Mathscape 9 Extention

First published 2004 by
MACMILLAN

EDUCATION

AUSTRALIA

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Copyright Clive Meyers, Graham Barnsley, Lloyd Dawe, Lindsay Grimison 2004
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National Library of Australia
cataloguing in publication data
Meyers, Clive.
Mathscape 9 extension : working mathematically.
For secondary school students.
ISBN 0 7329 8085 2.
1. Mathematics Textbooks. I. Grimison, Lindsay. II.
Barnsley, Graham J. III. Dawe, Lloyd. IV. Title.
510
Publisher: Ben Dawe
Project editor: Jasmin Chua
Editors: Marta Veroni and Lisa Schmidt
Illustrator: Stephen Francis
Cover and text designer: Dimitrios Frangoulis
Typeset in 11/13 pt Times by Palmer Higgs
Cover image: Photolibrary.com
Printed in Australia

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Contents
Green indicates material is exclusively Stage 4. All other material is Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3.
Preface vi
How to use this book vii
Chapter 1 Rational numbers 1
1.1 Significant figures 2
1.2 The calculator 4
1.3 Estimation 8
Try this: Fermi problem 10
1.4 Recurring decimals 10
1.5 Rates 13
Try this: Desert walk 15
1.6 Solving problems with rates 15
Try this: Passing trains 19
Focus on working mathematically:
A number pattern from Galileo 1615 20
Language link with Macquarie 22
Chapter review 23
Chapter 2 Algebra 25
2.1 Describing simple patterns 26
Try this: Flags 31
2.2 Substitution 32
2.3 Adding and subtracting algebraic
expressions 33
2.4 Multiplying and dividing algebraic
expressions 36
Try this: Overhanging the overhang 38
2.5 The order of operations 38
2.6 The distributive law 40
2.7 The highest common factor 42
2.8 Adding and subtracting algebraic
fractions 44
2.9 Multiplying and dividing algebraic
fractions 47
2.10 Generalised arithmetic 49
Try this: Railway tickets 53
2.11 Properties of numbers 54
2.12 Generalising solutions to problems
using patterns 56
2.13 Binomial products 60
2.14 Perfect squares 63
Try this: Proof 66
2.15 Difference of two squares 67
2.16 Miscellaneous expansions 69
Focus of working mathematically:
A number pattern from Blaise Pascal
1654 71
Chapter review 74
Chapter 3 Consumer
arithmetic 78
3.1 Salaries and wages 79
3.2 Other methods of payment 83
3.3 Overtime and other payments 87
3.4 Wage deductions 90
3.5 Taxation 93
3.6 Budgeting 98
Try this: Telephone charges 101
3.7 Best buys 102
3.8 Discounts 104
Try this: Progressive discounting 107
3.9 Profit and loss 108
Sydney market prices in 1831 111
Chapter review 114
Chapter 4 Equations, inequations
and formulae 117
4.1 One- and two-step equations 118
4.2 Equations with pronumerals on both
sides 121
4.3 Equations with grouping symbols 123
4.4 Equations with one fraction 124
4.5 Equations with more than one fraction126
4.6 Inequations 129
4.7 Solving worded problems 134
Try this: A prince and a king 137
4.8 Evaluating the subject of a formula 138
4.9 Equations arising from substitution 141
Try this: Floodlighting by formula 143
4.10 Changing the subject of a formula 144
Splitting the atom 149
Chapter review 152
iii
Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on
Chapter 5 Measurement 155
5.1 Length, mass, capacity and time 156
5.2 Accuracy and precision 162
5.3 Pythagoras theorem 165
Try this: Pythagorean proof
by Perigal 170
5.4 Perimeter 170
5.5 Circumference 175
Try this: Command module 180
5.6 Converting units of area 181
5.7 Calculating area 183
Try this: The area of a circle 191
5.8 Area of a circle 192
5.9 Composite areas 195
Try this: Area 200
5.10 Problems involving area 200
The solar system 203
Chapter review 206
Chapter 6 Data representation
and analysis 211
6.1 Graphs 212
6.2 Organising data 219
6.3 Analysing data 225
6.4 Problems involving the mean 233
Try this: The English language 236
6.5 Cumulative frequency 236
6.6 Grouped data 242
World health 248
Chapter review 252
Chapter 7 Probability 256
7.1 Probability and its language 257
7.2 Experimental probability 260
Try this: Two-up 266
7.3 Computer simulations 266
Try this: The game of craps 271
7.4 Theoretical probability 272
Try this: Winning chances 275
A party game 276
Chapter review 279
Chapter 8 Surds 282
8.1 Rational and irrational numbers 283
8.2 Simplifying surds 288
Try this: Greater number 291
8.3 Addition and subtraction of surds 291
8.4 Multiplication and division of surds 294
Try this: Imaginary numbers 297
8.5 Binomial products with surds 298
8.6 Rationalising the denominator 301
Try this: Exact values 304
Fibonacci numbers and the
golden mean 305
Chapter review 309
Chapter 9 Indices 311
9.1 Index notation 312
9.2 Simplifying numerical expressions
using the index laws 313
9.3 The index laws 315
9.4 Miscellaneous questions on the
index laws 320
9.5 The zero index 322
Try this: Smallest to largest 323
9.6 The negative index 323
9.7 Products and quotients with negative
indices 326
Try this: Digit patterns 328
9.8 The fraction index 329
9.9 Scientific notation 333
9.10 Scientific notation on the calculator 335
Mathematics is at the heart of science 338
Chapter review 340
Chapter 10 Geometry 343
10.1 Angles 344
10.2 Parallel lines 350
10.3 Triangles 356
Try this: The badge of the
Pythagoreans 363
10.4 Angle sum of a quadrilateral 363
10.5 Special quadrilaterals 367
Try this: Five shapes 374
10.6 Polygons 374
iv
Cont ent s
Try this: How many diagonals in
a polygon? 379
Try this: An investigation of
triangles 380
10.7 Tests for congruent triangles 381
10.8 Congruent proofs 387
Try this: Triangle angles 392
10.9 Deductive reasoning and congruent
triangles 392
Does a triangle have a centre? 397
Chapter review 402
Chapter 11 The linear
function 408
11.1 The number plane 409
11.2 Graphing straight lines (1) 412
Try this: Size 8 417
11.3 Graphing straight lines (2) 417
11.4 Gradient of a line 422
Try this: Hanging around 427
11.5 The linear equation y = mx + b 427
Try this: Latitude and temperature 433
Television advertising 433
Chapter review 436
Chapter 12 Trigonometry 440
12.1 Side ratios in right-angled triangles 441
12.2 The trigonometric ratios 444
Try this: Height to base ratio 448
12.3 Trigonometric ratios using a
calculator 448
12.4 Finding the length of a side 451
12.5 Problems involving finding sides 456
Try this: Make a hypsometer 460
12.6 Finding the size of an angle 461
12.7 Problems involving finding angles 464
12.8 Angles of elevation and depression 467
Try this: Pilot instructions 470
12.9 Bearings 471
Try this: The sine rule 478
Finding your latitude from the Sun 479
Chapter review 484
Chapter 13 Simultaneous
equations 488
13.1 Equations with two unknowns 489
13.2 The graphical method 492
13.3 The substitution method 496
Try this: Find the values 498
13.4 The elimination method 499
Try this: A Pythagorean problem 502
13.5 Solving problems using simultaneous
equations 502
Exploring for water, oil and gas
the density of air-filled porous rock 506
Chapter review 509
Chapter 14 Co-ordinate
geometry 511
14.1 The distance between two points 512
14.2 The midpoint of an interval 516
14.3 The gradient formula 520
Try this: A line with no integer
co-ordinates 525
14.4 General form of the equation of a line 525
14.5 The equation of a line given the
gradient and a point 530
14.6 The equation of a line given
two points 533
Try this: Car hire 536
14.7 Parallel lines 536
Try this: Temperature rising 540
14.8 Perpendicular lines 540
14.9 Regions in the number plane 544
14.10 Co-ordinate geometry problems 549
Finding the gradient of a ski run 554
Chapter review 559
Answers 563
v
Preface
Mathscape 9 Extension is a comprehensive teaching and learning resource that has been written to address the
new Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3 Mathematics syllabus in NSW. Our aim was to write a book that would allow more able
students to grow in confidence, to improve their understanding of Mathematics and to develop a genuine
appreciation of its inherent beauty. Teachers who wish to inspire their students will find this an exciting, yet
very practical resource. The text encourages a deeper exploration of mathematical ideas through substantial,
well-graded exercises that consolidate students knowledge, understanding and skills. It also provides
opportunities for students to explore the history of Mathematics and to address many practical applications in
contexts that are both familiar and relevant.
