CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY GOTEBORG UNIVERSITY

EM4: Magnetic Hysteresis

Lab manual (version 1.001a)

Students: ........................................... & ........................................... Date: .... / .... / .... Laboration passed: ........................ Supervisor: ........................................... Date: .... / .... / ....

Raluca Morjan Sergey Prasalovich April 7, 2003

Magnetic Hysteresis Aims:

In this laboratory session you will learn about the basic principles of magnetic hysteresis; learn about the properties of ferromagnetic materials and determine their dissipation energy of remagnetization.

Questions:
(Please answer on the following questions before coming to the laboratory) 1) What classes of magnetic materials do you know? 2) What is a magnetic domain ? 3) What is a magnetic permeability and relative permeability ? 4) What is a hysteresis loop and how it can be recorded? (How you can measure a magnetization and magnetic eld indirectly?) 5) What is a saturation point and magnetization curve for a hysteresis loop? 6) How one can demagnetize a ferromagnet? 7) What is the energy dissipation in one full hysteresis loop and how it can be calculated from an experiment?

Equipment list:
1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 7 1 Sensor-CASSY U-core with yoke Coils (N = 500 turnes, L = 2,2 mH) Clamping device Function generator S12 12 V DC power supplies STE resistor 1, 2W Socket board section Connecting lead, 50 cm Connecting leads, 100 cm PC with Windows 98 and CASSY Lab software

Magnetic Hysteresis Introduction

In general, term hysteresis (comes from Greek hyst er esis, - lag, delay) means that value describing some physical process is ambiguously dependent on an external parameter and antecedent history of that value must be taken into account. The term was added to the vocabulary of physical science by J. A. Ewing, who dened it as following: When there are two quantities M and N such that cyclic variations of N cause cyclic variations of M, then if the changes of M lag behind those of N, we may say that there is hysteresis in the relation of M to N 1 . One can meet the word hysteresis in magnetism and electricity, thermodynamics, where it is always a sign of rst-order phase transition.

Magnetic hysteresis
Ferromagnetism
Iron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths (gadolinium, dysprosium) exhibit a unique magnetic behavior which is called ferromagnetism (iron or ferric is the most common and most dramatic example of a ferromagnetic material). Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the atomic magnetic moments to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain. Within the domain, the magnetization is intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be demagnetized because the many domains will be randomly oriented with respect to one another. A small externally imposed magnetic eld, say from a solenoid, can cause the magnetic domains to line up with each other. The magnetic ux density in the material will then be increased by a large factor called relative permeability for the material compared to the magnetic ux density in vacuum, 0 H . All ferromagnets have a maximum temperature where the ferromagnetic property disappears as a result of thermal agitation. This temperature is called the Curie temperature.

Hysteresis loop
When a ferromagnetic material is magnetized in one direction, it will not relax back to zero magnetization when the imposed magnetizing eld is removed. It must be driven back to zero by a eld in the opposite direction. If an alternating magnetic eld is applied to the material, its magnetization will trace out a loop called a hysteresis loop (see Figure 1). The lack of retraceability of the magnetization curve is the property called hysteresis and it is related to the existence of magnetic domains in the material. Once the magnetic domains are reoriented, it takes some energy to turn them
1

Phil. Trans., 1885, 176, p. 524

Magnetic Hysteresis

Figure 1: The magnetization M vs magnetic eld strength H for a ferromagnetic: (a) starting at zero the material follows at rst a non-linear magnetization curve and reaches the saturation level , when all the magnetic domains are aligned with the direction of a eld; when afterwards driving magnetic eld drops to zero, the ferromagnetic material retains a considerable degree of magnetization or remember the previous state of magnetization; (b) at this point, when H = 0 a ferromagnet is not fully demagnetized and only the partial domain reorientation happened; (c) saturation level in the opposite direction of applied eld; (d) in order to demagnetize a ferromagnetic material the strong magnetic eld of the opposite direction (called coercive eld, Hc ) has to be applied.

back again. This property of ferromagnetic materials is useful as a magnetic memory. Some compositions of ferromagnetic materials will retain an imposed magnetization indenitely and are useful as permanent magnets. The magnetic memory aspects of iron and chromium oxides make them useful in audio tape recording and for the magnetic storage of data on computer disks.

Basic relations of magnetic hysteresis theory

In vacuum the generated magnetic ux density or magnetic induction is proportional to applied eld B: B = 0 H, (1)

where 0 = 4 107 V s/Am = 1, 26 106 V s/Am. The units of the magnetic eld are A/m and for the magnetic ux density B we have V s/m2 = 1 Tesla.

