A.

P UNIVERSITY OF LAW

A
PROJECT
ON

NAXALISM

Andhra Pradesh University of Law Visakhapatnam (Main Campus), SwamyGnanananda Guest House, Palace Layout, PedaWaltair, Visakhapatnam - 530017 [Andhra Pradesh]

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to our Vice Chancellor Prof. R.G.B.Bhagvath Kumar, Registrar Prof. A.Subramanyam Garu, Director Prof. P.Subhakar Reddy Garu and especially gratitude my teacher Anupama Garu who gave me golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic WINGS OF FIRE- AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY which also helped

me in doing a lot of research. I am really thankful to them all. Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project within the limited time. (201108) L. Ashish Kumar

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Table of Contents

Introduction 02 History of Naxalite Movement .03 Red Corridor. 07 Naxalism and Internal Security..... 08 Naxalism: Indias Hidden War .09 Recent Major Attacks by Naxalites .11 Operation Green Hunt ..12 Dalits and Adivasis in Naxalism. 13 Women in Naxalism...14 The Laws Made by the Government... .16 Socio Economic Development ......17 What should be done to Naxalism?.....................................................18 solve the problem of

Conclusion.......................... 19 Bibliography .20

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INTRODUCTION
They are not terrorists but leaders of a political movement who want to liberate India from the clutches of feudalism and imperialism Naxalite: A member of an extreme Maoist group in India that originated in 1967 in West Bengal and which employs tactics of agrarian terrorism and direct action.1 The word Naxal, Naxalite or Naksalvadi is a generic term used to refer to various militant Communist groups operating in different parts of India under different organizational envelopes. In the eastern states of the mainland India (Jharkhand, West Bengal and Orissa), they are usually known as, or refer to themselves as Maoists while in southern states like Andhra Pradesh they are known under other titles. They have been declared as a terrorist organization under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act of India (1967).2 The Chinese government has been found to have provided sanctuary to leaders of the movement.3 India is bleeding not by the thousand cuts but due to Hinterland explosion. Recent Naxalite attack is a major cause of concern in India today. Instances of Naxal violence are reported at regular intervals in India. The issue of the Naxal movement is attributed differently by the Naxals and the state power. While the former view it as a socio-economic problem, the later regard it as a law and order problem. Whatever, may be the fact, the concern of the development of the people has to get priority and in no way it has to be compromised. The Govt. development scheme and effort is laudable but there is limitation of effort.

1 2 3

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Naxal http://www.mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292
"Cops nail China link with Naxals". The Times of India. 2011-10-08. Retrieved on 25-03-2012

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History of Naxalite Movement

When India became independent from the British Empire in 1947, the Nizam of Hyderabad, a Muslim king, wanted Hyderabad State to remain independent under the special provisions given to princely states. The Hindus of the Hyderabad State who accounted for 93 per cent of its population launched the `Join India' movement with the cooperation of a few Muslims for the integration of the State with the rest of the country. The State Congress leaders and Arya Samaj leaders invoked themselves whole-heartedly in the movement. The peasants of the state, influenced by the Communist, had also revolted against the Nizam, who tried to suppress their armed struggle against landlords. Qasim Razvi led private Razakar Muslim army fighting for continuation of the Nizam's rule, did worst forms of atrocities on people. The Government of India liberated and assimilated the Hyderabad State on 17 September 1948, in an operation by the Indian Army called Operation Polo.4

It is said that Naxalism is one of the organization of aggressive communists. In other words it is also called CPI (MAOIST). After Indian independence in 1947 the communist extremist started armed violence activities first time in 1948 but because of lack of public support the movement couldn't get velocity. These Naxalites communists always keep deep belief on violence. From the beginning they had started committing violence by using Arms. Naxalites adopted the way of armed violence revolutionary activities from the Village - Naxalbari in the district - Darjeeling in West Bengal in the year 1967 against exploitation done by Zamindar and Rich men upon particular people of the society. Under the leadership of revolutionary leaders Charu Majumdar, Kanu Sanyal and Jangal Santhal the Naxalites increased the violence drastically. At that time the aim of the Naxalite was to achieve power of the state by violent revolution. They used to force the local people for abatement of land revenue & tax etc. Actually in the year 1967 their revolutionary activities and violent activities started
4

http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_post.html- Retrieved on 25-03-2012