From a teaching perspective, we sought to produce a book that would adhere as strictly as possible to both the
content and spirit of the new syllabus. Together with Mathscape 10 Extension, this book allows teachers to
confidently teach the Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3 courses knowing that they are covering all of the mandatory outcomes.
Content from Stage 4 has been included in each chapter, where appropriate. This will allow teachers to
diagnose significant misconceptions and identify any content gaps. For those students who have achieved the
relevant Stage 4 outcomes, this material could be used as a review to introduce the Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3 topics, or
to revise important concepts when they occur. However, for those students who have not achieved these
outcomes by the start of Year 9, this material will be new work. All content is clearly listed as either Stage 4
or Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3 in the contents section at the front of the book. A detailed syllabus correlation grid has
been provided for teachers on the Mathscape 9/9 Extension School CD-ROM.
Mathscape 9 Extension has embedded cross-curriculum content, which will support students in achieving the
broad learning outcomes defined by the Board of Studies. The content also addresses the important key
competencies of the Curriculum Framework, which requires students to collect, analyse and organise
information; to communicate mathematical ideas; to plan and organise activities; to work with others in
groups; to use mathematical ideas and techniques; to solve problems; and to use technology.
A feature of each chapter which teachers will find both challenging and interesting for their students is the
Focus on working mathematically section. Although the processes of working mathematically are embedded
throughout the book, these activities are specifically designed to provoke curiosity and deepen mathematical
insight. Most begin with a motivating real-life context, such as television advertising, or the gradient of a ski
run, but on occasion they begin with a purely mathematical question. (These activities can also be used for
assessment purposes.)
In our view, there are many legitimate, time-proven ways to teach Mathematics successfully. However, if
students are to develop a deep appreciation of the subject, they will need more than traditional methods. We
believe that all students should be given the opportunity to appreciate Mathematics as an essential and relevant
part of life. They need to be given the opportunity to begin a Mathematical exploration from a real-life context
that is meaningful to them. To show interest and enjoyment in enquiry and the pursuit of mathematical
knowledge, students need activities where they can work with others and listen to their arguments, as well as
work individually. To demonstrate confidence in applying their mathematical knowledge and skills to the
solution of everyday problems, they will need experience of this in the classroom. If they are to learn to
persevere with difficult and challenging problems, they will need to experience these sorts of problems as well.
Finally, to recognise that mathematics has been developed in many cultures in response to human needs,
students will need experiences of what other cultures have achieved mathematically.
We have tried to address these values and attitudes in this series of books. Our best wishes to all teachers and
students who are part of this great endeavour.
Clive Meyers
Lloyd Dawe
Graham Barnsley
Lindsay Grimison
vi
How to use this book
Mathscape 9 Extension is a practical resource that can be used by teachers to supplement their teaching
program. The exercises in this book and the companion text (Mathscape 10 Extension) provide a complete and
thorough coverage of all content and skills in the Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3 course. The great number and variety of
questions allow for the effective teaching of more able students. Each chapter contains:
a set of chapter outcomes directed to the student
all relevant theory and explanations, with important definitions and formulae boxed and coloured
step-by-step instructions for standard questions
a large number of fully worked examples preceding each exercise
extensive, thorough and well-graded exercises that cover each concept in detail
chapter-related, problem-solving activities called Try this integrated throughout
a language skills section linked to the Macquarie Learners Dictionary
novel learning activities focusing on the process of working mathematically
a thorough chapter review.
Explanations and examples
The content and skills required to complete each exercise have been introduced in a manner and at a level that
is appropriate to the students in this course. Important definitions and formulae have been boxed and coloured
for easy reference. For those techniques that require a number of steps, the steps have been listed in point form,
boxed and coloured. Each exercise is preceded by several fully worked examples. This should enable the
average student to independently complete the majority of relevant exercises if necessary.
The exercises
The exercises have been carefully graded into three distinct sections:
Introduction. The questions in this section are designed to introduce students to the most basic concepts
and skills associated with the outcome(s) being covered in the exercise. Students need to have mastered
these ideas before attempting the questions in the next section.
Consolidation. This is a major part of the exercise. It allows students to consolidate their understanding of
the basic ideas and apply them in a variety of situations. Students may need to use content learned or skills
acquired in previous exercises or topics to answer some of these questions. The average student should be
able to complete most of the questions in this section, although the last few questions may be a little more
difficult.
Further applications. Some questions presented in this section will be accessible to the average student;
however, the majority of questions are difficult. They might require a reverse procedure, the use of algebra,
more sophisticated techniques, a proof, or simply time-consuming research. The questions can be
open-ended, requiring an answer with a justification. They may also involve extension or off-syllabus
material. In some questions, alternative techniques and methods of solution other than the standard
method(s) may be introduced, which may confuse some students.
Teachers need to be selective in the questions they choose for their students. Some students may not need to
complete all of the questions in the Introduction or Consolidations sections of each exercise, while only the
most able students should usually be expected to attempt the questions in the Further applications section.
Those questions not completed in class might be set as homework at the teachers discretion. It is not intended
that any student would attempt to answer every possible question in each exercise.
Focus on working mathematically
The Working Mathematically strand of the syllabus requires a deeper understanding of Mathematics than do
the other strands. As such, it will be the most challenging strand for students to engage with and for teachers
to assess. The Working Mathematically outcomes listed in the syllabus have been carefully integrated into
each chapter of the book; however, we also decided to include learning activities in each chapter that will
vii
enable teachers to focus sharply on the processes of working mathematically. Each activity begins with a real-
life context and the Mathematics emerges naturally. Teachers are advised to work through them before using
them in class. Answers have not been provided, but notes for teachers have been included on the Mathscape
9/9 Extension School CD-ROM, with suggested weblinks. Teachers may wish to select and use the Learning
activities in Focus on working mathematically for purposes of assessment. This too is encouraged. The
Extension activities will test the brightest students. Suggestions are also provided to assess the outcomes
regarding Communication and Reflection.
Problem solving
Each chapter contains a number of small, chapter-related, problem-solving activities called Try this. They
may be of some historical significance, or require an area outside the classroom, or require students to conduct
research, or involve the use of algebra, while others relate the chapter content to real-life context. Teachers are
advised to work through these exercises before using them in class.
Technology
The use of technology is a clear emphasis in the new syllabus. Innovative technology for supporting the growth
of understanding of mathematical ideas is provided on the Mathscape 9/9 Extension School CD-ROM, which
is fully networkable and comes free-of-charge to schools adopting Mathscape 9 Extension for student use.
Key features of the CD-ROM include:
spreadsheet activities
dynamic geometry
animations
executables
student worksheets
weblinks for Focus on working mathematically.
Language
The consistent use of correct mathematical terms, symbols and conventions is emphasised strongly in this
book, while being mindful of the students average reading age. Students will only learn to use and spell
correct mathematical terms if they are required to use them frequently in appropriate contexts. A language
section has also been included at the end of each chapter titled Language link with Macquarie, where students
can demonstrate their understanding of important mathematical terms. This might, for example, include
explaining the difference between the mathematical meaning and the everyday meaning of a word. Most
chapters include a large number of worded problems. Students are challenged to read and interpret the
problem, translate it into mathematical language and symbols, solve the problem, then give the answer in an
appropriate context.
