123 Integrales Elementales
123 Integrales Elementales
123 Integrales Elementales
e:
Base de logaritmos neperianos. Logaritmo natural o neperiano. Logaritmo vulgar o de briggs. Seno. Arco seno. Coseno. Arco coseno. Arco coseno. Tangente. Arco tangente. Cotangente. Arco cotangente. Secante. Arco secante. Cosecante. Arco cosecante. Exponencial. Diferencial de x. Valor absoluto de x.
em at w w w ic
g :
arc tg : co g arc co tg sec : arc sec : cos ec : arc sec : exp : dx : x:
m.c.m:
.M
s e n n x = (s e n x) n
n x = ( x) n
ogx = og x
s e n 1 x = arcs e n x og n x = ( ogx) n
am = a mn , a 0 an
(ab) n = a nb n
a1
.c
om
an a = n ,b 0 b b
= n am =
( a)
n
an =
1 an
a 0 = 1, a 0
(a b)
= a 4 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 4ab3 + b 4
a 2 b 2 = (a + b)(a b) a 3 b3 = (a b)(a 2 ab b 2 )
3. Sean b, n, x, y, z: nmeros naturales x ogb = ogb x ogb y og ( xyz ) = ogb x + ogb y + ogb z y n 1 ogb x = n ogb x ogb n x = ogb x n ogb 1 = 0 og bb = 1
e = 1 ex = x exp( x) = x
exp x = x = x e x = x
g =
s e n cos 2 s e n + cos 2 = 1
.M
sen =
1 cos ec
em
at
1.
ic a
1.
IDENTIDADES TRIGONOMETRICAS
cos = 1 s ec
1+ co g 2 = cos ec 2
cos g = s e n
2. (a) s e n( + ) = s e n cos + cos s e n
sen
1 cos 2
s e n( ) = s e n cos cos s e n
at
1 co g 2 1 + g = sec 2
g =
cos cos ec = co g
s e n 2 = 2s e n cos 1 cos 2 s e n2 = 2
co
(b)
(c)
g + g 1 g g 1 cos 2 g 2 = 1 + cos 2 g ( + ) =
2 g 1 g 2 g g g ( ) = 1 + g g
g 2 =
g
(d)
w w
1 [s e n( + ) + s e n( )] 2 1 cos cos = [ cos( + ) + cos( ) ] 2 + s e n + s e n = 2s e n cos 2 2 + cos + cos = 2 cos cos 2 2 s e n cos =
w
.M
at
em
at
FORMULAS FUNDAMENTALES
Diferenciales du 1.- du = dx u 2.- d (au ) = adu 3.- d (u + v) = du + dv 4.- d (u n ) = nu n 1du
du u 6.- d (eu ) = eu du
5.- d ( u ) =
7.- d (a u ) = a u adu 8.- d (s e n u ) = cos udu 9.- d (cos u ) = s e n udu 10.- d ( gu ) = sec 2 udu 11.- d (co gu ) = cosec2 udu 12.- d (sec u ) = sec u gudu 13.- d (co sec u ) = co sec u co gudu 14.- d (arcs e n u ) = 15.- d (arc cos u ) =
w
du = u +c u 6.- eu du = eu + c au +c a
7.- a u du =
du 1 u du
2
.M at
em at ic
11.- cosec 2 udu = co gu + c 12.- sec u gudu = sec u + c 13.- co sec u co gudu = co sec u + c
a1 .c
14.- 15.-
om
du 1 u2 du
= arcs e n u + c
1 u2 du 16.- d (arc gu ) = 1+ u2 du 17.- d (arc co gu ) = 1+ u2 du 18.- d (arc sec u ) = u u2 1 du 19.- d (arc co sec u ) = u u2 1
= arc cos u + c 1 u2 du 16.- = arc gu + c 1+ u2 du 17.- = arc co gu + c 1+ u2 arc sec u + c; u > 0 du 18.- = 2 u u 1 arc sec u + c; u < 0 arc co sec u + c; u > 0 du 19.- = 2 u u 1 arc co sec u + c; u < 0
10
8.- co ghudu = s e n u + c
u 2 a2 2 17.- u a du = u a u + u2 a2 + c 2 2
2 2
18.- a 2 u 2 du =
Realmente, algunas de estas integrales no son estrictamente inmediatas; tal como se ver mas adelante y donde se desarrollan varias de ellas.
