CHAPTER 1

1.1. Given the vectors M = 10ax + 4ay 8az and N = 8ax + 7ay 2az , find:
a) a unit vector in the direction of M + 2N.
M + 2N = 10ax 4ay + 8az + 16ax + 14ay 4az = (26, 10, 4)
Thus
a=

(26, 10, 4)
= (0.92, 0.36, 0.14)
|(26, 10, 4)|

b) the magnitude of 5ax + N 3M:

(5, 0, 0) + (8, 7, 2) (30, 12, 24) = (43, 5, 22), and |(43, 5, 22)| = 48.6.
c) |M||2N|(M + N):
|(10, 4, 8)||(16, 14, 4)|(2, 11, 10) = (13.4)(21.6)(2, 11, 10)
= (580.5, 3193, 2902)
1.2. Given three points, A(4, 3, 2), B(2, 0, 5), and C(7, 2, 1):
a) Specify the vector A extending from the origin to the point A.
A = (4, 3, 2) = 4ax + 3ay + 2az
b) Give a unit vector extending from the origin to the midpoint of line AB.
The vector from the origin to the midpoint is given by
M = (1/2)(A + B) = (1/2)(4 2, 3 + 0, 2 + 5) = (1, 1.5, 3.5)
The unit vector will be
m=

(1, 1.5, 3.5)

= (0.25, 0.38, 0.89)
|(1, 1.5, 3.5)|

c) Calculate the length of the perimeter of triangle ABC:

Begin with AB = (6, 3, 3), BC = (9, 2, 4), CA = (3, 5, 1).
Then
|AB| + |BC| + |CA| = 7.35 + 10.05 + 5.91 = 23.32
1.3. The vector from the origin to the point A is given as (6, 2, 4), and the unit vector directed from the
origin toward point B is (2, 2, 1)/3. If points A and B are ten units apart, find the coordinates of point
B.
With A = (6, 2, 4) and B = 13 B(2, 2, 1), we use the fact that |B A| = 10, or
|(6 23 B)ax (2 23 B)ay (4 + 13 B)az | = 10
Expanding, obtain
36 8B + 49 B 2 + 4 83 B + 49 B 2 + 16 + 83 B + 19 B 2 = 100
or B 2 8B 44 = 0. Thus B =
B=

8 64176
2

= 11.75 (taking positive option) and so

2
1
2
(11.75)ax (11.75)ay + (11.75)az = 7.83ax 7.83ay + 3.92az
3
3
3
1

1.4. given points A(8, 5, 4) and B(2, 3, 2), find:

a) the distance from A to B.
|B A| = |(10, 8, 2)| = 12.96
b) a unit vector directed from A towards B. This is found through
aAB =

BA
= (0.77, 0.62, 0.15)
|B A|

c) a unit vector directed from the origin to the midpoint of the line AB.
a0M =

(3, 1, 3)
(A + B)/2
=
= (0.69, 0.23, 0.69)
|(A + B)/2|
19

d) the coordinates of the point on the line connecting A to B at which the line intersects the plane z = 3.
Note that the midpoint, (3, 1, 3), as determined from part c happens to have z coordinate of 3. This
is the point we are looking for.
1.5. A vector field is specified as G = 24xyax + 12(x 2 + 2)ay + 18z2 az . Given two points, P (1, 2, 1) and
Q(2, 1, 3), find:
a) G at P : G(1, 2, 1) = (48, 36, 18)
b) a unit vector in the direction of G at Q: G(2, 1, 3) = (48, 72, 162), so
aG =

(48, 72, 162)

= (0.26, 0.39, 0.88)
|(48, 72, 162)|

c) a unit vector directed from Q toward P :

aQP =

(3, 1, 4)
PQ
=
= (0.59, 0.20, 0.78)
|P Q|
26

d) the equation of the surface on which |G| = 60: We write 60 = |(24xy, 12(x 2 + 2), 18z2 )|, or
10 = |(4xy, 2x 2 + 4, 3z2 )|, so the equation is
100 = 16x 2 y 2 + 4x 4 + 16x 2 + 16 + 9z4

1.6. For the G field in Problem 1.5, make sketches of Gx , Gy , Gz and |G| along the line y = 1, z = 1, for
0 x 2. We find
G(x, 1, 1) = (24x, 12x 2 + 24, 18), from which Gx = 24x, Gy = 12x 2 + 24,
Gz = 18, and |G| = 6 4x 4 + 32x 2 + 25. Plots are shown below.