Clive Meyers
Lloyd Dawe
Graham Barnsley
Lindsay Grimison
viii
1
Rational
numbers
This chapter at a glance
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
evaluate numerical expressions using a calculator
estimate the result of a calculation
state the number of significant figures in a number
round off a number correct to a given number of significant figures
determine the effect of rounding during calculations on the accuracy
of the results
convert fractions to recurring decimals
convert recurring decimals to fractions
express a rate in its simplest form
convert rates from one set of units to another
solve problems involving rates.
R
a
t
i
o
n
a
l

n
u
m
b
e
r
s
1
Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 2
No quantity, such as length, mass or time, can be measured exactly. For a measurement to be
of use, we need to know how accurate it is. That is, we must be confident that each digit in the
measurement is significant.
When rounding off correct to a specified number of significant figures, choose the number that
is closest in value to the given number and which also contains the required number of
significant figures.
Example 1
State the number of significant figures in each number.
a 4.009 b 137.20 c 0.001 64 d 5000
Solutions
a In 4.009, the two non-zero digits (i.e. 4 and 9) are significant and the two zeros between
these digits are significant. The number has 4 significant figures.
b In 137.20, the four non-zero digits (i.e. 1, 3, 7 and 2) are significant and the zero at the end
of the decimal is significant. The number has 5 significant figures.
c In 0.001 64, the three non-zero digits (i.e. 1, 6 and 4) are significant; however, the zeros
at the beginning of the decimal are not significant. The number has 3 significant figures.
d In 5000, the non-zero digit (i.e. 5) is significant. Either some, all or none of the final zeros
could possibly be significant. This would need to be determined from the context in which
the number occurs. If we knew that the number had been rounded off correct to:
i 1 significant figure, then only the 5 would be significant
ii 2 significant figures, then only the 5 and the first zero would be significant
iii 3 significant figures, then only the 5 and the first two zeros would be significant
iv 4 significant figures, then all of the digits would be significant.
1.1 Significant figures
A significant figure is a number that is correct within
some stated degree of accuracy.
The rules for significant figures are:
All non-zero digits are significant.
Zeros between non-zero digits are significant.
Zeros at the end of a decimal are significant.
Zeros before the first non-zero digit in a decimal are not significant.
Zeros after the last non-zero digit in a whole number may or may not be
significant.
E
G
+
S
Chapt er 1: Rational numbers 3
Example 2
Round off 47.503 correct to:
a 4 significant figures b 3 significant figures
c 2 significant figures d 1 significant figure
Solutions
a 47.503 = 47.50 (4 significant figures) b 47.503 = 47.5 (3 significant figures)
c 47.503 = 48 (2 significant figures) d 47.503 = 50 (1 significant figure)
Example 3
Round off 39.99 correct to:
a 3 significant figures b 2 significant figures c 1 significant figure
Solutions
a 39.99 = 40.0 (3 significant figures)
b 39.99 = 40 (2 significant figures; both the 4 and the 0 are significant figures)
c 39.99 = 40 (1 significant figure; only the 4 is significant)
1 State the number of significant figures in each of the following.
a 45 b 7281 c 859 d 132 494
e 607 f 3012 g 4001 h 20 809
2 State the number of significant figures in each decimal.
a 5.28 b 7.152 c 38.5 d 254.883
e 0.4 f 0.005 g 0.0371 h 0.003 469
i 5.062 j 13.007 k 58.0208 l 0.001 09
m 9.30 n 0.10 o 1.4700 p 0.004 080
q 3.030 r 32.0040 s 409.010 00 t 0.010 203 00
Consolidation
3 Round off each of the following correct to 1 significant figure.
a 83 b 27 c 65 d 94
e 136 f 415 g 250 h 3810
i 9450 j 26 449 k 539 499 l 850 000
4 Round off each of these numbers correct to 2 significant figures.
a 128 b 171 c 234 d 675
e 1459 f 4026 g 8350 h 12 042
i 45 718 j 76 285 k 285 195 l 644 003
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 1.1
5 Round off each of the following decimals correct to the number of significant figures
indicated in the brackets.
a 3.67 [1] b 0.484 [1] c 0.0731 [2] d 6.2085 [4]
e 11.784 [2] f 0.3 [2] g 25.156 [3] h 49.066 28 [5]
i 91.045 [3] j 144.387 [2] k 7.3855 [4] l 10.9367 [2]
m 2018.68 [3] n 3693.21 [2] o 4002.142 [5] p 9187.549 [6]
6 Round off the following correct to:
i 1 significant figure ii 2 significant figures iii 3 significant figures
a 99.35 b 194.97 c 998.763 d 499.861
Further applications
7 Write down a possible number that is approximately equal to:
a 130, correct to 2 significant figures b 2.47, correct to 3 significant figures
As a wide variety of calculators is available, there are differences in the way they operate.
The examples here have been worked with the use of a direct logic calculator. That is, the
calculations are performed in the logical order in which they appear. For example, to evaluate
on a direct logic calculator, we press the square root key followed by the 9, then
press . For models that do not use direct logic, we enter the 9, then press the square root key.
You will need to familiarise yourself with how your calculator works.
Example 1
Evaluate each of the following.
a b 78 96 c 15.98
2
d
e f 3.52
4
g h
Solutions
Calculator steps: Answer:
a 6 7 5 2 3
b 78 96 174
c 15.98 255.3604
d 69.4 8.330 666 24
e 41 3.448 217 24
f 3.52 4 153.522 012 2
g 5 117.3 2.593 340 858
h 0.274 3.649 635 036
1.2 The calculator
9
=
E
G
+
S
6
7
--- 5
2
3
--- + 69.4
41
3
117.3
5
1
0.274
-------------
a
b
c
---
+ a
b
c
---
a
b
c
---
= 6
11
21
------
+
/
=
x
2
=
=
3
=
x
y
=
x
=
x
1
=
Example 2
Evaluate each of these, correct to 2 decimal places, using the grouping symbols keys
and .
a b
Solutions
Calculator steps: Answer
a 86.9 213.7 5.6 8.3 6.47
b 342.5 114.8 15.09
Example 3
Use the memory function on the calculator to evaluate , correct to 3 decimal
places.
Solution
i Evaluate the denominator first and store the answer in the memory.
12.5 0.98
ii Evaluate the numerator, then divide the answer by the number stored in the memory.
72.6 153.9
Answer: 1.479 (3 decimal places)
1 a Evaluate 12.43 correct to 3 decimal places, without rounding off during the
calculation.
b Round off to the nearest integer, then multiply by 12.43.
c Round off to 1, 2 and 3 decimal places then multiply by 12.43. What do you
notice?
d What effect does rounding off too early have on the accuracy of an answer?
2 Evaluate each of these using the fraction key , then give the answers as decimals,
correct to 2 decimal places.
a b c
3 Evaluate each of the following using the sign change key .
a 98 156 b 49 + 32 77 c 156 12
4 Evaluate each of these correct to 4 significant figures using the square key .
a 7.8
2
b (12.7)
2
c
E
G
+
S
( )
86.9 213.7 +
5.6 8.3
------------------------------ 342.5 114.8
+ =
(

)
=
(

)
=
E
G
+
S
72.6 153.9 +
12.5
2
0.98
------------------------------
x
2
= Min
+ = MR =
Exercise 1.2
72
72
72
a
b
c
---
3
8
---
1
11
------ + 8
7
9
---
3
4
5
---
2
5
6
---
4
2
7
---
+
/
x
2
4
7
8
---
( )
2
5 Evaluate each of these correct to the nearest tenth using the square root key and cube
root key .
a b c
d e f
6 Evaluate each of the following correct to 1 decimal place using the power key .
a 6.5
3
b 3.72
4
c 4.08
5
d e 1.85
7
4.3 f 8.9
4
3.1
5
7 Evaluate each of these correct to the nearest hundredth using the root key .
a b c
d e f
8 Evaluate each of the following correct to 3 significant figures using the reciprocal key
or .
