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Digital finance has piqued the curiosity of academics, students, and institutions all around the globe for more than a decade. Innovative financial services companies are offering a wide range of new financial products and new ways of interacting with customers via digital finance (Fintech). Research on finance and information systems has thus examined these shifts as well as the implications of technological advancements on the financial industry. Through presenting a bibliometric analysis, the article summarizes how scientific research has developed on the connections between financial technology developments and digital finance during the previous years. According to the ScienceDirect database, we base this literature review on journals and articles that have been published. We conducted a content analysis of 343 articles based on the discovered clusters, finding research gaps and suggesting actionable areas for further study. The results offer a solid path for future research in this area. We discuss the significance of the aforementioned publications and articles as well as potential areas of future study. The next step is to analyze the citation linkages between the most important articles to identify how they are related to one another. For financial technology research, the study looks at the way they are organized. The research is concerned with the roles of Fintech and the limits of research in digital financing. We point out potential routes for researchers to take to expand on current knowledge while also seeking possibilities for new, interesting, and creative research that adds to the expansion of the topic of research.

The European Union has a clear strategy on how sustainable development should be financed. However, there is still no regulation that defines which activities can be considered sustainable and which cannot. Private initiative has taken the lead in recent years with the publication of different taxonomies and principles applicable on a voluntary basis to green financial products and social projects. The EU taxonomy, issued in 2020, establishes criteria to determine whether an economic activity is environmentally sustainable, and the green bond standard is in the consultation period in 2021. The EU taxonomy will increase investor confidence in green financial products, prevent greenwashing, and reduce information costs. This chapter reviews the evolution and future application of the EU taxonomy, the EU green bond standard, and the need to adopt a taxonomy for socially sustainable activities.

People in China are paying more attention to environmental issues as they increase in importance and consequence. At the same time, the Chinese government has gradually begun paying more attention to the environment, advocating sustainable development. The government has been actively developing green financial products such as green loans, green insurance, green funds, and other financial products to help Chinese companies “go green” and reach peak carbon and carbon-neutral goals ahead of schedule. China attaches great importance to its “green transformation” goals, as can be seen from the number of new policies related to green and sustainable development. Under these circumstances, companies must follow the policy and carry out green upgrades or risk total failure. This chapter mainly discusses the background of what firms face in China's green finance environment, taking clean energy, green buildings, and green transportation as examples of how companies should adapt to these trends and improve their competitiveness.

This chapter presents a historical overview of the emergence and evolution of ESG assets and, in particular, analyses the main market trends that have been observed in recent years in relation to these assets. The authors intend to present a summary of the main moments and phases that these assets have gone through, from the moment of their appearance in 2007, the year in which the European Investment Bank carried out its Climate Awareness Bond as a test issuance. The movement associated with the issue of these assets is initiated by supranational entities with little homogeneity and no fixed conventions. To overcome this impasse, the green bond principles emerged and a process of defining the characteristics of these assets began, with a particular focus on transparency and the governance process. From this stage onwards, the market showed interest in these financial products and hence the emergence of a harmonising movement regarding green bond standards in which Europe seems to have taken a leading role.

The development of the financial industry continues increase people are increasingly interested in using Islamic financial products. The products offered are increasingly varied to meet the needs of the community. In addition to providing benefits, Islamic financial products can contribute widely to the development of the country, in this case, the Sukuk product. Legally, Sukuk or Islamic bonds, get the law first, when compared to Islamic banks. Sukuk has law number 19 of 2008 concerning State Sharia Securities (SBSN). The Sukuk instrument continues to grow and can provide benefits for investors and benefits for the country's development. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of state Sukuk products, and analysis of Islamic financial products. The method used is qualitative, with a literature study approach. The data sources used are secondary data, data that has been presented by certain institutions and then processed, and from other sources deemed relevant to the theme. The data collection technique used is literature study from several sources, both from books, journals, and others. The analytical technique used is descriptive qualitative, describes the development of Sukuk products in 2020 to 2021, and describes the analysis of the Sukuk ijarah products. The results of this study indicate that there are developments in state Sukuk in the 2019 to 2020 period, PBS Auction Sukuk, PBS Private Placement Sukuk, SNI, SPN-S, Rite Sukuk (SR), and Savings Sukuk (ST) grew by 40.80 percent. Auction PBS Sukuk grew by 39.59, PBS Private Placement Sukuk grew by 214.39%, SR grew by 72.93%, SNI Sukuk by 26.86 percent. Meanwhile, SNI Sukuk decreased by -30.01% and ST decreased by -35.76 percent. Analysis of Islamic sharia financial products, especially with the ijarah scheme. There is a sale and purchase transaction is considered engineered, then the resale of assets from the investor to the issuer such as a sale and purchase transaction is prohibited. Buying and selling of Sukuk assets which are then leased back and have a time limit and conditions on the object of sale and purchase, making the seller not have control over the asset. Then the sale and purchase can become a sale and purchase without the obligation to resell the product that has been purchased if the owner of the goods can return the money for the goods he sells.

