sImn- cmPm--am

Dn cma-tIm-bnII ...................................................................................................... 15031537

hoc tIc-fh
- ....................................................................................................................... 15371565
tIi-hc
- m-ah
- ........................................................................................................................ 15661601
hoc tIc-fh
- ......................................................................................................................... 16011615
chn h .................................................................................................................................... 16151624
hoc tIc-fh
- ....................................................................................................................... 16241637
tKmZ-h .................................................................................................................................. 16371645
hoc-cm-bnc h ...................................................................................................................... 16461650
cma-h ..................................................................................................................................... 16501656
dmWn-Kw-Km-[c evan ........................................................................................................... 16561658
cma-h ..................................................................................................................................... 16581662
hoc tIc-fh
- ....................................................................................................................... 16631687
cma h .................................................................................................................................... 16871693
chn h ................................................................................................................................... 16931697
cma-h ................................................................................................................... 16971701, 17101722
chn h ................................................................................................................................... 17231730
cma-h ...................................................................................................................................... 17311746
tIcf h ............................................................................................................................... 17461749
cma h .................................................................................................................................... 17491760
tIcf h ............................................................................................................................... 17601775
cma-h ..................................................................................................................................... 17751790
i Xp-cm ...................................................................................................................... 17901805

sImn-bnse Znhmam
tIW atdm .................................................................................................................... 1812-1818
\- ................................................................................................................................... 18181825
tij-Kn-cn-dmhp ...................................................................................................................... 18251830
FS-a\ i-c-ta-t\m ....................................................................................................... 18301835
shS kp .................................................................................................................... 18351840
ic hmcy .......................................................................................................................... 18401856
shn--dmhp ............................................................................................................................ 18561860
ipn tat\m ................................................................................................................ 18601879
tKmhn tat\m ............................................................................................................... 18791889
kn. shn-Sm-Nmcy ............................................................................................................... 18891892
cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn ............................................................................................................... 18961901
F. temI ............................................................................................................................ 19011902
F. ]m-`n-cm-a-dmhp .......................................................................................................... 19021907
F.-B. _m\Pn ................................................................................................................ 19071914
]n. \mcm-bW tat\m .................................................................................................... 19221925
Sn.-F-kv. \mcm-bW tat\m ......................................................................................... 19251930
C.-Pn. sl-_v ..................................................................................................................... 19301935
B.sI. japJw sNn .............................................................................................. 19351941
F. F^v. Uyq. UnIvk ........................................................................................ 19411943
Pn.-n. t_mKv .......................................................................................................................... 19431944
kn.-]n. Icp-Wm-Ic tat\m ......................................................................................... 19461947

1837

Ip-ame kacw

kzmXnXncp\m Xncph\]pcv hm\\ncoW tI{w PmXn hyh--b-\p-k-cnv

m]np.
XmW PmXn-m-cpsS B`-cWw
1839
Ip-am-e Bbn-cp-p. kzWm-`kzmXnXncp\mfns XncphnXmwIqdnse BZy t{ImUoIrX c-W- khW kv{XoIv
\nbahyhm hnfw_cw. Xncph\]pcv ]nv am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Cu \oXn-\nsse{_dn.
tj-[-n-s\-Xnsc {]tm-` \S-p. 1905- sImv
1840
kn.Fw.Fkv . anj\dnam tImbv {Kma kv I q s]cn-\mn CXns t]cn
\mb--]p-eb elf \S-p.
m]np. (]nevme kn.Fw.Fkv. tImtfPv).
t\XrXzw sImSp-Xv A
1842
Im-fn-bm-bn-cp-p. khW
{_nojpIm \neqcn temInse BZys hnev ewLnv sImw sdbn
tXptXmw Bcw`np.
th tj\v kao]w Ip1843
ame Dt]-n-m tbmKw \Sp. Cu tbmK--ev ]peb
ae_mdn ASna hym]mcn\v Ah-km\w.
kv{XoI Ah-cpsS Ip-am-e1845
I Ducn Hcp-`m-Kv Ipp-IqsImnbn Cwojv kvIq.
n. Cu ka-c-ns Hm1846 Unkw_ 25
bvmbn Ip-ame Iqmcw
kzmXnXncp\m cmah cmPmhv Acnp.
ZoL\m InS-n-cp-p.

kzmXn Xncp-\m
_lp-`mjm ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m
_mecma-h `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F-Xn-\p-]p-dta \smcp
Iem-Im-c\pam-bn-cp-p. K`-{io-am Fv Atlw
hnti-jn-n--s-n-cp-p. A\-h[n IWm-nIv IrXnIfpw lnpm\n IrXn-Ifpw At-l
- n-t-Xm-bp-v.
tIcf kwKo-X-ns N{I-hn-sbpw Atlw
Adn-b-s-Sp-p.
Cc-bn- Xn, Infn-am-\q tImbn--p-cm,
jUvIme tKmhn amcm, hSn-th-ep, Nn-, s]m
Fn-h kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m-fns ]WvUn-X-k-Zns\ Ae-cnhcm-bn-cp-p.
Xs Kpcp-hmb kp-dm-hp-hns\ Znhm-\m-m
At-l-n\v Ign-p. 1830- kzmXn Xncp-\m-fns
Ime-mWv, ]mh-Xo-`m-bn-bpsS Imev cq]w-sImSp Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq tk\bvv "\mb {_ntKUv'
F t]cp \In-b-Xv. \oXn-\ymb `c-W-n mbn-bmb ]cn-jvIm-c--fpsS cq]tcJ lpkq Znhm t]jvIm-cm-bn-cp I tat\m Xm-dm-n. "ipNo{w
ssIap-' kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m \n-em-n. Cwojv hnZym-`ym-k-ns Bcw-`w,
\{X _wm-hns m]-\w, It\-jp-amcn IW-s-Spv Bcw`w Ch Atlns Ime-m-bn-cp-p. At-l-ns `c-W-Im-ev sshIpWvTw kzman-I
Fsmcp kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvImhv sX Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn PmXn \ioIc-Wn-\p {]h-\--fn Gs-n-cp-p.
1829-se Hcp hnfw-_cw aqew {InkvXy Nmm kv{XoIv amdp ad-bvm\p Ah-Imiw A\p-h-Zn-p. 1847- kzmXn-Xn-cp-\m A-cn-p.

1847 Pq

{ioaqew Xncp-\mfns

BZy aebmf]{Xamb cmPykamNmcw P _mk anj

`c-WI
- mew
skmsskn Cnpnse {]n ASnp.
HIvtSm_
hnimJw Xncp-\m-fn-\p-tijw
sla Kpns ]{Xm[n]Xyn s\qcn \nv `c-W-ta-Xv {ioaqew Xncp-\m-fmWv. 1888- Acp-hn-p-ds
]ntamZbw ]pd-n-dn.
t{X {]Xn-jvT-tbmsS {it1849
A kokv XncphnXmwIqdn P\pw b-am-bn-o {io\m-cm-bW
Kpcp-hns kmaqlnI ]cn-jvID]tbmKnm\\phmZw.
cW {ia- {ioaqew Xncp-\m1851
XncphnXmwIqdn Dugnbthe (XmW PmXnmsc \n_np fns `c-W-Im-e-m-bn-cp-p.
Abn hn`m-K--fns
]WnsbSpnp coXn) \nemn hnfw_cw.
Ipn-Isf km kvIqfp-I1853
fn {]th-in-n--Xv, Xncp-h-\Xncph\]pcv ImgvN_wmhv.
-]p-cv kwkvIrX tImtfBKv 25
Pv, em tImtf-Pv, BbpthZ
NnkzmanI P\np.
tImtf-Pv, ]pcm-hkvXp Kth1854
jW hIpv Fnh m]namnf Iem] ASnam {_nojpImcpsS ae_m , ZpKpW ]cn-lmc ]mTime m]n- Fnh \Skvs]jy t]meokv (Fw.Fkv.]n.).
Xpw {ioaq-e-ns `c-W-ImsImn Znhm ichmcy ASnahym]mcw \nemn.
e-m-Wv.
BKv 20
"hncp-n' k{-Zmbw {ItaW
{io\mcmbWKpcp P\np.
\n-em--s-p. {ioaqew
1855
Xncp-\m Hcp "hncp-n--nXncphnXmwIqdn ASnak{Zmb \ntcm[\w.
n'sb \nb-an-p-Ibpw Ah1856
cpsS dntmns ASn-m-\Bepgbn sPbnwkv tZdbpsS BZys Ib ^mIvSdn. n 1909 A]qw Nne
1857
taJ-e-I-fn-sem-gnv hncp-n
XncphnXmwIqdnse BZys Aemokv Bcw`np.
k{-Zmbw Ah-km-\n-n-psIm-p hnfw-_cw ]pd-s1858
Sp-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
cmw Nmm elf.
1888- cq]o-Ir-X-amb "sePn1858
t-ohv Iukn-en'-eqsS `ck Sn. am[hdmhp XncphnXmwIq Znhm.
W-n P\-]-m-fnw F
1859
Bi-b-n\v {ioaqew XncpXncph\]pcv s]IpnIpthn km
\m {]mtbm-KnI cq]w \In.
kvIq.
Cy-bnse \mp-cm-Py--fn
Pqsse 26
C-c-samcp kan-Xn-bpsS cq]oNmm kv{XoIv amdp adbvm\pw taapnSm\pw I-cWw \S BZy-kw-`-h-am-bnAhImiw \evIn D{XwXncp\mfns hnfw_cw.
cpp CXv.
1860
1904- "{ioaqew {]Pm-k`'
tImbs kn.Fw.Fkv . kv I q tImtfPmbn. m]n--s-p. kv{XoI v
sImnbn\nv sht m F Cwojv ] {Xw. thm-h-Imiw \In-bn-cp-pCybnse BZys {Inv Sow Xetcnbn. k_v F-nepw Ap- cq] Fnepw
IfIvSdmbn-cp tIW shn cq]o-I-cn {Inv Sow Icw sImSp-n-cn-p--hv
]noSv Xetcn {Inv mbn.
am{X-am-bn-cpp Ah-Im-iw.

1861 amv 12

1867

t_qXncq XohnmX.

PnIpSnbm hnfw_cw.

1862
XncphnXmwIqdn ]nIv hvkv Unmvsav (P.W.D).
G{]n 16
ImktImSv Xmeqv cq]oIcnp.

1863
XncphnXmwIqdn In]m.

1864

1869
Xncph\]pcw apX sjmWq
hsc X]m hw.

1870
Xncph\]pcv am\knItcmKm
ip]{Xn.

Xncph\]pcv P\demip]{Xn. shtmdns 1871

aebmf]Xnv ]naXmcI, anj\dnamcptSXm BZy sImv
kmcmip]{Xn.
aebmf ]{Xw. BZy ]{Xm[n]: Sn.sP. ss]en.
]\tbmebn FgpXn Abncp
1865 Pq
AepcpSnI
ISemkn
]mcmw hnfw_cw.
FgpXnbbvm kwhn-[m\w.

