CONTENTS

Preface xi Acknowledgments

xii

Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering / 1.1 Engineering Geology / 1.2 Geotechnical Engineering Terms / 1.2 Symbols and Units / 1.3 Book Outline / 1.3

1.1

Part 1 Introduction to Earthquakes

Chapter 2. Basic Earthquake Principles
2.1 Plate Tectonics / 2.3 2.1.1 Types of Faults / 2.11 2.2 Seismograph / 2.13 2.3 Seismic Waves / 2.14 2.4 Magnitude of an Earthquake / 2.16 2.4.1 Local Magnitude Scale ML / 2.16 2.4.2 Surface Wave Magnitude Scale Ms / 2.18 2.4.3 Moment Magnitude Scale Mw / 2.18 2.4.4 Comparison of Magnitude Scales / 2.19 2.4.5 Summary / 2.20 2.5 Intensity of an Earthquake / 2.21 2.6 Problems / 2.21 2.3

Chapter 3. Common Earthquake Effects

3.1 Introduction / 3.1 3.2 Surface Rupture / 3.1 3.2.1 Description / 3.1 3.2.2 Damage Caused by Surface Rupture / 3.2 3.3 Regional Subsidence / 3.8 3.4 Liquefaction / 3.14 3.4.1 Introduction / 3.14 3.4.2 Settlement and Bearing Capacity Failures / 3.15 v

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CONTENTS

3.4.3 Waterfront Structures / 3.17 3.4.4 Flow Slides / 3.28 3.4.5 Lateral Spreading / 3.31 3.5 Slope Movement / 3.33 3.5.1 Types of Earthquake-Induced Slope Movement / 3.33 3.5.2 Examples of Earthquake-Induced Slope Movement / 3.34 3.5.3 Seismic Evaluation of Slope Stability / 3.44 3.6 Tsunami and Seiche / 3.46

Chapter 4. Earthquake Structural Damage

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Introduction / 4.1 Earthquake-Induced Settlement / 4.2 Torsion / 4.4 Soft Story / 4.6 4.4.1 Definition and Examples / 4.6 4.4.2 Pancaking / 4.10 4.4.3 Shear Walls / 4.15 4.4.4 Wood-Frame Structures / 4.16 4.5 Pounding Damage / 4.18 4.5.1 Impact Damage from Collapse of Adjacent Structures / 4.18 4.5.2 Asymmetry / 4.19 4.6 Resonance of the Structure / 4.20 4.6.1 Soft Ground Effects / 4.21

4.1

Part 2

Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Analyses

5.3

Chapter 5. Site Investigation for Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering

5.1 Introduction / 5.4 5.1.1 Scope of the Site Investigation / 5.4 5.2 Screening Investigation / 5.6 5.3 Quantitative Evaluation / 5.10 5.4 Subsurface Exploration / 5.11 5.4.1 Borings, Test Pits, and Trenches / 5.11 5.4.2 Soil Sampling / 5.15 5.4.3 Standard Penetration Test / 5.17 5.4.4 Cone Penetration Test / 5.22 5.5 Laboratory Testing / 5.25 5.5.1 Shear Strength / 5.27 5.5.2 Cyclic Triaxial Test / 5.31 5.6 Peak Ground Acceleration / 5.33 5.6.1 Introduction / 5.33 5.6.2 Methods Used to Determine the Peak Ground Acceleration / 5.34 5.6.3 Example of the Determination of Peak Ground Acceleration / 5.36 5.6.4 Local Soil and Geologic Conditions / 5.41 5.7 Report Preparation / 5.41 5.8 Problems / 5.42

Chapter 6. Liquefaction
6.1 Introduction / 6.2 6.2 Laboratory Liquefaction Studies / 6.2 6.2.1 Laboratory Data from Ishihara / 6.2

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vii

6.2.2 Laboratory Data from Seed and Lee / 6.6 6.3 Main Factors That Govern Liquefaction in the Field / 6.6 6.4 Liquefaction Analysis / 6.10 6.4.1 Introduction / 6.10 6.4.2 Cyclic Stress Ratio Caused by the Earthquake / 6.11 6.4.3 Cyclic Resistance Ratio from the Standard Penetration Test / 6.14 6.4.4 Factor of Safety against Liquefaction / 6.17 6.4.5 Example Problem / 6.18 6.4.6 Cyclic Resistance Ratio from the Cone Penetration Test / 6.19 6.4.7 Cyclic Resistance Ratio from the Shear Wave Velocity / 6.19 6.5 Report Preparation / 6.22 6.6 Problems / 6.22

