SDH Basics

Objectives
> Introduction to SDH
> > > > > > > > >
Multiplexing STM-1 frame Virtual Containers (VCs) TU coordinates STM-N frame SDH layers and trails SDH network elements SDH overhead Mapping

Introduction

What is SDH?
> SDH = Synchronous Digital Hierarchy > It is a transport network
> > > > > > > >
synchronous fully standardized with high bandwidth for synchronous and asynchronous signals for future broadband signals and new services with standardized network management capabilities with traffic protection with a flexible multiplexing structure
> direct access to tributaries > cross-connections without demultiplexing

Network Elements

Digital Transmission System

Regenerator

> Regenerator
> Recreates the signal. > Multiplexer (MUX)
> Multiplexer combines data from
several lines and transmits it over a higher-capacity data link.
No signal

100 km

R
MUX MUX

100 km

Multiplexer Naming Conventions

aggregate aggregate

TM m/n

ADM m/n
tributaries

aggregate

> Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

> All traffic is terminated here. > m: aggregate level > n: lowest tributary level

> Add-Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

> Part of the traffic is terminated. > Part of the traffic goes transparently
through.

Digital Cross-connect (DXC m/n)

> No traffic is terminated. > Cross-connection
MUX MUX

matrix connects tributary signals of one aggregate to another aggregate.

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX MUX

MUX

MUX

MUX MUX MUX MUX MUX

MUX

PDH vs. SDH

PDH vs. SDH Bit Rates

PDH
E0
E1 E2 E3
synchronous plesiochronous plesiochronous

Hierarchy level USA 0 64 kbit/s T0 1 1.544 Mbit/s T1 (24x) 2 6.312 Mbit/s DS-2 (4x) 3 44.736 Mbit/s DS-3 (7x) 4

Europe 64 kbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s 8.448 Mbit/s 34.368 Mbit/s 139.264 Mbit/s

E0 E1 (32x) E2 (4x) E3 (4x) E4 (4x)

E4
plesiochronous

SDH
E1 (2.048 Mbit/s) T1 (1.544 Mbit/s) DS-2 (6.312 Mbit/s) E3 (34.368 Mbit/s) DS-3 (44.736 Mbit/s) E4 (139.264 Mbit/s) ATM etc.

TM

STM-1

SONET (ANSI) STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48

SDH (ITU-T) STM-1 STM-4

STM-16 STM-64 STM-256

Data rate (Mbps) 51.84 155.52 466.56 622.08 933.12 1244.16 1866.24 2488.32 9953.28 39813.12

TM

STM-4

TM

STM-16

PDH vs. SDH Add & Drop Function

E3

E4

TM 4/3 TM 3/2 TM 2/1

E3 E3 E2 E2 E2 E1

TM 4/3 TM 3/2 TM 2/1

E4

E1
E1

PDH
Six TMs needed to drop E1
STM-4

E1 (2.048 kbit/s)

SDH
STM-4

ADM

One ADM is enough to drop E1

STM-1 Frame

STM-1 Frame
270 columns (bytes) 9 3 261

9 rows (bytes)

RSOH AU-4 pointers Payload VC-4 (HO-VC)

MSOH

2430 bytes/frame 8 bit/byte 8000 frame/s = 155.52 Mbit/s transmitted from left to right and top to bottom

Virtual Containers (VCs)

T1 (1.544 Mbit/s)

E1 (2.048 Mbit/s)

C4
VC-11

4. level 140 Mbit/s

C3
C2 C1.2

3. level 34/45 Mbit/s

2. level 6 Mbit/s 1. level 2 Mbit/s 1. level 1.55 Mbit/s Mapping

VC-12 DS-2 (6.312 Mbit/s)

DS-3 (44.736 Mbit/s) E3 (34.368 Mbit/s)

VC-2 ATM cells

C1.1

VC-3

E4 (139.264 Mbit/s)

VC-4

SDH Multiplexing Structure (ETSI)

N 1

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
3

C-4
1

139 264 kbit/s

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

44 736 kbit/s 34 368 kbit/s

7 1

TUG-2
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

TU-2
3
TU-12

VC-2

C-2

6312 kbit/s

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s

VC-11

C-11

1544 kbit/s

C-n Container-n

TTP
End of trail Contains: path trace, signal label, error detection

CTP
Passing connection Contains: payload pointer...