1.7. Given the vector field E = 4zy 2 cos 2xax + 2zy sin 2xay + y 2 sin 2xaz for the region |x|, |y|, and |z| less
than 2, find:
a) the surfaces on which Ey = 0. With Ey = 2zy sin 2x = 0, the surfaces are 1) the plane z = 0, with
|x| < 2, |y| < 2; 2) the plane y = 0, with |x| < 2, |z| < 2; 3) the plane x = 0, with |y| < 2, |z| < 2;
4) the plane x = /2, with |y| < 2, |z| < 2.
b) the region in which Ey = Ez : This occurs when 2zy sin 2x = y 2 sin 2x, or on the plane 2z = y, with
|x| < 2, |y| < 2, |z| < 1.
c) the region in which E = 0: We would have Ex = Ey = Ez = 0, or zy 2 cos 2x = zy sin 2x =
y 2 sin 2x = 0. This condition is met on the plane y = 0, with |x| < 2, |z| < 2.
1.8. Two vector fields are F = 10ax + 20x(y 1)ay and G = 2x 2 yax 4ay + zaz . For the point P (2, 3, 4),
find:
a) |F|: F at (2, 3, 4) = (10, 80, 0), so |F| = 80.6.
b) |G|: G at (2, 3, 4) = (24, 4, 4), so |G| = 24.7.
c) a unit vector in the direction of F G: F G = (10, 80, 0) (24, 4, 4) = (34, 84, 4). So
a=

FG
(34, 84, 4)
=
= (0.37, 0.92, 0.04)
|F G|
90.7

d) a unit vector in the direction of F + G: F + G = (10, 80, 0) + (24, 4, 4) = (14, 76, 4). So
a=

F+G
(14, 76, 4)
=
= (0.18, 0.98, 0.05)
|F + G|
77.4
3

1.9. A field is given as

G=

(x 2

25
(xax + yay )
+ y2)

Find:
a) a unit vector in the direction of G at P (3, 4, 2): Have Gp = 25/(9 + 16) (3, 4, 0) = 3ax + 4ay ,
and |Gp | = 5. Thus aG = (0.6, 0.8, 0).
b) the angle between G and ax at P : The angle is found through aG ax = cos . So cos =
(0.6, 0.8, 0) (1, 0, 0) = 0.6. Thus = 53 .
c) the value of the following double integral on the plane y = 7:


0

0

4
2
0

4
2
0

G ay dzdx

4

4
2
25
25
350

7
dzdx
=
dx
(xa
+
ya
)

a
dzdx
=
x
y
y
2 + 49
2 + 49
x2 + y2
x
x
0
0
0


 
1
1 4
tan
0 = 26
= 350
7
7

1.10. Use the definition of the dot product to find the interior angles at A and B of the triangle defined by the
three points A(1, 3, 2), B(2, 4, 5), and C(0, 2, 1):
a) Use RAB = (3,
1,
7) and RAC = (1, 5, 3) to form RAB RAC = |RAB ||RAC | cos A . Obtain
3 + 5 + 21 = 59 35 cos A . Solve to find A = 65.3 .
b) Use RBA = (3,1,7) and RBC = (2, 6, 4) to form RBA RBC = |RBA ||RBC | cos B . Obtain
6 + 6 + 28 = 59 56 cos B . Solve to find B = 45.9 .
1.11. Given the points M(0.1, 0.2, 0.1), N(0.2, 0.1, 0.3), and P (0.4, 0, 0.1), find:
a) the vector RMN : RMN = (0.2, 0.1, 0.3) (0.1, 0.2, 0.1) = (0.3, 0.3, 0.4).
b) the dot product RMN RMP : RMP = (0.4, 0, 0.1) (0.1, 0.2, 0.1) = (0.3, 0.2, 0.2). RMN
RMP = (0.3, 0.3, 0.4) (0.3, 0.2, 0.2) = 0.09 + 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.05.
c) the scalar projection of RMN on RMP :
RMN aRMP = (0.3, 0.3, 0.4)