Chapter 7. Earthquake-Induced Settlement

7.1 Introduction / 7.2 7.2 Settlement versus Factor of Safety against Liquefaction / 7.3 7.2.1 Introduction / 7.3 7.2.2 Methods of Analysis / 7.3 7.2.3 Limitations / 7.7 7.3 Liquefaction-Induced Ground Damage / 7.8 7.3.1 Types of Damage / 7.8 7.3.2 Method of Analysis / 7.9 7.3.3 Example Problem / 7.11 7.4 Volumetric Compression / 7.12 7.4.1 Main Factors Causing Volumetric Compression / 7.12 7.4.2 Simple Settlement Chart / 7.12 7.4.3 Method by Tokimatsu and Seed / 7.13 7.4.4 Example Problem / 7.17 7.4.5 Limitations / 7.19 7.5 Settlement due to Dynamic Loads Caused by Rocking / 7.20 7.6 Problems / 7.21

7.1

Chapter 8. Bearing Capacity Analyses for Earthquakes

8.1 Introduction / 8.2 8.1.1 General, Punching, and Local Shear / 8.2 8.1.2 Bearing Capacity Failures / 8.3 8.1.3 Shear Strength / 8.6 8.1.4 One-Third Increase in Bearing Pressure for Seismic Conditions / 8.7 8.2 Bearing Capacity Analyses for Liquefied Soil / 8.8 8.2.1 Introduction / 8.8 8.2.2 Punching Shear Analysis / 8.10 8.2.3 Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Equation / 8.15 8.2.4 Deep Foundations / 8.19 8.2.5 Other Design Considerations / 8.21 8.2.6 Example Problem / 8.22 8.3 Granular Soil with Earthquake-Induced Pore Water Pressures / 8.27 8.3.1 Introduction / 8.27 8.3.2 Bearing Capacity Equation / 8.27 8.3.3 Example Problem / 8.28 8.4 Bearing Capacity Analysis for Cohesive Soil Weakened by the Earthquake / 8.30 8.4.1 Introduction / 8.30 8.4.2 Bearing Capacity Equation / 8.30 8.4.3 Example Problem / 8.32 8.5 Report Preparation / 8.33 8.6 Problems / 8.36

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CONTENTS

Chapter 9. Slope Stability Analyses for Earthquakes

9.1 Introduction / 9.2 9.1.1 Inertia Slope Stability Analysis / 9.5 9.1.2 Weakening Slope Stability Analysis / 9.8 9.1.3 Cross Section and Soil Properties / 9.9 9.2 Inertia Slope StabilityPseudostatic Method / 9.9 9.2.1 Introduction / 9.9 9.2.2 Selection of the Seismic Coefficient / 9.10 9.2.3 Wedge Method / 9.11 9.2.4 Method of Slices / 9.13 9.2.5 Landslide Analysis / 9.14 9.2.6 Other Slope Stability Considerations / 9.16 9.2.7 Example Problem / 9.18 9.3 Inertia Slope StabilityNewmark Method / 9.25 9.3.1 Introduction / 9.25 9.3.2 Example Problem / 9.29 9.3.3 Limitation of the Newmark Method / 9.29 9.4 Weakening Slope StabilityFlow Slides / 9.32 9.4.1 Introduction / 9.32 9.4.2 Factor of Safety against Liquefaction for Slopes / 9.34 9.4.3 Stability Analysis for Liquefied Soil / 9.36 9.4.4 Liquefied Shear Strength / 9.42 9.5 Weakening Slope StabilityLiquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading / 9.44 9.5.1 Introduction / 9.44 9.5.2 Empirical Method / 9.46 9.5.3 Example Problem / 9.48 9.5.4 Summary / 9.49 9.6 Weakening Slope StabilityStrain-Softening Soil / 9.50 9.7 Mitigation of Slope Hazards / 9.50 9.7.1 Allowable Lateral Movement / 9.51 9.7.2 Mitigation Options / 9.52 9.8 Report Preparation / 9.55 9.9 Problems / 9.56

