Operation & Maintenance Training (Rev2.1) Part 1.2
Operation & Maintenance Training (Rev2.1) Part 1.2
Operation & Maintenance Training (Rev2.1) Part 1.2
Technical Overview
Company at a Glance
Founded: IPO: August 1996 October 1998
Headquarters: Tel Aviv, Israel Birmingham, UK New Jersey, USA Hong Kong Latin America
FibeAir at a Glance
Versatile Product Line
16E1STM-12xSTM-1STM-4 6 38GHz 16 32 128 QAM on single ODU
Unique Features
SDH / SONET / ATM / IP All in one Radio Integrated ADM Best ATM performance on the market
Family
FibeAir Product
Antenna
Compact, 17 wide, 1U-high unit 16-QAM Modulator FibeAir1500 32-QAM Modulator FibeAir450 128-QAM Modulator FibeAir1528 Full-function SDH/SONET Regenerator / Multiplexer. Most Popular Interfaces Are Supported Manages local and remote units Front Panel Alarms and Indicators
-1 1 V D C
P o w e r S u p p ly
1 11 111 b p s / M 1M b p s 11 b p s K
M a in C h a n n e l W a y s id e C h a n n e l U ser C hannel
M o d u la to r M U X D e m o d u la t o r
IF C a r d C a b le C o m b in e r
C o a x C a b le
N M S - E th e rn e t
- S L IP /P P P
E x t e r n a l A la r m s
ID U C o n t r o lle r
STM-1 (Electrical, optical SM/MM) 3 x E3/DS3 2 x Fast Ethernet 1 x 100Mbps + 1 x 50Mbps 2 x dynamic bandwidth Fast Ethernet + 8xE1/T1 2 x E3/DS3 + 8xE1/T1 8xE1/T1 + 8xE1/T1
Spectrum Efficient: FibeAir1500 - 50/56 MHz bandwidth FibeAir1528 28 MHz bandwidth Full band frequency tuning range (using the NMS) Very high sensitivity Easy to install and maintain Same ODU supports 16QAM and 128QAM IDUs!
P o w e r S u p p ly
A G C V o lt a g e R e a d in g
11 1H z M
T X C o n v e rte r
~1 1 G H z -
AG C
C o a x C a b le
T r a n s c e iv e r
~1 1 G H z X -B a n d M M W C o n v e rte r S y n t h e s iz e r + Am p ~1 1 G H z -
C a b le C o m b in e r
111H z M
R X C o n v e rte r
O D U C o n t r o lle r
FibeAir1528 Specifications
Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section
Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
Tributaries
VC Assembly
VC Disassembly
Path
Tributaries
RSOH
MSOH
SOH
Multiplexing Structure
STM-n STM-n
xN x1
AUG AUG
AU-4 AU-4*
x3 x3
AU-3 AU-3*
Pointer Processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping Administrative Unit Group Administrative Unit Tributary Unit Group Tributary Unit Virtual Container Container
TUG-2 TUG-2
x3
C-2 C-2
2.048 Mbps
AUG AU TUG TU VC C
C-12 C-12
1.544 Mbps
x4
C-11 C-11
B1 D1
D7 D10 S1
RSOH
MSOH
X
-
A1, A2: Frame alignment pattern J0: Identification B1: Quality monitoring, parity bytes E1: Orderwire Channel F1: User Voice Channel D1-D3: DCCr Data Channel (Management 192 Kbps)
RSOH
MSOH
X
-
H1-H3: AU Pointers (Payload Pointers) B2: Quality monitoring, parity bytes E2: Voice channel K1, K2: Automatic protection switching (APS) control S1: Clock quality indicator M1: Transmission error acknowledgement D4-D12: DCCm Data Channel (Management 576 Kbps)
1+1 Protection
OC-3/STM-1
1+1 Hot Stand-By Protection Less than 50 mSec switching time Switching criteria LOF, BER, External Master/Master, Master/Slave, Slave/Slave Scalable architecture
1 + 1 Hot Standby
The system is doubled on both Local and Remote ends One unit on each end is active (Master) while the other is standby (Slave)