(0.3, 0.2, 0.2)

0.05
=
= 0.12
0.09 + 0.04 + 0.04
0.17

d) the angle between RMN and RMP :

1

M = cos

RMN RMP
|RMN ||RMP |

= cos

0.05

0.34 0.17

= 78

1.12. Given points A(10, 12, 6), B(16, 8, 2), C(8, 1, 4), and D(2, 5, 8), determine:
a) the vector projection of RAB + RBC on RAD : RAB + RBC = RAC = (8, 1, 4) (10, 12, 6) =
(2, 11, 10) Then RAD = (2, 5, 8) (10, 12, 6) = (12, 17, 14). So the projection will
be:


(12, 17, 14) (12, 17, 14)
(RAC aRAD )aRAD = (2, 11, 10)
= (6.7, 9.5, 7.8)

629
629
b) the vector projection of RAB + RBC on RDC : RDC = (8, 1, 4) (2, 5, 8) = (10, 6, 4). The
projection is:


(10, 6, 4) (10, 6, 4)
(RAC aRDC )aRDC = (2, 11, 10)
= (8.3, 5.0, 3.3)

152
152
c) the angle between RDA and RDC : Use RDA = RAD = (12, 17, 14) and RDC = (10, 6, 4).
The angle is found through the dot product of the associated unit vectors, or:


(12, 17, 14) (10, 6, 4)
D = cos1 (aRDA aRDC ) = cos1
= 26

629 152
1.13. a) Find the vector component of F = (10, 6, 5) that is parallel to G = (0.1, 0.2, 0.3):
F||G =

FG
(10, 6, 5) (0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
(0.1, 0.2, 0.3) = (0.93, 1.86, 2.79)
G=
2
|G|
0.01 + 0.04 + 0.09

b) Find the vector component of F that is perpendicular to G:

FpG = F F||G = (10, 6, 5) (0.93, 1.86, 2.79) = (9.07, 7.86, 2.21)
c) Find the vector component of G that is perpendicular to F:
GpF = G G||F = G

GF
1.3
F = (0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
(10, 6, 5) = (0.02, 0.25, 0.26)
2
|F|
100 + 36 + 25

1.14. Thefour vertices

of a regular tetrahedron are located at O(0, 0, 0), A(0, 1, 0), B(0.5 3, 0.5, 0), and
C( 3/6, 0.5, 2/3).
a) Find a unit vector perpendicular (outward) to the face ABC: First find


RBA RBC = [(0, 1, 0) (0.5 3, 0.5, 0)] [( 3/6, 0.5, 2/3) (0.5 3, 0.5, 0)]


= (0.5 3, 0.5, 0) ( 3/3, 0, 2/3) = (0.41, 0.71, 0.29)
The required unit vector will then be:
RBA RBC
= (0.47, 0.82, 0.33)
|RBA RBC |
b) Find the area of the face ABC:
Area =

1
|RBA RBC | = 0.43
2
5

1.15. Three vectors extending from the origin are given as r1 = (7, 3, 2), r2 = (2, 7, 3), and r3 = (0, 2, 3).
Find:
a) a unit vector perpendicular to both r1 and r2 :
ap12 =

(5, 25, 55)

r1 r2
=
= (0.08, 0.41, 0.91)
|r1 r2 |
60.6

b) a unit vector perpendicular to the vectors r1 r2 and r2 r3 : r1 r2 = (9, 4, 1) and r2 r3 =

(2, 5, 6). So r1 r2 r2 r3 = (19, 52, 32). Then
ap =

(19, 52, 32)

(19, 52, 32)
=
= (0.30, 0.81, 0.50)
|(19, 52, 32)|
63.95

c) the area of the triangle defined by r1 and r2 :

Area =

1
|r1 r2 | = 30.3
2

d) the area of the triangle defined by the heads of r1 , r2 , and r3 :