9.1

Chapter 10. Retaining Wall Analyses for Earthquakes

10.1 Introduction / 10.2 10.1.1 Retaining Wall Analyses for Static Conditions / 10.2 10.1.2 Retaining Wall Analyses for Earthquake Conditions / 10.9 10.1.3 One-Third Increase in Soil Properties for Seismic Conditions / 10.9 10.2 Pseudostatic Method / 10.10 10.2.1 Introduction / 10.10 10.2.2 Method by Seed and Whitman / 10.12 10.2.3 Method by Mononobe and Okabe / 10.12 10.2.4 Example Problem / 10.12 10.2.5 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls / 10.19 10.3 Retaining Wall Analyses for Liquefied Soil / 10.23 10.3.1 Introduction / 10.23 10.3.2 Design Pressures / 10.24 10.3.3 Sheet Pile Walls / 10.25 10.3.4 Summary / 10.31 10.4 Retaining Wall Analyses for Weakened Soil / 10.31 10.5 Restrained Retaining Walls / 10.32 10.5.1 Introduction / 10.32 10.5.2 Method of Analysis / 10.32 10.5.3 Example Problem / 10.32

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ix

10.6 Temporary Retaining Walls / 10.33 10.6.1 Static Design / 10.33 10.6.2 Earthquake Analysis / 10.35 10.7 Problems / 10.35

Chapter 11. Other Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Analyses

11.1 Introduction / 11.1 11.2 Surface Rupture Zone / 11.2 11.2.1 Introduction / 11.2 11.2.2 Design Approach / 11.2 11.2.3 Groundwater / 11.4 11.3 Pavement Design / 11.5 11.3.1 Introduction / 11.5 11.3.2 Flexible Pavements / 11.5 11.3.3 Earthquake Design / 11.6 11.4 Pipeline Design / 11.8 11.4.1 Introduction / 11.8 11.4.2 Static Design / 11.10 11.4.3 Earthquake Design / 11.15 11.5 Response Spectrum / 11.15 11.5.1 Introduction / 11.15 11.5.2 Response Spectrum per the Uniform Building Code / 11.16 11.5.3 Alternate Method / 11.20 11.5.4 Example Problem / 11.21 11.6 Problems / 11.21

11.1

Part 3 Site Improvement Methods to Mitigate Earthquake Effects

Chapter 12. Grading and Other Soil Improvement Methods
12.1 Introduction / 12.3 12.2 Grading / 12.4 12.3 Other Site Improvement Methods / 12.5 12.3.1 Soil Replacement / 12.5 12.3.2 Water Removal / 12.5 12.3.3 Site Strengthening / 12.8 12.3.4 Grouting / 12.8 12.3.5 Thermal / 12.10 12.3.6 Summary / 12.10 12.4 Groundwater Control / 12.10 12.4.1 Introduction / 12.10 12.4.2 Methods of Groundwater Control / 12.12 12.4.3 Groundwater Control for Slopes / 12.12 12.3

Chapter 13. Foundation Alternatives to Mitigate Earthquake Effects

13.1 Introduction / 13.1 13.2 Shallow Foundations / 13.1 13.3 Deep Foundations / 13.2 13.3.1 Introduction / 13.2

13.1

CONTENTS

13.3.2 Pier and Grade Beam Support / 13.5 13.3.3 Prestressed Concrete Piles / 13.17 13.4 Foundations for Single-Family Houses / 13.32 13.4.1 Raised Wood Floor Foundation / 13.34 13.4.2 Slab-on-Grade / 13.36 13.4.3 California Northridge Earthquake / 13.38 13.5 Problems / 13.39

Part 4

Building Codes
14.3

Chapter 14. Earthquake Provisions in Building Codes

14.1 Introduction / 14.3 14.2 Code Development / 14.3 14.3 Limitations of Building Codes / 14.4

Appendix A. Glossaries
Glossary 1 Field Testing Terminology / A.2 Glossary 2 Laboratory Testing Terminology / A.5 Glossary 3 Terminology for Engineering Analysis and Computations / A.11 Glossary 4 Compaction, Grading, and Construction Terminology / A.16 Glossary 5 Earthquake Terminology / A.21 Glossary References / A.27

A.1

Appendix B. EQSEARCH, EQFAULT, and FRISKSP Computer Programs Appendix C. Conversion Factors Appendix D. Example of a Geotechnical Report Dealing with Earthquake Engineering Appendix E. Solution to Problems Appendix F. References

B.1

C.1

D.1

E.1

F.1

Index

I.1