a b c
d e f
9 Evaluate each of these correct to 2 decimal places using the pi key .
a + 16.82 b 7 c
d
2
e f
10 Evaluate each of the following correct to the nearest tenth using the grouping symbols keys
and where necessary.
a b c
d e f
Consolidation
11 Find the value of each expression, correct to 2 decimal places.
a 10.65
2
8.3 b c
3
23 85 72.6 + 90 16.45
70
3
110.4
3
2.96 36.7
3
152.6 +
x
y
2
3
11
------
( )
6
x
11
4
68.2
5
212.9
7
96
5
12.5 3 2.4
6
7
1
5
---
4
x
1
1
x
---
1
7
---
1
0.245
-------------
1
0.065
2
---------------
1
3
-------
1
51.4
3
---------------
1
1.98
4
------------
9
2
------
1
---
5
( )
73 115 +
14
---------------------
172
8.5 3.1
---------------------
19.3 54.7
6.4 9.8 +
---------------------------
12 11 10
7 8 9
------------------------------
9.4
3
5.1 7.25
------------------------
135 18.7 +
11
------------------------------
83
2.6
4
---------
101
7
---------
d e f 3
4
4.1
3
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
s (1.7 +1.16)
6
t u
v w x
12 Evaluate, correct to the nearest tenth.
a b c
d e f
g h 4.6(19.83 7.12)
3
i
j k l
13 Use the memory function on the calculator to evaluate each of these, correct to 1 decimal
place.
a b c
d e f
42 7.5
28
5
-------
74.9 87.2 +
3
7.9
3
5
16.8
6
13.9
4
------------
10 20 +
15
-------------------------- 25 50.3 19.6 +
3
1
0.06 7
------------------------
30
2 3 +
--------------------
250
5
2
8
2
---------------- 82.6 16.1

4
24
2
23
2
+
16
2
15
2
-----------------------
1
2
5
2
5
------------------
116.7 99.8 +
3
2.1
2
----------------------------------
18
2
7
3
+ 5
4
8
1
8
---
3
+
10 3 +
10 3
-------------------
1
0.1
3
0.2
2
+
----------------------------
8.4 ( )
3
6.3 11.4 +
----------------------------
3
14
1
3 5
---------------- 13.6 ( )
7
0.92
2.3
----------
18.9
5.14
---------- +
1
2
-------
1
3
-------
1
5
------- + +
40.6 15.35 +
6.2 7.7
----------------------------------
17 18 +
17
3
18
3
+
---------------------------
1
0.86 0.29
2
---------------------------------
9
2
3
---

3
1
1
2
---

7
100
10 10
3
10
4
+ +
-------------------------------------------
124.37 19.66
9.7 11.75 +
------------------------------------
7.6
2
39 +
1.4
3
0.995
-----------------------------
3
11.6
2.3
----------

5
9.47
1.02
----------

3
8.1
1.9 2.64 +
------------------------
13.4
7 0.16
2
---------------------- +
3.9 15.6
10.58 1.33
3
--------------------------------
21.4
6.09
---------- +
57.5
3
13.6
4
15 98.2
-------------------------------
1
12.4
2
------------
17.5 5.3
6.7
------------------------
4
1
0.075
2
---------------
3

Calculators do not make arithmetic errors. But sometimes we get incorrect answers when we
use a calculator. This is because we may have:
left out a decimal point
pressed the wrong key by mistake
not pressed the equals key at the right time
not understood the question
set the calculator in the wrong mode
not pressed the second function key.
By estimating the answer before using a calculator, we can work out whether the calculator
answer is reasonable. An estimate is more than a guess. It is an approximate answer that is
worked out logically. It does not have to be very close to the correct answer but it should be of
the same order of magnitude. That is, if the estimate is in the tens, the correct answer should
not be in the hundreds or the thousands.
For example, before evaluating 19.855 4.84 with a calculator, we could estimate that the
answer would be close to 20 5, that is, 100. If the calculator gives the answer as 9609.82, we
might have made an error when entering the data. In fact, a decimal point was omitted, since
the correct answer is 96.0982. It is also possible, of course, that our estimate is incorrect.
NOTE: Many different estimates can be given to calculations depending on the way that each
individual number is rounded off.
Example
Estimate the answer to each of these calculations.
a 386 19 b 154.5 11.2 c 17.74 0.493 d
Solutions
1 Round off each number correct to 1 significant figure and hence estimate the value of:
a 48 33 b 385 11 c 69 114 d 19 952 9
e 223 52 f 642 22 g 38 840 375 h 8445 23
i 54 186 j 2751 63 k 297 42 l 96 959 4367
a 386 19
400 20
= 8000
b 154.5 11.2
150 10
= 15
c 17.74 0.493
18
= 9
d
= 6 20
= 120
1.3 Estimation
E
G
+
S
41.68 21.19
6.904
---------------------------------
1
2
---
41.68 21.19
6.904
---------------------------------
42 20
7
------------------
Exercise 1.3
2 Estimate the answer, as an integer, to each of the following calculations.
a 8.7 + 19.4 + 12.1 b 96.5 27.3 + 15.046 c 24.2 3.75 5.3
d 24.8 3.88 e 32.42 7.93 f 126.7 9.82
g 5.34 11.92 8.15 h 53.5 6.12 8.046 i 189.4 47.75 283.19
Consolidation
3 Estimate the answer to each of these.
a (14.797 + 32.88) 8.1 b (348.5 102.7) 4.193 c 495.13 (9.96 10.02)
4 Find the approximate value of:
a 18.8 + 6.84 3.125 b 183.4 31.2 5.17
c 20.4 3.95 + 19.87 5.02 d 2117 12.13 8.4 4.96
5 Estimate:
a 16.45 0.482 b 43.65 0.252 c 13.82 1.55 d 8.094 1.26
6 Estimate the answer for each of these, giving the answer as an integer.
a b c d
7 Estimate the value of each calculation.
a b c d
8 The crowds at each day of a test cricket match played at the SCG between Australia and
England were as follows:
Day 134 356 Day 229 875 Day 326 234
Day 418 558 Day 59063
Round off each days crowd to the nearest 5000 spectators and hence estimate the total
match attendance.
9 A group of 4 people having dinner in a restaurant ordered the following meals from the
menu:
Tamara: spaghetti bolognaise $18.75
Luke: steak Diane $21.75
Amanda: fettuccine boscaiola $19.20
Barry: veal parmigiana $20.60
They also ordered 2 bottles of wine at $11.45 each and 4 coffees at $3.25 each.
a Estimate the total cost of the meal, allowing for a small tip.
b Approximately how much would each person expect to pay if they shared the bill
equally?
10 Therese decided to re-carpet her lounge room using carpet squares of side length 50 cm.
The lounge room is rectangular in shape and measures 5.2 m by 6.8 m.
a Estimate the area of the room in square metres.
b How many carpet squares are needed to cover an area of 1 m
2
?
23.67 84.77 29.1
3
119.8
3
4.76 9.27
2.89
---------------------------
73.4 15.2
4.57
---------------------------
50.6 73.1 +
15.8 4.593
------------------------------
106.2
7.046
2
-----------------
c Estimate the number of carpet squares that are needed to cover the entire lounge room
floor.
d If the carpet squares are sold in packs of 40 at $385 per pack, estimate the total cost of
the re-carpeting.
e Should re-carpeting decisions be based on estimates or accurate measurements?
Explain.
11 a Evaluate and . Hence, find estimates for and , correct to 1 decimal place.
b Evaluate and . Hence, find estimates for , and , correct
to 1 decimal place.
12 Consider the statement 2
n
= 12.
a Show by substitution that:
i 3 n 4 ii 3.5 n 3.6
iii 3.58 n 3.59 iv 3.584 n 3.585
b Hence, estimate the value of n, correct to 3 decimal places.
13 By substituting and then refining estimates, find the approximate value of n in each of the
following, correct to 3 decimal places.
a 2
n
= 20 b 3
n
= 36 c 5
n
= 100
A recurring decimal has an infinite number of decimal places, with one or more of the digits
repeating themselves indefinitely. Recurring decimals are written with a dot above the first and
last digits in the repeating sequence.