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from the village Naxalbari, hence it is called 'Naxalism' and the supporters are called Naxalites. At the same time the aggressive communist violence activities again started in the Sri Kakvlam area of Andhra Pradesh. However in Tribal areas the Naxalism remain alive. In meantime the leadership was taken over by Shri Chandrapulla Reddy, who left the violent way of movement and decided to do violence when very essential, but he too could not succeed. In 1975 after emergency the Naxalites formed another group under leadership of Shri Kondapalli Sitaramaiya called C.P.I. (M.L). group Peoples War Group. By this no work was done in Democratic way and shown no-faith in government

system. The group also took unemployment, economically backward areas as medium for their publicity. For this work, the organization divided in the areas and according to the area Dalam emerged. Peoples War Group chief Kodapalli Sitarmaiya has added the slogan of independent Dandkaranya in all his slogans. The P.W.G. organization declared to include Garhacharoli of Maharashtra, Mahabubnagar, Karimnagar, Adilabad, Warangal of Andhra Pradesh, Koraput, Khampit & Kalahandi of Orissa, and Balaghat & Jabalpur of Madhya Pradesh in independent Dandkaranya. The main residents of these areas are tribals, small farmers & labourers.5 Charu Majumdar, inspired by the doctrines of Mao Zedong, provided ideological leadership for the Naxalbari movement, advocating that Indian peasants and lower class tribals overthrow the government and upper classes by force. A large number of urban elites were also attracted to the ideology, which spread through Majumdars writings, particularly the Historical Eight Documents which formed the basis of Naxalite ideology. 6 Violence in Bengal The Naxalites gained a strong presence among the radical sections of the student movement in Calcutta.7 Students left school to join the Naxalites. Majumdar, to entice more students into his organization, declared that revolutionary warfare was to take place not only in the rural areas as before, but everywhere and spontaneously. Thus Majumdar declared an annihilation line, a dictum that Naxalites should assassinate individual class enemies (such

5 6 7

http://balaghat.nic.in/History%20of%20Naxalism.pdf- Retrieved on 25-03-2012 Naxalite Movement, pg no.17, Uday Kumar, published by Lucky International.
Judith Vidal-Hall, "Naxalites", p. 7375 in Index on Censorship, Volume 35, Number 4 (2006). p.73.

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as landlords, businessmen, university teachers, police officers, politicians of the right and left) and others.8 Throughout Calcutta, schools were shut down. Naxalites took over Jadavpur University and used the machine shop facilities to make pipe guns to attack the police. Their headquarters became Presidency College, Kolkata.9 The Naxalites found supporters among some of the educated elite, and Delhi s prestigious St. Stephens College, alma mater of many contemporary Indian leaders and thinkers, became a hotbed of Naxalite activities. The chief minister, Siddhartha Shankar Ray of the Congress Party, instituted strong counter-measures against the Naxalites. The West Bengal police fought back to stop the Naxalites. The house of Somen Mitra, the Congress MLA of Sealdah, was turned into a torture chamber where Naxal students from Presidency College and CU were incarcerated illegally by police and the Congress cadres. CPI-M cadres were also involved in the state terror. After suffering losses and facing the public rejection of Majumdars annihilation line, the Naxalites alleged human rights violations by the West Bengal police, who responded that the state was effectively fighting a civil war and that democratic pleasantries had no place in a war, especially when the opponent did not fight within the norms of democracy and civility.10 Large sections of the Naxal movement began to question Majumdar s leadership. In 1971 the CPI (ML) was split, as the Satyanarayan Singh revolted against Majumdars leadership. In 1972 Majumdar was arrested by the police and died in Alipore Jail. His death accelerated the fragmentation of the movement. Reasons for failure of Naxalite Movement (1967-75):11 1. The Naxalites wanted to surround the towns and cities by the villages, i.e., they wanted to encircle the urban centers with organized peasant forces of the villages. If the peasant militia could have occupied the cities, according to
8