1866

A DcpSn cPn sNbvXbbvpXv Bcw`np.

1873
Xriq ]nIv sse{_dn.

A k{-Zmbw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-, sImn Fo \mp-cm-Py--fn \ne-\n-ncp t]m k{-Zm-b-amWv A kwhn-[m-\w. 1951
hsc Cu k{-Zmbw \ne-\n-n-cp-p. ]noSv Cy
X]m hIp-n-tev CXns\ ebn-n-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv.
kt-i-hm-l-I Fap Bs-ekv F emn
hmn \nmWv "A' F t]cv h-Xv.
ammWvU h-bpsS Imew apX km km[-\fpw Ip-Ifpw It-cn-bn Fn-p-sIm-Sp-m\p
kwhn-[m\w Dm-bn-cp-p. CXv sImp-t]m-Ip--h
"hncpn A\p-`-h-' m-cm-bn-cp-p. Chv m\-Nn-lv\ambn iwJp-ap-{Zbpw "{io]--\m-`XpW' Fv Bte-J\w
sNbvX sh--Sn-Ifpw \In-bn-cp-p.
sIm-hjw 959- CXn\v Nne ]cn-jvI-c-W- hcpn. ]noSv tIW atdm-bmWv kt-i-hm-lI Gm-Sn\v ]Icw A k{-Zmbw sImph--Xv. A-tem--m-scbmWv CXn-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-n-cp--Xv. Ch \nnX Zqcw HmSn
ktifpw km[-\-fpw ]e A-tem--mv ssIam-dn-bmWv
Hcp ev \nv asmcp ev Fn-n-cp-Xv. A-tem-m-c Znh-khpw 8 ssa HmS-W-sa-mWv hyh-. iwJp-ap{Z ]Xnn aWn ASnbpw aWn sInb Ac--bpw [cnv HmSp A-tem-m-cs\ Bcpw XS-s- -Sp-m ]mSn-sv cmP I\bpv.
sIm-hjw 1024 hsc km Bh-iy-n\v am{X-amWv CXv D]tbm-Ks- -Sp-n-bn-cp-X
- v.
D{Xw Xncp-\m alm-cm-Pm-hns Imev s]mXp-P-\-v kmcn-tev Ab-p Ip-Ifpw A hgn Ab-m \S-]-Sn-bmbn. 1857- BZys A-em-okv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn Bcw-`n-p.
sImn-bn-ep A-em-okv Znhm tXm-mSv ipn tat\ms
sImn A mv Ime-mWv Bcw-`n--Xv. s]mXp-P-\- IqSn A kwhn-[m\w
D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xp-S-n-b-tXmsS A-tem--m-c "A]n-' -bmbn
amdn.

1875
tIcfnse BZy tem tImtfPv Xncph\]pcv.
XncphnXmwIqdn skkkv.
hneyw temK (18411914) ae_m IfIvS.

ae-_m
am\p-h

hneyw temK Fgp-Xnb "ae_m am\p-h' F {KsXtbnybnse GI Xqp]mew ]p\eqcn n\v tIcf Ncn-{X-n
(ISbmdn\p IpdpsI).
AXyp-X m\-am-Wp--Xv.
Pqsse 11
ae-_m-dns Ncn-{Xhpw `qan-imI tZh tXbne\n Bcw-`np.
kv{Xhpw hnI-k\ km[y-Xbpw
1879
tImgntmv BZy tImtfPv (]noSv Kpcphmbqc hni-Z-ambn "ae-_m am\p--hen' tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.
tImtfPv).
Hmw hmeyw 1887- {]kn-o1880
XncphnXmwIqdn hnimJwXncp\m cmah cmPmhv I-cn-p.
{_nojv `c-W-Im-ev ae-_m
(188085). tImbw ]Ww m]np.
Pn-bpsS If-IvS-dm-bn-cpp
hneyw temK. ae-_m Pn]p\-eq Xqp-]mew
bn Ct-l-ns Imev
sImw Pn-bnse I-S-bm-dns Ccp-I-c-I-sfbpw _n-n- ]e `cW ]cn-jvIm-c-fpw \Sp--XmWv ]p\-eq Xqp-]m-ew. 1871- Bcw-`nv
n-em-n-b-Xv. ae-_m-dns
1877- CXns ]Wn ]qn-bm-bn. 1880- s]mXp-P-\- km-nI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bnepw
mbn Xpd-p-sIm-Sp- Cu Xqp-]mew sXs-bn- hf-sc-b-[nIw temK ]p-hy-bnse Xs BZytXm-Wv. temI-p-Xs Ccw
ln-n-cp-p. ImjnI \nba
Xqp-]m-e- hfsc A]qh-ambn ImW-s-Sp--Xm-Wv. kwhn-[m-\- \S-n-em-n-b
{_no-jp-Im-c-\mb B_v sl{Sn-bmWv CXns
Ctlw {]K--\mb `c-Wm-[n\nm-W-p-a-Xe hln--Xv. Xan-gv\m-Sp-am-bp hmWn-Py-_Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-p.
-n\v ]p\-eq ]Wnep Cu Xqp-]mew
ae-_m-dnse IpSn-bmWva \nb-a\nWm-bI ]mWv hln--Xv. Imf-h-n-Ifpw IpXn-c-h-nfpw kmaqly ]cn-jvI-c-WI-fp-amWv BZy-Im-ev CXn-eqsS t]mbn-cp--sX-nepw
]nm-ev _kp-Ifpw temdn-Ifpw Xqp-]m-e-n-eqsS fpw tcJ-s-Sp-p-tm
hneyw temKs t]cv Hmnbm{X sNbvXp. Fm Cv Cu Xqp-]m-e-ns
Ah AXn-Z-b-\o-b-am-Wv. ]eI Cf-Inbpw N-e-I m-Xn-cn-m-\m-hn-.
Xpcp-s-Sppw CXv
\mtim-p-J-am-bn-cn-p-I-bmWv. Icn-q-Wp-I-fnse
hnS-hp-I-fn Imp-sN-Sn-I
hfp ImSp-I-b-dn-bn-cnp-I-bmWv Bn-tbmfPn hIpv Gs-Sp-snepw kmh-[m-\-n-emWv
CXns ]p\-cp-m-cW
{]h-\-
\opXv.
20 ASn hoXnbpw 400
ASn \of-hp-ap CXns
kmt-XnIhnZy Cpw
hnkva-b-I-c-ambn XpS-cp-IbmWv.

1877

1881

Cugh satm-dn-b

sImv XpWnanv. XncphnXmwIqdnse BZy B[p\nI 1895 tabn tUm.-]p

hyhkmb m]\w.
kzw \ne1882
bn Znhm
tImbw ]nIv sse{_dn Sn. cmadmhp m]np.
i-c-kp-tImbw Ipafn (sI.sI) tdmUv.
pw 13,176
1886
Cug-h Hn
Xncph\]pcv sImmcw IjmbpctbmSp tNv asmcp \nthsInSn ]mpaqXns injy\mb Ihnbq ]ctaizc Z\w 1896
aqXv Hcp kzImcy BbpthZ ]mTime XpSn. CXv sk]vw-_-dn
1889 Kh-sv BbpthZ tImtfPmbn.
alm-cm-Pm-hn\pw tUm. ]p
1888
kan-p. Ch "Cugh
Acphnpdv {io\mcmbW Kpcphns inh{]Xnjv T . satm-dn-b' F-dn-b-sXncphnXmwIq km sePntohv Iukn Spp.
kwLSnnp (Cybnse \mpcmPyfpsS Ncn{XnemZyw).
Am-ev AhWsc Xncp-hn1889
XncphnXmwIqdn ]pXnb A dKptej BIv S v . Xmw-Iq-dn Av AW-pta amk i-f-ap DtZym-KA mpI, ImUpI \Snembn.
-fn \nb-an-n-cp-n-.
1893
In IpSpw_w tIcfnse BZy hmWnPy _mmb kvIq {]th-i-\-ns Imcynepw Ah-K-Wn--s-p. aXXncphnXmwIq _mv Bcw`np.
]-cn-h\w \S-nb
1896 sk]vXw_ 3
AhWp-t]mepw ]e
Cugh satmdnb.
B\p-Iq-ey- e`n-n-cp-p.
1900
a{Zmkv km Xangv \ mnse PetkN\n\mbn DX hnZym-`ymkw t\Sn-bncp tUm. ]p Xncp-hn-Xmws]cnbmdn AW sIn (tXSn).
Iq-dn km-cn-tev tPmen
1902 Pq 2
At]-n-s-nepw AhW-\msjmWqFdWmIpfw sdbnth sse.
sW Imc-W-m Ah-K-WnHIvtSm_
sshZycXv\w ]n.Fkv. hmcnb (18691944) tImbv -s-p. Akw-L-Sn-X-cmb
Cug-h XpS-n-bp
BcysshZyime m]np.
AhWsc kwL-Sn-n-p-1903 sabv 15
Acphnpdw t{XtbmKw {io\mcmbW[a ]cn Xn\pw hnZym-k---cm-p-]me\tbmKw (SNDP) F t]cn cPn sNbv X p. Xn\pw tUm. ]p XpSv
t\Xr-Xz-]-c-amb ]p-h-ln-p.
{io\mcmbWKpcp A[y. Ipamc\mim sk{Idn.
Ccw Ah-K-W-\-Issabv 21
kn. IrjvW]nbpsS t\XrXzn XncphnXmwIq \mb Xnsc tUm. ]p-hns t\XrXz-n \S-nb Nph-Sp-hkamPw. 1907 CXv tIcfob \mb kamPw.
bvmWv Cugh satm-dn-b.
1904 s^{_phcn 2
Iotecn Ipn So (18541939) tIcfobcpsS Pn.-]n. ]n-bpsS t\Xr-XzBZys kkv I\nbmb s{]m^k ]cnbm eokv n 1891- \Inb aebmfn satm-dn-bepw A[xIr-Xae_m {Kmv kkv Nndc hben XpSn.
tcm-Sp Ah-K-W-\-s-Xn-scPq 1
bm-bn-cp-p. cmjv{Sob hf]p\eqsImw sdbnth.
bp-sSbpw Ne-\-n-sbpw
1904 \hw_
{]Xn-^-e-\--fm-bn-cpp
{ioaqew {]Pm-k`
Cugh satm-dn-bepw ae\hw-_ 26
bmfn satm-dn-b-epw.
sNtm]p\eq sdbnmX.