For example: 0.444 444 = 0.616 161 =
0.329 329 = 1.288 888 =
A rational number is a number that can be written in the form where a and b are integers
(whole numbers) and b 0. Every recurring decimal can be expressed as a fraction, so recurring
decimals are rational numbers.
4 9 5 7
100 121 110 105 115
Fermi problem
A Fermi problem is a problem solved by making a good estimation.
Try these problems:
1 How many telephone calls are made in one day in Australia?
2 What would be the total value of all the books in every library in Australia?
1.4 Recurring decimals
0.4
0.6
0.3
29
1.28
a
b
---,
TRY THIS
Example 1
Convert each of these fractions to a recurring decimal.
a b c
a 0.5 5 5 b 0.6 3 6 3 c 0.08 3 3
9 5.0
5
0
5
0
5
11 7.0
4
0
7
0
4
0
7
12 1.00
4
0
4
0
4
= 0. = 0. = 0.08
Example 2
Convert each recurring decimal to a fraction in simplest form.
a 0. b 0. c 0.2
Solutions
This exercise should be completed without the use of a calculator, unless otherwise indicated.
1 Write each of these as a recurring decimal.
a 0.222 b 0.777 c 0.6444 d 0.3555
a Let x = 0.
10x = 8.
Subtract from
9x = 8
x =
b Let x = 0.
100x = 15.
Subtract from
99x = 15
x =
=
c Let x = 0.2
10x = 2.
100x = 24.
Subtract from
90x = 22
x =
=
To convert a fraction to a recurring decimal
divide the numerator by the denominator.
To convert a recurring decimal to a fraction:
let the decimal be x
multiply both sides by the smallest power of 10 so that the recurring part of the
decimal becomes a whole number
subtract the first equation from the second
solve the resulting equation.
E
G
+
S
5
9
---
7
11
------
1
12
------
Solutions
5
9
--- 5
7
11
------ 6
1
12
------ 3
E
G
+
S
8
8
9
---
1
15
99
------
5
33
------
4
22
90
------
11
45
------
Exercise 1.4
e 0.272 727 f 0.919 191 g 0.484 848 h 0.030 303
i 0.146 146 j 0.029 029 k 0.152 152 l 0.698 698
m 1.666 n 3.818 181 o 8.274 274 p 13.955 555
Consolidation
2 Use short division to convert each of these fractions to a recurring decimal.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
3 a Convert 1 to a decimal using a calculator.
b Does the calculator round off the answer at the last digit?
4 Express each of the following as a recurring decimal.
a b c d
5 a Write down the recurring decimal for .
b Hence, write down recurring decimals for , , and .
c What meaning should be given to ? Why?
6 Convert each of these recurring decimals to a fraction or mixed numeral, in simplest form.
a 0. b 0. c 0. d 0.
e 0. f 0. g 0. h 0.
i 0.1 j 0.4 k 0.7 l 0.9
m 2. n 1. o 7.8 p 3.41
7 a Write down the recurring decimal for .
b Hence, express and as recurring decimals.
8 a Express and as recurring decimals.
b Show that = by adding fractions.
c Show that = by adding decimals.
1
3
---
1
9
---
2
3
---
4
9
---
1
11
------
3
11
------
1
6
---
2
15
------
5
12
------
7
22
------
5
6
---
11
12
------
2
3
---
1
7
---
5
7
---
1
13
------
4
13
------
1
9
---
2
9
---
5
9
---
7
9
---
8
9
---
0.9
1
3
---
1
30
------
1
300
---------
11
30
------
1
6
---
1
6
---
1
5
--- +
11
30
------
1
6
---
1
5
--- +
11
30
------
9 a Express as a recurring decimal.
b Use the fact that = = to express as a recurring decimal.
A rate is a comparison of two unlike quantities. This is different from a ratio, in that a ratio
is a comparison of two or more like quantities. In particular, a rate is a measure of how one
quantity is changing with respect to another. In a ratio, units are not written, whereas in a rate,
the units must be written if the rate is to have any meaning.
Equivalent rates can be formed by changing the units in either or both quantities. For example,
a rate of 5 cm/s is equivalent to 50 mm/s since, in both cases, the object moves the same
distance (5 cm or 50 mm) in equal amounts of time (1 s).
To be in simplest form, a rate must be expressed as a quantity per 1 unit of another quantity.
For example, a rate of 60 km/h is in simplest form because it represents a change in distance of
60 km for every 1 hour of time.
Example 1
Express each of the following statements as a rate in simplest form.
a $150 in 3 hours b 48 L in 12 min
Solutions
a $150 in 3 hours b 48 L in 12 min
3 3 12 12
= $50 in 1 hour = 4 in 1 min
= $50/h = 4 L/min
Example 2
Convert:
a 2.4 kg/day to g/day b 3.5 cm
3
/s to cm
3
/min c 18 m/s to km/h
Solutions
a 2.4 kg in 1 day b 3.5 cm
3
in 1 s c 18 m in 1 s
= 2400 g in 1 day 60 60 60 60
= 2400 g/day = 210 cm
3
in 1 min = 1080 m in 1 min
= 210 cm
3
/min 60 60
= 64 800 m in 1 h
= 64.8 km/h
2
3
---
1
15
------
2
30
------
2
3
---
1
10
------
1
15
------
1.5 Rates
A rate is a comparison of two unlike quantities.
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
1 Express each statement as a rate in simplest form.
a 30 m in 3 s b 80 km in 2 h c 45 L in 5 min
d 42 kg over 7 m
2
e 32 g in 4 s f 200 trees in 8 h
g 108 km on 9 L h $180 in 4 h i 90c for 5 min
j $12 for 8 kg k 119 runs in 34 overs l 150 crates in 4 days
m 240 beats in 2 min n 72 kL in 1.5 h o 13 km on 1.25 L
2 Complete these equivalent rates.
a 3 cm/s = _____ cm/min b 5 g/min = _____ g/h c $2.30/kg = $_____ /t
d 7.5 L/h = _____ L/day e 0.9 km/min = _____ km/h f 0.4 kg/m
2
= _____ kg/ha
a 2 L/min = _____ mL/min b 9 m/s = _____ cm/s
c 3.8 cm/s = _____ mm/s d $1.15/g = _____ c/g
e 14.6 t/day = _____ kg/day f 2.35 ha/week = _____ m
2
/week
a 70 mm/s = _____ cm/s b 850 cm/min = _____ m/min
c 4900 mL/day = _____ L/day d 24c/min = $ _____ /min
e 25 g/m
3
= _____ kg/m
3
f 59 600 L/year = _____ kL/year
Consolidation
5 Complete the following equivalent rates.
a 75 cm/s = _____ m/min b 8c/g = $ _____ /kg
c 9 m/mL = _____ km/L d 150 kg/h = _____ t/day
e 81.25 mL/h = _____ L/day f 142 m/min = _____ km/h
6 Complete the following equivalent rates.
a 25 m/s = _____ km/h b 40 mL/s = _____ L/h
c 27.5 g/s = _____ kg/h d 5 mm/min = _____ m/day
e 0.8 m/min = _____ km/day f 2.4c/mm = $ _____/m
g 72 km/h = _____ m/s h 12.24 t/day = _____ kg/min
7 Convert these annual interest rates to monthly rates.
a 12% p.a. b 6% p.a. c 18% p.a. d 4.2% p.a.
8 Convert these monthly interest rates to annual rates.
a 0.75% per month b 0.9% per month c 1.25% per month
9 Calculate the daily interest rate on a credit card if the annual rate is 15.33% p.a.
10 Convert:
a $240/week to an equivalent monthly rate
b $1352/month to an equivalent fortnightly rate
Exercise 1.5
1
2
---
c $2.80/week to an equivalent quarterly rate
d $44.20/quarter to an equivalent fortnightly rate.
a 5c/cm
2
= $_____/m
2
b 60 mL/m
2
= _____ L/km
2
c 1.2 g/cm
3
= _____ t/m
3
12 Complete this equivalent rate: $25/L = _____ c/cm
3
.