http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/b1bc9409c64d85a06525698d0025dc3c/581314 6ae3eeee2e652572870041e297/$FILE/A0260027.pdf- Retrieved on 25-03-2012

9

http://www.vifindia.org/Tackling-%20the-Naxal-Insurgency- Retrieved on 25-03-2012

10 11

Diwanji, A. K. (2003-10-02). "Primer: Who are the Naxalites?"Rediff.com. Retrieved 25-03-2012.

Naxalite Movement, pg no.20-23, Uday Kumar, published by Lucky International.

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Majumdar, the so-called bourgeois government would fall making the passage to the coming of a socialist government; but the Naxalites could not and did not come up to a stage capable of organizing the peasants and thereby encircling the towns. 2. Majumdar gave sole importance to secret organization and armed training of its members for the purpose of eliminating class enemies. As the Naxalites did not have mass level organization, they lacked mass support. With only a few armed elements, and those not properly educated in the party line, little could be accomplished. 3. Khatam (the action of eliminating the so-called class enemies in villages) was a wrongheaded attempt at political mobilization based on the individual murders of a select few people whose political class and character was never adjudged by their socio-economic conditions or the properties they possessed but very often only by their political affiliation or by the name and color of the party or parties they directly or indirectly belonged to. For example, in Jalpaiguri and Alipurduar they killed some petty jotdars who otherwise could have been comrades in action against the capitalists or could be friends in a revolution for radical change. 4. Recruitment in the Naxalite party took place in the absence of proper judgment and scrutiny of the political characters and behaviors of the recruits. It was not uncommon for recruits into the Naxalite party to vent their personal animosities by identifying their personal enemies as class enemies, to be killed with the help of the Naxalite organization. 5. In many cases dreaded criminals too enrolled themselves in the Naxalite party with the objective of getting fire arms. 6. The ruling Congress party inserted spies inside the unguarded Naxalite organization to gather information about its secret bases and arrest its supporters. Government intelligence personnel and police disguised as Naxalite sympathizers infiltrated the partys inner organization and arrested many of its leaders, including Charu Majumdar. Thus police had information about the movements of Majumdar after he had gone underground in 1970, and he was arrested in Calcutta in July 1972. He died in jail days after his arrest, probably

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in the night of 27 or 28 July. It is not known how he died, although the government reported that he died of a heart attack. 7. Ordinary people in villages were terrified at the brutal and gruesome ways they killed the fellow villagers vilifying them as class enemies. 8. Hundreds were slaughtered by the police and paramilitary forces in fake encounters, in jails and in police custody. Thus many perished away from the movement.

RED CORRIDOR
The Red Corridor is a term used to describe an impoverished region in the east of India that experiences considerable Naxalite communist insurgency. These are also areas that suffer from the greatest illiteracy, poverty and overpopulation in modern India, and span parts of

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Andhra, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and West states.

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Pradesh, Orissa, Uttar

The districts that comprise the Red Corridor are among the poorest in the country. Uttar Pradesh and Orissa are among the poorest states in the country. Other areas encompassed by the Red Corridor, such as Chhattisgarh state and the Telangana region of Andhra Pradesh, are also either impoverished or have significant economic inequality, or both.13 The areas encompassed by the Red Corridor tend to have stratified societies, with caste and feudal divisions. Much of the area has high indigenous tribal populations (or adivasis), including Santhal and Gond. Bihar and Jharkhand have both caste and tribal divisions and violence associated with friction between these social groups.14 Andhra Pradeshs Telangana region similarly has deep caste divides with a strict social hierarchical arrangement. Both Chhattisgarh and Orissa have significant impoverished tribal populations. The corridor has significant resources- particular large unexploited mineral, forestry and potential hydro-electric generation capacity. The great Indian industry has significant presence in Red Corridor. The NALCO, BALCO, Jinda Steel, Cement tycoon all are has significant share in the Red Corridor resources.

