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The mosses growth is generally influenced by temperature, habitat humidity, light intensity, and soil acidity. This study aimed to determine the level of diversity of bryophytes species on various substrates in the Nenek Hills Natural Tourism Park of Mount Permisan, South Bangka Regency. The methods used in this study were exploration and observation. The results of this study are the types of mosses (Bryophytes) found Nenek Hills Natural Tourism Park of Mount Permisan, South Bangka Regency, are from the families Calymperaceae, Dicranaceae, Fissidentaceae, Leucobryaceae, Rhizogoniaceae, Sematophylaceae, Calypogeiaceae, Geocalyceae, Lejeuneaceae, Lepidoziaceae and Plagiochilaceae. The dominating family is Leucobryaceae, Lejeuneaceae and Calymperaceae. The type of substrate that moss prefers to grow is rock. Abiotic factors consist of light intensity with a value of 0,2-7,2 Klx (low), air temperature with a value of 25-29°C (medium-high), humidity with a value of 34-68% (medium-high), soil acidity with a value of 5,9-6,9 (slightly-neutral) and soil moisture with a value of 52-65% (moist).

Earth’s ecosystems are extremely valuable to humanity, playing a key role ecologically, economically, and socially. Wildfires constitute a significant threat to the environment, especially in vulnerable ecosystems, such as those that are commonly found in the Mediterranean. Due to their strong impact on the environment, they provide a crucial factor in managing ecosystems behavior, causing dramatic modifications to land surface processes dynamics leading to land degradation. The soil erosion phenomenon downgrades soil quality in ecosystems and reduces land productivity. Thus, it is imperative to implement advanced erosion prediction models to assess fire effects on soil characteristics. This study focuses on examining the wildfire case that burned 30 km2 in Malesina of Central Greece in 2014. The added value of remote sensing today, such as the high accuracy of satellite data, has contributed to visualizing the burned area concerning the severity of the event. Additional data from local weather stations were used to quantify soil loss on a seasonal basis using RUSLE modeling before and after the wildfire. Results of this study revealed that there is a remarkable variety of high soil loss values, especially in winter periods. More particularly, there was a 30% soil loss rise one year after the wildfire, while five years after the event, an almost double reduction was observed. In specific areas with high soil erosion values, infrastructure works were carried out validating the applied methodology. The approach adopted in this study underlines the significance of using remote sensing and geoinformation techniques to assess the post-fire effects of identifying vulnerable areas based on soil erosion parameters on a local scale.