We use many different types of rates every day, often without realising it. For example:
driving speed bank interest rates currency exchange rates
petrol consumption rates sporting strike rates rates of pay
electricity rates pollution rates medical recovery rates
As most adults drive a car, the concept of speed plays a very important role in our daily lives.
We need to know how fast to drive in order to reach a particular destination on time. It is also
important to know at what speed we can safely drive under various conditions, such as on
narrow roads, in wet weather, near pedestrian crossings and so on.
Informally, we think of speed as a measure of how fast an object is travelling. Formally,
however, speed is defined as the rate of change of distance with respect to time. If we know the
distance that an object has travelled from one point to another and the amount of time that it
took to get there, then we can calculate how fast it was travelling. You should already be
familiar with the following formulae relating speed, distance and time.
Desert walk
James is a cross-country walker. He comes
to a 60 km stretch of desert where there is
neither water nor food. He can walk 20 km
per day and he can carry enough food and
water for 2 days. How many days will it take
him to cross the desert, and how many
kilometres will he travel if he has to build up
depots of food and water?
Difficult part
If he was considering a 100 km trip across
the desert, how many days supply of food
would be necessary?
TRY THIS
1.6 Solving problems with rates
There is an important distinction that needs to be made between average speed and
instantaneous speed. The formulae above are usually associated with average speed, since the
speed of the object may vary at different times throughout its journey. It may start moving
slowly, speed up at times and slow down or even stop at other times. If, however, a speed
camera had been used to measure the speed of the object at a single moment in time, then it
would have measured the instantaneous speed of the object. The instantaneous speed at a split
second may therefore differ from the average speed over the entire journey.
The degrees and minutes key on the calculator can be used to simplify the working in some
questions, particularly when the time is given in hours and minutes or minutes and seconds.
Example 1
a The entry price to an amusement park is $7.50 per child. Find the total entry cost for a
group of 90 children.
b A farmer used 145 kg of super phosphate to cover an area of 5 ha. How many kilograms
were used per hectare?
Solutions
a The entry cost for 1 child = $7.50 b 145 kg covers an area of 5 ha
cost for 90 children = 90 $7.50 5 5
= $675 29 kg covers an area of 1 ha
b 145 kg covers an area of 5 ha
5 5
29 kg covers an area of 1 ha
Speed =
S =
Distance = Speed Time
D = S T
Time =
T =
Example 2
A car can travel 138 km on
15 L of petrol. How far can it
travel on a full tank of 35 L?
Solution
Using the unitary method,
138 km on 15 L
15 15
= 9.2 km on 1 L
35 35
= 322 km on 35 L
The car can travel 322 km on a full tank of 35 L of
petrol.
Distance
Time
---------------------
D
T
----
Distance
Speed
---------------------
D
S
----
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Example 3
a Jenny ran 600 metres in 80 seconds. What was her running speed?
b A man drove at an average speed of 60 km/h for 7 hours. How far did he drive?
c Shonas average walking speed is 5 km/h. How long would it take her to walk 20 km?
Solutions
1 a An author writes at a rate of 3 pages per hour. How many pages would she write in
6 hours?
b A shearer was able to shear 18 sheep per hour. How many sheep could he shear in
2 hours?
c If petrol costs 97.4 cents/L, find how much it would cost to fill the tank in a car if the
tank holds 42 L.
d A tap is dripping at the rate of 3 mL per minute. How many litres of water will be lost
in 2 days?
e The crew on a fishing boat put out the nets every 2 hours and catch an average of 240 kg
of fish. How many tonnes would the crew expect to catch if they fish for 10 hours?
2 a Trevor earns $15.20 per hour as a sales assistant. How many hours would he need to
work in order to earn $562.40?
b Janine has a typing speed of 54 words per minute. How long would it take her to type
a 1350 word article?
c A cricket side scored 243 runs in 50 overs during a limited overs cricket match.
Calculate the average scoring rate in runs per over.
d A plumber charged $200 for 2 hours labour to repair a broken pipe. Find the
plumbers hourly rate.
e A machine prints 150 newspapers per minute. How long would it take to print 18 000
newspapers?
Consolidation
3 a Georgina drove 12 km in 10 minutes. At the same speed, how far would she drive in
30 minutes?
b Ginos pulse rate was 100 beats per minute. How many times would his heart beat in
15 seconds?
a S =
=
= 7.5 m/s
b D = S T
= 60 7
= 420 km
c T =
=
= 4 h
E
G
+
S
D
T
----
600
80
---------
D
S
----
20
5
------
Exercise 1.6
1
2
---
1
2
---
c A fruit picker claimed that he could pick 1200 apples per hour. How many apples could
he pick in 20 minutes?
d A bank teller can serve 20 customers per hour. How many customers can she serve in
45 minutes?
e A tap drips 12 times in 20 seconds. How many times would it drip in 30 seconds?
4 Use the unitary method to answer the following questions.
a Dianne paid $3.75 for 3 kg of oranges. How much would she have paid for 7 kg?
b In a walking race, Paul took 40 minutes to walk 8 km. How long would it take him to
walk 13 km?
c Susans car uses petrol at the rate of 10.6 L/100 km. How much petrol would she use
on a journey of 250 km?
d If it takes 1 hours to remove 36 t of sugar from a silo, how long it would take to
remove 30 t?
e George delivered 400 pamphlets in 50 minutes. How many pamphlets would he deliver
in 2 hours?
f If sausages are being sold for $2.80 per kilogram, find the cost of purchasing 350 grams
of sausages.
5 The following currency conversions show the value of 1 Australian dollar (A$1) in US$,
euro and NZ$.
A$1 = US$0.6075 A$1 = 0.5636 euro A$1 = NZ$1.0887
Use these currency conversions to convert:
a A$20 into US$ b A$50 into euro c A$175 into NZ$
d A$250 into euro e A$600 into NZ$ f A$4500 into US$
6 Use the currency conversions in Q5 to convert the following amounts into Australian
dollars. Give your answers correct to the nearest cent.
a NZ$30 b US$95 c 110 euro d NZ$200
e US$565 f 782 euro g NZ$1400 h US$2378
7 a Dave drove 350 km in 5 hours. What was his average speed?
b A plane travelled 1960 km in 7 hours. What was the speed of the plane?
c Jennifer ran at a speed of 8 km/h for 1 hours. How far did she run?
d A ship sailed at 42 km/h for 25 hours. What distance did it sail?
e Morgan rode his motor bike a distance of 340 km at a speed of 85 km/h. How long was
the trip?
f A satellite orbits the Earth at a speed of 22 500 km/h. How long will it take for the
satellite to travel a distance of 78 750 km?
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
8 Use the degrees and minutes key on your calculator to answer the following questions.
a How far will a bus travel in 4 h 25 min at an average speed of 90 km/h?
b Calculate the average speed of a battleship which sails 600 km in 11 h 45 minutes.
Answer correct to the nearest km/h.
c How long will it take for a plane to fly 615 km at a speed of 180 km/h? Answer correct
to the nearest minute.
9 The speed of ships and sometimes of aircraft is usually measured in knots. A knot is a speed
of 1 nautical mile per hour, where 1 nautical mile is equivalent to 1852 metres.
a Express 1 knot in km/h.
b If an aircraft is travelling at 120 knots, how long would it take to travel 5000 km?
c If another aircraft is travelling at 760 knots, how many kilometres will it travel in
6 hours?
10 The petrol consumption (C) of a car is measured in litres of petrol (L) used per 100 km (K)
travelled.
a Write down a formula connecting C, L and K.
b Calculate the petrol consumption of a car that travels 1038 km in a month and uses 95 L
of petrol.
c Meera is planning a tour of the Australian outback and expects to travel 10 000 km.
Her vehicles petrol consumption is expected to average 12 L/100 km. If the average
price of petrol in the outback is $1.12 per litre, calculate the expected cost of petrol for
this trip.