Master transmits and receives data Slave only receives data Inter-mate UART cable allows negotiating the mastery and data exchange between units
One or Two antennas per site On a failure in an active unit or a command from the remote side, Master Switch will occur (redundant unit will take over activity)
1+1 configuration protects the main link from a hardware or radio failure in one of the units on Local, Remote, or both ends
Does not protects from coincident failures in both units on the same end Link self-recovery once failure cleared/corrected No protection from fading Link self-recovery once fading cleared
Protection Triggers
Loss Of Frame on the radio of the Master unit for 1 mSec Loss Of Frame on the line of the Master unit for 1 mSec Change Transmitter command from the remote end ODU cable disconnection Power down or manual reset in the Master Manual switch (using the NMS) Excessive errors External Alarm
POSAM
POSAM Protected ODU Single Antenna Mount
Antenna is mounted to the pole Two ODUs connected to the POSAM POSAM is mounted directly to the antenna Antenna has to have Ceragon antenna interface Insertion loss: main path (of Coupler) secondary path (of Coupler) 2dB 7.5dB
Interface to antenna
PORAM
PORAM Protected ODU Remote Antenna Mount
Antenna is mounted to the pole Two ODUs connected to the PORAM PORAM is mounted to the pole PORAM is connected to the antenna using flexible wave-guide Antenna has to have standard antenna interface (wave-guide) Insertion loss: main path (of Coupler) secondary path (of Coupler) 3.5dB 9dB
Installation Issues
Protection cable and Line splitters are part of the Protection Kit Available splitters: CMI/BNC for electrical STM-1, DS3 or E3; SM and MM, SC or ST connectors for optical STM-1, MM/SC for optical Fast Ethernet, spliced RJ-45 cable for T1/E1 balanced
Hub should be used for connecting the management ports of the two IDUs
IMPORTANT! Do not plug Ethernet cable to the Protection port of the IDU! It will damage the Protection port and the protection might not function
FibeAir 1500A/1528A
West : Radio
External Clock
East : Fiber
Two STM-1 Aggregates: Radio and Line Radio N Type; Line Optical short/long haul Up to 16 E1s in single IDU Up to 32 E1s in double configuration (2 Radio Aggregates) Support of Path Protection method Synchronization: External, Line, Tributary, Internal, Through.
16 * E1
STM-1
Regenerator
Line
Line
Line
Must be located indoors Environmental conditions (-5 C to +45 C) Easy accessibility, only by authorized personnel Power supply (-48Vdc) Ethernet or telephone management connection available Not more than 300m from outdoor unit location
As far as possible from current/future obstacles (trees, buildings) Easy accessibility for maintenance Good grounding, lightning rod
2+0
1+0
-48Vdc Power supply @ 3 Amp (-40.5 to 72 Vdc Recommended! Availability of Uninterrupted Power Source (UPS)
or Battery Backup
PSU Connection
A C O u tle t ( ~ ) (1 )
(G N D )
A C c o rd
G N D to th e ra c k a n d to E a r th (-) (+ ) DC c o n n e c to r
(G N D )
PSU
D C O u tp u t
s h o rt G N D to th e ra c k and to E a r th
( ~ ) (1 ) ( G N D )
( c h a s s is )
(c o m )
(+ )
(-)
C A U T IO N !!!
