PUMPS

Centrifugal Pumps

Prepared by: Fahad D. Al-Ghamdi

OUTLINE

Introduction Construction of Centrifugal Pump Principle of Operation How to pick the correct size pump for your application? Common Problems

INTRODUCTION:
Pumps are defined as machines which

supply energy to a liquid in order to move it from place to another, which is at a higher energy level. Pumps enable a liquid to: 1. Flow from a region at low pressure to one at high pressure. 2. Flow from a low level to a higher level. 3. Flow at a faster rate.

Centrifugal pumps can be manufactured as:

horizontal and vertical configurations radial, axial or mixed flow single or multi-stage single suction/discharge or double

suction/discharge overhung, between bearings or vertically suspended

Construction of Centrifugal Pump:

Centrifugal pumps comprise of the

following parts: 1) Casing 2) Impeller 3) Shaft and shaft sleeves 4) Wear rings (impeller, casing) 5) Bearings 6) Packing and Stuffing box 7) Mechanical Seals

Casing

The centrifugal pump casing is the housing which surrounds the impeller. Casing generally are two types:

Circular casings for low head and high capacity Volute casing for high head and low/medium capacity

Double- volute casings are used when the radial thrusts become significant at reduced capacities.

Some pump casings use a split volute design instead of a double volute and some centrifugal pumps also contain diffusers.

Impeller

Open impellers: For handling suspended matter

with a minimum of clogging.

Semi-open impellers: For chemical services and

slurry handling.

Closed impellers: For liquids which contain

minimal solids of a size that can get lodged in the passages.

Shaft and Shaft Sleeve

Transmit the torques encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the impeller and other rotating parts. Must do this job with a deflection less than the minimum clearance between the rotating and stationary parts. Sleeve protects the shaft against corrosion, erosion, wearetc

Wear Rings

To allow a small running clearance between the impeller and the pump casing without causing wear.

Bearings

A bearing is a device which supports a shaft to enable it to rotate or slide axially with the least possible frictional resistance. A. Journal Bearings: Constrain radial movement B. Thrust Bearings: Constrain axial movement

Packing and Stuffing Box

Stuffing box is a cylindrical space in the pump casing surrounding the shaft. Packing is material in the form of rings that is placed in the stuffing box to form a seal to control the rate of leakage along the shaft. The high speed rotation of the shaft generates a significant amount of heat as it rubs against the packing rings. If no lubrication and cooling are provided to the packing, the temperature of the packing increases to the point where damage occurs.

Mechanical Seal

The proper selection of a seal is critical to the success of every pump application. Rotating seal Stationary seal Elastomer type seal Single seal Dual seal Inside mounted Outside seal Cartridge seal Split seal



There are many advantages of mechanical seals over conventional packing as follows: Zero or limited leakage of product Reduced friction and power loss Elimination of shaft or sleeve wear Reduced maintenance costs Ability to seal higher pressures and more corrosive environments The wide variety of designs allows use of mechanical seals in almost all pump applications

Principle of Operation

A centrifugal pump consists of two main elements: (1) Prime mover, such as an electric motor, steam turbine or diesel engine (2) Rotating element of the pump called an impeller. With the energy provided by the prime mover, liquid enters the suction side of the pump and is thrown by an impeller to the outside of the casing through centrifugal force. The resulting velocity of the existing fluid can be expressed as pressure energy.

How to pick the correct size pump for your application?

To clearly define the capacity and

pressure needs of our system we will construct a type of graph called a system curve. If the system head-capacity and the pump curves are plotted on the same graph, their intersection will determine the head and capacity that the pump will deliver. This intersection is known as the pump operating point.

System Curve

The system head-capacity curve is used to determine the head and capacity that a pump will deliver for a given piping system.

 To accomplish the total head, we have

to calculate:
1) Static Suction Head (SSH) 2) Static Discharge Head (SDH) 3) Friction Head 4) Velocity Head 5) Minor Head Loss 6) Total Dynamic Head (TDH)

1) Static Suction Head (SSH):

The static suction head, hs is the difference in elevation between the suction side liquid surface level and the centerline of the pump impeller.

2) Static Discharge Head (SDH):

The static discharge suction head, hd is the difference in elevation between the discharge liquid level free liquid surface and the centerline of the pump impeller.

Total Static Head (TSH): The static head Hstat is the difference in elevation between the static discharge and static suction liquid levels (hd hs). TSH = SDH SSH

3) Friction Head:
The friction head is head of liquid that must be supplied to overcome the frictional loss caused by the flow of liquid through the pipes and valves in the piping system. It can be computed using the Darcy-Weisbach equation:

hL =

L V f D 2 g

Moody Diagram

4) Velocity Head: The velocity head is the kinetic energy contained in the liquid that is being pumped at any point in the system as is given by:

V 2 H = 2g
Where, H = Total head developed (ft) V = Velocity of the impeller (ft/sec) g = Acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 (ft/sec^2)

5) Minor Head Loss:

The head of liquid that must be supplied to overcome the loss of head through fittings and valves is the minor head loss.

V hm = K 2g
Where, K = head loss coefficient.

6) Total Dynamic Head (TDH): Total Dynamic Head is the head against which the pump must work when the liquid is being pumped.

Vd2 Ht = Hstat + hfs + hms + hfd + hmd + 2g

Bernoullis equation can also be used to determine the total head if it is applied between the suction and discharge nozzle of the pump yields:

Ps V s2 V d2 + + zd + + zs Ht = 2g 2 g Pd
Back

Pump Curves
The head that a pump can deliver at various flow rates and constant speed is established in pump tests performed by the manufacturer.

Selecting Pump Material

Will you need any special materials for the pump components?

The pump manufacturer will try to choose pump metal components that are chemically compatible with what you are pumping. If the temperature of the pumpage changes, the corrosion rate can change also. His choice of materials could have a serious affect on your spare parts inventory. Will he be selecting universal and easily obtainable materials? If the product you are pumping is explosive or a fire hazard, you should be looking at non-sparking materials for the pump components. If there are abrasive solids in the pumpage you will need materials with good wearing capabilities. You may have to go to some type of coating on the pump wetted parts or select an expensive duplex metal.

Common Problems

Low Performance Cavitation Seal Leakage Bearings Failure Noise Vibration

THANKS ANY QUESTIONS!!