{ioaqew {]Pmk` (t]mpe Akwn) \ne-hnhp.

ae-_m
Xncp Ipfn, XmensIv Fo A\mNmc
18
mw
\qm- ns Ay_lnjvIcnm {io\mcmbWKpcphns Blzm\w. Kpcp
tmsS ae-_m {_nojv A[ohebn inhKncn tI{w XpSn.
i-Xz-n Iogn-em-bn.
1905
Snp 1792 ae- _ m- d n\v
hw A_v Z pJmZ auehn NndbnIogn\Spv
hv\npw kztZim`nam\n ]{Xw. kn.]n. tKmhnn taep Ah-Imiw {_no-jpImv \In. 1800 tabv 21\v
BZy ]{Xm[n].
ae-_m a{Zmkv {]kn-Ukn1906 P\phcn 17
bpsS `mK- a m- b n- op. 1801
sI. cmaIrjvW]n kztZim`nam\n ]{Xm[n].
BKv Hn\v A[n- I m- c - t a
1907
AImfnbpsS km[pP\ ]cn]me\ kwLw (]nevme taP an- t bmUv Bbn- c pp
(1938) ]peb almk`). {_m\ inhtbmKnIfpsS {]Ya If-IvS.
ae-_m-dnse ssIsm-gn-epB\aX {]m\w. kn. IrjvW ]nbpsS tIcfob \mb
I- s fbpw
I- h - S - s bpw
kamPw.
t{]mm-ln-n-m {_no-jp1908 amv
Bephbn inhcm{XnZn\n \qXncnamcpsS Im Hpw sNbvXn-. a{Zmkv
{]kn- U kn- b psS `mK- s a
tbmKtak` cq]w sImp.
\ne- b n ssIsm- g n- e p- I sf
1910
lcnP\t\Xmhv AImfn {ioaqew k`bn. apgp-h {_nojv hmWn-Py-X-{kztZim`nam\n sI.cmaIr jvW]n s\mnIcbn \nv ns Bm- \ p- h n- I {]Pmk`bntev. ]WvUnv sI.]n. Idps hme kapZmb fmbn amp-I-sb \bamWv ae_m-dn A\p-hn--Xv.
]cnjvImcnWnk` (tX-hc).
1812- hb-\m-nse Ipdn-Ny
sk]vXw_ 26
kmcns\ hnain kztZim`nam\n]{Xn\v \ntcm-[\w. {_no-jp-Ims-Xnsc Iem]w
- mb Imc-W
- ]{Xm[n] sI. cmaIrjvW ]nsb XncphnXmwIqdn\nv \S-n. Imjn-Ia
fm-bn-cpp Iem-]
- n\v ]nn.
\mSpISn.
1812 tabv amk-tmsS Iem]w
1911
ASn--a-s-p.
sImv {SmhIq an\dkv.
1802- se "tImhm- e okv
1912
B\mpgbn sI.]n. Idps IeymWZmbn\n k`, tImUv' \oXn-\ymb `cW-n\v
sshv hme tkhm kanXn, ]dhqcn kapZmb tkhn\n. hy- a mb cq]hpw hyhbpw \Im CS- b m- n.
hebn \mcmbWKpcphns imcZm {]XnjvT.
CtXmsS \oXn-\ym-b- `- c
- W \nba
1913
XncphnXmwIq \mb BIvSv. acpamb coXnv Ayw. \nmW kan-Xn-I-fpsS A[n
Im- c - thXn- c n- - s - p.
1914 HIvtSm_ 31
1843 {_no-jv Cy-bn ASn\mbkapZmb `rXyP\kwLw (N\mtcn).
aw Ah-km-\n-n--Xns `mK1915
sImn IpSnbma\nbaw. Ducqew elf AYhm ambn ae- _ m- d nepw ASn- a w
Ah-km-\n-n-p.
sXmqdmamv elf.
]g-nbpsS sNdp-p-\nv,
1915
\mb kapZmb `rXyP\kwLw \mb khokv skmsskn amnf el-f-I, Kpcp-hm-bq
(NSS)bmbn. {_m\ inhtbmKnbpsS injy kXym-{K-lw, Dp--k-Xym-{Klw,
CS- X p- ] {]m- \ - - f psS
hmKv`Sm\ (18851939) BflhnZymkwLw m]n-p.
ka-c- Fn-h-bm kp1917 sabv 29
sImnbnse sNdmbnbn sI. As ktlmZckwLw. jv S - a m- b n- c pp ae- _ m- d nse
kzmX-{y-k-a-cw.

{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp
B[p-\nI tIc-f-nse \thm-m\
\mb-I-m-cn {]apJ m\-amWv {io\mcm-bW Kpcp-hn-\p--Xv. Cugh kap-Zm-bn P\n Atlw Pm-Xo-b-amb D\o-N-Xz-s-Xnsc t]mcm-Snb kmaqly-]-cn-jvIm-hm-Wv. Xncp-h-\--]p-cn-\-Spv sN-gnbn 1854- BKv
20\v P\np.
29-mw hb-n k\ym-kn-bmbn cmPyp-S-\ofw k-cn-p. acp-Xzm-a-e-bn
shmWv Atlw k\ymkw kzoI-cnXv. N-n-kzm-an-I-sfbpw ssXmv
Am-kzm-an-I-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s-p.
Kpcp-hn-Zym-e-b-fpw t{X-fpw
m]nv Atlw Xs kap-Zm-bns D-a-\-n-\p-thn {]hnp. AhW-cpsS BNm-cy-\mbn Icp-Xs-Sp-s-nepw Atlw temI-n\v Xs amKZi-I--fmb {]t_m-[-\-
\Inb alm-m-hm-Wv.
acp-Xzm-a-e-bn-ep h\-n- k\ym-k-Po-hnXw \bn-n-cp--tmgmWv At-l-n\v
m\w e`n--sXv Icp-X-s-Sp-p. ""PmXn-t`Zw aXtZzjw, GXp-an-msX kcpw,
tkmZ-c-tXz\ hmgp amXr-I-m-\-am-Wn-sXpw'' D kti Acp-hn-pdw
aXns-n Atlw Fgp-Xn-h-p. "Hcp-PmXn Hcp aXw Hcp ssZhw a\p-jy\v'
F ktiw temI-sa-mSpw {]N-cn-n-p.
s\m-nIc Acp-hn-p-dv 1888- AhWmbn inh-enw-K-{]-XnjvT \Sn
t{Xw ]Wn-I-gn-n-p.
cmPy-p-S-\ofw \qdncw {]XnjvT \S-n. 1903- {io\m-cm-bW [ ]cn-]m-e\
tbmKw (F-kv.-F.-Un.-]n) m]n-p.
1904- inh-Kn-cn-bn B{iaw m]n-p. h-e-bn kwkvIrX hnZym-ebw
m]n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1912- inh-Kn-cn-bn Hcp imcZm an-chpw ]Wn-I-gnnp.
1913- Bep-h-bn Hcp AssZz-Xm-{iaw m]n-p. "Hmw kmtlm-Zcyw kh{X'
F XXz-n A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cpp AssZz-Xm-{im-aw. 1924- Bep-h-bn kaX kt-f\w kwL-Sn-n-p.
kwkvIr-X-nepw ae-bm-f-nepw \nc-h[n Imhy- Atlw cNn-n-p-v. Zi\-ame kwkvIr-X-nepw Btm-]-tZi iXIw ae-bm-f-n-ep-amWv cNn-n-p--Xv.
1924-se sshw kXy-{Kl k`-n Kmn-Pn-bp-ambn N-I \S-m
Ah-k-c-ap-m-bn. hniz-a-lm-Ihn SmKq-dp-am-bpw ASp--ap-mbn-cp-p. Ipam-c-\mim\pw \S-cmP Kpcphpw {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns injy-m-cmWv. {io\m-cmbW
Kpcp-hns A\p-{K-l-tmsS \S-cm-P-Kpcp \oe-Kn-cn-bn \mcm-bW Kpcp-Ipew
m]n-p-I-bp-m-bn. 1928- sk]vw_ 20\v inh-Kn-cn-bn hv kam-[n-b-S-p.
`mc-Xob X]m mn {]Xy--s
BZy- tIc-fo-b {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hm-Wv.

Pqsse 17
1922 amv 31
kn.]n. cmakzmanAcpsS A[yXbn cmw ae_m ]n.sI. _mh (_mhm aq)bpsS
Pnm tIm{Kkv ktf\w.
t\XrXzn Bepgbn {Smh
1920
Iq te_ Atkmkntbj: tIcf
XncphnXmwIqdn \nbak`m {]tm`Ww.
nse BZy sXmgnemfn kwLS\.
BKv
\nlIcW{]m\nsbpw Jnem^v {]m\ tIcfnse BZy hnZymn
nsbpw {]NcWn\v KmnPn, juen, ae_m {]tm`w, Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn.
ki\w. sImn \mb \nbaw. ImcWhcpsS almIhn cho{\mY SmtKmdns
A[nImcn\v ]cn[n. {io\mcmbW Kpcphns Hcp PmXn tIcf ki\w. {io\mcmbW
Kpcphpambn IqSnmgvN. Ipamc\m
Hcp aXw Hcp ssZhw a\pjy\v F ktiw.
im\v Cwnse shbnkv cmP
1921 G{]n 23
Hmev BZys AJne tIcf tIm{Kkv cmjv{Sob Ipamc aZncminbn hv tIcfob
almIhn F \nebn ]pw hfbpw
ktf\w. Sn. {]Imiw A[y.
km\np.
\hw_ 10
hmK {SmPUn.
1924 amv 30
1922
sshw t{XtdmUn AhW
shbnkv cmPIpamcs Cym ki\ns\Xnsc lnpfpsS {]thi\m\phmZn\p
lm.
kXym{Kl kacw.