ITU-T

Tellabs 6300 SDH Multiplexing Structure

N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
3

C-4
1

139 264 kbit/s Gb Ethernet

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

44 736 kbit/s 34 368 kbit/s

TUG-2
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

3
TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s Fast Ethernet

C-n Container-n

Tellabs 8100 SDH Multiplexing Structure

N

STM-N

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
3

TUG-3

TUG-2
Pointer processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping

TU-2
3
TU-12

VC-2

C-2

n x 8, n x 64 kbit/s

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s n x 8, n x 64 kbit/s

C-n Container-n

KLM Coordinates
RSOH AU-4 pointers MSOH Payload VC-4 (HO-VC)

TUG3-1
V TU12-1 TU12-2 TU12-3 C 4 P O H

TUG3-2

TUG3-3

K
TUG2-1

TUG2-2
TUG2-3 TUG2-4
VC-3

VC-12

TUG2-5 TUG2-6

TUG-3 number (values 1-3) TUG-2 number (values 0-7) TU-12 number (values 0-3)

VC-2

TUG2-7 KLM: 170 KLM: 300

KLM: 152

STM-N Frame

STM-N Frame
> One SOH > AU pointers for every VC-4 > N VC-4s
270 N columns (bytes) 9N 261 N

Synchronous Transport Module STM-1

Line Rate Mbit/s 155.520

STM-4
STM-16 STM-64

622.080
2488.320 9953.280

Section overhead SOH Administrative unit pointer(s) STM-N payload Section overhead SOH 9 rows

3 4 5

9
T1518000-95

Multiplexing of AU into STM-N

> AU-4 is placed directly in the AUG. > N AUGs are one-byte interleaved into STM-N with fixed phase.
1 1 9 #1 261 1 1 9 #N 261

AUG 123...N123...N

AUG

RSOH 123...N123...N MSOH N9

N 261 STM-N

123 ... N T1518050-95

Figure 7-1/G.707

SDH Trails

SDH Layers
PSTN ISDN ATM IP

Client Server

LOP (VC-12, VC-2, VC-3) HOP (VC-4) MS RS OS, ES

Lower-Order Higher-Order

Multiplex
Regenerator Physical

SDH Trails 1(2)

TM LO ADM HO DXC LO TM LO

R
RS trail RS trail

R
RS trail MS trail LO Path

RS trail

RS trail

MS trail
HO Path

MS trail
HO Path

> > > > >

Trail: Route between two Trail Termination Points (TTP) TTP: Point where signal is terminated RS trail: Regenerator Section trail (or just RS) is between regenerators MS trail: Multiplex Section trail (or just MS) is between multiplexers Path (P): Trail in path layer (HOP or LOP)

SDH Trails 2(2)

LO

LO path

LO

LO matrix
HO

LO matrix
HO path
HO HO

HO path

HO

HO matrix
MS

MS trail

MS

MS

MS trail

MS

MS

MS trail

MS

RS

RS trail

RS

RS

RS trail

RS

RS

RS trail

RS

RS

RS trail

RS

RS

RS trail

RS

Regenerator
STM-N STM-N

REG

> Regenerates the optical signal. > Terminates RSOH.

Terminal Multiplexer
STM-N or PDH STM-M

TM

> Terminates RSOH and MSOH. > May terminate HOP and LOP overhead.

> Multiplexes/maps tributary signals

> Includes timing and management functions.

Add/drop Multiplexer
STM-M STM-M

ADM

STM-N or PDH

> > > > >

Terminates RSOH and MSOH. May terminate HOP and LOP overhead. Includes connection function between the two aggregates. Multiplexes/maps tributary signals. Includes a connection function for allocation of TUs within the STM frame. > Includes timing and management functions.

Cross-connect

STM-M

DXC

STM-M

STM-N or PDH

> Terminates RSOH and MSOH. > Includes connection function between the aggregates. > Can have tributary ports, for which it may terminate HOP
and LOP overhead. > Includes timing and management functions.