Area =

1
1
|(r2 r1 ) (r2 r3 )| = |(9, 4, 1) (2, 5, 6)| = 32.0
2
2

1.16. Describe the surfaces defined by the equations:

a) r ax = 2, where r = (x, y, z): This will be the plane x = 2.

b) |r ax | = 2: r ax = (0, z, y), and |r ax | = z2 + y 2 = 2. This is the equation of a cylinder,
centered on the x axis, and of radius 2.
1.17. Point A(4, 2, 5) and the two vectors, RAM = (20, 18, 10) and RAN = (10, 8, 15), define a triangle.
a) Find a unit vector perpendicular to the triangle: Use
ap =

(350, 200, 340)

RAM RAN
=
= (0.664, 0.379, 0.645)
|RAM RAN |
527.35

The vector in the opposite direction to this one is also a valid answer.
b) Find a unit vector in the plane of the triangle and perpendicular to RAN :
aAN =

(10, 8, 15)
= (0.507, 0.406, 0.761)

389

Then
apAN = ap aAN = (0.664, 0.379, 0.645) (0.507, 0.406, 0.761) = (0.550, 0.832, 0.077)
The vector in the opposite direction to this one is also a valid answer.
c) Find a unit vector in the plane of the triangle that bisects the interior angle at A: A non-unit vector
in the required direction is (1/2)(aAM + aAN ), where
aAM =

(20, 18, 10)

= (0.697, 0.627, 0.348)
|(20, 18, 10)|
6

1.17c. (continued) Now

1
1
(aAM + aAN ) = [(0.697, 0.627, 0.348) + (0.507, 0.406, 0.761)] = (0.095, 0.516, 0.207)
2
2
Finally,
abis =

(0.095, 0.516, 0.207)

= (0.168, 0.915, 0.367)
|(0.095, 0.516, 0.207)|

1.18. Given points A( = 5, = 70 , z = 3) and B( = 2, = 30 , z = 1), find:

a) unit vector in cartesian coordinates at A toward B: A(5 cos 70 , 5 sin 70 , 3) = A(1.71, 4.70, 3), In
the same manner, B(1.73, 1, 1). So RAB = (1.73, 1, 1) (1.71, 4.70, 3) = (0.02, 5.70, 4) and
therefore
(0.02, 5.70, 4)
aAB =
= (0.003, 0.82, 0.57)
|(0.02, 5.70, 4)|
b) a vector in cylindrical coordinates at A directed toward B: aAB a = 0.003 cos 70 0.82 sin 70 =
0.77. aAB a = 0.003 sin 70 0.82 cos 70 = 0.28. Thus
aAB = 0.77a 0.28a + 0.57az
.
c) a unit vector in cylindrical coordinates at B directed toward A:
Use aBA = (0, 003, 0.82, 0.57). Then aBA a = 0.003 cos(30 ) + 0.82 sin(30 ) = 0.43, and
aBA a = 0.003 sin(30 ) + 0.82 cos(30 ) = 0.71. Finally,
aBA = 0.43a + 0.71a 0.57az

1.19 a) Express the field D = (x 2 + y 2 )1 (xax + yay ) in cylindrical components and cylindrical variables:
Have x = cos , y = sin , and x 2 + y 2 = 2 . Therefore
D=
Then
D = D a =

1
(cos ax + sin ay )


1
1 2
1
cos (ax a ) + sin (ay a ) =
cos + sin2 =

and
D = D a =


1
1
cos (ax a ) + sin (ay a ) = [cos ( sin ) + sin cos ] = 0

Therefore
D=

1
a

1.19b. Evaluate D at the point where = 2, = 0.2, and z = 5, expressing the result in cylindrical and
cartesian coordinates: At the given point, and in cylindrical coordinates, D = 0.5a . To express this in
cartesian, we use
D = 0.5(a ax )ax + 0.5(a ay )ay = 0.5 cos 36 ax + 0.5 sin 36 ay = 0.41ax + 0.29ay
1.20. Express in cartesian components:
a) the vector at A( = 4, = 40 , z = 2) that extends to B( = 5, = 110 , z = 2): We
have A(4 cos 40 , 4 sin 40 , 2) = A(3.06, 2.57, 2), and B(5 cos(110 ), 5 sin(110 ), 2) =
B(1.71, 4.70, 2) in cartesian. Thus RAB = (4.77, 7.30, 4).
b) a unit vector at B directed toward A: Have RBA = (4.77, 7.30, 4), and so
aBA =