<p>The world’s wetlands are known for being highly productive environments and supporting significant numbers of fauna and flora species that rely on the wetland’s primary productions for survival. However, they were historically used by humans for hunting and fishing, wetlands were considered wastelands, best used when drained and filled for agricultural, industrial and residential development. Despite now having a greater understanding of wetlands and their ecological importance, degradation of wetlands continues, mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Wetland restoration involves reconstructing natural sites that have been degraded or completely lost and re-establishing their functions and values as vital ecosystems. Important restoration components include control of invasive weeds, emphasis on the presence of locally native species and restoration of the hydrological component. The Wairio wetland is part of the largest wetland complex in the southern North Island and supports a number of native flora and fauna, of national and international importance. Wairio wetland has been destroyed by the effects of partial draining, unnatural hydrological control, clearing of native forest, construction of Parera Road separating once joined wetlands and the establishment of invasive willow trees and agricultural grasses. The co-management by the Department of Conservation and Ducks Unlimited, commenced in 2005, has begun a positive shift for the wetland. However, issues still remain due to the majority of the wetland still being used for farming, so there is no continuity between the three fenced restoration stages; artificial hydrological flow and water storage; and established willow trees along the wetland boundary. Most ephemeral wetland vegetation displays a strong pattern of zonation, through a sequence from open water to dry land, which is correlated in some way with the duration and periodicity of water inundation. This hydrosere reflects differences in the degree of adaptation to aquatic life of different plant species. Two studies are reported here, conducted in two areas at the Wairio wetland over two desiccation periods. The first study conducted during 2010/2011 at stage one, focused on determining the environmental conditions of peak abundance and limits to distribution of key native and exotic plant species along an environmental (hydrological) gradient. The second study, conducted in 2012 at stage three, further investigated the effect of topsoil removal on the plant community and was a comparison study with the initial study at stage one. Results indicated that the Wairio wetland plant communities display strong zonation patterns progressing from aquatic species, to turf communities, to exotic grass species. Over the two desiccation periods studied it was found that the introduced species most abundant in low soil moisture were common pasture grasses, especially yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), brown top (Agrostis capillaris) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) as well as purple clover (Trifolium pratense) and the high soil moisture invasive competitor was water plantain (Alisma spp.). We also found that topsoil excavation impacts the plant community; topsoil scraping in the high soil moisture areas leads to a more native dominated plant community, with the dominant species being water plantain (Alisma spp.) and Isolepis prolifera, but scraping in relatively low soil moisture areas encourages the exotic grass weed species to grow. Wairio wetland on the Eastern shore of Lake Wairarapa has been adversely affected by anthropogenic activities since the 1960s. In 2005, Ducks Unlimited and the Department of Conservation signed a Land Management Agreement where Ducks Unlimited would commence the restoration of the wetland. Survival of trees planted during the first few years was variable. Here, I report on the design and monitoring of a large scale field experiment involving the planting of around 2,500 trees of eight native wetland tree species Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Podocarpus totara, Cordyline australis, Olearia virgata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Coprosma robusta, Coprosma propinqua and Leptospermum scoparium. The trees were subjected to different methods of site preparation and aftercare to determine the best combination of treatments for successful establishment of tree saplings. Treatments included the use or non-use of topsoil excavation, release spraying, weedmats, nurse trees (with two combinations of species) and different spacing between the nurse species. Survival and growth over the first six months was monitored. Preliminarily results showed survival of O. virgata and P. totara was influenced by surface water, but few immediate effects of treatments upon growth rates. Olearia virgata, however, grew best in wet areas that had been scraped free of topsoil or drier areas that had not been scraped. Monitoring over the next 18 months will give us a better understanding of which is the most costeffective combination of treatments. Early indications suggest high level survival under all treatments.</p>

<p>The world’s wetlands are known for being highly productive environments and supporting significant numbers of fauna and flora species that rely on the wetland’s primary productions for survival. However, they were historically used by humans for hunting and fishing, wetlands were considered wastelands, best used when drained and filled for agricultural, industrial and residential development. Despite now having a greater understanding of wetlands and their ecological importance, degradation of wetlands continues, mainly due to anthropogenic activities. Wetland restoration involves reconstructing natural sites that have been degraded or completely lost and re-establishing their functions and values as vital ecosystems. Important restoration components include control of invasive weeds, emphasis on the presence of locally native species and restoration of the hydrological component. The Wairio wetland is part of the largest wetland complex in the southern North Island and supports a number of native flora and fauna, of national and international importance. Wairio wetland has been destroyed by the effects of partial draining, unnatural hydrological control, clearing of native forest, construction of Parera Road separating once joined wetlands and the establishment of invasive willow trees and agricultural grasses. The co-management by the Department of Conservation and Ducks Unlimited, commenced in 2005, has begun a positive shift for the wetland. However, issues still remain due to the majority of the wetland still being used for farming, so there is no continuity between the three fenced restoration stages; artificial hydrological flow and water storage; and established willow trees along the wetland boundary. Most ephemeral wetland vegetation displays a strong pattern of zonation, through a sequence from open water to dry land, which is correlated in some way with the duration and periodicity of water inundation. This hydrosere reflects differences in the degree of adaptation to aquatic life of different plant species. Two studies are reported here, conducted in two areas at the Wairio wetland over two desiccation periods. The first study conducted during 2010/2011 at stage one, focused on determining the environmental conditions of peak abundance and limits to distribution of key native and exotic plant species along an environmental (hydrological) gradient. The second study, conducted in 2012 at stage three, further investigated the effect of topsoil removal on the plant community and was a comparison study with the initial study at stage one. Results indicated that the Wairio wetland plant communities display strong zonation patterns progressing from aquatic species, to turf communities, to exotic grass species. Over the two desiccation periods studied it was found that the introduced species most abundant in low soil moisture were common pasture grasses, especially yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus), brown top (Agrostis capillaris) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) as well as purple clover (Trifolium pratense) and the high soil moisture invasive competitor was water plantain (Alisma spp.). We also found that topsoil excavation impacts the plant community; topsoil scraping in the high soil moisture areas leads to a more native dominated plant community, with the dominant species being water plantain (Alisma spp.) and Isolepis prolifera, but scraping in relatively low soil moisture areas encourages the exotic grass weed species to grow. Wairio wetland on the Eastern shore of Lake Wairarapa has been adversely affected by anthropogenic activities since the 1960s. In 2005, Ducks Unlimited and the Department of Conservation signed a Land Management Agreement where Ducks Unlimited would commence the restoration of the wetland. Survival of trees planted during the first few years was variable. Here, I report on the design and monitoring of a large scale field experiment involving the planting of around 2,500 trees of eight native wetland tree species Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Podocarpus totara, Cordyline australis, Olearia virgata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Coprosma robusta, Coprosma propinqua and Leptospermum scoparium. The trees were subjected to different methods of site preparation and aftercare to determine the best combination of treatments for successful establishment of tree saplings. Treatments included the use or non-use of topsoil excavation, release spraying, weedmats, nurse trees (with two combinations of species) and different spacing between the nurse species. Survival and growth over the first six months was monitored. Preliminarily results showed survival of O. virgata and P. totara was influenced by surface water, but few immediate effects of treatments upon growth rates. Olearia virgata, however, grew best in wet areas that had been scraped free of topsoil or drier areas that had not been scraped. Monitoring over the next 18 months will give us a better understanding of which is the most costeffective combination of treatments. Early indications suggest high level survival under all treatments.</p>