1 u 15.- = +c u a2 u2 a a + a2 u2
du
em
ic a
= u + u2 a2 + c
1. w .M
co
at
14.-
du 1 ua = +c 2 u a 2a u+a
2
du
11
CAPITULO 1
INTEGRALES ELEMENTALES
El Propsito de este capitulo, antes de conocer y practicar las tcnicas propiamente tales; es familiarizarse con aquellas integrales para las cuales basta una transformacin algebraica elemental.
EJERCICIOS DESARROLLADOS
1.1 .- Encontrar: e x xdx
2
x4 +c 4
Respuesta: (3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)dx = x3 + x 2 + x + c 1.4.- Encontrar: x(x + a )( x + b)dx Solucin.3 2 2 x(x + a)( x + b)dx = x x + (a + b) x + ab dx = x + ( a + b ) x + abx dx = x 3dx + (a + b) x 2 dx + abxdx = = x4 x3 x2 + (a + b) + ab + c 4 3 2
x dx + (a + b) x dx + ab xdx
3 2
.M
at em at
ic
a1
Solucin.-
.c
om
Respuesta: e x xdx =
2
Frmula utilizada:
n x dx =
x n +1 , n 1 n +1
12
x 4 (a + b) x3 abx 2 + + +c 4 3 2
Solucin.3 2 2 3 2 6 2 3 2 6 (a + bx ) dx = (a + 2abx + b x )dx = a dx + 2abx dx + b x dx x4 x7 + b2 + c 4 7 4 2 7 abx b x + +c Respuesta: (a + bx3 ) 2 dx = a 2 x + 2 7 1.6.- Encontrar: 2 pxdx = a 2 dx + 2ab x3dx + b 2 x 6 dx = a 2 x + 2ab Solucin.-
dx nx n Respuesta: n = +c n 1 x
1 n n
dx
1 n n
(nx)
= =n
1 n n
dx = n
1
1 n n
1 n n
dx = n
1
1 n n
1+ n
.M
at
em at
dx = x x
dx =
dx = n
1 n
1 n n
x n dx
1 n +1 n
1 n n
xn
1+1
1 1+1 n
+c = n
1 n n
1 n n
xn
1 n
+c = n
1 n n
ic
x x nx +c = +c = +c 1 1 + n n 1 +1 n n
1 +1 n
1+ n n
1+ n n
a1
.c
om
1 2
nx + c = n
x +c = n
1 n
1 n + n n
xn + c = n nx n + c
1 1
dx = n nx + c
2 2
1.9.- Encontrar: (a 3 x 3 )3 dx
(a
x 3 )3 dx = a
2
( )
2 3
3 a
( )
2 2
x 3 + 3a
2
( x ) ( x ) dx
2
13
= (a 2 3a 3 x
4
2
4 3
+ 3a 3 x
2 3
x 2 )dx = a 2 dx 3a 3 x 3 dx + 3a 3 x 3 dx x 2 dx
4 2 2 4
5 7 3 4 3
Solucin.-
x + 1)( x x + 1)dx = ( x x ( x ) 2 +
1 2 3 2
x + x
3 2
x + 1)dx
5 5
at
.M
10
= x dx x dx 2 x dx =
10 3 4 3
23
x3
+1
10 +1 3
x3
+1
em at
x2 2x 2 = ( x x + 1)dx = ( xx + 1)dx = ( x + 1)dx = x dx + dx = + x+c = + x+c 5 5 2 5 2 2x Respuesta: ( x + 1)( x x + 1)dx = + x+c 5 ( x 2 + 1)( x 2 2)dx 1.11.- Encontrar: 3 2 x Solucin.( x 2 + 1)( x 2 2)dx ( x 4 x 2 2)dx x4 x2 2 = = 2 dx 2 dx 2 dx 2 3 2 x3 x3 x3 x3 x
ic a1
2
.c
+1
om
4 +1 3