Passing trains
A slow train leaves Canberra at 9:17 am and arrives
at Goulburn at 12:02 pm. On the same day, the
express leaves Canberra at 9:56 am and arrives in
Goulburn at 11:36 am.
At what times does the express pass the slow train
if each is travelling at a constant speed?
HINT: A travel graph would give an approximate
time.
TRY THIS
F
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G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
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W
O
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I
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M
A
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H
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Y
A NUMBER PATTERN FROM GALILEO 1615
Galileo looking through a telescope in his observatory
Introduction
Galileo Galilei (15641642), the famous Italian mathematician, is better known for his
scientific achievements than his mathematical ones. For example, in 1610 he made a series of
telescopes that enabled him to discover four of the moons of Jupiter, to see mountains on the
Moon, and to prove that the Milky Way was made up of stars. The four moons of Jupiter he
discovered centuries ago are today called the Galilean satellites in his honour. Their names are
Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. We now know, thanks to space probes, that Jupiter has, in
fact, 16 moons, 13 of which have been discovered from Earth.
In this activity, however, you will investigate a number pattern for the fraction . In 1615,
Galileo wrote one of the earliest manuscripts describing this pattern, so we can see how
interested he was in pure mathematics. First, we search for a pattern among specific cases using
inductive reasoning, and then we use algebra to generalise the pattern using deductive reasoning.
FO C U S O N W
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FO C U S O N W0 R K I N G MA T H E MA T I C A L L Y
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LEARNI NG ACTI VI TI ES
1 Check that the following statement is true: =
2 Notice that the numbers in the numerator and denominator form the pattern of odd numbers
1, 3, 5 and 7.
3 Continue the pattern to obtain . Does it still equal ?
4 Write down the next term of the sequence and continue, checking that in each case the
fraction is equivalent to .
5 Why is this true? Dont try a formal proof, but see if you can draw a diagram to show that
it must be. Use dots to represent the odd numbers and choose some specific cases. Ask for
help as needed.
CHAL L ENGE
This is suggested as a group activity for extension stage 5 classes as an exercise in collaborative
learning.
1 Investigate the pattern of odd numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 +
2 Notice that the partial sums 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 5, 1 + 3 + 5 + 7, are perfect squares.
3 See if you can find the pattern for the sum of 2 terms, 3 terms, 4 terms,
4 Make a hypothesis about the sum of n terms.
5 Make a hypothesis about the sum of 2n terms.
6 If there were n terms in the numerator, how many would there be in the denominator? How
many altogether?
7 Look carefully at the following patterns:
1 + 3 + 5 = 3
2
and 7 + 9 + 11 = (1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11) (1 + 3 + 5) = 6
2
3
2
So = = =
8 See if you can show that the next term is also using this same pattern:
=
9 From the pattern of your results, see if you can write down an expression for the fraction
you would get if there were n terms on top. Ask your teacher for help if you need it, and
discuss the possibilities between yourselves. Check that the expression reduces to .
2
1
3
---
1 3 +
5 7 +
------------
1 3 5 + +
7 9 11 + +
------------------------
1
3
---
1
3
---
8
1 3 5 + +
7 9 11 + +
------------------------
3
2
6
2
3
2
----------------
9
27
------
1
3
---
1
3
---
1 3 5 7 + + +
9 11 13 15 + + +
----------------------------------------
1
3
---
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LET S COMMUNI CATE
Discuss what you have learned from this activity with a classmate or, perhaps, if you have
worked in a group for this activity, with the group members. Can you see the value of inductive
thinking in mathematics, that is, finding a pattern to suggest a general rule?
If you worked in a group, write a short account of whether you enjoyed collaborating with
others. Is it a good way to learn?
REFL ECTI NG
Mathematical thinking can be inductive, searching for a pattern to suggest a general rule, or
deductive, reasoning in a chain of argument that leads to a mathematical proof. Both are very
important in learning mathematics and are often used together.
Think over how much of your learning in Year 9 is inductive and how much deductive. Discuss
with your teacher as to how the two go together in mathematics lessons.
E
%
1 What is a small word for magnitude?
2 Explain the difference between a guess
and an estimate.
3 What is a rational number?
4 When is a digit in a number significant?
5 Read the Macquarie Learners Dictionary
entry for rate:
rate noun 1. speed: to work at a steady rate | The car
was travelling at a rate of 100 kilometres an hour.
2. a charge or payment: The interest rate on the loan
is 10 per cent per year. 3. rates, the tax paid to the
local council by people who own land
verb 4. to set a value on, or consider as: The council
rated the land at $20 000. | I rate him a very good
friend.
phrase 5. at any rate, in any case: We enjoyed
ourselves at any rate.
6. at this rate, if things go on like this: At this rate
we will soon run out of money.
How is the word rate used in this chapter?
C
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1 State the number of significant figures in:
a 406 b 7.2009
c 0.0031 d 12.0560
2 Round off each number correct to
1 significant figure.
a 76 b 150
c 4278 d 894 000
3 Round off each number correct to
2 significant figures.
a 341 b 725
c 15 049 d 369 412
4 Round off each number correct to the
number of significant figures shown in
the brackets.
a 198 [1] b 4316 [1]
c 18 209 [1] d 572 [2]
e 2154 [2] f 36 587 [2]
5 Round off each decimal correct to the
number of significant figures shown in
the brackets.
a 4.83 [1] b 0.0723 [2]
c 3.4661 [3] d 22.018 [3]
e 106.84 [2] f 8994.7 [1]
6 Evaluate each of these correct to
2 decimal places, using a calculator.
a 5 1 b 6.3 1.29
c 5.84
2
d
e f 2.71
5
g h
i
7 Evaluate each of the following, correct to
2 decimal places, using a calculator.
a b
c d 3.4
5
(2 )
4
e f
8 Estimate the value of each calculation.
a 9.84 15.2 + 18.77
b
c
9 Write each of these as a recurring
decimal.
a 0.333 333 b 0.252 525
c 0.346 346 d 5.918 181
10 Convert these fractions to recurring
decimals.
a b c 1
11 Convert these recurring decimals to
fractions.
a b c
12 Given that = , express each of the
following fractions as a recurring
decimal.
a b
13 Express each statement as a rate in
simplest form.
a 80 m in 10 s
b $45 for 9 min
c 72 L in 3 h
d 215 runs for 5 wickets
14 a A car uses 18 L of petrol to travel
150 km. How much petrol would be
needed to travel 350 km?
b A farmer spreads 25 kg of fertiliser
over an area of 4000 m
2
. How much
fertiliser would be needed to cover an
area of 1.5 ha?
2
3
---
7
10
------
136.4
91
3
101.9
6
1
0.107
-------------
8
3
------
15.7 34.15
12.31 5.6
------------------------------ 75.3 29.1
1
0.57 4.5
2
+
3
-------------------------------
3
5
---
92.8
5
4 2
----------------
15
3
13
4
+
15 13
---------------------------
7.97 47.3 15.49 +
194.7 259.2
53.6
---------------------------------
7
9
---
4
11
------
7
12
------
0.2
0.7
0.13
1
6
--- 0.16
1
60
------
1
600
---------
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15 Convert:
a 7 mm/min to mm/h
b 75 km/h to km/day
c 1.35 L/m
2
to mL/m
2
d 8.2 m/s to cm/s
16 Convert:
a 40 m/min to km/h
b 250 mL/h to L/day
c 13.5 g/m
2
to kg/ha
d 5 m/s to km/h
17 a A plane flew 6000 km in 7 hours. At
what speed was the plane travelling?
b Karen walked 24 km at 5 km/h, for
how long did she walk?
c Jude drove at 80 km/h for 4 h 15 min.
What distance did he drive?
18 Daryl drove 527 km in 6 h 23 min. Find
his speed, correct to 1 decimal place.