Pasture micro-nutrient concentrations are often deficient for herbage productivity and the health of livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate soil and herbage micro-nutrient content and the effects on yield on the three pasture systems of the North Wyke Farm Platform (NWFP): high-sugar grass + legume mix minus nitrogen (N) fertilizer (blue/HSG + L); permanent pasture plus N fertilizer (green/P + N); high-sugar grass plus N fertilizer (red/HSG + N). The locations with high soil total micro-nutrient concentrations had a greater slope and higher soil organic matter (SOM) content. Herbage micro-nutrient concentrations were often greater at the locations with high soil total micro-nutrient concentrations. The concentration and uptake of nearly all micro-nutrients was greatest in the herbage of the green/P + N system, which had the highest SOM content, whereas they were often lowest in the red/HSG + N system, which had the lowest SOM and the highest yield, indicating biomass dilution of micro-nutrients in the herbage. At the locations with high soil micro-nutrient concentrations, yield was higher than at locations with low micro-nutrient concentrations, and was equal across the three pasture systems, regardless of fertilizer N treatment. Variation in micro-nutrient uptake/yield in the blue grass–legume system was predominantly explained by the soil molybdenum (Mo) concentration, possibly relating to the requirement for Mo in biological nitrogen fixation. There was, therefore, a trade-off in ploughing and re-seeding for higher yield, with the maintenance of SOM being important for herbage micro-nutrient content.

AbstractGliotoxin produced by Trichoderma virens is inhibitory against various phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. However, its stability in soil-ecosystem has not yet been well-defined. This study aimed to decipher its persistence and behaviour in growth media, irrigation water and soil ecosystems. Gliotoxin production was noticed at logarithmic growth phase and converted into bis-thiomethyl gliotoxin at late stationary growth phase of T. virens in acidic growth medium. But, no gliotoxin production was observed in neutral and alkaline growth medium. Gliotoxin was stable for several days in acidic water but degraded in alkaline water. Degradation of gliotoxin was more in unsterile soil than sterile soil and also that was higher under wet soil than dry soil. Degradation of gliotoxin was hastened by alkaline pH in wet soil but not in dry soil. Under unsterile soil conditions, high soil moisture increased the degradation of gliotoxin and the degradation of gliotoxin occurred quickly in alkaline soil (in 5 days) compared to acidic soil (in 10 days). Under sterile soil conditions, high soil moisture also enhanced the degradation of gliotoxin but level of degradation was less compared to unsterile conditions. Thus, gliotoxin stability is influenced mainly by the soil wetness, soil microbial community and pH conditions.