x3
2 +1 3
13
13 3
7 3
x
1
+c
3 13 3 7 1 x 3 x3 x x x4 3 x x2 3 x 3 6x 3 + c = 3 3 63 x + c = 3 3 63 x + c 13 7 13 7 13 7 2 2 4 2 ( x + 1)( x 2)dx 3x 3 x Respuesta: = 6 3 x + c 3 2 7 x 13 m n 2 (x x ) 1.12.- Encontrar: dx x Solucin.( x m x n )2 ( x2m 2 xm xn + x2n ) ( x2m 2 xm xn + x2n ) dx = dx = dx x1/ 2 x x
13
=3
= ( x 2 m 1/ 2 2 x m + n 1/ 2 + x 2 n 1/ 2 )dx =
4 m +1 2 m + 2 n +1 4 n +1
x 2 2x 2 x 2 2x 2 4x 2 2x 2 = + +c = + +c 4m + 1 2m + 2n + 1 4n + 1 4m + 1 2m + 2n + 1 4 n + 1 2 2 2
14
Respuesta:
x 2 dx 4a dx + 6a
1
x dx 4 xdx + a
2
dx
1 +1 2 1 +1 2
4ax + 6a
x
3 3 2
2 +1
1 +1 2
4 x2
2
x1+1
1+1
+ a x
5 5 2 5
3 +1 2 3 +1 2
+c
co m
Respuesta:
x 10 x 10 1 10 +c = +c 20 2 10 x + 10 x + 10 dx x 10 10 = +c x 10 20 x + 10
2
Respuesta:
1.15.- Encontrar:
dx x +7
2
1 dx dx x = 2 = arc g + c 2 x +7 x +a a a
2
= 2a x 4ax + 4a x 2 x + 2a
3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2
.M
12
x 2 +c 5
at
em
at
1 2
ic a
1.
4ax + 6a
+a
12
+c
15
= x + 4 + x2 + c
Respuesta:
dx 4+ x
2
= x + 4 + x2 + c dx 8 x2 dx
2
Sea: a = 8 , Luego:
dy x +9
2
2 + x2 2 x2 4 x4
2 + x2 2 x2 4 x4
2 + x2
2 2
dx =
dx
2 + x2 2 x2 dx dx 4 x4 4 x4
2 x2 (2 x ) (2 + x )
2 2
.M
dx
at
Respuesta:
8 x
em
dx
= arcs e n
2x +c 4
at
ic a
8 x x x = arcs e n + c = arcs e n +c 8 2 2
dx a x
2 2
= arcs e n
co 1. m
x +c a
(2 x ) (2 + x )
dx =
dx 2 x
2
dx 2 + x2
16
Sea: a = 2 , Luego:
= arcs e n
dx a x
2 2
dx a +x
2 2
= arcs e n
x x + a2 + x2 + c a
x x x + ( 2) 2 + x 2 + c = arcs e n x + 2 + x2 + c 2 2 2 + x2 2 x2
4
Respuesta:
dx = arcs e n
x x + 2 + x2 + c 2
dx 2x2 + 4
1. co m
1 4 14
7x 2 2 14 +c = 56 7x + 2 2
Respuesta:
dx 14 = 2 7 x 8 56
x 2 dx x2 + 3
7x 2 2 +c 7x + 2 2
1.24.- Encontrar:
Respuesta:
.M
7x 2 2 +c 7x + 2 2
at
em
17
1 x 3x arc g + c = = x 3 arc g +c 3 3 3
Respuesta:
Respuesta:
= dx
2 4
8x + 7 + 8x2 + c
7 5x2
m
(a x b x ) 2 dx ( a 2 x 2a x b x + b 2 x ) a2x 2 a xb x b 2x dx = x x dx x x dx + x x dx a xb x = a xb x ab ab a b
( a / b) 2x + (b / a ) + c ax bx a b = x dx 2dx + x dx = dx 2 dx + dx = a b b a b a b a
x x x x
(a / b)
a b
2x +
(b / a )
b a
+c =
(a / b)
.M
Respuesta:
at
em
dx
5 35 x arcs e n +c 5 7
at
ic a
x
1.