(4.77, 7.30, 4)
= (0.50, 0.76, 0.42)
|(4.77, 7.30, 4)|

c) a unit vector at B directed toward the origin:

(1.71, 4.70, 2). Thus
a=

Have rB = (1.71, 4.70, 2), and so rB =

(1.71, 4.70, 2)
= (0.32, 0.87, 0.37)
|(1.71, 4.70, 2)|

1.21. Express in cylindrical components:

a) the vector from C(3, 2, 7) to D(1, 4, 2):
C(3, 2, 7) C( = 3.61, = 33.7 , z = 7) and
D(1, 4, 2) D( = 4.12, = 104.0 , z = 2).
Now RCD = (4, 6, 9) and R = RCD a = 4 cos(33.7) 6 sin(33.7) = 6.66. Then
R = RCD a = 4 sin(33.7) 6 cos(33.7) = 2.77. So RCD = 6.66a 2.77a + 9az
b) a unit vector at D directed toward C:
RCD = (4, 6, 9) and R = RDC a = 4 cos(104.0) + 6 sin(104.0) = 6.79. Then R =
RDC a = 4[ sin(104.0)] + 6 cos(104.0) = 2.43. So RDC = 6.79a + 2.43a 9az
Thus aDC = 0.59a + 0.21a 0.78az
c) a unit vector at D directed toward the origin: Start with rD = (1, 4, 2), and so the vector toward
the origin will be rD = (1, 4, 2). Thus in cartesian the unit vector is a = (0.22, 0.87, 0.44).
Convert to cylindrical:
a = (0.22, 0.87, 0.44) a = 0.22 cos(104.0) + 0.87 sin(104.0) = 0.90, and
a = (0.22, 0.87, 0.44) a = 0.22[ sin(104.0)] + 0.87 cos(104.0) = 0, so that finally,
a = 0.90a 0.44az .
1.22. A field is given in cylindrical coordinates as


40
F=
+ 3(cos + sin ) a + 3(cos sin )a 2az
2 + 1
where the magnitude of F is found to be:

|F| = F F =

1600
240
(cos + sin ) + 22
+ 2
2
2
( + 1)
+1
8

1/2

Sketch |F|:
a) vs. with = 3: in this case the above simplifies to
|F( = 3)| = |F a| = [38 + 24(cos + sin )]1/2
b) vs. with = 0, in which:


1600
240
|F( = 0)| = |F b| =
+ 22
+ 2
2
2
( + 1)
+1

1/2

c) vs. with = 45 , in which


|F( = 45 )| = |F c| =

1/2

1600
240 2
+ 22
+ 2
( 2 + 1)2
+1

1.23. The surfaces = 3, = 5, = 100 , = 130 , z = 3, and z = 4.5 define a closed surface.
a) Find the enclosed volume:

4.5
130
5
d d dz = 6.28
Vol =
100

NOTE: The limits on the integration must be converted to radians (as was done here, but not shown).
b) Find the total area of the enclosing surface:

130
5


Area = 2
d d +


+
3

4.5

100
130

100

5 d dz + 2

4.5
130

100
3
4.5
5

3 d dz

d dz = 20.7

c) Find the total length of the twelve edges of the surfaces:



30
30
2 3 +
2 5 = 22.4
Length = 4 1.5 + 4 2 + 2
360
360
d) Find the length of the longest straight line that lies entirely within the volume: This will be between
the points A( = 3, = 100 , z = 3) and B( = 5, = 130 , z = 4.5). Performing point
transformations to cartesian coordinates, these become A(x = 0.52, y = 2.95, z = 3) and B(x =
3.21, y = 3.83, z = 4.5). Taking A and B as vectors directed from the origin, the requested length
is
Length = |B A| = |(2.69, 0.88, 1.5)| = 3.21
1.24. At point P (3, 4, 5), express the vector that extends from P to Q(2, 0, 1) in:
a) rectangular coordinates.
Then |RP Q | =