12 13

http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india- Retrieved 25-03-2012. Naxalite Movement, pg no.85, Uday Kumar, published by Lucky International. 14 http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume2/Fault2-MatthewF.htm- Retrieved 25-032012.

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NAXALISM AND INTERNAL SECURITY

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said Naxalism remains the biggest internal security challenge and it is imperative to control Left-wing extremism for the countrys growth. His government has not underestimated the problem of Naxalism.15 State action in the context of internal security has to be based on the constitutional framework, conventions of governance on relations between center and states, the rule of law and justice, and free discourse. As the system has developed in the country, the police need to follow the rule of law and take recourse to the criminal justice system as long as citizens are not armed, and there is no direct conflict with the police. However, in cases of abnormal situations, the citizenry get armed, some times more than police. In the areas severely affected by Naxal violence there are a minimum of five violent incidents per day primarily involving the killing of civilians.16 The role of economic development cannot be ignored in the areas affected by Naxal extremism. Lack of economic growth leads to violence. Building roads, railways and telecom infrastructure are significant signs of development. However, this infrastructure has been attacked by the Naxals causing hindrance to all development.17 In Naxalism, there is a sense of deprivation and injustice. There is a great need to improve the standards of governance in Naxal-affected tribal areas. Naxal Operations: The Naxal movement is coordinated by the apex body of the CPI (M), that is, its Central Committee, which is 32-35 member body. Out of it, a 13 member
15 16

The Hindu, May 24, 2010- Retrieved on 25-03-2012. Naxalite Movement, pg no.59-60, Uday Kumar, published by Lucky International. 17 Ibid. at pg no.61.

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Politbureau is formed. Of the total money collected by the State Committees and the Special zones, 30 percent goes to the Central Committee. The rest is retained for local expenses incurred by the State Committees. The procurement of weapons is done at the central level and then distributed to states as per their needs. Almost 80 percent of weapons come from looting, just as the Nepali Maoists do.

NAXALISM: INDIAs HIDDEN WAR

It seems extraordinarily outrageous and almost impossible, that a big, well known country could hide an entire guerrilla armys activities. There are two Indias. The dazzling India which we see every day on our TV channels. But there is another India which we rarely see or write about It is estimated that sixteen of Indias twenty-eight states are infected to some degree, Indias intelligence agency has estimated that the number of Naxalites could be as high as 70,000, though other estimates go as high as 120,000. Of course, in the worlds largest democracy, such a huge movement can hardly have gone unchallenged. Over the past decade individual states in Central and Southern India have affected their own campaigns with varying degrees of failure. Strategies have mainly included arming local resistance movements and emptying villages where there is support for the terrorists. While groups of Naxalites have offered ceasefires, the Indian Government says it will only consider peace talks if a complete ceasefire is forthcoming the fact that this has not been offered undermines the image of cohesion and of a unified army made up of the many Naxalite groups. The Naxalite spokesman Ganesh Ueike claims that they are not terrorists but leaders of a political movement who want to liberate India from the clutches of feudalism and imperialism. He has condemned militants in the disputed Kashmir region who have been blamed for attacks against civilians in Mumbai, claiming that the Naxalites only attack government forces: Those who choose soft targets or do such things to create communal hatred have nothing to do with people. They are mercenaries funded by national or international powers All
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this should be condemned. The success with which this conflict has been hidden is remarkable and can be seen as symptomatic of the Indian Governments attitude. While some politicians and activists have raised their voices against the military operation, most of the Indian media is often largely unquestioning of the governments claims and actions. At the same time, activists claim the authorities have launched a smear campaign against them, labeling anyone who speaks out as a Maoist sympathizer. The government routinely claims that the rebels are opposed to development and progress. Many have tried to draw attention to this conflict though, and the implication of its existence and the way in which it has been hidden. Booker Prize-winning author Arundhati Roy has campaigned tirelessly to draw attention to the conflict and even defended the Naxalites tactics. She has attacked the government as a charade of democracy which has used the Naxalites as an excuse for a land-grab of areas high in natural resources in central and southern India. Roy was accused of sedition by the Indian Government last year though not convicted.18