Magnetic Hysteresis
If material is present, this equation becomes B = r 0 H,

(2)

with r - relative permeability of the material. The relative permeability of the material is dimensionless and is a pure number characterizing the material. It is useful and conventional to split B into the ux density in vacuum plus the part of the material according to B = 0 (H + M), (3)

where M is magnetization (total magnetic moment) vector that is only material dependent. While excluding B from the equation (3) one can obtain M = (r 1)H. (4)

The relative permeability r is the prime material parameter we are after. It describes the response of a material to a magnetic eld. If a ferromagnetic material is chosen one can observe that a generated magnetic ux density in the material is not proportional to applied eld H. Rather, it reaches a saturation value Bs as the magnetic eld H increases. The relative permeability r of the ferromagnet depends on the magnetic eld strength H, and also on the previous magnetic treatment of the ferromagnet. In a demagnetized ferromagnet, the magnetic eld strength is B = 0 T at H = 0 A/m. Normally however, a ferromagnet still retains a residual magnetic ux density B not equal to 0 T when H = 0 A/m (remanence) or remembers its previous state . Thus, the hysteresis curve diers from the magnetization curve, which begins at the origin of the coordinate system and can only be measured for completely demagnetized material (H = 0 A/m, B = 0 T). The values of magnetic eld strength and magnetic induction can be measured indirectly by monitoring the applied current I in the transformer coil and the induced magnetic ux through the core and taking into account the relations N1 H= I, B= , (5) L N2 A where N1 , N2 are the number of turns in primary and secondary coils respectively, L is the inductance of a coil, A is the cross-section of a ferromagnet. The magnetic ux is calculated as the integral of the voltage Us induced in the secondary coil.

Magnetic Hysteresis

The area of a hysteresis loop B (H ) BdH = E V (6)

just corresponds to the energy density loss in remagnetization of the demagnetized material. The enclosed area in the diagram (I ) dI = N2 AB L N1 dH = V N1 N2 BdH = N2 E N1 (7)

gives the precisely energy loss E of the remagnetization for N1 = N2 .

Experimental
In this laboratory work the phenomenon of magnetic hysteresis is explored by means of scanning the magnetic eld through the transformer core (made of soft iron ferromagnet) and recording the magnetization dependence on the applied magnetic eld.

Set-up
Using the equipment listed above build the experimental set-up by coupling the equipment parts with each other according to the Figure 2. Notes: a) both the function generator and the sensor CASSY have to be supplied with 12 V external DC power source, that you can nd among the listed equipment; b) check the connection once again before switching ON power supplies and turning the knobs. The settings on the function generator S12 have to be as following: output signal to sawtooth shape , frequency around 0.1 Hz and amplitude about 1 - 2 V (1 V is recommended). Recording of the magnetization curve is triggered at I = 0 A (when current I changes its sign from - to +). To hit this point exactly, the current is shunted past the transformer by the relay and ows through the 1 resistor prior to recording of the curve.

Magnetic Hysteresis

Figure 2: The CASSY Hysteresis Lab (without POWER-CASSY) experimental set-up.

Carrying out the experiment

load the CASSY Hysteresis Lab by double clicking on the corresponding icon on Windows desktop; correct the oset for UB if necessarily: open Settings UB , select Correct, set the rst target value to 0 V and click Correct Oset; demagnetize the transformer core, e.g. by striking the end face of the yoke against the end faces of the U-core several times; start the measurement with F9; stop the measurement with F9 after one period of the hysteresis curve or at F = 0 Vs (in this case the core does not have to be demagnetized again); achieve the nice hysteresis loop diagram: magnetization curve should start from the zero position and the hysteresis loop should be symmetrically positioned in the center; save the data;

Magnetic Hysteresis
Hints:

while demagnetizing the core by striking the end face of the yoke against the end faces of the U-core one should do it when the measurements is stopped, so that the current is passing through the resistor instead of going through the coil. It is recommended also not to switch voltage on functional generator OFF at this point, because it can trigger automatically the relay (inside of the Sensor-CASSY) in the coil position when one will turn the voltage back ON, so that the current will ow through the primary coil which makes you work on demagnetization vain; if the hysteresis curve lies in the second and fourth quadrants, reverse the connections on one of the two coils; if the display instrument UB is overdriven during measurement (display ashes), extend the measuring range in Settings UB .

Tasks:
1) record a nice hysteresis loop for a soft iron core material as (I ) dependence; 2) calculate the area of the hysteresis loop by using the peak integration function (the value of the integral will appear in the left bottom corner); what is the energy loss of the remagnetization? 3) make a transformation of the recorded dependence (I ) B (H ) M (H ); plot the dependencies (I ), B (H ) and M (H ); 4) calculate from the obtained hysteresis loops the values of remanent magnetization Mr , coercive eld Hc , saturation magnetization Ms and relative permeability r (in a weak eld region) of the soft iron ferromagnet; 5) what type (slope and area) of hysteresis curve M (H ) would you like to have for: a) transformer core; b) permanent magnet; c) memory element; explain your choice. 6) insert the printed dependencies into the report; write down the answers on the question 2, 4 and 5 in the corresponding graphs below and submit the report to the supervisor.

Answer here:

<< (I )dependence >>

Energy loss of remagnetization E = ........................ , [units] = ......... .

Answer here:

<< B (H )dependence >>

Relative permeability r = ........................ , [units] = ......... .

Answer here:

10

<< M (H )dependence >>

Remanent magnetization Mr = ........................ , [units] = ......... . Coercive force Hc = ........................ , [units] = ......... . Saturation magnetization Ms = ........................ , [units] = ......... .

Answer here:

11

What type (slope and area) of hysteresis curve M (H ) would you like to have for (draw the hysteresis loops in each graph):

a) transformer core

b) permanent magnet

c) memory element

Explain your choice: .....