the degree of strain after the load peak, the more the velocity inside the localised band is reduced. High-resolution x-ray images (~30 µm voxel size) indicate that shear bands are zones of higher density and thus reduced porosity (i.e., compacted). The higher the degree of strain, the higher is the density inside the band. Moreover the thickness of the band increases with the amount of strain after the load peak (from 0.3 mm for 5% strain after peak to 0.45 mm for 40% strain).  The combination of both full-field methods highlights some features of the shear localisation processes: ultrasonic tomography (primarily sensitive to damage) suggests the formation of micro-cracks (inter and intra-granular cracking plus perhaps grain-crushing), whilst x-ray tomography (primarily sensitive to density variations) indicates compaction, i.e. porosity reduction.

References:
Bésuelle, P., 1999. Déformation et rupture dans les roches tendres et les sols indurés: comportement homogène et localisation, PhD Thesis. Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble.

In this study, X-ray computed tomography (CT) coupled with image analysis techniques was investigated for non-destructive characterization and quantification of internal structure of intact pomegranate fruit (cv. Shani-Yonay). X-ray tomograms of intact fruit were acquired using a V|Tome|X L240 commercial X-ray CT system based on X-ray radiation generated from a source voltage of 200 kV with the electron current set at 100 A. Two-dimensional (2D) radioscopic images were acquired with a microfocus direct X-ray tube and used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) images to quantify volumes occupied by air space, albedo, and arils, using image processing software. The calculated volumes for these fruit fractions were 7.82 ± 1.09, 167.29 ± 16.54, and 182.11 ± 17.04 mL, estimated to contribute 2.22, 46.86 and 50.92% of total fruit volume, respectively. Destructive validation data were similar to non-destructive data, with volumes for albedo and arils of 166.08 ± 14.69 and 170.58 ± 14.25 mL, respectively, contributing 46.07 and 47.32% of total fruit volume. The remaining 6.61% of total fruit volume tested destructively could be due to the presence of air space and calyx. This work has demonstrated the capability of X-ray CT with image analysis as a useful non-destructive technique to study the quantity and distribution of edible and non-edible portions of pomegranate fruit.

Mandibular orthopedic diagnosis is frequently based on observation of radiographic nonconcentric condyle-fossa relationships, but the definition of normal and abnormal positions is, in part, obscured by the several different methods used to assess condyle position and the absence of intermethod comparisons. This study compared the measurement and expression of condyle position in tomograms according to subjective evaluations and linear and area measurement of the interarticular space by use of a microcomputer and graphics tablet. Area analysis showed the least concordance with the subjective evaluation. Linear measurement of the subjective closest anterior and posterior interarticular space presented the greatest concordance, had low interobserver variation, and was considered clinically relevant to the functional thickness of the center of the articular disk.

Digital tomosynthesis is a relatively new technique for producing an arbitrary number of slice images generated retrospectively from a sequence of projections acquired during a single motion of the X-ray tube. Tomosynthesis has already been described for mammographic and thoracic applications to reduce overlap of tissues. We present a case of a 19-year-old man with a suspected scaphoid fracture in which we used digital tomosynthesis to confirm the diagnosis and thus excluded the need for other imaging modalities. We also describe the technique and background of tomosynthesis with possible future indications for this new promising technique.