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    Anatomy of Crude Drugs
    Anatomy of Crude Drugs
    Anatomy of Crude Drugs
    Ebook90 pages37 minutes

    Anatomy of Crude Drugs

    By M. A. Iyengar and S. G. K. NAYAK

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    About this ebook

    1. Fundamentals of Plant Anatomy, 2. Roots, 3. Rhizomes, 4. Barks, 5. Wood, 6. Leaves, 7. Bulb, 8. Flower, 9. Fruits, 10. Seeds, 11. Herb
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBSP BOOKS
    Release dateNov 5, 2019
    ISBN9789386584779
    Anatomy of Crude Drugs

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      Book preview

      Anatomy of Crude Drugs - M. A. Iyengar

      ANATOMY OF CRUDE DRUGS

      ANATOMY

      OF

      CRUDE DRUGS

      12th edition

      Prof. Dr. M. A. IYENGAR

      and

      S. G. K. NAYAK

      Former Faculty

      Department of Pharmacognosy

      Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

      MANIPAL - 576 104

      INDIA

      ANATOMY OF CRUDE DRUGS

      ISBN : 978-81-7800-290-3 (Paperback)

      All rights reserved.

      2019 Seventh Reprint

      PREFACE TO TWELFTH EDITION:

      The continued survival in the hands of pharmacy students at large, in spite of the stealthy competition, speaks of its popularity, originality and quality. Thanks to all concerned.

      AUTHORS

      CONTENTS

      FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT ANATOMY

      (No exhaustive coverage of the fundamental aspects of Plant Anatomy is attempted here. Nevertheless, care has been taken to provide essential and relevant explanations confined only to the drugs included here.)

      Robert Hooke, the English Microscopist coined the word CELL in the 17th century to the fundamental unit of a plant body or an organic structure. The word cell is derived from Latin where 'Cellula' means a small compartment. Katherine Esau, one of the leading Plant Anatomist of our times defines in her worthy book ‘Plant Anatomy’ the cell as a protoplast with or without a nonliving envelope, the cell wall, and consisting of the protoplasmic components and non-protoplasmic materials, the latter intimately connected with the vital activities of the protoplast.

      Group of cells with same form and function is called a TISSUE. The cell membrane of two neighbouring cells in a tissue is connected through a pectin layer called middle lamella. The cell wall, cell membrane, protoplasm and as well the middle lamella give out fine protoplasmic threads called PLASMODESMATA. These cytoplasmic threads interconnect the protoplasm of different cells and thus help in conduction and communication of food and stimuli respectively.

      Groups of tissues showing common features and some continuity are called TISSUE SYSTEMS.

      Tissue Systems are classified as follows:

      1.   Dermal (Outer protective covering like epidermis, periderm, etc.)

      2.   Fundamental (ground tissue made of collenchyma, parenchyma, etc.)

      3.   Vascular (stelar structures like phloem and xylem).

      Dermal Tissue System: EPIDERMIS is the outermost protective, uniseriate layer of the young plant body. The epidermal cells are closely placed and show wide variation in size, shape and arrangement with no intercellular spaces. Epidermal cells are often covered on the outer side with a thin or thick layer of cuticle which is impervious and contains chemical substance called ‘cutin’. Roots do not possess cuticle for obvious reasons.

      Dermal or Epidermal Tissue System includes (particularly in leaves):

      a) Stomata (pores or openings) and b) Trichomes (hairs). Stomata (sing-stoma): A stoma is made of a pair of identical cells called guard cells placed parallel to

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