Example of Cross-connect (XC)

SDXC 4/1
STM-16 STM-4 STM-1

16 x 4x 1x AUG
HO XC SDH multiplexer

16 x 4x 1x

STM-16 STM-4 STM-1

VC-4
LO XC

VC-12
2(1.5) Mbit/s

VC-3
34 (45) Mbit/s

SDH Overhead

SDH Overhead
> Overheads carry information for monitoring, maintaining and
controlling the operation of network. > Overhead types > POH for end-to-end monitoring of payload signal
(VC-12, VC-3 and VC-4) > Block errors, far end alarms, trace and payload type > SOH is used for monitoring of signal between SDH equipment. > RSOH: block errors, trace and TMN communication > MSOH: block errors, synchronization, TMN communication and
far-end alarms
270 9 3 9 5 RSOH
POINTER

260

MSOH

P O H

RSOH
RSOH RSOH RSOH PTR MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 A1 B1 D1 H1 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 2 A1 R1 R4 Y1 B2 U9 U15 U21 Z12 3 A1 R2 R5 Y2 B2 U10 U16 U22 Z13 4 A2 E1 D2 H2 K1 D5 D8 D11 Z21 5 A2 R3 R6 1 U5 U11 U17 U23 Z22 6 A2 U1 U2 1 U6 U12 U18 U24 M1 7 J0 F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 8 NU1 NU3 U3 H3 U7 U13 U19 U25 NU5 9 NU2 NU4 U4 H3 U8 U14 U20 U26 NU6

> > > > > >

A1, A2 J0 B1 E1 F1 D1, D2, D3

> NU1, NU2, NU3, NU4 > R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 > U1, U2, U3, U4

framing patterns (F6H), (28H) regenerator section Trail Trace Identifier (TTI) BIP-8 parity byte RS orderwire channel (service telephone) user (network operator) data channel regenerator section Data Communication Channel (DCCR) bytes reserved for national use media specific bytes (e.g. radio link) bytes with no defined use

MSOH
RSOH RSOH RSOH PTR MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH MSOH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 A1 B1 D1 H1 B2 D4 D7 D10 S1 2 A1 R1 R4 Y1 B2 U9 U15 U21 Z12 3 A1 R2 R5 Y2 B2 U10 U16 U22 Z13 4 A2 E1 D2 H2 K1 D5 D8 D11 Z21 5 A2 R3 R6 1 U5 U11 U17 U23 Z22 6 A2 U1 U2 1 U6 U12 U18 U24 M1 7 J0 F1 D3 H3 K2 D6 D9 D12 E2 8 NU1 NU3 U3 H3 U7 U13 U19 U25 NU5 9 NU2 NU4 U4 H3 U8 U14 U20 U26 NU6

> B2 > K1, K2

> > > > > > >
D4 to D12 S1 M1 E2 NU5, NU6 U5 to U26 Z12, Z13, Z21, Z22

BIP-24 parity bytes Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel, bit oriented protocol (bits 1-5), Remote Defect Indication (RDI) (bits 6-8) multiplex section Data Communication Channel (DCCM) synchronization status (bits 5-8) Remote Error Indication (REI) MS orderwire channel (service telephone) bytes reserved for national use bytes with no defined use bytes with no defined use

VC-4 and VC-3 POH

J1 B3 C2 G1 Trail Trace Identifier Parity BIP-8 Signal label (C2), used for payload type identification Path status
REI RDI 5 Reserved 6 7 Spare 8 1 2 3 4

POH J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

REI Remote Error Indication

RDI Remote Defect Indication

F2 H4 F3 K3 N1

Network operator (user) channel Multiframe indicator, a sequence indicating TU-multiframe phase (position of VC-12/VC-2) Network operator (user) channel Automatic Protection Switching (bits 1-4) Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM, optional use in multioperator environments

VC-2 and VC-12 POH

V5
J2 N2 K4

POH J2 N2

K4

V5

Trail Trace Identifier Tandem Connection Monitoring TCM, optional use in multioperator environments Automatic Protection Switching (bits 1-4), additional information for RDI (bits 5-7) (optional) Signal monitoring
1 2 3 BIP-2 BIP-2 REI

V5 4 5 RFI SL

6 SL

7 SL

8 RDI

Parity BIP-2 Remote Error Indication (REI) Remote Failure Indication (RFI), only for VC-11 (not in ETSI) Signal label (SL) Remote defect indication (RDI)

PDH over SDH

PDH over SDH

TU12
TU Pointer

> Container (C)

Path Overhead

VC12

> Basic payload unit > Virtual Container (VC) > C + POH (path
overhead)

POH POH

C12
Justification bytes

> Tributary Unit (TU)

> VC + pointer > The pointer indicates
the start of the VC and allows dynamic alignment of the VC within the TU frame.