7 5x2
dx ( 7) 2 ( 5 x) 2
co
1 5 arcs e n x +c 5 7
a b
2x
(b / a )
a b
+c
ax bx x x b a = 2x + c a b
a 2 x b2 x x x (a x b x ) 2 dx a b Respuesta: = 2x + c a xb x a b
18
x dx 2
sen
dx =
Respuesta: s e n 2
x x senx dx = +c 2 2 2 dx 1.29.- Encontrar: ;(0 < b < a ) ( a + b) + ( a b ) x 2 Solucin.dx dx Sea: c 2 = a + b, d 2 = a b, ; luego = 2 2 ( a + b) + ( a b) x c + d 2 x2 dx 1 dx 1 1 x 1 dx 2 c2 2 = d 2 c 2 2 = d 2 c arctg c + c = cd arctg c + c d d 2 +x +x d d d
1. co
1 2 a b
2 2
a bx a + b +c a bx + a + b
w w
Respuesta:
dx 1 a b arctg = x+c 2 2 2 ( a + b) + ( a b) x a+b a b dx 1.30.-Encontrar: ;(0 < b < a ) ( a + b) ( a b ) x 2 Solucin.dx dx = 2 Sea: c 2 = a + b, d 2 = a b, Luego: 2 ( a + b) ( a b) x c d 2 x2 x c dx 1 dx 1 1 d + c = 1 dx c + c = = 2 = 2 2 2 dx + c 2cd c d c d 2c x+ c 2 d d 2 2 x2 x d d d
.M at
em
at
ic a
Respuesta:
dx 1 = 2 ( a + b) ( a b ) x 2 a 2 b2
a bx a + b +c a bx + a + b
19
EJERCICIOS PROPUESTOS
Mediante el uso del lgebra elemental, o algunas identidades trigonomtricas, transformar en integrales de fcil solucin, las integrales que se presentan a continuacin. 1.32.- 3x5 dx 1.33.- (1 + e) x dx 1.39.- 1.42.- 1.34.- (1 + gx)dx
x 1.35.- cos 2 2 dx
1.36.- (1 + x )3 dx
1.38.- 1.41.-
1+ 1+
2
x 2 x 3
dy
dx 5 x dx x +5
2 2
dx x2 5 dx x 5
2
dx
1.45.- x (1 x )dx
om
x 12 x 2 dx 2 x2 8
.M
x 2 + 12 dx
12 x 2 dx
at
ic
a1
dx x + 12 dx
2
dx x 2 12 dx x x 2 12 dx 8 2x2
at
em
1.57.-
x 12 + x 2 dx 2 x2 + 8
.c
1 cos 2 x dx s e n2 x 1.64.- (2 x 3x )0 dx dx 3 x
1.67.-
x 2 dx dx
1.70.- x 2 + 3 dx 4
dx
x 3 x2 1.74.- s e n 3 x dy
1.77.- e x dx
2
x x2 3 1.75.- u dx
1.78.-
1.73.-
dx
x 2 dx 2x
1.80.- x 2 11dx
1.81.- x 2 + 11dx
20
1.85.- 1.88.-
dx
3x 2 1
dx 1 + 3x 2 dx x 3x2 1
1 + 3x 2 dx 1.90.- 2 3x + 4 dx 1.93.- x 1 + 3x 2
1.96.- 1 + 3 x 2 dx 1.99.- (3 x 2 1) dx
0
1.87.-
dx
dx
1 3x 2 dx 1.91.- 2 3x 1 dx 1.94.- x 1 3x 2
1.100.- (3 x 2 1) du 1.106.- 27 x 2 dx
n
1.95.- 1 3 x 2 dx
x 3
)dx
1.102.- (e
2 x 1 2
)dx
1.109.- 1.112.-
dx
3x x2 1 dx
dx
2x 1 x dx
2
1.111.- 1.114.-
w w .M
dx
4 x x 2 + 16 1.116.- (1 + x + x) 2 dx
5 x x 2 25 1.117.- (1 x + x) 2 dx
at
3x 9 x2 (1 x ) 2 dx 1.115.- x2 1.118.- (1 + x) 4 dx
em at
1.119.- e
1 cos x 2
dx
1 + x2 1.120.- exp 2 dx x
w
1.121.- e
1 s e n x 3
dx
1.122.- (1 + x 3 x )0 dx
