Pumps

Centrifugal Pump Basics
Mehmood Ul Hassan
Introduction
• Mehmood Ul Hassan
• Mechanical Engineer
– BE Mechanical NUST (PNEC, 2007)
• Certified Maintenance and Reliability Engineer
– Society of Maintenance and Reliability Professionals
• Worked as Assistant Manager Tri Pack Films,
Karachi.
• Worked as Supervising Mechanical Engineer
Saudi Bin Ladin, Jeddah
• Working as Senior Engineer CAN-CN plant, Pak
Arab Fertilizers, Since 2009.
• Tell Us About Your Self…….
– A Untold Story.
Outline of Today’s Course
• What is pump
• Purpose of pump.
• Classification of pump.
• Main parts & their details.
• Auxiliary parts.
• Video (Pump Parts and Terminologies)
• Different terminologies used.
Pump & its purpose
• A device used to move a fluid.
• Pump is a machine that adds energy to the
liquids. Liquids can be moved from lower
elevation to higher elevation, from lower
pressure to higher pressure by the pump.
• Pumps alone do not create pressure; they only
displace fluid, causing a flow. Adding resistance
to flow causes increase in pressure.
• It increases the flow rate of the liquid.
Working principle
• The impeller is fastened (screwed/keyed) onto a shaft

which is mounted on bearings and is coupled to a motor
which rotates the impeller.
• The kinetic energy of the impeller is transmitted to the
fluid and its velocity increases.
• The volute casing converts the kinetic energy of the fluid
to pressure energy. The pressure at the center of the
impeller (eye) decreases as the fluid flows outward. The
decrease in pressure causes the fluid of the sump to
continuously flow through the suction pipes.
• The high pressure fluid is delivered through the delivery
pipe.
Classification of pump
• Pumps are divided into two fundamental types
based on the manner in which they transmit
energy to the pumped media:
– In kinetic displacement, a centrifugal force of the
rotating element, called an impeller, “impels” kinetic
energy to the fluid, moving the fluid from pump
suction to the discharge.
– Positive displacement uses the reciprocating action
of one or several pistons, or a squeezing action of
meshing gears, lobes, or other moving bodies, to
displace the fluid from one area into another (i.e.,
moving the material from suction to discharge).
Pumps
Positive
Centrifugal pump
Displacement pump
Radial flow/impeller type Rotary pump Reciprocating pump
Axial flow/propeller type Gear type Piston type
Mixed flow/Turbine type Screw type Plunger type
Vane type Diaphragm type
Lobe type
Distinguishing features
Pumps are distinguished by
• Materials of construction.
• Media pumped.
• Industries or applications served.
• Pressure and flow levels.
• Physical orientation.
Desert Island
Three Things your would like to take with you …..

(Obviously NOT BOAT)
AND WHY?
Parts of centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump has two main components:
• A rotating component comprised of an impeller and a
shaft
• A stationary component comprised of a casing, casing
cover, and bearings.
Impeller
• The rotating part of the centrifugal pump is called
impeller. It is a rotating solid disk with curved blades.
• It increases the velocity of liquid.
• It has three parts
– Eye : Fluid enters through the eye.
– Vanes : Increases the velocity.
– Tip dia.: Fluid leaves out of the tip dia.
Classification of impeller
Impellers are classified in many ways.
– Based on major direction of flow in reference to the
axis of rotation
• Radial flow
• Axial flow
• Mixed flow
– Based on suction type
• Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
• Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from
both sides.
– Based on mechanical construction
• Closed: Shrouds or sidewall enclosing the vanes.
• Open: No shrouds or wall to enclose the vanes.
• Semi-open or vortex type.
Single vs. double suction
Open Semi - Open Closed
Service
• Process conditions.
• Capacity required.
• Head required.
Shaft
• Used to transmit the torques encountered
when starting and during operation while
supporting the impeller and other rotating
parts.
• It must do this job with a deflection less
than the minimum clearance between the
rotating and stationary parts.
Volute casing
• Casing is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller
which converts the kinetic energy of the fluid leaving the
impeller into pressure energy.
• It has two ends: suction/inlet & discharge/outlet.
• The casings can be designed either as
solid casings or split casings.
– Solid casing implies a design in which the
entire casing including the discharge nozzle is
all contained in one casting or fabricated
piece.
– A split casing implies two or more parts are
fastened together.
• Horizontally split or axially split casing.
• Vertically split or radially split casing.
Horizontal split pump
Casing covers
• Suction and Discharge Nozzle
– The suction and discharge nozzles are part of
the casings itself. They commonly have the
following configurations.
• End suction/Top discharge.
• Top suction Top discharge nozzle.
• Side suction / Side discharge nozzles.
Seals
• The primary function is to protect the
pump against leakage at the point where
the shaft passes out through the pump
pressure casing.
Stationary seal
• Friction free hydrodynamic shaft seal with
stand-still sealing, controlled by centrifugal
force is used because:
– Reliable.
– Less wearing.
– Low Friction
– Better for slurry handling.
– Cheaper than mechanical seal.
Bearing housing
• The bearing housing encloses the