sshw kXym-{Klw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn 192425 Ime-L--n \S Abn--n-s\-Xn-cmb {]tm-`amWv sshw kXym-{K-lw. sshw alm-tZh t{X-n-te-p s]mXp-h-gn-bneqsS Fm PmXn-mpw k-cn-m-\p kzmX{yw e`n-p-X
- n-\mWv kXym-{Klw
\S-n-b-Xv. a\p-jys ASn-m\ Bh-iy-m-bp kwL-SnX {]tm-`-am-bncpp CXv.
sshw kXym-{K-l
- n\v {io\m-cm-bW
- K
- p-cp, alm-m-Kmn, Ipam-c\
- m-im Fnh-cpsS ]npW e`n-n-cp-p. AJn-te-ym-X-e-n Xs hfsctbsd {in---s-XmWv sshw kXym-{K-lw. sshw kXym-{Kl ka-c-n\v Sn.-sI. am[-h, av
]-\m-`, sI.-]n. tIi-h-ta-t\m, kn.-hn. Ipn-cm-a, sI. tIf- XpS-n-bh t\XrXzw \In.
1925- Kmn-Pn-bpsS sshw ki-\-tmsS kXym-{Klw AJn-te-ym-X-en {i t\Sn. C.-hn. cma-kzman \mbvc
- psS ]np-Wbpw kXym-{K-ln-Iv {]tNmZ-\-am-bn. kXym-{K-l ka-c-ns `mK-ambn \mKtIm-hn-en \npw ssh-p\npw Hmtcm PmY ]pd-sv Xncp-h-\--]p-cv Fp-Ibpw "sshw satm-dn-b'
cmPm-hn\v kan-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bbn-c--W-n\v kXym-{K-ln-I Pbn-en-em-s-p.
Kmn-Pnbpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-ambn \S N-bn 1925- sshw t{X-n\v Npp-ap
\mev tdmUp-I-fn aqs--n Fm-hpw kmc kzmX{yw A\p-h-Zn--s-p.
]qW-amb tXmXn hnP-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-n-s-nepw AhWn-S-bn
Bthiw ]I {]tm-`-a-b
m- n-cpp CXv.
sshw ka-c-ns ^e-ambn A-e-p-g, Xncp-hmv, ipNo{w Fnhn-S-fnse t{X \nc-p-I-fn AhWv km-c-kzm-X-{y-w e`n-p. 1928- Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dnse Fm t{X \nc-p-I-fnepw AhWv kmc kzmX{yw A\p-hZn-p-In-n.

1921-se ae-_m Iem]w

Cy-bpsS kzmX-{y-k-ac Ncn-{X-nse {][m{_n- n- j p- I mpw Pn\-s GSmWv ae-_m Iem-]w. 1921- Jnem-^v amp- s a- X nsc \Sn h
ka-c
- n-sbpw \nl-IcW {]m-\
- n-sbpw kacn\n-S-bn lnpfpsS
Ae-I ae-_m-dnepw B-Sn-p. Pn ]oV-\
- hoSp-I hym]-I-ambn sIm-bsImv Akw-Xr-]vXcmbncp apo- t]meokv Sn-s
- -p. BKv 21-\v \neq
a-\s X-fpsS aX-hn-Im-c--tfm-Sp shp- tImhn-eIw Itdn el-f-m
hn-fn-bmbn hymJym-\n-p.{_no-jp-Im Cu Iem- sIm- b - S n- p. CtX- p- S v
]s lnp--apow el-f-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p.
lnp--apow kwLjw Ipd{_no-jp-Im \S-m-nb `q\n-IpXn ]cn-jvIm-c- bvm-\mbn AUvtlmv Inn
IpSn-bm-msc {_no-jp-Impw Pn-amp- cq]o-I-cn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sa-Xnsc Iem]w \S-m t{]cn-n-p. {_nojv aeBKv 26\v ]qtm-q bp_m-dnse Gd-\m-Sv, hp-h-\mSv Xmeq-p-I-fnepw n {_nojv ]m-fs ]cms]mm-\n, ]me-m-Sv, tImgn-tmSv Fn-hn-S-- P- b - s - S p- n. BKv 30- \v
fnepw Iem]w in-s-p.
]mfw Xncq- c - m- S n- b n- t ev
1921-se Iem]w app-m-bn-cp ]e Iem-]-- \opIbpw Pam Av ]n
fn \npw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-p. tZiob {]m- hfbpIbpw sNbvXp. ]nv
\-ns kzm[o\w Ij-I-scbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I- t\sc shSn-hbvv \S-p-Ibpw
sfbpw Iem-]-cw-K-t-n-d-p--Xn kzm[o-\nn- Ben apk- e n- b m ASw 37
p-v.
t]sc ]nSn-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1880 apXp-Xs `q]-cn-jvI-c-Ww \S-p-- Ben apk-en-bmsc 1922 s^{_p- q-cn XqnXn\v ae-_m-dn-sepw Bh-iy-ap-bn-cp-p. 1920 hcn 17-\v tImb-
IpSn-bm-m-cpsS kwL-S-\-bmb IpSn-bmkwLw sm-p. el-f-bn Bbn-c-ne-[nIw amn-f-am-cmWv sIm-scq]o-Ir-X-am-bn.
1920- Kmn-Pnbpw cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cnbpw Xv . ]Xn- \ m- e m- b n- c - n- e - [ nIw
ju--enbpw tImgn-tmSv kin-p. 1921- t] sIm-s-p.
tImgn-tmv shv \S tIm{Kkv Inn
tbmK-n tIm{K-kv--Jn-em-^v
In-n-I cq]o-I-cn-m Xocp-am\-am-bn. XpSv Jnem-^v kthmKZp-cw
f-\- \ntcm-[n--s-p.
1921 \hw-_ 17-\v Ccp-\q-tdmfw XS-hp-Imsc
1921 s^{_p-hc
- n-bn t\XmHcp hmK-Wn Ipn-\n-dv Xncq-cn \nv tImb-- f mb tKm]m- e - t a- t \m,
q-cn-tev Abp. Impw shfn-hpw IS-m
sambvXotIm-b, bmq_v
KpUvkv hmK-Wn XS-hp-Im izmkw InmsX _pn-ap-n
lk
XpS- n- b - h sc
\ne-hn-fn-p-p-m-bn-cp-p. t]m-q-cn hn Fn-bt]meokv Adv sNbvXp.
tm A\--sampw tIm--Xns\ XpSv hmK
hp-h-\m-Sv, Gd-\mSv XmeqXpdv t\mn-b-tm 64 t] ac-W-a-S-n-cpp. _mnp- I - f n \ntcm- [ - \ m
bp- - h - c n Iptd- t ]noSpw ac- W - s - p. Cu
]pd-s-Sp-hn-p. ]m-f-m
Zpckw`-h-amWv hmK {SmPUn. ]mf Hm^o-k-dmb
adw ]ffn shSn- s hp
lnv tImmWv ]pd-p--h XS-hp-Imsc
XIp-sh {]Nm-c-Ws
ImWm-Xn-cn-p--Xn\p thn {Iqc-amb
XpSv kwLjw s]mn-p-ds
- Cu coXn kzoI-cn--Xv.
p. ]mfw P\-q--n\v t\v
shSn- h - b v p- I bpw \nc- h [n t]
sIm-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

G{]n 7
Sn.sI. am[hsbpw sI.]n. tIihtat\msbpw
t\XrXzn sshw kXym{Klw ]p\cmcw`w.
sabv 5
NnkzmanI kam[nbmbn.
HIvtSm_
Bephm aWpdv {io\mcmbW Kpcphns
kaXktf\w.
:]mcokv HfnnIv sKbnwkn Cy kwLn IqImc-\mb kn.sI. evaW. tIcfnse BZy Hfny.

1925 amv 8
almmKmn tIcfn.
amv 10
KmnPn sshw kXym{KlnIsf kinp.
amv 11
KmnPn inhKncnbn {io\mcmbW Kpcphpambn kw`mjWw.

1925
sImnbn \nbak`. XncphnXmwIqdn \mb (t`ZKXn)
BIvSv, Cugh BIvSv. acpamb k{Zmbn \v Ayw.
tImgntmv sSent^m FIvkvtNv.

1926
\mn\mSv shmf Bv . Hcp ]peb kap- Z m- b mwKw
(]n.kn.]m) BZyambn sImn \nbak`bntev. CS n
kmlnXy kamPw.

1927
AcbkapZmb hwtimmcnWn k` (Bepg).
Htm_
tImgntmSv KmnPnbpsS A[yXbn lcnP\ kt-f\w. tIcf Ay-P-t\m-m-cW kwLw F kwL-S\. ]noSv
BZntIctfmmcW kwLw.

1928 sk]vXw_ 20
{io\mcmbWKpcp inhKncnbn kam[nbmbn.
BZys aebmf Nen{Xw hnKXIp amc sP.kn. Zm\ntb
\nanp.

1929
hn.Sn. `XncnmSns ASpfbn \nv Actv F
\mSIw tbmKtak`bn AhXcnnp.
ae_m IpSnbmbva \nbaw.

1930
almIhn htm tIcf IemaWv U ew Bcw`np.
Ae]pcv Bcw`n CXv ]noSv `mcXpgbpsS Xocv
sNdpXpcpnbntev amn.
G{]n 13
]q ISpdv sI. tIfs t\XrXzn \nbaw
ewLnv Dv \nanp.
Pq 8
ae_mdn Dp \nbaewL\ Zn\w

ae-_m-dnse
Dp-k-Xy-{Klw
alm-m-Km-n-bpsS t\Xr-Xzn 1930 amn \S Dpk-Xy-{K-l-ns `mK-ambn ae_m-dnepw Dp-k-Xy{Klw \Sp.
ae-_m-dn ]-q tI{-amn-sI. tIf-s t\Xr-Xz-nemWv kXy-{Kl ]cn-]m-Sn-I
\S-n-b-Xv.
alm-m-Kmn Ad-n-em-btXmsS nXn-bmsI amdn.
kacw cq-am-Ip-sav a\-knem-b-tm 1930 tabv 12\v Dp\n-baw ewLn-m tImgntmSv IS-p-d-s-nb kXy{K-ln-Isf t]meokv an-p.
sI.-tI-f-, apl-Zv
A_vZp dlvam, sI.-am-[h\m-b Fo t\Xm-
Ad-n-em-bn.
]n. IrjvW-]n-bpw B.-hn.
ibpw Dp-k-Xym-{K-l-n\v
t\XrXzw \Inb t\Xm--fmbn-cp-p. tZiob ]XmI kwcn-m {ian-p--Xn-\n-Sbn Chv t]meo-kns
a-\-tatn hp.
ae-_m tI{o-I-cn-mWv Dpk-Xym-{Klw \S--sX-nepw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn \npw
sImn-bn \npw A\-h[n
t] CXn\v ]np-W-bp-am-sbn-bn-cp-p.
tIm{Kkv {]m-\s
\nb-a-hn-cp--ambn {]Jym-]n-pIbpw \ntcm-[\ D-c-hp-I
]pd-s-Sp-hn-p-Ibpw sNbvXXv
Cu ka-b-m-Wv.
KmnPn tamNn-n--s-SpIbpw Kmn--Chn kn
Hp-h-bv-s-Sp-Ibpw sNp-Xp-hsc ae-_m-dnse Dp kXy-{Klw \op-\n-p.