18

http://www.defence.pk/forums/indian-defence/135691-india-s-hidden-war.html- Retrieved on 26-03-2012.

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RECENT MAJOR ATTACKS BY NAXALITES

The 2010 Dantewada Maoist attacks were a 6 April 2010 ambush by rebels from the Communist Party of India (Maoist) in Dantewada district, India, killing 76 CRPF policemen and 8 Maoists the deadliest attack by the Maoists on Indian security forces. The attack occurred when over 80 officers from the federal Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and a local police group were conducting a domination exercise in the Bastar tribal region of the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh.19 Maoists on 27th June 2011 blew up a police vehicle in a landmine blast and ambushed BSF personnel killing five security men and injuring six others in two separate attacks in Dantewada and Kanker districts of Chhattisgarh.20

19

http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/20-security-men-killed-by-naxals-in-chhattisgarh-19293.php- Retrieved on 26-03-2012. 20 http://liveindia.tv/india/states/5-policemen-killed-in-naxal-attacks-in-chhattisgarh/- Retrieved on 28-032012

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At least 15 CRPF personnel were killed on 27 March, 2012 in a landmine blast triggered by suspected Naxalites in Gadchiroli district of Maharashtra.21

Four BSF officers, including a commanding officer, were today killed in an IED blast by suspected Maoists in Malkangiri district of Odisha.The BSF squad was targeted at around 1 p.m. in the Janbai area of the district, under Chitragonda police station area, 465 km from here, and its jungles are a Naxal hotbed as it touches the borders of two other states ~ Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, making it a corridor for Maoists. According to initial reports, the officers were returning in their vehicle after attending a meeting with the district administration.22 In March 2012 Maoist rebels kidnapped two Italians in the eastern Indian state of Orissa, the first time Westerners were abducted there. There after an MLA of the state was also kidnapped.23

OPERATION GREENHUNT
Operation Green Hunt was the name used by the Indian media to describe the Government's paramilitary offensive against the Naxalite rebels in the late 2000s. The operation began in November 2009 along five states in the "Red Corridor."24

21 22

http://news.taaza.com/source/914184-crpf-personnel-killed-in-naxal-attack.html- Retrieved on 28-03-2012 http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=399692&catid=35Retrieved on 28-03-2012 23 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17421561- Retrieved on 28-03-2012 24 http://rt.com/news/maoists-naxals-india-offensive/?fullstory- Retrieved on 28-03-2012

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The term was coined by the Chhattisgarh police officials to describe one successful drive against the Communist Party of India (Maoist) in the state. It was erroneously used by the media to describe the wider anti-Naxalite operations; the Government of India doesn't use the term "Operation Green Hunt" to describe its anti-Naxalite offensive.25 In October 2009, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) announced that it was in the final stages of planning the offensive and had received approval from the Union-led government. The Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (COBRA) would take the lead in the operations against Maoist insurgents.26 At the beginning of November 2009, the first phase of the operation began in Gadchiroli district. As many as 18 companies of the central paramilitary forces were moved into the area in anticipation of the operation.27 An operation is underway in Central India, but no one really knows what it is. Variously described as a media myth, a comprehensive hearts and minds strategy, and an all-out offensive by paramilitary forces and the state forces along the borders of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, Ops Green Hunt has become a shoebox of news clippings, police reports, public demonstration and armed encounters. There is also little clarity on the extent of troop deployment, the composition of the forces and the chain of command between central paramilitary forces and the state police. Privately, sources in the security apparatus admit that part of the confusion is by design rather than by default to control the information available to Naxal commanders.