bearings mounted on the shaft. The
bearings keep the shaft or rotor in correct
alignment with the stationary parts under
the action of radial and transverse loads.
Auxiliary Parts
• Wear rings:
– Provides an easily and economically renewable
leakage joint between the impeller and the casing.
– Clearance b/w impeller wear ring & casing wear ring
should be 0.001” to 0.0015”.
– When clearance becomes too large the pump
efficiency will be lowered causing heat and vibration
problems.
– Most manufacturers require that you disassemble the
pump to check the wear ring clearance and replace
the rings when this clearance doubles.
Coupling
– Used to connect the two shafts for
transmission of torque.
Shaft couplings can be broadly classified into
two groups:
 Rigid couplings are used in applications
where there is absolutely no possibility or
room for any misalignment.
 Flexible shaft couplings are more prone to
selection, installation and maintenance
errors.
Pump terminologies
• Suction lift.
• Suction & discharge head.
• Pressure & head.
• Total head.
• Vapor pressure.
• Cavitation.
• Net positive suction head (NPSH).
• Shut off head condition.
Suction lift
• A Suction Lift exists when the liquid is taken
from an open to atmosphere tank where the
liquid level is below the centerline of the pump
suction.
• It is always taken as negative.
Suction head
• Head resulting from elevation of the liquid
relative to the pump center line.
• It is always taken as positive.
Discharge head
• It is the maximum height where the pump
can deliver.
Discharge head
Total head
In terms of lift:
– Total head = Suction lift + discharge head.
Total head Discharge head
Suction lift
• In terms of suction head:
– Total head = Discharge head – suction head
Discharge head
Suction head
Pressure Vs Head
• Force acting on a unit area. It is measured in
lbs/in2, kg/ cm2, N/m2 e.t.c.
• Head is the height of a liquid that the pump
could create from the kinetic energy imparted to
the liquid.
• One foot level of a liquid exerts 0.433 lbs/in2
pressure.
• 1 lbs/in2 = 0.433×head×Sp. Gravity
OR
Vapor pressure
• The pressure at which a liquid and its vapor co-
exist in equilibrium at a given temperature
• The pressure pushing against atmospheric
pressure on liquids at elevated temperatures.
Cavitation
• Cavitation means that cavities or bubbles are
forming in the liquid that we're pumping. These
cavities form at the low pressure or suction side
of the pump, causing several things to happen
all at once:
– The cavities or bubbles will collapse when they pass
into the higher regions of pressure, causing noise,
vibration, and damage to many of the components.
– We experience a loss in capacity.
– The pump can no longer build the same head
(pressure)
– The pump's efficiency drops.
Why cavitation?
• The cavities form for five basic reasons
– Vaporization
– Air ingestion
– Internal recirculation
– Flow turbulence
– The Vane Passing Syndrome
Capacity
• The volume of liquid a pump is capable of
moving to the desired point during a
specified period of time.
• It is commonly measured in either gallons
per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour
(m3/hr).
• The capacity usually changes with the
changes in operation of the process.
• The capacity depends on a number of
factors like:
– Process liquid characteristics i.e. density,
viscosity.
– Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet
sections
– Impeller size.
– Impeller rotational speed RPM.
– Size and shape of cavities between the
vanes.
– Pump suction and discharge temperature
and pressure conditions.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• The difference between the Suction Head
and the Liquids Vapor Head is called
NPSH
• Pumps can pump only liquids, not vapors.
Efficiency
• Efficiency = Output/input
• So here it is
– Ratio of the water power produced by the
pump to the power delivered to the pump by
the motor.
Bungartz Pumps Design
• MOR type.
• U-MOR type.
• M-MOR type.
• M-UMOR type.
MOR DESIGN
• For small intake

heads,
< 3-4 m
• With one impeller
U- MOR DESIGN
• For higher Intake

Heads
up to 30 m
• With additional
Seal Expeller
Stuffing
Box
Glands
Flushing
Seal Device
Expeller
Back
Vanes
Main Deflector
Vanes plate
Bearing
bracket
Suction
eye
Front
casing Rear
casing
M-MOR DESIGN
Wear plates
• With Wear Plates in

simple Geometry
• Wear Plates are
inexpensive Spare-
Parts
• Wear Plates also in
very hard materials
available (pure SiC
already in use)

Pumps

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Centrifugal Pump Basics

• The impeller is fastened (screwed/keyed) onto a shaft

Radial flow/impeller type Rotary pump Reciprocating pump

Axial flow/propeller type Gear type Piston type

Mixed flow/Turbine type Screw type Plunger type

Vane type Diaphragm type

Three Things your would like to take with you …..

• The bearing housing encloses the

Total head Discharge head

• For small intake

• For higher Intake

• With Wear Plates in

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