]-q kt-f\w

1931
bmN\m bm{X. Zcn{ZhnZymnIv ]Tnm\p
kmlNcyw Dmm\mbn hn.Sn.`XncnmSns t\XrXzn
Xriq apX N{Kncnpghsc GgpZnhkw \Snb
Im\S {]NmcW PmY.
sabv 3,4,5
hSIcbn sP.Fw. skKp]vXbpsS A[yXbn 5mw
AJne tIcf cmjv { Sob ktf\w. Kpcphmbq
kXym{Kln\p Xocpam\w.
t{X Fm lnppw XpdpsImSpm
{]tabw.

1931 \hw_ 4
k kn.]n.bpsS t]cnep Btcm]W tIm{Kkvv
]nhenXn\m XncphnXmwIq tv tIm{Knse
CSXp] {]hI ]mnhnv bqveoKv F kwLS\
m]np.
aebmfnse cmas Nen{Xw ammWv U h
kpcmPv \n np.
tIcfnse Ahkm\ cmPmhmbncp {ioNnnc Xncp\m
`cWtap.
Xncph\]pcv sSent^m khokv.

1932 P\phcn
NnncXncp\mfns sePntohv ]cnjvIcW Dchv.
sk]vXw_ 21
sI.tIf Kpcphmbq t{X\Sbn A\nnXIme
\ncmlmc kXym{Klw XpSn.

1928 tabv amk-nemWv

tIm{K-kns ]-q
kt-f\w \SXv. Phlem s\lvdp Cu kt-f-\ns A[y--\m-bn-cp-p.
kzcm-Pv, tlmwdq Fn-hbpsS m\v ]qW
kzcmPyw ey-amn
tIm{K-kns {]h\w
\S--W-sav ]-q ktf-\-n Bh-iy-ap-bp.
"emtlm kt-f\'n
]qW-kz-cmPyw AwKo-I-cn-p-Xn\v ]-q-cnse kt-f\w
t{]c-I-am-bn. tIc-fs GIoIrX `c-W-{]-hn-iy-bm--Wsav ]-q-cnse kt-f\w
Bh-iy-s-p. tIcf cmjv{So-bn ]p-\p-Whv ]I-cm
]-q-cn \S kt-f\w
klm-b-I-am-bn.
sska Io-js _lnjvI-c-W-n\p tijw \S
cmjv{Sob kt-f-\-sa \nebnepw ]-q kt-f\w
AXn-{]-[m-\-am-bn-cp-p.

Kpcp-hm-bq kXy-{Klw
lnp--fnse Fm hn`m-K-mpw Kpcp-hm-bq A-e-n IS-m\pw Bcm[\ \S-m-\p-ap kzmX{yw \I-W-sav Bh-iy-smWv 1931- Kpcp-hm-bq
kXy-{Klw Ac-t-dn-b-Xv.
tIf-s t\Xr-Xz-n 16 AwK- Ds-Sp Hcp PmY Kpcp-hm-bq-cn-tev
\S-n. 1931 \hw-_ 1 tIc-f-n-em-I-am\w "t{X-{]-th-i\ Zn\'ambn B-N-cn-psImmWv CtX Znhkw Kpcp-hm-bq-cn kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n--Xv. kXym-{K-ln-I-fpsS
Iym]v-\m-bn-cp F.-sI. tKm]m-e bmYm-n-XnI khcpsS- a-\-n\v Ccbm-bn. F.-sI. tKm]m-e, Fw.-]n. Zmtam-Z-c Fn-h Adv sN-s-p.
XpSv sI.-tI-f- 1932 sk]vw-_ 21 apX \ncm-lmc kXy-{Klw Bcw-`n-p.
Fm Kmn-Pn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw HIvtSm-_ 2\v Cu D]-hmkw Ah-km-\n-np. t{X {]th-i-\s kw_-nv Ahn-Sp-m-bn-cp kh-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
Bcm--Xn 77% t]cpw t{X-{]-th-i-\-n\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-p. CXn-t\p-Sv 1936- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Khsa v t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw \S-n-emn. ]noSv 1947 Pq 12\v Kpcp-hm-bq t{Xw kakvX lnp-p-ambn Xpd-psIm-Sp-p.

HIvtSm_ 2
almmKmnbpsS \nti{]Imcw sI. tIf \ncmlmc kXym{Klw Ahkm\nnp.
Kpcphmbq kXym{Klkacw \nnhp.
1932
\nh\ {]tm`Ww. XncphnXmwIqdnse `cW ]cnjvImc {]Jym]\n {]Xntj[nv,
\nbak`bnepw km tPmenbnepw P\kwJym\p]mXnIambn {]mXn\n[yw Bh-iy-sv ss{IkvXh,
apo, Cugh Fnh \Snb {]tm`w.
1933
aZncmin acpamb Bv.
ae_mdn ambn\v \nba km[pX.
aZncmin \qXncn BIvSv. Cs Fm \qXncnampw IpSpw_kzn XpeymhImiw.
1935
t_mws_Xncph\]pcw hnam\ khokv.
sabv
Hmw AJne tIcf sXmgnemfn ktf\w (tImgntmSv).

alm-flm-KmnbpsS
tIc-f- ki-\-
KmnPn 5 {]mhiyw tIcfw kin-n-p-v.
Jnem-^v ka-c-ns {]N-c-Wmw ju--entbm-sSmw Kmn-Pn tImgn-tmSv Fn-b-XmWv BZy
ki-\w 1920 HmKkvv 18- \v. tImgn-tmv IS-p-dv
\S tbmK-n Atlw {]kw-Kn-p.
1925 amv 8-\m-bn-cpp cm-as tIcfki-\w.
sshw kXy-{K-l-k-a-c-n\v ]cn-lmcw ImWp-I-bm-bn-cpp
ki-t\m-tiyw. amv 10-\v sshv Fn kXy-{K-ln-Itfm-sSmv {]`mX `P-\-bn ]s-Sp-p. Nme-p-Sn, sImn,
he Fn-hn-S--fnse tbmK--fn kwkm-cn-p. amv 12\v
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, sI. tIf- Fn-h-cp-ambn N \S-n.
13mw XobXn he sImm-c-n Fn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq doP v
dmWn evan _mbn-bp-ambpw Znhm-\p-ambpw N \S-n. \hw_ 23-\v sshw t{X \nc-p-I s]mXp-P-\-mbn Xpdp-sIm-Sp-p. Nnnc Xncp-\m, sImn cmPmhv Fn-hsc
kin tijw amv 19-\v Xncn-p-t]m-bn. 1927 HIvtSm-_ 9\m-bn-cpp 3mas tIcf ki-\w. Xncp-hmv t{X-\n-cp-I-fn Abn PmXn-msc hgn-\-S-m A\p-h-Zn-p-Xp-ambn _-s-mWv Fn-b-Xv. 1927 HIvtSm-_ 9\v Xncp-hnXmw-Iq cmPm-hn-s\bpw dmWn-tbbpw Iv N-I \S-n.
1934--\m-bn-cpp \memw tIcf ki-\w. lcn-P\ ^v
]ncn-m-\mbn P\p-. 10--\mWv F-n-b-Xv. Am-a-sbpw
Ah-km-\-sbpw tIc-f-bm-{X 1937 P\p-hcn 13--\m-bncpp. t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-c-ns (1936 \hw_12) ]m-e-n-ep Cu Xncp-hnXmwIq
bm{Xsb Xom-S\
- a
- m-bmWv KmnPn hnti-jnn--Xv.

BKv 17
Xncph\]pcv {SmhIq d hIvkv Bcw`np.
Cybnse BZys d ^mIvSdn. ]noSv {Snhm{Uw d
hIvkv.
1936 G{]n 20
ImeSnbn {iocmaIrjvWm{iaw.
Pqsse
]nWnPmY. F.sI. tKm]me, Nt{mv Ipn- c ma\mb Fn-h-cpsS t\XrXzn 32 t] Im \Sbmbn
ae_mdn\nv cpamkw sImv aZncminbn.
1936 HIvtSm_
kn.]n. cmakzmanA XncphnXmwIq Znhm.
\hw_ 12
NnncXncp\mfns t{X{]thi\ hnfw_cw.
1937
{SmhIq t{SUv bqWnbkv \nbaw. {SmhIq te_
Atkmkntbj {SmhIq Ib ^mIvSdn htgvkv
bqWnb Fmbn.
ae_mdn apnweoKv m]np. XncphnXmwIqdn tdmUv
{Smkv t]mv tImtdj.
{SmhIq jpK BUv sIankv Xncph\]pcv.
]noSv Xncphbntev.
\hw_ 1
XncphnXmwIq khIemime.
1938
sImn tv tIm{Kkv cq]oIcWw.
1938 s^{_phcn 23
Xncphn-XmwIq sXc-s-Sp-n (1937) hnP-bn kwbp
cmjv { Sob kanXn XncphnXmwIq tv tIm{Kkmbn.
Xncph\]pcv FPn\obdnMv tImtfPv.
kzmXn Xncp\m kwKoX AmZan. aebmfnse BZy
i_vZ Nn{Xw _me ]pdndn.
Pq 18
sImn No^v tImv ssltmSXnbmbn.

]n-Wn-PmY
Hmw-temI alm-bp-
- n-\ptijw temI-msI _m[n
km- nI {]Xn- k nbpw
`y- m- a hpw tIc- f - nepw
Dmbn. tIc- f - n ]nWnbpw Zpcn-X-fpw Am-ev
h[n-n-cp-p. 1936 Pqsse-bn
F.- s I. tKm]m- e s t\Xr- X zn 32 hfn-bam ae-_mdn\nv a{Zm-kn-tev \bn
PmY- b mWv ]n- W n- P m- Y sbv
Adn-b-s-Sp-Xv. PmY \Sn
\nth-Z\w kan FsI-Pn-bpw
Nt{mv Ipn-cm-a \mb-cpw
Hcp- h jw Pbn- e n ASbvsp.