DALIT AND ADIVASI IN NAXALISM

Although the terms of references did not specifically mention Naxalites, the groups brief was to identify causes of unrest and discontent in areas affected by widespread displacement, forest issues, insecure tenancies and imperfect market conditions etc.,. Clearly, such areas fall in above mentioned five states25

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/antinaxal-operation-satisfactory-says-chid/570551/- Retrieved on 2803-2012

26

http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=667442- Retrieved on 28-03-2012

27

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/nagpur/28083958_1_gadchiroli-cpmf-operationgreen-hunt- Retrieved on 28-03-2012

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and significantly enough, the group organized field visits in these areas to observe the situation at first hand, on the basis of which it has come out with stark revelations that expose the culpability of the state in denying the poor their basic rights, the treachery of a corrupt bureaucracy to implement the laws, and its complicity with a trigger happy police to suppress popular protest. The main support for the Naxalite Movement comes from dalits and adivasis, termed as scheduled castes and scheduled tribes respectively in official parlance, which comprise about one-fourth of Indias population, the majority living in rural areas.28 Apart from high levels of poverty, the dalits suffer from various types of disadvantages like unemployment, illiteracy, social discrimination, human rights violation. As for the adivasis population, besides remaining backward in all aspects of human development including education, health, nutrition, etc, they have been steadily losing their traditional tribal rights. These groups fail to take advantage of constitutional rights. Thus they are very much attracted towards Naxalite movements as these movements fight for their minimal rights. So most of them join these movements. Incidentally, every dalits and adivasis poor in India have not joined the Naxalite movement. There are many states with pockets of high proportion of adivasis and dalits but little Naxalite influence, as in Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat and Rajasthan. For such a violent upheaval to happen there is the likelihood of the spread of awareness and consciousness. And this is where the Naxalites have played a significant role by stepping into craters of dalits an adivasis deprivation in the five states, and organizing the deprived for their rights.29

28

Naxalite Movement, pg no.137, Uday Kumar, published by Lucky International. Ibid at pg.no.139.

29

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WOMEN IN NAXALISM
The Naxalite movement is increasing its tenacity to strike at will. It continues to persist in terms of spatial spread, intensity of violence, militarization and consolidation, ominous linkages with subversive/secessionist groups and increased efforts to elicit mass support. Thousands of armed guerrilla warriors are no longer engaged in isolated attacks, but are resorting to large militarized assaults and have forged external links. Unfortunately, it is observed that women Maoists are equally involved indirectly and directly in such violent activities, causing threat to internal security of the Nation. India, the largest successful democracy, is witnessing such violent figures. The involvement of women in Maoist activity is not at all a fresh new entity. Right from the conception of this great, historic Naxalbari armed peasant rebellion; it is found that women played a very vital role in this Spring Thunder of 1967. The spring thunder of Naxalbari was a clarion call for the oppressed and exploited people of India. The Indian Communist movement had gone through many ups and downs since then. There were many twists and turns, ups and downs in these forty years. It has been forty years since six peasant women, two children and a peasant had laid down their lives in Naxalbari while fighting for land and life with dignity their liberation. As per the report of CPI (Maoist) Information Bulletin, in the Srikakulam struggle, which was the major armed struggle of the Naxalbari period, there were 17 women martyrs. Altogether the total number of women martyrs of that period will be in dozens. But after the decade of 1990, and in present millennium the involvement of women has become substantial in violent Maoist activities. Women do not just make up the ranks. They account for three Divisional committee members, nine Commanders, three Area commanders and two Deputy Commanders operating as far as Maharashtra is concerned. In fact, the statistics show men are outnumbered by the fairer sex in commanders and deputy commanders cadre. Two women divisional committee members Narmada and Tarakka alias Vimala Sidam operate in the South Gadchiroli area while Sajanakka in the North. Fifty seven others form the support strength. The role of women cadres in the 1st February carnage at Markegaon in Gadchiroli district, which claimed lives of 15 policemen, is also a matter of speculation.
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They treat women on par even in their military struggle. Women cadres are provided training just like their men counterparts. There is no discrimination in their diet or exercises. It is mandatory for all new recruits to the outfit to take a nine-point oath that declares, inter alia, that he or she would not discriminate on the basis of religion, caste, gender, race, or ethnicity. Besides, being soldiers women are even performing different roles like doctors, propagandists and tutors. They conduct daily classes with the tribal locals, where they teach Maoist philosophy. They inform the tribals about how the imperialist forces have oppressed them, looted their forests and destroyed their way of life.30