S h o r t in g t h e ( -) t o t h e ( G N D ) w i l l d a m a g e t h e I D U 's i n t e r n a l PSU
G N D to th e r a c k , t h e P S U 's c h a s s is a n d to E a r th
s h o rt
Cable specifications: - max attenuation of 30 dB at 500 MHz Recommended: - RG-8 (Belden 9913) up to 300m - RG-223 up to 100m Cable should be terminated with N type male
Installation Steps
Install antenna and ODU on site A Install IDU on site A Configure the IDU on site A (using Hyper-Terminal) Repeat the above on site B Align the antennas Verify link operation & performance
Antenna Installation
Install antenna on pole according to attached instructions Verify secure installation Aim antenna to other end of the link Use telescope or compass for rough alignment if necessary
ODU Installation
Connect ODU to the antenna, using 4 latches Connect IF coax cable to ODU Tight connector by hand only (no tools!) N type Connectors should be waterproofed and sealed Connect ODU earth point to suitable rooftop earth Verify correct polarization Handle on top Vertical polarization Handle on the side Horizontal polarization
Latches
IF Cable
Grounding
IDU Installation
Install IDU in rack/cabinet 19 and ETSI mounting brackets provided with IDU Connect IF cable to the IDU Tight connector by hand only (no tools!) Connect IDU grounding point to clean station earth Grounding cable provided with IDU Connect 48Vdc to IDU
IF Cable
Grounding
DC power
Installation Pics
IF Cable
Hyper-Terminal Configuration
Set the desired frequency channel Set the transmitter power level Assign IP addresses
FibeAir terminal defaults factory configuration: Tx/Rx frequency - first channel of sub-band Transmit power +15dBm Transmitter mute off (ODU transmits) Ethernet management IP Address - 192.168.1.1 Serial management IP Address - 192.168.0.1
Install the second FibeAir terminal Configure the IDU using the Hyper-Terminal
Connect the headset to AGC monitor BNC connector on ODU Adjust antenna Azimuth & Elevation, one end at a time, until you get the maximum tone level Connect Digital Volt Meter (DVM) to the AGC BNC connector Align the antenna until voltage reading is achieved (between 1.7vdc & 1.2vdc) Repeat antenna alignment at each end until the minimum dc voltage is achieved Elevation adjustment
Azimuth adjustment
Please refer to the FibeAir Commissioning and Acceptance Procedure document for detailed information
Installation Hazards
Make sure that the mast assembly is secured and Try to install the link on a non-windy day Be careful not to fall when working on heights Use safety accessories, as harness and hard-hat Watch out for overhead power lines Do not use metal ladder
properly grounded
Trunk Radio
Split mount Compact Cost effective Support frequency and space diversity Hitless, Errorless switching
Mounting Bracket
Diplexer
Wave-Guide Connector
IDU
Equipment wagon can be located far from the antenna Simple coaxial cable between ODU and the IDU Frequency replacement flexibility Cable resistant to field conditions Fast deployment of ODU, IDU (1U) and the cable between them Minimal cable attenuation compared to flexible waveguide Light weight and low power consumption
Many standards (F0, Tx-Rx Spacing) Separate synthesizers for Tx and Rx allow various Tx-Rx spacing Same ODU for all band (6, 7, 0r 8GHz) Same ODU for TxHigh and TxLow orientation of diplexer on ODU determines TxHigh or TxLow Link can reach 100Km!
ODU Installation
Remote Mount ODU ODU connected to a plate, plate is attached to the pole using mounting bracket (Andrew Kit), diplexer connected to the plate using 3 screws
Flexible wave-guide Provided with each ODU (1.2m, 0.6dB loss) Elliptical wave-guide (typical loss 30dB/100m)
Frequency Diversity
Uses the nature of frequency selectivity of the multipath dispersive fading
Space Diversity
Two antennas vertically separated at the receiver tower so only one of antennas is located in a power minimum
Angle Diversity
Based on slightly different angles of arrival of the indirect delayed waves and the direct wave
MHSB and SD
FD and HD
Angle Diversity
Hitless Switch
SC/mm/1300
Hitless Switch
SC/mm/1300
Protected cable
Hitless cable
Hitless!!!
Errorless!!!
Data of better quality is delivered automatically to the user Receiver Modems parameters are used as criteria for activating the switch. Supports Space and Frequency diversity
Switching criteria
The modems of the two IDUs are connected using the Hitless Cable Primary
FEC-based decision to determine the path with no errors
Space Diversity
XMTR A Data in XMTR B
MUTE
Space Seperation
One transmitter is used, the other in MUTE mode The receivers are connected to two antennas physically spaced apart (100s of wavelengths) The spacing determines the delay between the two receivers The physical separation should be 3-30m (based on the requested improvement factor Typically, 6-15m
Frequency Diversity
XMTR A Data in XMTR B
F1 F1
Two transmitters are used, both in normal operation connected to one antenna (with splitter) or two antennas The two receivers are connected to one antenna (with splitter) or two antennas The frequency determines the separation between the two receivers DFM is frequency-dependant therefore using two frequencies (the farther they are - the better)
FD vs. SD
Both solutions protects against fading and H/W failures FD is more expensive solution two channels are required! SD is more effective improvement is more significant!