1.123.- e
(1+ x )2 2
dx
RESPUESTAS
1.32.- 3 x5 dx = 3 x 5 dx = 1.33.- (1 + e) x dx
3 x 5+1 x6 x6 +c =3 +c = +c 5 +1 6 2
ax (1 + e) x +c = +c Sea: a = 1 + e, Luego: (1 + e) dx = a dx = a (1 + e)
x x
21
x2 2 52 x2 2 + x + c = x + 2 x x + 3 + x2 x + c 2 5 2 5 0 1.37.- (1 + x ) dx = dx = x + c = x + 2x 2 + 3
3
1.38.- 1.39.-
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
dy =
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
dy =
1+ 1+
x 2 x 3
y+c
dx 5 x2 dx 5 x dx x ( 5) dx
2 2 2
dx ( 5) 2 x 2
= arcs e n
x 5x + c = arcs e n +c 5 5
=
=
= x + x2 5 + c
= x + x2 + 5 + c
2
dx x +5
2
x + ( 5)
2
dx x +5
2
1.43.-
dx dx 1 x 5 5 x 5 = 2 = +c = +c 2 x 5 10 x ( 5) x+ 5 x+ 5 2 5
2
1.44.- (s e n 2 x + cos 2 x 1)dx = (1 1)dx = 0dx = c 1.45.- x (1 x )dx = ( x x)dx = xdx xdx = 1.46.- ( g 2 x + 1)dx = sec 2 xdx = gx + c 1.47.-
= dx dx 1 x 12 1 x2 3 = 2 = +c = +c 2 x 12 x ( 12) 2 12 x + 12 4 3 x+2 3
2
.M
at
5 5x arc g +c 5 5
em
at
ic
a1
Sea: a = 5 , Luego:
dx 1 x arc g = +c 2 5 5 x + ( 5)
2
.c
om
2 32 x2 x +c 3 2
3 x2 3 +c 12 x+2 3 dx x + 12
2
1.48.-
Sea: a = 12 , Luego:
dx 1 x arc g = +c 2 12 12 x + ( 12)
2
22
1 2 3
arc g
2 3 dx = 2 x 12 dx
2
+c =
x + 12 dx 12 x 2
a = 12
,Luego:
dx 12 x 2
dx ( 12) 2 x 2
= arcs e n
1.52.-
=
x x 12
2
dx x 12 + x 2 dx 8 2 x2 dx 2 x2 8
= = =
3 6 dx
x 12 + 12 + x 2 =
w w
12 + 12 x 2
.M
3 6
+c
2 x + x2 4 + c 2 1 dx dx 1 dx 2 1.57.- = = x2 + 4 = 2 x + x + 4 + c 2 2 2 2( x + 4) 2x + 8
=
= 2 x + x2 + 4 + c 2
x 2 10 x 10 x + x 2 10 + c 2 2
at
em
+c
at
m co
ic a
1.
12 + 12 x 2
+c
23
1.62.- 1 s e n 2 xdx = cos 2 xdx = cos xdx = s e n x + c 1.64.- (2 x 3x )0 dx = dx = x + c 1.63.- 1 cos 2 xdx = s e n 2 xdx = s e n xdx = cos x + c
sen x 1.66.- gx dx = ( gx gx ) dx = 0dx = c cos x dx 3x 1.67.- x = 3x dx = +c 3 3 3 x 3 x x 2 + 4 arcs e n 3 + c 1.68.- 3 x 2 dx = ( 23 ) 2 x 2 dx = 4 4 2 2 2 x 3 3 2x 2 = +c arcs e n 4 x + 2 8 3 x 2 3 34 3 x 4 x + x2 4 + c 1.69.- x 2 3 dx = x 2 ( 23 ) 2 dx = 4 2 2 x 2 3 3 = x 4 x + x2 3 + c 4 2 8 x 2 3 3 3 1.70.- x 2 + 3 dx = x 2 + ( 23 ) 2 dx = x + 4 + x + x2 + 4 + c 4 2 8 dx dx 1 x 1.71.- = = +c 3 x 3 x2 3 + 3 x2 x ( 3) 2 x 2
= 3 3 x 3 + 3 x2 +c
w w w .M at em at ic a1 .c om
1.72.- 1.73.-
dx x x 3 dx
2
= =
x x +3
2
24