This research aims to analyze the procedural and substantial aspects of ijarah muntahiyah bit Tamlik (IMBT) financing in Islamic financial institution which constitutes muamalah fiqh construction in contemporary financial products, because there are still people who doubt the legality of sharia without looking at the procedures and substance, because it was considered a transaction prohibited by the Prophet. The research method used is normative legal research with a conceptual and statutory approach. The discussion in this article shows that the procedural aspects of IMBT financing by undertaking an ijarah agreement in advance as the first contract in which there is wa'ad transfer of ownership after the lease period ends. The nature of wa'ad is not binding, so after the lease period ends, it is necessary to carry out a contract of transfer of ownership with a new contract both in grants and sale.The Substantial aspects of IMBT financing from the perspective of the legality of sharia contracts, IMBT is not a series of two contracts that are merged into one unit or carried out at the same time where the mixture results in gharar (unclear), but the contract is arranged in two separate transactions and this is not included in the prohibition of two agreements (contract) in one agreement (contract) that is in the Prophet's hadith. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aspek prosedural dan substansial dalam pembiayaan ijarah muntahiyah bit Tamlik (IMBT) di lembaga keuangan syariah yang merupakan konstruksi  fiqih muamalah dalam produk keuangan kontemporer, sebab masih ada yang meragukan  legalitasnya secara syariah tanpa mencermati prosedur dan substansinya, karena dianggap transaksi yang dilarang Nabi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan. Pembahasan dalam artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa aspek prosedural dalam pembiayaan IMBT dengan dilakukannya akad ijarah terlebih dahulu sebagai kontrak pertama yang didalamnya terdapat wa’ad pemindahan kepemilikan setelah masa sewa berakhir. Sifat wa’ad tidaklah mengikat maka setelah masa sewa berakhir, perlu dilaksanakan akad pemindahan kepemilikan dengan  kontrak baru baik secara hibah maupun jual beli. Aspek subtansial dalam pembiayaan IMBT pada perspektif legalitas akad syariah maka IMBT bukanlah rangkaian dua akad yang tergabung menjadi satu kesatuan atau dilakukan sekaligus yang percampurannya mengakibatkan adanya gharar (ketidakjelasan), melainkan akadnya tersusun dalam dua transaksi yang terpisah dan ini tidak masuk dalam larangan dua kesepakatan (akad) dalam satu kesepakatan (akad)  yang ada pada hadits Nabi.

This paper computes the Non-central Moments of the Truncated Normal variable, i.e. a Normal constrained to assume values in the interval with bounds that may be finite or infinite. We define two recursive expressions where one can be expressed in closed form. Another closed form is defined using the Lower Incomplete Gamma Function. Moreover, an upper bound for the absolute value of the Non-central Moments is determined. The numerical results of the expressions are compared and the different behavior for high value of the order of the moments is shown. The limitations to the use of Truncated Normal distributions with a lower negative limit regarding financial products are considered. Limitations in the application of Truncated Normal distributions also arise when considering a CRRA utility function.

The risks derived from climate change and the social inequalities of the economic model en-danger the continuity of society as we know it. The investment community is developing financial products in order to channel the environ-mental and social transition process, with green bonds and social bonds being key instruments to facilitate the change of model. In just a few years, investments made in assets that respect environmental sustainability, social responsibility and good management practices have in-creased from 12% to 42% of total investments made by investors around the world. The current paper it is intended to discuss the regulation and evolution of green bonds since its inception in 2007, globally and nationally, focusing on the principles of implementation, benefits and role of the COVID-19 pandemic in issuing green bonds.

PurposeThe study measured quality financial inclusion, a more comprehensive measure of financial inclusion, and examined its determinants at a consumer level in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis study leveraged on FinScope 2015 survey data to compute a quality financial inclusion index using polychoric principal component analysis. Subsequently, a heteroscedasticity consistent ordinary least squares regression model was employed to assess determinants of quality financial inclusion.FindingsThe empirical findings indicated that gender, education, financial literacy, income, location and geographical proximity determine quality financial inclusion. These findings could inform policymakers and financial services providers on how quality financial inclusion can be promoted through tailoring financial products for various socio-demographic groups.Research limitations/implicationsDue to data limitations, the study was confined to South Africa and did not capture digital financial inclusion. Hence, future studies could replicate the study in Sub-Saharan Africa's context and compute an index that captures digital financial inclusion.Practical implicationsThese findings could inform policymakers and financial services providers on how quality financial inclusion can be promoted through tailoring financial products for various socio-demographic groups.Originality/valueThis study proposed a more comprehensive measure of quality financial inclusion from a demand-side perspective by accounting for important dimensions that include diversity, affordability, appropriateness and flexibility of financial products and services.

The modern climate agenda requires tremendous efforts from all market participants, including in terms of improving management mechanisms. It is important to have a working toolkit available that can fulfill the interests of all participants. In this regard, the stock market comes to the fore, which is acquiring special significance today. The emergence of green bonds, as well as other methods of hedging risks using stock market instruments, is becoming an integral part of the ESG agenda. In recent years, the world community has been trying to focus its efforts as much as possible on achieving the principles of sustainable development through the stock market. In these conditions, the existence of well-developed mechanisms for regulating the issue and circulation of financial instruments that contribute to solving climatic and social problems becomes a rather important aspect. The article discusses the features of the use of green and social bonds. The contradictions and systemic shortcomings that hinder the process of introducing «green» financial products have been identified. The experience of Russian and foreign financial institutions in the field of responsible investment has been studied. The author also analyzed the regulatory practice and formulated proposals to ensure the consistency of interests of the participants in the process. The paper gives recommendations in terms of synchronizing work on the formation of ESG-ratings, and also substantiates the importance of the management component in the sustainable development system.