I-d- ]
- m-tmSv kacw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn D-ch
- mZ
`c- W - n- \ p- t hn kacw \Sp ImeLnemWv I-d- ]m-tmSv kacw. 1938 sk]vw-_dn I-d, ]mtmSv {]tZ-i
- fn Pn-am-cpsS Kp-I-fpsS
\n_-nX ]ncn-hp-Is-Xnsc
N-If
- n P\-f
- psS sNdp-p\np- m- b n.
IS- b v
{^mtm F- d n- b - s cmLh]n- - b mWv t]mcm- - n\v
t\XrXzw \In-bX
- v. s\Sp-a
- mSv
Xmeq-n shSn-hbvpw a-\
- fp-ap-m-bn. sIm-n-]n-, sI
IrjvW Fn-hsc Xqn-te-n.

tIm{Kkv tkmjy-env ]mn

tIc-f-nse tIm{Kkv {]m-\-n tkmjy-en-p-I F hn`mKn\pw
{]_-ea
- mb kzm[o-\a
- p-m-bn-cp-p. Iyq-Wn-p-Im, sXmgn-em-fn-I, Ij-I XpSn
]e hn`m-K-fpw CXn-t\mSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap--h-cm-bn-cp-p. 1934- tIm-{Kkv tkmjyenv ]mn cq]oI-cn--tm Xs tIcf LS-Ihpw Dm-bn. kn.-sI. tKmhn-
\mb-cm-bn-cpp BZys sk{I--dn. ]noSv CFw-Fkv t\XrXzw Gs-Sp-p. 1938-40
Ime-L-
- f
- n sI]n-kn-kn-bpsS t\XrXzw tkmjy-en-p-If
- psS In-em-bn-cp-p. Xncphn-Xmw-Iq bqv eoKns t\Xm--fmb s]md {io[, F {ioI-WvT \mb
Fn-h tkmjy-en-p-I-fp-ambn kl-I-cn-p. {ItaW tkmjy-en-p-I Iyq-Wnp-Im-cmbn amdn. 1939- Iyq-Wnv ]mn ]nW-dmbn ]md-p-d-p-shv m]n-s-p. Iog-cn-bq t_mw_v tIkv, ^dqv ]mew tIkv, Xe-tcn KqVm-tem-N\ tIkv
XpS-n-bh tkmjy-en-p-I-fpsS kzm[o-\-am-bp-mb kw`-h--fm-bn-cp-p.

""B[p-\nI Ime-nse ApXw''

\nh-\ -{]-tm-`w
`c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-ns ^eambn {][m\ kap-Zm-b- f mb ss{Ikv X - h - - a p- ow- - C u- g h kap- Z m- b Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn `c-W-]v \nb-a\
- nam-Wk
- `- b
- n P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m- cn- j v I m- c - n- \ p- t hn \S- nb
Xn-I-amb {]mXn-\n[yw \ntj-[ns-Xmbn {]tm-`- amWv
\nh\ {]tm-`-w.
]cmXn Dbp. aqv kap-Zm-b-mcpw tNv 1932 Znhm k kn.-]n. cma-kzman
m]n kwbp cmjv{Sob kan-Xn-bm-bn- A-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-n \S-m-nb
cpp {]tm-`-n\v t\XrXzw hln-n-cp--Xv. `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-amWv hym]-I-amb
Xv P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ASnm-\-n \nbFXnn\v hgn-sh--Xv.
a-k`- b
- n m\w e`n-W
- s
- av kwbp cmjv{Sob-ka
- nXn Bh-iy-s-p. F.-]n. tPmk-^v, kn.-tIi-h
Fn-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-nemWv {]tm`w \S--Xv.
Cug-h--ap-ow--ss{I-kvXh hn`m-K-v km DtZym-K-n kwh-cWw
Gs-Sp-n-bXv CXn-s\-p-Sm-Wv. `qkz-ns ASn-m-\-n k-Xn-Zm-\mh-Imiw hn]p-e-am-n-bXpw {]tm-`-ns t\-ambn IW-m-p-p.
1936 BK-n k-Xn-Zm-\m-h-Imi \nbaw {]kn--s-Sp-n. \nb-a-k-`-bn-tev
1937 G{]n- - t abv amk- - f n \S sXc- s - S p- n kwbp cmjv { Sob
kanXnbpsS m\mn-I `qcn-]w kop-Ifpw t\Sn. kan-Xn-bpsS Ay-\mb Sn.-Fw. hKokv {ioaqew Akw-n-bpsS D]m-[y--\mbn sXc-s-Sp--s-SpIbpw sNbvXp. ]noSv Ahn-izm-k-n-eqsS At-ls ]pd-m-p-I-bm-Wp-mb-Xv. k-an-Xn-bpsS an t\Xm-fpw ]w XmWp-]n--bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n Xncp-hnXmw-Iq tv tIm{K-kn tN-tXmsS kwbp cmjv{Sob kanXn Cm-Xm-bn.

{][m-\-s {]tm-`-
Bn- Iem]w ........................................................................................................... 1721
Ipf- bpw ................................................................................................................. 1741
Ipd hnfw-_cw ............................................................................................................ 1809
Ipdn-Ny Iem]w ............................................................................................................. 1812
Nmm elf ................................................................................................................... 1859
ae-bmfn satm-dn-b ................................................................................................... 1891
Cugh satm-dn-b ..................................................................................................... 1896
Ip-ame kacw ................................................................................................................. 1905
amnf elf, hmK {SmPUn ................................................................................... 1921
sshw kXym-{Klw .................................................................................................... 1924
Imn kacw............................................................................................................ 1925
\nb-ae
- w-L\ {]m\w ................................................................................................ 1930
Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{Klw .............................................................................................. 1931
\nh\ {]tm`w ..................................................................................................... 1932
t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_cw ......................................................................................... 1936
]nWnPmY ......................................................................................................................... 1936
Id ]mtmSv kacw .................................................................................................... 1938
Iq kacw ..................................................................................................................... 1941
]p{] hb-em kacw ................................................................................................. 1946
tIcf kwm\ cq]o-I-cWw .................................................................................... 1956
hntam-N\ kacw .................................................................................................................... 1959

w
""P\--fpsS Aym hntam-N-\ns A[n- I mc tcJ- b mb
kvarXn''
KmnPn

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse AhW-cmb lnp-v

t{X-{]-th-i\w A\p-h-Zn-v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq almcm-Pmhv {ioNn-nc Xncp\m _me-cmah ]pds-Sp-hnXmWv t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw-_-cw. 1936
\hw-_ 12-\mWv hnfw-_cw \S-n-bXv.
t{X{]th-i\ hnfw-_cw A[:IrX-cmb
lnppw lcn-P\
-
- pw av ]ntm
hn`m-K
- pw Bi-bp-sSbpw Bm-Z
- n-sbpw
kt-ia
- m-bn-cp-p. Av Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse
t{X--sfmw lnp-k-ap-Zm-b-n\v kh
Ah hyXym-k-an-msX Xpd-p-sIm-Sp-p.
lnp-{]-P-I-fn Bpw Xs Ah-cpsS P\-\tam, PmXn-tbm, kap-Zm-btam ImcWw lnp aX-hnizm-k-ns imnbpw kmz-\hpw \ntj-[n-s-Sm ]mSn F-Xm-bn-cpp Cu hnfw-_-cns {][m\ eyw.
IogvPm-Xn-m-cpsS Ah-i-X-Iv ]cn-lmcw
ImWp--Xn\v Htsd \thm-m\ \mb-I Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dn Dbp-h-n-cp-p.
N-n-kzm-an-I, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp, AIm-fn,
tUm. ]ev]p, Ipam-c-\m-im, kn.-hn. Ipp-cma, Sn.-sI. am[-h XpS-n-b-h A\m-Nm-cs-Xnsc i-ambn {]Xn-I-cn--h-cm-Wv. PmXoNcn-{X-{]-kn--amb Cu hnfw-_cw
\S- n- b - t m Xncp- h n- X mw- I q- alm- c m- P mhns Znhm k.-kn.-]n. cma-kzman A-cm-bn-cpp. 1947- ae-_m-dnse t{X--fpw, 1948-
sImn-bnse t{X-fpw CX-\p-k-cnv Fm
lnp- pw Xpd- p- s Im- S p- m
Xm- d mbn.

b-amb D-\o-N-Xz- ImcWw

AhW lnp- hym]-Iambn aX-]-cn-h-\-n\v
Xm-dm-bXv t{X-{]-th-i-\n\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]mSv
FSp-m t{]cn-n-n-cp-p.
lnp-aXw Dt]-n-m Zfn-XtcmSv Awt_-ZvI Blzm\w
sNbvXXpw Cu Ime-L--n-embn-cp-p. Kpcp-hm-bq kXym-{Klw, sshw kXym-{Klw
Fnh t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw_-c-n\v kzm[o\w sNep-nbn-p-v. 1917-se tlmwdq
{]tm` Imev t{X-{]-thi-\-sa Bibw kPo-h-am-bncp-p. A-e-p-g, ipNo-{w,
Xncp-hmv XpS-nb e-fnepw t{X-{]-th-i-\-n\mbn A[x-Ir-X-cp-sSbpw
]ptcm-K-a\ in-I-fp-sSbpw
kacw \S-n-cp-p.
1932- t{X-{]-th-i\w
kw_-nv dntmv \Im
Znhm hn.-F-kv. kp{_-Wy
A Ay--\mbn Fw-Kk-an-Xnsb alm-cm-Pmhv \ntbmKn-n-cp-p. tdmUp-Ifpw s]mXpIp-f-fpw Fm hn`mKw P\p-ambn Xpdp sImSp-W-sa-mWv kanXn 1936-
ip]mi sNbvX-Xv. Fm
t{X-{]-th-i-\-s-p-dnv
bmsXmcp ]cm-aihpw kanXn
\S-n-b-tX-bn-. 1829- kXn
\ntcm-[n tijw kzX{
]qh Cy-bnse Ghpw
henb kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIm-camWv t{X-{]-th-i\ hnfw_csav IW-m--s-Sp-p.