RP Q = Q P = 5ax 4ay 6az

25 + 16 + 36 = 8.8

b) cylindrical coordinates. At P , = 5, = tan1 (4/ 3) = 53.1 , and z = 5. Now,

RP Q a = (5ax 4ay 6az ) a = 5 cos 4 sin = 6.20
RP Q a = (5ax 4ay 6az ) a = 5 sin 4 cos = 1.60
Thus
and |RP Q | =

RP Q = 6.20a + 1.60a 6az

6.202 + 1.602 + 62 = 8.8

c) spherical coordinates. At P , r = 9 + 16 + 25 = 50 = 7.07, = cos1 (5/7.07) = 45 , and

= tan1 (4/ 3) = 53.1 .
RP Q ar = (5ax 4ay 6az ) ar = 5 sin cos 4 sin sin 6 cos = 0.14
RP Q a = (5ax 4ay 6az ) a = 5 cos cos 4 cos sin (6) sin = 8.62
RP Q a = (5ax 4ay 6az ) a = 5 sin 4 cos = 1.60
10

1.24. (continued)
Thus
and |RP Q | =

RP Q = 0.14ar + 8.62a + 1.60a

0.142 + 8.622 + 1.602 = 8.8

d) Show that each of these vectors has the same magnitude. Each does, as shown above.
1.25. Given point P (r = 0.8, = 30 , = 45 ), and


sin
1
a
E = 2 cos ar +
r
sin
a) Find E at P : E = 1.10a + 2.21a .

b) Find |E| at P : |E| = 1.102 + 2.212 = 2.47.

c) Find a unit vector in the direction of E at P :
aE =

E
= 0.45ar + 0.89a
|E|

1.26. a) Determine an expression for ay in spherical coordinates at P (r = 4, = 0.2, = 0.8 ): Use

ay ar = sin sin = 0.35, ay a = cos sin = 0.48, and ay a = cos = 0.81 to obtain
ay = 0.35ar + 0.48a 0.81a
b) Express ar in cartesian components at P : Find x = r sin cos = 1.90, y = r sin sin = 1.38,
and z = r cos = 3.24. Then use ar ax = sin cos = 0.48, ar ay = sin sin = 0.35, and
ar az = cos = 0.81 to obtain
ar = 0.48ax + 0.35ay + 0.81az
1.27. The surfaces r = 2 and 4, = 30 and 50 , and = 20 and 60 identify a closed surface.
a) Find the enclosed volume: This will be

60
50
4
r 2 sin drdd = 2.91
Vol =
20

30

where degrees have been converted to radians.

b) Find the total area of the enclosing surface:



60
50
2
2
(4 + 2 ) sin dd +
Area =
20

30

4
60

+2

r(sin 30 + sin 50 )drd

20
50
4
30

rdrd = 12.61

c) Find the total length of the twelve edges of the surface:

50

60

4
dr + 2
(4 + 2)d +
(4 sin 50 + 4 sin 30 + 2 sin 50 + 2 sin 30 )d
Length = 4
2

30

20

= 17.49
11

1.27. (continued)
d) Find the length of the longest straight line that lies entirely within the surface: This will be from
A(r = 2, = 50 , = 20 ) to B(r = 4, = 30 , = 60 ) or
A(x = 2 sin 50 cos 20 , y = 2 sin 50 sin 20 , z = 2 cos 50 )
to

B(x = 4 sin 30 cos 60 , y = 4 sin 30 sin 60 , z = 4 cos 30 )

or finally A(1.44, 0.52, 1.29) to B(1.00, 1.73, 3.46). Thus B A = (0.44, 1.21, 2.18) and
Length = |B A| = 2.53
1.28. a) Determine the cartesian components of the vector from A(r = 5, = 110 , = 200 ) to B(r =
7, = 30 , = 70 ): First transform the points to cartesian: xA = 5 sin 110 cos 200 = 4.42,
yA = 5 sin 110 sin 200 = 1.61, and zA = 5 cos 110 = 1.71; xB = 7 sin 30 cos 70 = 1.20,
yB = 7 sin 30 sin 70 = 3.29, and zB = 7 cos 30 = 6.06. Now
RAB = B A = 5.62ax + 4.90ay + 7.77az
b) Find the spherical components of the vector at P (2, 3, 4) extending to Q(3,
RP Q =
2, 5): First,