Virtual Container

Container

2 Mbit/s plesiochronous stream

Mapping

Mapping
> Mapping is a process where tributaries (Containers) are
adapted to VC at boundary of SDH network.

Asynchronous PDH signal is not synchronized with SDH Justification needed access to 2048 kbit/s Defined for: 139M, 45M, 34M, 6M, 2M, 1.5M

Bit synchronous PDH and SDH are synchronized but not the PDH frame (if any) In SONET only

Byte synchronous PDH and SDH are synchronized and also the PDH frame Direct access to 64 kbit/s signal Defined for: 2M, 3164 kbit/s, 1.5M

Defined for: 6M, 1.5M

Virtual Containers (VCs)

GMX, GMU(-A/M)
VC-11

VC-2
VC-12

SBU

63x0 2M

63x0 140M

VC-4

63x0 34/45M > VC-12 mapping method

> 63x0 2M: asynchronous > GMX & GMU-A: byte synchronous and
VC-3
asynchronous > GMU & GMU-M: byte synchronous > SBU: asynchronous

Asynchronous 2048 kbit/s

1st frame

V5 RRRRRRRR 32 bytes RRRRRRRR J2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 bytes RRRRRRRR N2 C1 C2 O O O O R R 32 bytes RRRRRRRR K4 C1 C2 R R R R R S1 S2 D D D D D D D 31 bytes RRRRRRRR

140 octets

> Four VC-12 POH bytes

(V5, J2, N2 and K4) > 1023 data bits > Six justification control bits
> C1C1C1=111
S1 is a justification bit (data bit). > C2C2C2=111 S2 is a justification bit (data bit). > Majority vote should be used.

2nd frame 3rd frame

> Eight overhead communication

channel bits (0) > 49 fixed stuff bits (R)

4th frame

Byte Synchronous 2048 kbit/s

V5

1st frame 2nd frame

R
Time Slot 0 Time Slots 1 to 15 Time Slot 16 Time Slots 17 to 31 R J2
R

Time Slot 0

> Four VC-12 POH bytes

(V5, J2, N2 and K4) > No justification opportunities > 2 R-bytes per frame

Time Slots 1 to 15
140 bytes

Time Slot 16 Time Slots 17 to 31 R N2 R Time Slot 0 Time Slots 1 to 15

3rd frame 4th frame

Time Slot 16
Time Slots 17 to 31 R K4 R Time Slot 0 Time Slots 1 to 15 Time Slot 16 Time Slots 17 to 31 R
500 s

R Fixed stuff byte

byte sync 2048 kbit/s

GMX/GMU(-A/M) R-bytes
> > > >
R-bytes: reserved bytes VC-12 payload: 2 R-bytes VC-2 payload: 10 R-bytes R-bytes can be used for:
> control channel > traffic

V5 RRRRRRRR TS 0 - 31 RRRRRRRR J2 RRRRRRRR TS 0 - 31 RRRRRRRR N2 RRRRRRRR TS 0 - 31 RRRRRRRR K4 RRRRRRRR TS 0 - 31 RRRRRRRR

140 octets

1st frame 2nd frame 3rd frame

> R-bytes cannot have CAS capacity.

4th frame

VC-12
> Use VC-12s when going over Tellabs 63x0 nodes on lower
order level, because they do not support VC-2s
Byte synchronous
PDH synchronized with SDH Bit rate adaptation Justification needed Direct access to R-bytes (long buffer) for data Concatenation possible CAS (TS-16) Yes 4.6 ppm No 64 kbit/s 2 Yes Yes

Asynchronous
No 50 ppm Yes 2048 kbit/s No No

P12s Layer
> P12s generates or/and monitors G.704 frame with or
without CAS (G.826 performance statistics).

VC-12
POH R bytes POH

P12s TTP
Stuff POH

P12s Monitoring
Stuff

Locks to FAS
FAS

Locks to FAS
FAS

GMX/GMU-A User data from XBUS

FAS TS0 TS31 TS1 TS31 2048 kbit/s (G.704)

P12s Applications
Is the other end of the connection in GMX/GMU-A /GMU/GMU-M? Yes Byte synchronous P12s transparent

No Do you have full n x 64 kbit/s 2048 kbit/s or n x 64 kbit/s connections? 2048 kbit/s Are you transporting G.704 frame? No

Asynchronous P12s TTP

Asynchronous P12s transparent

Yes
Asynchronous P12s monitoring

Review