sk]vXw_ 5
Iq kacw
sImnbn Zzn`cWw. BZys P\Iob a{nk`
A[nImcn. Amv inhcmatat\m sImn 1941- emWv ae- _ m- d n Iq
kacw \S- - X v . Iyq- W nv
tIm{Kknse BZy P\Ioba{n.
t\Xm-fpsS taep t]meokv
1940 amv 19
th Ah-km-\n-n-m-\m-bn-cpp
]nhmk PesshZypX ]Xn Bcw`np.
Iq- c nepw kao] {]tZ- i - sk]vXw_ 15
fnepw {]tm` ka-c--fp-mNn{XIem]cnjv cq]wsImp. efnXIem AmZanbpsS b- X v . PmYmw- K - s- X nsc
Adv hmdv {]Jym- ] n- p.
aptmSn.
t]meokv a- \ - n- s \- X nsc
1941
IjI kwLhpw Iyq-Wn-v
Xncph\]pcw tImtdj cq]oIcn-p. Bephbn ]mSnbpw {]Xn-tj[ {]I-S\w
Cy Aeqan\nbw I\n.
\S-n. {]I-S\
-
- n-\n-Sb
- n aZPq 18
\-n\v t\XrXzw sImSp Hcp
Amfn (P\\w: 1863 BKv 28) Acnp.
t]meo-kp-Im-c c-s-Sm-\mbn
]pg-bn NmSn-sb-nepw ac-W1942
tIW tKmZhcmPmbpsS t\XrXzn XncphnXmwIq s- p. t]meo- k p- I m- c s acWs XpSv \nc-h[n Ad-psImn ^pSvt_m Atkm.
Ifpw a-\--fp-ap-m-bn. Iayq1943 amv 12
Wnv ]mSn-bp-sSbpw IjI
Xncph\]pcw tdUntbm\nebw Bcw`np. {]t]Ww kwL- n- s bpw
\mev
BgvNbn HcpZnhkw am{Xw.
{]h- I sc Xqn- t e- m
amv 29
hn[n-bp-m-bn. tImbn-m-n
Iq kacnse {]XnIv (aTn A_p, s]mShc Nncp-I-WvT, aT-n Ap,
Ipp\mb, tImbnmn NncpI, ]n s]mS- h c Ip- p- \ m- b ,
A_q_) h[in. Hcmsf ssa\ BsWXn\m A_q- _ - Fn- h mWv
h[-in \In-b-Xv. Nqcn-m(kn.sI. \ym) h[inbn \nv Hgnhmn.
S Irjv W \m- b sc {]mbUnkw_
]qn-bm-Im--Xn-\m
tIcf{Kmeb kwLw.
ZpKpW ]cn-lmc ime-bn-tev
IayqWnv ]mnbpsS tIcf LSIw Hmw kwm\ Ab-p. 1943 amv 29-\v Chsc
ktf\w tImgntmv, ]n. IrjvW]n sk{Idn.
Xqn-te-n.

Iayq-Wnv ]mn-bpsS cq]o-Ic

- Ww

1937- tImgn-tmv
Cy \mj-W tIm{K-kn Hcphn`mKw
cl-ky-tbmKw tNv sI.
tIm{K-kp-Im tIm{Kkv tkmjy-en-v F
Zmtam-Z-c, ]n. IrjvW-]n-, C.t]cn {]hn-n-cp-p. Ch CS-Xp-] at\mFw.-F-kv, F.-kn. tiJ Fn-h`m-h-ap--h-cm-bn-cp-p. CXn-\n-S-bn Xncp-h-\-cpsS kmn- [ y- n Iayq- W nv
]p-cv 1931- F. kn tiJ-dns t\Xr-Xz]mn cq]o-I-cn-m Xocp-am-\-am-bn.
n Iayq-Wnv eoKv Fsmcp kwL-S\
1939 Unkw-_-dn ae-_m-dnse ]nW-dm{]h\w XpS-n. Av Iayq-Wnv ]mnv
bn shv \S kt- f - \ - n
\ntcm- [ - \ - a p- m- b n- c p- p. AXp- s Im- mWv
tIm{K-knse tkmjy-env hn`mKw
tIm{K-knse ]ptcm-Ka
- \
- h
- m-Zn-I tkmjy-env
Iayq-Wnv ]mn-bmbn cq]m-cw
F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sm CS-h-Xv.
{]m]n-p.
Iayq-Wnv ]mn-p \ntcm-[\w \op-Xp-hsc tIm{K-kp-Im-cmbn {]hn-m IayqWn-p-Im Xocp-am-\n-p.

N-n-kzm-an-I
]c-a-`-m-Nmcy hnZym-[n-cmP N-n-kzm-an-I
tIc-f-nse \thm-m-\- Ime-L--n \nWmb-I-amb ]p-h-ln Bobm-Nm-cy-\m-Wv. lnpa-X-nse {_m-Wm-[n-]Xyns\ tNmZyw
sNbvXp-sIm-mWv N-n-kzm-an-I s]mXp-cwKv kPo-h-am-b-Xv.
Xncp-h-\--]p-cv I-q-e-bn- 1853 BKv
25\mWv P\-\w. A--s\-mWv bYmY t]scnepw Ip-s\ Hma\tcn-emWv sNdp-n Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv. kwkvIrXw ]Tn--Xn\p-tijw If-cn-bn tNp. AhnsS mkv
eoU F A-n N-n-m\w t\Sn.
XpSv Nn F t]cn Adn-bm XpS-n-.
Zn-tW-y-bpsS ]e `mKpw k\ymkw
kzoI-cnp Npn-\-S-p. D]-\n-j-p-Ifpw a{-X{-fpw tbmKm-k-\w, a-hn-Zy, kwKoXw XpSn-b-h-bn ]mWvUnXyw t\Sn. ]pcm-W-sfbpw BNm-c--sfbpw bpn-bpsS shfn-n-emWv Atlw hni-Zo-I-cn-p--Xv.
{io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw N-n-kzm-an-Ifpw
Xn ZrV-amb _w \ne-\nn-bn-cp-p.
1914- Fgp-a-q-cn ]c-a-`-m-cm-{iaw m]n-

p. ss__n-fnepw Jpdm-\nepw
kzmanv \ ]mWvUn-Xy-ap-mbn-cp-p. "{InkvXp-a-X- kmcw'
F ]pkvX-Ihpw cNn-n-p-v.
{]mNo\ ae-bm-fw, thZm-[n-Imc
\ncq-]-Ww, AssZzX Nnm-]Xn XpS-n-bh kzman-I-fpsS
{]kn IrXn-I-fm-Wv. {ZmhnU
kwkvImcw al--c-am-sWv
kzman sXfn-bn-p. \mb hwiP-cn B-hn-izmkw
hfp hn[nemWv
kzman {]hnncpXv.
1924 tabv 5\v kam[nbmbn.

D-c-hmZ {]tm`w
Cy-bn-em-I-am\w hym]n-n-cp kzmX-{y-k-ac {]tm-`- tIc-f-n khnti-j-amb Xc-n-emWv ]S-Xv. ap-Xp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-tm-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-n
kzmX{yw F-Xns Aw {_no-jp-Im-cn \np cmjv{Sob kzmX {yw am{Xa-, kzw \mnse Pn-am-cpsSbpw \mSp-hm-gn-If
- p-sSbpw av A[n-Im-ct- I-{-f
- p-sSbpw
Fm-hn-[-n-ep-ap Nqj-W-n \np tamN\w Fp-IqSn Bbn-o-tc--Xpmbn-cp-p. kzmX-{y-ka
- c
-
- n Cs\ hK-]c
- a
- mb D-Sw IqSn Dm-hp-Ibpw
AXv hnP-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp FXv tIc-f-ns khn-ti-j-amb cmjv-{Sob hynXz-am-Wv.
1938- Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Znhm-\m-bn-cp k kn.-]n. cma-kzman As-Xnsc kac-{]-Jym-]\w Dm-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse P\--tfmSv D-c-hm-Z-s `cWw t\Sn-sbSp-pI F-Xmbncpp AXns eyw. P\-Iob apt--n\v Sn.-Fw. hKo-kv,
kn. tIi-h, F.-sP. tPm, F \mcm-b-W-]n Fn-h t\XrXzw \In.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq tv tIm{Kkv, bqv eoKv t\Xm--fmb s]md {io[, B.
{ioI-WvT\m-b Fn-hcpw CXn ]s-Sp-p. t\Xm-sf Adv sNbvXpw \ntcm[-\m {]Jym-]npw `c-W-t\-Xm- ka-cs Cm-Xm-m {ian-p. 1946- ]p{]-bnepw hb-em-dnepw Pn-Xz-n-s\-Xn-cmbn IjI ka-chpw Dm-bn. HSp-hn 1947
Pqsse 25-\v Znhm kn.-]n.v sht-p. AXn-s\-p-Sv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq Cy
bqWn-b-\n tNp--Xn\v cmPmhv Xocp-am-\n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sImn-bn BZyw `mKn-I-ambn D-c-hm-Z-`-cWw \S-m-n. ]noSv 1946- ]qWambpw D-c-hm-Z-`-cWw \ne-hn hp.

1945 P\phcn 15
XncphnXmwIqdn Atacn tamU `cWw
kn.]n. \nbak`bn {]Jym]np. "Atacn tamU
Ad_nSen' Fv IayqWnv ]mn.
1946 sk]vXw_ 9
sImnbn BZy P\Iob a{nk`.
sk]vXw_ 25
XncphnXmwIqdnse t{SUv bqWnb\pIfpsS {]Xn\n[ntbmKw
Bepgbn IqSn DchmZ`cWn\pthn ]WnapSm
Xocpam\saSpp. tv tIm{Kkv kacn \npw
]namdn.
Htm_ 1
IayqWnv ]mnsbbpw t{SUv bqWnb\pIsfbpw kn.]n.
cmakzman A \ntcm[np.
Htm_ 22
DchmZ`cWn\pthn IayqWnv t\XrXzn
XncphnXmwIqdn t{SUv bqWnb\pIfpsS ]WnapSv.
Htm_ 26
t]meokv sXmgnemfn Gpapen (]p{]) Hcp
Ckvs]IvS sImsp.
Htm_ 27
hbemdn sXmgnemfnIfpsS Iymp hfv t]meokv
B{IaWw. \nch[n acWw.

1947
Cybnse BZys cmkhf \nmWime F^v.F.kn.n.
(FACT) BephmbvSpv DtZymKaWvUen.
G{]n 11,12
sFIy tIcf ktf\w (Xr-q). sI. tIf A[y-
Pq 12
a{Zmkv kmcns t{X {]thi\ \nbaw.
Kpcphmbq t{Xnepw AhW lnpv
{]thi\w.
Pqsse 25
kzmXn Xncp\m iXm_vZnbmtLmj thfbn kn.]n.sb
sI.kn.Fkv.aWn shn]cntev]np.
Xncph\]pcw tdUntbm {]t]Ww Fm- Zn-hkhpw.
BKv 15 Cybvv kzX{yw e`np
BKv 19
k kn.]n. Znhm ]Zw cmPnhp.
Unkw_
sImnbn t{X{]thi\ \nbaw.
1948
sImnbnse s]mXpsXcsSpn {]PmaWvUen\p
`qcn]w. Chmcy a{nk` A[nImcn.