30

http://www.isrj.net/May/2011/Political_Science_The_Kitchen_or_the_battlefield.aspx- Retrieved on 28-032012

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The Laws Made by the Government

Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007: The main aim of this act is to minimize the displacement of people and to promote non-displacing or least displacing alternatives. The Government issued a rehabilitation policy on 11 0ctober 2007 for the easy displacement of people who lose their land for industrial growth. Under this policy land in change for land will be given, job prospective to at least one member of the family, vocational training and housing benefits including houses to people in rural areas and urban areas will be some of the benefits.31 Forest Rights Act, 2006: The Scheduled Tribe and Other Traditional Forest dwellers (Recognition of forest Rights) Act 2006 or the Forest Rights Act recognizes the rights of the scheduled tribes and forest dwellers who have been living in the forests for years but their rights have still not been recognized. The Ministry of Environment and Forests has also allowed use of 1 hectare of land for non forest purposes and conversion of kutcha roads into pukka roads.32 Chhattisgarh Special Public Securities Act, 2006:
31

http://nhpcindia.com/writereaddata/english/pdf/rnrpolicy2007.pdf- Retrieved on 28-03-2012

32

http://www.nls.ac.in/resources/ded/classnotesforyear2010ded/MBL-1_Web%20Oct%2010/EL-MBLFORESTRIGHTSACT2006.pdf- Retrieved on 28-03-2012

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This bill provides definition of unlawful activities, declaring an organization unlawful, formation of an advisory board wherever the state government feels the need for its establishment, procedure of the formation of the advisory board, action of the advisory board, penalties, punishments even for not committing a crime, the power to notify a place being used for unlawful activities and taking occupation of such place thereof and revision/bar against intervention by the courts.33 These laws have in many ways caused a lot of problems to the tribals and the scheduled castes by negating the spirit of the various safeguards available to the scheduled tribes under the constitution and other laws in the country. The act providing 'land for land' has become a nightmare for the government and has become a stumbling block for ensuring industrialization. As per the Unlawful activities prevention act (UAPA) the government has banned all organizations that have any connections with any Naxal movements like the MCC or the CPI-M (Marxist-Leninist). There was no need of this bill to tackle Naxalism. This bill was formulated, only to silence the appropriate discord and dissent brewing in the minds of people in the areas affected by Naxalism due to persistent ignorance by the government to their situation. This Bill has also failed to make a distinction between the anti-social, anti-national elements from the people who are peace loving. Social Economic Development: Various schemes launched have been launched by the government like the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) which offers tremendous opportunities for rural road connectivity. For certain districts affected by Naxalism which have a population of 500 and above in plain areas and 250 and above in tribal areas 3 years perspective plans are being formulated to cover all habitations. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP) is being implemented in 330 districts affected by Naxalism so as to universalize the demand-driven programme for wage-employment. Other schemes which are in addition to the above mentioned schemes are Bharat Nirman, National Rural Health mission (NRHM), Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) and other income generating and social security schemes of the Ministry of Rural Development, Agriculture, Panchayati Raj and Tribal affairs. The central government will also provide 100 percent assistance in the formation of Ashram schools and hostels for girls and boys in 46 tribal areas.
33

http://archives.newswatch.in/violation/chhattisgarhs-novel-way-to-counter-naxals-gun-for-journalists.htmlRetrieved on 28-03-2012