Local and Remote management access Installed interfaces Real-time LEDs display
Hitless Configuration
Protection configuration
Radio/Line Loss-Of-Frame Excessive BER External alarm Single or Dual Line output
Hitless configuration
Hitless enable/disable Space or Frequency diversity Non-revertive or revertive mode with Hold-off time
E th e r n e t
S e ria l L in e
IP a d d re s s 111 111 11 11 . . .
D e fa u lt R o u te r
D e fa u l t R o u te r 111 111 11 1 . . .
L a p to p c o m p u te r
L a p to p 111 111 .1 1 . .
IP a d d re s s 111 111 .1 1 . .
F ib e 1 ir1 1 1 A I n te r n e t C lo u d
I B M C o m p a tib le
R e m o te h o s t 111 11 11 11 . . .
IDUs Ethernet IP address: 192.168.1.1, Mask: 255.255.255.0 (do not change the default settings) Configure laptops Ethernet IP address to: 192.168.1.100, Mask: 255.255.255.0 IDU and laptop are on the same sub-network Connect the laptop to the IDU using cross-Ethernet cable Launch CeraView and verify that you can connect to the IDU
IDUs Serial IP address: 192.168.0.1, Mask: 255.255.255.0 IDUs Serial configuration: PPP protocol, 38400 baud rate (do not change the default settings) Install SLIP drivers and configure Dial-up adapter on laptop to IP address 192.168.0.100, Mask: 255.255.255.0 (according to instructions in the User-Manual) IDU and laptop are on the same sub-network Connect the laptop to the IDU using serial null-modem cable Connect to the IDU using dial-up adapter Launch CeraView and verify that you can connect to the IDU
In-Band Management
Transport element management information seamlessly and simply throughout the network
The Solution
Management information is carried in the SONET/SDH frame (over the Radio and over the Line) Full management solution: can carry management information of any IP-based external equipment Topologies: Rings 1+1 Hot-Standby Cascaded links and more
Most efficient SONET/SDH and ATM networks Management network transparent within the OC-3 / STM-1 Line
Important!
Management is transmitted only to the Radio side SONET/SDH, ATM and IP networks Does not rely on ADM processing of DCCr bytes Simple cross-over Ethernet cable used to connect management at each site
E x te rn a l E q u ip m e n t
E x te rn a l E q u ip m e n t
Allows management of external equipment (such as ADMs, Switches, other radio equipment) Management information to the rest of the network is directed to the management Ethernet port and then to the HUB
IDU will pass packet to its own IP port for further Processing
If packet arrived from within the ring Sent to the other side of link If the other side of the link is down, packet is returned to its originator
If packet arrived from outside the ring or from the IDU itself Packet is sent to the radio side If radio side is down Forward to the line side
Basic IP Theory
IP Address : 192.168.1.139 (dec) = 1100 0000 . 1010 1000 .0000 0001 . 1000 1011 (bin) Mask: 255.255.255.240 (dec) = 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 1111 . 1111 0000 (4 zeros mask) IP addresses on the same sub-net: 1100 0000. 1010 1000 . 0000 0001 . 1000 0000 (192.168.1.128) to 1100 0000. 1010 1000 . 0000 0001 . 1000 1111 (192.168.1.143) The last 4 bits cannot be all zeros or all ones 192.168.1.128 and 192.168.1.143 are not available!