]p-{]-h
- b
- e
- m
kacw
1946 BK-v--\-hw_ amk-fn \S ]p-{]--h-b-em
ka-c--fm-bn-cp-p kzmX-{y-ka- c - ns `mK- a mbn tIc- f n \S ka- c - - f n
Ghpw c-cq-nXw.
Cyv kzmX{yw e`n-psambtm k kn.-]n. Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ kzX{ cmPyambn amm {iaw XpS- n.
"Ata-cn- tamU' FmWv
]pXnb `c-W-L-S\ Adn-b-s-Xv . Iayq- W n- p- I mcpw tv
tIm{K- k p- I mcpw CXns\
i-ambn FXnp. "Ata-cn tamU Ad-_n--S-en'
F ap{Zm-hm-Iy-hp-ambn Ah
cwK- n- d - n. sXmgn- e m- f n- I
H-Sw Iayq-Wnv sImSn-ogn AWn-\n-c-p. Cu kacw
km{am- P y- X z- n\pw Pn- n\pw FXn-cmb t]mcm--ambn
amdn. Iayq-Wnv ]mSnsb \ntcm[n-Xv ka-c-hocyw h[n-n-m\n- S - b m- n. hb- e m men
F-dn-b-s kn sI Ipam-c-Wn- m- c mWv ka- c - v
t\XrXzw \In-b-Xv.
1946 HIv t Sm- _ 24- - \ m- b ncpp ]p- { ]- b n t]meokv
shSn-hbvv \S--Xv. HIvtSm-_
27\v hb-em-dnepw shSn-hbvv
\S-p. Znhms tXmv ssk
\ys hmcn-p---fp-ambn
t\cn-Sp-I-bmWv sXmgn-em-fn-I
sNbvX-Xv. \qdp-I-W-n\v sXmgnem-fn-I-fmWv sIm-s--Xv. ]p{]-bnepw hb-em-dn-ep-ambn \S
shSn- h - b v n Bbn- c - n- e [nIw t]cmWv sIm-s--sXv
hniz-kn--s-Sp-p.
1990- tI{ Khsa v
ka- c s kzmX- { y- k - a - c ns `mK-ambn AwKo-I-cn-p.

AImfn
tIc-f-n ]ntm hn`m-K--fpsS
D-a-\-n-\mbn {]hn kmaq-lnI
]cn-jvIm-hmWv AIm-fn. Xncp-h\]p-cv shm-\q-cn A]p-ebs aI-\mbn 1863 P\np.
kh bmYm-n-Xn-I-cpsS aZ-\s-Xn-scbpw ASn-a--n-s\-Xnscbpw kmc kzmX-{y-n\p thnbp-ap ka-c-am-bn-cpp A-mfn XpSn- h - - X v .
XmW PmXn-m-c-\m-b-Xp-sImv Hu]Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymkw e`n-n-. XmW-hmv \ntj-[n-n-cp ]eXpw sNm
Atlw ss[cyw {]I-Sn-n-p. kz-ambn
Imf-hn hmn-bXpw taappw
sh _\n-b\pw Xe-mhpw [cnv
s]mXp-\n-c-n-eqsS k-cn-Xv {]amWn
hK-n\v Xmo-Xmbn amdn. bmYm-nXnI khW-hK-n\n-p ]oU-\-s-Xnsc sNdp-p-\nm
kzw A\p-bm-bn-Iv Imbn-Im-`ym-k-n\v th Gm-Sp-Ifpw Atlw
sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-p. kap-Zm-b-n-ep--h AImfn bP-am-\ FmWv BZc-thmsS At-ls hnfn--Xv.
s]mXp-\n-c-n-eqsS \S-m-\p kzmX-{ys FXn-Xn\v 1896- _me-cm-a]p-cp Nmen-bam-cp-ambn Hcp elf Xs \S-p. AXns\ Nmen-b-scphv
elf FmWv ]d-bp--Xv.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn Ij-I-sm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS BZys ]Wn-ap-Sv kacw
\bn-Xv A-m-fn-bm-Wv. ]mS- Xcn-inv sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ]n-Wn-n-snepw kacw Icp-mn-p. A-mfn t\XrXzw sImSp "km[p-P\ ]cn]m-e\ kwLw' Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq km-cn\v \nth-Z\w kan-Xns\ XpSv
IjI sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-ambn N-bp-m-bn. HSp-hn 1905 kacw HpXom- b n.
khW- bmYm-n-Xn-I-cpsS Incm-X-amb a\\S-]-Sn-Isf sNdp-m-\mbn
A[xnX hn`m-K- AIm-fn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-n {]Xym-{I-aWw \Sm Xocp-am-\n-p. 1915- sImv ]ocn ssaXm-\v tN alm-tbm-Kn shv PmXob-X-bpsS AS-bm-f-amb Ip-ame Adp-p-am-m Atlw
kv{XoI-tfmSv Bh-iy-s-p. CXptIv kv{XoI Bth-i-tmsS Ip-ame Adpp-am-n. Iogm-f \S-nb hnh kmaq-lnI apt--am-bn-cpp CXv.
]pe-bp-thn 1901 shm-\q-cn Hcp ]n-qSw m]n-p. aX-]-cnh-\-n\v Xm-dm-Ip anj-W-dn-amsc A-mfn At-bw FXnp.
lnp-a-X-nse {Iqc-X-Isf \nin-X-ambn hnain-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v.
]m-q-cn "{_-\n-jvTmaTw' F t]cn Hcp ktXw cq]o-I-cn-p.
kmaq-ln-Im-k-aXzw A\p-`-hn-p Bpw {]hn-m-\p asmcp ]-XnbmWv "km[p-P\ ]cn-]m-e-\-kwLw' F t]cn AImfn cq]o-I-cn--Xv.
1911- At-ls Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq \nb-a-\nm-W-k-`-bn XmW PmXn-mcpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn t\man-t\v sNbvXp. 1914- ac-W-a-S-p.

hn.-Sn. `-Xn-cn-mSv
tIc-f-nse {]i-kvX-\mb kmaq-lnI
\thm-m\ \mb-I\pw \mS-I-Irpw.
tag-q-cn shn-n-cpn Xmgv a\bv-en-emWv hn.-Sn. `-Xn-cn-m-Sns P\-\w.
\q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-nse A\m-Nm-csf Cm-Xm-m Atlw {]hn-p.
tbmK-ta k`-bpsS {]h-I-\mbn
XoXpw B eyw apn Ip-X-sbm-Wv.
an{i-t`m-P\w \S-n-bXpw A-\ tLmjm -_-ln-jvI-cn--W-sav
{]tabw ]mkm-n-bXpw tbmK-t-a-bpsS
BZy-Ime t\-am-bn-cp-p. AP-\-
hn.-Sn. {]kw-Kn-n-cp kvIqfn-tev adpS CmsX Ib-dn-s--XmWv BZys
tLmjm _ln-jvI-c-Ww. A-c-
Fgp-Xm ]Tn-Xv ]Xn-t\gp hb-n-\p-tij-am-Wv. \ho\ hnZym-`ymkw sImt
\q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-m ]q Fmbn-cpp At-l-ns Dd hnizm-kw.
hn[hm hnhm-lw, an{i-hn-hm-lw Fn-s\ kap-Zm-b-n am- hcp-m
hn.-Sn. apI-s-Sp-p.
1935- hn[-h-bmb `mcym ktlm-Z-cnsb Fw.-B.-_n-sb-smv hnhmlw Ignnv hn[hm hnhmln\v XpSw Ipdn-p. 1940- ktlm-Z-cnsb cmL-h--Wnsc sImv hnhmlw Ign-nv an{i-hn-hm-l-n\v Xncn-sIm-fp-n. Ghpw Cfb
ktlm-Z-cnsb Imv IrjvW Fv Cugh\v hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-p.
1931- Alw tIc-f-ns hSt Aw hsc bmN-\mbm{X \S-n. Xriq-cnse \q-Xncn aT-n ]Tn-p
hnZymYn-I-mbn [\-ti-J-cWw \S-p-I-bm-bn-cpp
CXns Dt-iw. al-mb kt-i-ns {]Nm-c-W-amWv
CXp-hgn Atlw eyw-sh--Xv.
C.-Fw.-F-kp-ambn \ kulr-Z-n-em-bn-cp-p. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns
BZi--tfmSv ASpw tXmnb hn.Sn. `-Xn-cn-mSv Fkv.-F.-Un.-]n. kwL-S-\tbm-sSmw {]hn-n-cp-p.
\q-Xncn _nv bmYm-n-Xn-I-cpsS FXnv aqew \nb-a-amm-\m-bn-. CXn-s\-p-Sv "ASp--f-bn\nv Ac-tv' F \mS-Iw Ah-X-cn-nv \q-Xncn kap-Zm-bnse A\m-Nm-c-sf Xpd-p-Im-Wn-m At-l-n\v
Ign-p. \nc-h[n FXnp-Isf AXn-Po-hn-mWv Cu
\mSIw hnP-bn-n-Xv.
kvam hnNmcw \Sn {`jvSv In--s Ipdn-tb-Sv Xm{Xnsb ""kvacn-s-tS \thm-m\ \mbn-I-'' sb-mWv Atlw hnti-jn-n--Xv.
"Iocpw In\mhpw' F B-IY 1970- {]kn--s-Sp-n-bn-p-v.

s^{_phcn 2:6
XncphnXmwIqdn BZy s]mXp sXcsSpv.
amv 24
]wXmWp]n apJya{nbmbn XncphnXmwIqdn BZy
P\Iob a{nk`.
G{]n 30
Hnbw shSnshbvv.
Htm_ 9
Cy \mjW tIm{Kn tv tIm{Kkv ebnp.
Htm_ 17
]w XmWp-]n a{nk` Ahnizmk{]tabspSv
cmPnhp.
Htm_ 22
]dhq Sn.sI. \mcmbW]n apJya{n. an\naw thPkv
BIvSv.
1949 Pqsse
Xncp:sImn kwtbmP\w.
1950 P\phcn 2
Xncp:sImnbn IayqWnv ]mnv \ntcm[\w.
G{]n 1
XncphnXmwIq tdUntbm \nebw F.sF.B. GsSpp.
sabv 14
tImgntmSv BImihmWn \nebw. ae_m ]mbv
Bv.
dheyqjWdn tkmjyenv ]mn (B.Fkv.]n.) cq]wsImp.
s]cpmhqcn {SmhIq dtbmkv enanUv (Cybnse
BZys dtbmkv ^mIvSdn).
1952 amv 13
F.sP.tPmWns t\XrXzn Xncp:sImn a{nk`.
Unkw_ 24
Cy sdb Fvkv I\n (Bep-h).
{]Pm tkmjyenv ]mn (]n.Fkv. ]n.) cq]oIcnp.
1953 P\phcn 6
XncpsImn ]nIv kokv Ioj dKptej.
1954 \hw_ 1
agn (amln), av {^[o\ {]tZi Cy bqWnb\n.
1955
XncpsImnbn IpSnInSv Hgnn \ntcm[\ \nbaw.
1956 \hw_ 1
`mjmSnm\n tIcf kwm\w \nehn hp.
\hw_ 20
tUm. _n. cmaIrjvWdmhp tIcf KhW.

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