Q P = (5, 5, 1). Then at P , r = 4 + 9 + 16 = 5.39, = cos (4/ 29) = 42.0 , and =

tan1 (3/2) = 56.3 . Now
RP Q ar = 5 sin(42 ) cos(56.3 ) + 5 sin(42 ) sin(56.3 ) + 1 cos(42 ) = 3.90
RP Q a = 5 cos(42 ) cos(56.3 ) + 5 cos(42 ) sin(56.3 ) 1 sin(42 ) = 5.82
RP Q a = (5) sin(56.3 ) + 5 cos(56.3 ) = 1.39
So finally,
RP Q = 3.90ar 5.82a 1.39a
c) If D = 5ar 3a + 4a , find D a at M(1, 2, 3): First convert a tocartesian coordinates at the
specified
5, = tan1 (2) = 63.4 ,
ay )ay . At A(1, 2, 3), =
point. Use a1= (a ax )ax + (a
r = 14, and = cos (3/ 14) = 36.7 . So a = cos(63.4 )ax + sin(63.4 )ay = 0.45ax + 0.89ay .
Then
(5ar 3a + 4a ) (0.45ax + 0.89ay ) =
5(0.45) sin cos + 5(0.89) sin sin 3(0.45) cos cos
3(0.89) cos sin + 4(0.45)( sin ) + 4(0.89) cos = 0.59
1.29. Express the unit vector ax in spherical components at the point:
a) r = 2, = 1 rad, = 0.8 rad: Use
ax = (ax ar )ar + (ax a )a + (ax a )a =
sin(1) cos(0.8)ar + cos(1) cos(0.8)a + ( sin(0.8))a = 0.59ar + 0.38a 0.72a

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1.29 (continued) Express the unit vector ax in spherical components at the point:
b) x = 3, y = 2,z = 1: First, transform the point to spherical coordinates. Have r =
= cos1 (1/ 14) = 105.5 , and = tan1 (2/3) = 33.7 . Then

14,

ax = sin(105.5 ) cos(33.7 )ar + cos(105.5 ) cos(33.7 )a + ( sin(33.7 ))a

= 0.80ar 0.22a 0.55a
c)
rad, z = 1.5: Again,convert the point to spherical coordinates. r =
= 2.5, = 0.7
8.5, = cos1 (z/r) = cos1 (1.5/ 8.5) = 59.0 , and = 0.7 rad = 40.1 . Now

2 + z2 =

ax = sin(59 ) cos(40.1 )ar + cos(59 ) cos(40.1 )a + ( sin(40.1 ))a

= 0.66ar + 0.39a 0.64a
1.30. Given A(r = 20, = 30 , = 45 ) and B(r = 30, = 115 , = 160 ), find:
a) |RAB |: First convert A and B to cartesian: Have xA = 20 sin(30 ) cos(45 ) = 7.07, yA =
20 sin(30 ) sin(45 ) = 7.07, and zA = 20 cos(30 ) = 17.3. xB = 30 sin(115 ) cos(160 ) = 25.6,
yB = 30 sin(115 ) sin(160 ) = 9.3, and zB = 30 cos(115 ) = 12.7. Now RAB = RB RA =
(32.6, 2.2, 30.0), and so |RAB | = 44.4.
b) |RAC |, given C(r = 20, = 90 , = 45 ). Again, converting C to cartesian, obtain xC =
20 sin(90 ) cos(45 ) = 14.14, yC = 20 sin(90 ) sin(45 ) = 14.14, and zC = 20 cos(90 ) = 0. So
RAC = RC RA = (7.07, 7.07, 17.3), and |RAC | = 20.0.
c) the distance from A to C on a great circle path: Note that A and C share the same r and coordinates;
thus moving from A to C involves only a change in of 60 . The requested arc length is then


2
distance = 20 60
360

13


= 20.9