1.74.- (s e n 3 x )dy = s e n 3 x dy = (s e n 3 x ) y + c
x2 +c 2
x3 +c 3 2 1 1 dx = dx x dx = 2x 2
1.78.-
x 2 x 2 x dx = dx dx = dx 2x 2x 2x 2x
1
1 1 1 x2 2 1 = x +c = x 2x 2 + c dx x 2 dx = 1 2 2 2 2
1.79.- 11 x 2 dx = 1.80.- 1.81.- 1.82.-
1.85.- =
dx 3x 1
2
dx 3 ( x 13 )
2
1.87.- 1.88.-
= =
dx 3 3
1 3
+x
= =
3 x+ 3 1 3 dx
1 3
1 dx 1 2 ( x 2 1 ) = 3 x + ( x 13 ) + c 3 3
.M
at
1 3
dx
1 3
em at
ic
x2
x2
a1
+ x2 + c = 1 x arcs e n 1 + c 3 3
.c
25
dx 1 dx 1 1 x 3 3x = 2 4 = 2 arc g 2 + c = +c arc g 2 3x + 4 3 x + 3 3 3 6 2 3 x dx 1 dx 1 1 = 2 1= 2 3x 1 3 x 3 3 2 13 x+ dx x 3x 1
2 1 3 1 3
+c =
3 6
3x 1 +c 3x + 1 1 1 3 arc sec x 1 3
dx 3x x 1
2
=
3
dx 1 1 x x2 1 = 3 3 3
+c
= arc sec 3x + c
1.93.-
dx x 1 + 3x x
1 3 2
dx 1 1 x 1 + x2 = 3 3 3
1 1 3
1 3
x +
1 3
+ x2
+c
1 3
+ x2
+c dx 1 x 1 x2 = 3 3
1 3
1.94.-
dx x 1 3x
2
x
1 3
1 3
x2
.c
+c
.M
at
em
at
x 3
)dx =
x 1 1 1x2 2 3 +c = x 2 +c dx = x 2 dx = 3 3 3 3 2 9
)dx =
2x 1 1 x2 1 dx = xdx dx = x + c 2 2 2 2
1.103.- (e 2 + e + 1) x dx
ic
3
a1
1.95.- 1 3x 2 dx = 3
om
26
Sea: a= (e 2 + e + 1) , Luego: a x dx =
ax (e 2 + e 1) x +c = +c a (e2 + e 1)
1+ g 2x 1.104.- 1dx = (1 1)dx = 0dx = c 2 sec x x2 1.105.- exp( 1 + x )dx = (1 + x )dx = dx + xdx = x + + c 2 27 x x 1.106.- 27 x 2 dx = +c 27 x 2 + arc s e n 2 2 3 3 x 2 27 x 27 x + x 2 27 + c 1.107.- x 2 27dx = 2 2 x 2 27 1.108.- x 2 + 27 dx = x + 27 + x + x 2 + 27 + c 2 2 1 1 dx dx 1.109.- = = arc secx + c 3x x 2 1 3 x x 2 1 3
dx 2x 1 x2 dx 5x x + 1
2
= = =
1 dx 1 x x 1 x2 = 2 1 + 1 x2 + c 2 1 dx 1 x x x2 + 1 = 5 1 + x2 + 1 + c 5 1 dx 11 x 1 x x 9 x2 = 3 3 3 + 9 x2 + c = 9 3 + 9 x2 + c 3 1 dx 11 x x x 2 + 16 = 4 4 4 + x2 + 16 + c 4
w w w .M at em at ic a 1. co m
dx 3x 9 x dx
2 2
4 x x + 16
= (1 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 2 x 2 + x 2 )dx = dx + 2 x 2 dx +3 xdx + 2 x 2 dx + x 2 dx
1 3 1 3
2x 2 x2 x 2 x3 4x 2 x2 x 2 x3 x+ +3 +2 + +c = x+ +3 +4 + +c 3 5 2 3 3 2 5 3 2 2 27
1.117.- (1 x + x) 2 dx = (1 + x + x 2 2 x + 2 x 2 x 2 )dx
3
1 = dx + 4 xdx + 6 x 2 dx + 4 x 3dx + x 4 dx = x + 2 x 2 + 2 x3 + x 4 + x5 + c 5
1.119.- e
1 cos x 2
dx =
1.121.- e
1 s e n x 3
dx =
1.123.- e
=
(1+ x )2 2
dx =
(1 + x) 2 1 + 2 x + x2 1 1 dx = dx = dx + xdx + x 2 dx 2 2 2 2
1 x 2 x3 x+ + +c 2 2 6
ic w w w .M at em at a1 .c om
28