IP - Example (1)
Ring IP Address: 192.168.1.0 Mask: 255.255.255.240
IP addresses on the sub-net: 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.15 IP addresses that can be used: 192.168.1.1 to 192.1.14 Ring IP Address: 192.168.1.8 Mask: 255.255.255.252
IP addresses on the sub-net: 192.168.1.8 to 192.168.1.11 IP addresses that can be used: 192.168.1.9 to 192.1.10 Ring IP Address: 192.114.35.64Mask: 255.255.255.128 IP addresses on the sub-net: 192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 IP addresses that can be used: 192.168.1.129 to 192.1.190
Ceragon Element Manager SNMP Based Java-based, works on Windows, Unix, HPoV, SNMPc Can manage a terminal or a full link
Physical View
Local and Remote management access Installed interfaces Real-time LEDs display
Troubleshooting Tools
Alarm log Receive Signal Level PM Radio SDH PM STM-1 Line SDH PM Loop backs
Alarm Log
Time and date of alarms Severity-based filters Up to 100 log entries with automatic save Log can be exported to Notepad, Word, Excel
Check current alarm (!!!) Identify when alarms started Identify separate events based on time Check correlation with other links failed Check correlation to RSL to explain alarms Check correlation to Radio/Line SDH PM
RSL Monitoring
Min and Max Receive Signal Level in 15 minutes intervals for last 24 hours Unfaded RSL configuration (expected RSL) and Thresholds Allows to save as a table and export to a file
Check current RSL Check changes in RSL during last 24hours (5dB change during the day is normal) Identify rain fading, multipath/ducting Check if RSL reached sensitivity threshold In case of ATPC, check Transmit Signal Level
Counter of Un-Available Seconds on the radio in 15 minutes intervals for last 24 hours Allows to save as a table and export to a file
Table of ES, SES, UAS, BBE on the radio in 15 minutes intervals for last 24 hours
Counter of Un-Available Seconds on Line (STM-1) in 15 minutes intervals for last 24 hours Allows to save as a table and export to a file
Table of ES, SES, UAS, BBE on the Line (STM-1) in 15 minutes intervals for last 24 hours Allows to save as a table and export to a file
Trouble-shooting Using PM
Always check Radio and Line PMs Check alarm log for correlation Check correlation to RSL to explain errors
Loop-back Configuration
IF loop Internal and External STM-1 Line loop Loop clear timeout configuration and display
Use Line loop in case of LOS, LOF or Errors on STM-1 input of IDU or external ADM Use IF loop in case of LOF or BER on Radio to identify if IDU is OK Use ODU loop in case of LOF or BER if IF loop passed OK (available 7-8GHz ODUs only!)
ADM
Synchronization Sources
FibeAir 1500A/1528A is compliant with G.813 Synchronization Sources: External Aggregate East / Aggregate West Tributary Internal (accuracy 4.6 ppm [BER 10-6] SEC or Stratum-3) Note: For each Network Element can be configured two possible clock sources: primary & secondary When both sources are lost, an appropriate alarm will be reported and the ACTIVE source will be no source - Hold Over mode.
Clock
Clock
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Tributary Streams
Tributary Streams
Clock
Clock
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Tributary Streams
Tributary Streams
Through Mode
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Tributary Streams
Tributary Streams
Synchronization Principals
1. Distribution of the best timing source to NEs in the network 2. Selection of the shortest paths to distribute the synchronization timing source 3. The longest chain should not exceed K slave clocks compliant with G.812 4. The quality of timing will deteriorate as the number of synchronization links increases 5. The worst case synchronization reference chain is for K=10, N=20 with the total number of SDH network element clocks limited to 60
K
G.813 G.813 G.813 G.813 G.813 G.813
PRC
G.811
G.813
G.813
G.813
G.812
G.812
Utilization of S1 (Timing Marker) byte The SSM informs the neighboring NE about the status of the clock supply The S1 byte is used to select the best timing source for the NE and to prevent timing islands Assignment of timing source quality level to each NE Timing Generator (TG) source selection Enables the user to configure two possible clock sources for each NE For each timing source the user assigns a quality level If both clock sources fail, the NE switches to Hold-Over mode
Definition of Primary and Secondary clock sources for each NE If the Primary clock source fails, the NE will switch to Hold-Over mode In this case alarm will be generated Clock Unit Unlocked and the user can select and switch manually to the Secondary or Internal clock source
With no active clock source, the NE will remain in Hold-Over mode for 48hours, and then will switch to Internal clock source Once the Primary clock source is restored, the NE will switch automatically to the active clock source
1. Sketch the general configuration 2. Design the radio links 3. Define Radio Side direction (East or West) for each NE 4. Define the Tributaries path (physical port, VC-12, mapped trial, transparent trail, active path) for each NE 5. Define Main and Secondary paths for protection 6. Define the synchronization sources for each NE 7. Design the in-band management and IP addresses
Radio Direction
Trail Configuration
Trail Name
Protection
Mapped VC-12s
Main Path
Synchronization Configuration
Clock Unit Installed
SSM Mode
Primary Clock
Radio Direction