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States like Jharkhand and Orissa have offered huge incentives to the Naxals who surrender themselves. Further, the government has offered cash equivalent to the price of the weapon surrendered. They will provide them with life insurance cover, vocational training, agricultural land, health and 47 educational facilities for their children.

What should be done to solve the problem of Naxalism?

The solution which will solve the problem of Naxalism is the Social Integration. The tribals and scheduled castes that live in the Naxal affected areas have been neglected for the past many decades and now want some attention from the government. Providing them with incentives like giving them right over the forest produce from the forests in which they have been living for generations, providing them with houses etc. is the right modus of solving their basic problems. The main reason for the spread of Naxalism is the exploitation of poor and scheduled castes. The main thing which has to be done is to enforce land ceiling laws, utilization of the funds provided to government to the maximum and political expediency. Use of police forces should be to enforce the land ceiling laws, evict landlords and ensure land to the farmers for cultivation. They should be provided with police protection, and proper rehabilitation for the people who have been displaced should be ensured. Security as well as development has to run hand in hand to counter the Naxal problem. The government has to instill faith in the people that they will be governed in a better manner than by the Naxals. The government should include laws in the
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forest act that only forest dwelling tribes and scheduled castes should be allowed to use the produce of the forest. Proper guarding of financial institutions sanctioning loans to these tribes should be ensured which will help these tribes to realize that the government is with them. The Central government should form a separate ministry which will undertake the development of the areas affected by the Naxal activities. Using force against the tribals to deter them from joining the Naxals has and will backfire against the government. The government should ensure peace in these areas so that these people don't suffer more than they already have and this can be done only if the government takes proactive measures so as to ensure social justice and inclusive growth for the benefit of the marginalized sections.

CONCLUSION
The state has to do much more than plan counter-insurgency operations or support violent vigilante groups to suppress the Naxalite movement. After close examination of the historical and ideological origins of the movement, it is clear that the movement thrives on the dissatisfaction of the marginalized and alienates the population. The socio-economic perspective of Naxalism talks about how the rebel movement is shaped due to the failure of the institutional mechanisms and frameworks to deliver socio-economic justice. This article outlines the steps taken by the government, but concedes that it is not enough to over-emphasize the law and order approach.

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Close examination of the movement will enable to understand that the marginalized take up arms only to break down the insensitive establishment, which has failed to deliver an egalitarian society. The Naxalite leaders may talk about 'deliverance of the proletariat from the neo-liberalist bourgeoisie, and the dawn of New Democracy', but such phrases mean little to the tribals and landless labourers who find themselves at the receiving end of state sponsored and non state-sponsored exploitation. They are in the battle only because of their disillusionment with the status quo. Only with consolidated efforts on the part of the legal and political framework socio-economic reforms can be implemented, and the problem of Naxalism tackled.

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Naxalite Movement A Biggest Challenge to the Internal SecurityUday Kumar, Published by Lucky International. Forces Hand Book of World TerrorismDr. Seema Rao, Prof. Dr. Deepak Rao. Web Sources www.thefreedictionary.com

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www.mha.nic.in www.aponline.gov.in balaghat.nic.in www.cscsarchive.org www.vifindia.org www.globalpolitician.com www.satp.org www.defence.pk www.ndtv.com liveindia.tv news.taaza.com www.thestatesman.net www.bbc.co.uk www.rt.com www.indianexpress.com news.outlookindia.com articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com www.isrj.net nhpcindia.com www.nls.ac.in archives.newswatch.in www.thehindu.com

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