1
2
---
25
Algebra
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
use algebra to find rules for simple number patterns
use the method of finite differences to find rules for simple number patterns
evaluate algebraic expressions by substituting numbers for pronumerals
add and subtract algebraic expressions
multiply and divide algebraic expressions
simplify algebraic expressions using the order of operations
expand algebraic expressions that contain grouping symbols using the
distributive law
factorise algebraic expressions by removing the highest common factor
add and subtract algebraic fractions
multiply and divide algebraic fractions
link algebra with generalised arithmetic
use algebra to prove general properties of numbers
use algebra to generalise solutions to problems
expand binomial products
expand perfect squares using the special identities
determine whether a given expression is a perfect square
complete a perfect square
expand expressions using the difference of two squares identity
expand expressions that involve a combination of algebraic techniques.
A
l
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e
b
r
a
2
Many complex problems can often be solved more easily by using algebra. Algebra lets us
replace complex statements with short, simple expressions. Algebra also lets us generalise
results that are always true, or are true under certain conditions, so that we do not have to keep
solving the same types of problems over and over again.
Finite differences
It is not always easy to nd the algebraic rule that describes the relationship between variables.
The method of nite differences is a simple technique that can be used to help us nd this
relationship. Finite differences are the differences between the numbers in the bottom row of a
table of values.
For example, the numbers in the bottom row
of this table are increasing by 3. Therefore,
the nite differences in the table are all 3s.
NOTE: This method can only be used for linear relationships when the x-values are consecutive
integers (e.g. x = 1, 2, 3).
Example
Find the rule that describes the relationship between x and y in this table of values.
Solution
Let the rule be in the form y = x + ,
where is the difference between each
pair of consecutive y-values.
Now, the y-values are increasing by 5, = 5.
If y = 5x + and x = 0 when y = 7,
7 = (5 0) +
7 = 0 +
= 7
The rule is y = 5x + 7.
x 0 1 2 3
y 7 12 17 22
2.1 Describing simple patterns
x 1 2 3 4
y 13 16 19 22
+3 +3 +3
To find the rule that links the variables x and y in a linear relationship:
write the standard rule in the form y = x +
find , the finite differences between the bottom numbers in the table
find by substituting into the rule a pair of values from the table.
E
G
+
S
x 0 1 2 3
y 7 12 17 22
+5 +5 +5
Chapt er 2: Algebra 27
1 Complete each table of values using the given rules.
2 For each table of values in Q1, compare the differences between the y-values and the
co-efficient of x in the rule. What do you notice?
3 Use the method of finite differences to find a rule for each table of values.
y = x + 3 y = 2x + 5
a x 1 2 3 4 b x 0 1 2 3
y y
y = 3x 4 y = 5x 7
c x 5 6 7 8 d x 2 3 4 5
y y
a x 1 2 3 4 b x 0 1 2 3
y 4 8 12 16 y 6 7 8 9
c x 4 5 6 7 d p 2 3 4 5
y 11 13 15 17 q 5 8 11 14
e p 1 2 3 4 f p 7 8 9 10
q 9 14 19 24 q 47 54 61 68
g a 4 5 6 7 h a 0 1 2 3
b 17 19 21 23 b 3 7 11 15
i a 3 4 5 6 j s 5 6 7 8
b 18 24 30 36 t 17 22 27 32
k s 1 2 3 4 l s 2 3 4 5
t 13 20 27 34 t 19 31 43 55
Exercise 2.1
Consolidation
4
a Copy and complete this table of values.
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the number of triangles (t) to the number of
pentagons (p).
c How many triangles would there be in a figure with 9 pentagons?
5
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the number of crosses (c) to the number of
squares (s).
c How many crosses would there be in a figure with 20 squares?
6
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the number of dots (d) to the number of
circles (c).
c How many dots would there be in a figure with 15 circles?
Number of pentagons (p) 1 2 3
Number of triangles (t)
Number of squares (s) 1 2 3
Number of crosses (c)
Number of circles (c) 1 2 3
Number of dots (d)
7
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the number of dots (d) to the number of large
rhombuses (r).
c How many dots would there be in a figure with 40 large rhombuses?
8
b Complete this rule that relates the number of dots to the number of squares: d = s + .
9
b Complete this rule that relates the number of dots to the number of rectangles:
d = r + .
Number of large rhombuses (r) 1 2 3
Number of dots (d)
Number of dots (d)
Number of rectangles (r) 3 4 5
Number of dots (d)
10
b Complete this rule that relates the number of dots to the number of circles: d = c + .
11
b Complete this rule that relates the number of dots to the number of crosses: d = c + .
12 Use the method of finite differences to find a rule linking the x- and y-values in each table.
13
Number of dots (d)
Number of crosses (c) 2 3 4
Number of dots (d)
a x 1 2 3 4 b x 0 1 2 3
y 7 14 21 28 y 5 4 3 2
c x 1 2 3 4 d x 3 4 5 6
y 7 5 3 1 y 11 8 5 2
e x 4 3 2 1 f x 2 1 0 1
y 10 9 8 7 y 13 10 7 4
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the number of dots (d) to the number of
squares (s).
c How many dots would there be in a figure with 64 squares?
14
b Write down an algebraic rule that links the total number of cans (c) to the number of
cans in the base (b).
c How many cans would there be in a pile with 10 cans in the base?
Number of dots (d)
Number of cans in base (b) 1 2 3
Total number of cans (c)
Flags
Consider the following diagrams, then complete the table.
1 2 3
Find a rule relating the number of squares in the flag to the pole length.
HINT: The rule is not linear.
Pole length 1 2 3 4 5 n
Number of squares 3
TRY THIS
When we substitute for a pronumeral, we give the pronumeral the value of a number. An
algebraic expression can have a number of values, depending on the value(s) that are substituted
for each pronumeral.
Example 1
Evaluate each of the following when x = 3 and y = 7.
a 8x 2y b 2x
2
c d 6(x + y)
Example 2
Evaluate each of these when m = 2 and n = 5.
a m n + 9 b 3m 4n c mn(m n)
Solutions
a m n + 9 b 3m 4n c mn(m n)
= 2 5 + 9 = (3 2) (4 5) = 2 5 (2 5)
= 3 + 9 = 6 20 = 10 (3)
= 6 = 14 = 30
Example 3
Evaluate each of the following given that p = 4, q = 3 and r = 6.
a p + q r b pqr c q( p r)
Solutions
a p + q r b pqr c q( p r)
= 4 + (3) (6) = 4 (3) (6) = 3(4 6)
= 4 3 + 6 = 12 6 = 3 10
= 1 + 6 = 72 = 30
= 7
a 8x 2y
= (8 3) (2 7)
= 24 14
= 10
b 2x
2
= 2 3
2
= 2 9
= 18
c
=
=
= 5
d 6(x + y)
= 6(3 + 7)
= 6 10
= 60
2.2 Substitution
E
G
+
S
x y +
2
------------
Solutions
x y +
2
------------
3 7 +
2
------------
10
2
------
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
1 Evaluate each of the following when k = 5.
a k + 7 b k 2 c 13 k d 3k
e 7k + 8 f 12k 23 g 30 4k h k
2
i k
3
j 3k
2
k k
2
+ 3k l 2k
2
9k
m n o p
Consolidation
2 Evaluate each of these when m = 7 and n = 3.
a 16 m + n b mn 8 c 6m n d 2m + 5n
e 13n 4m f 50 2mn g 3m + 6n 11 h 100 5m 3n
i n
2
+ 10 j 50 m
2
k m
2
n
2
l 4n
2
m 2m
2
+ 13 n n
3
8m o mn
2
p m
2
n mn
3
q 5(m + n) r 12(m n + 6) s n(8m 20) t 2n(5m + mn)
u v w x
3 Find the value of each expression using the substitutions r = 6, s = 2 and t = 11.
a s r b r t c s + t d t r
e r s t f s t + r g r + s + t h t + s r
i 3s t j 5t + 4r k 8r + st l 5s rt
m 100 rst n rs st o r
2
3rt p s
2
r
2
+ t
2
q t 5s
2
r r(s t) s 5(2t 4r 9s) t 3s(r
2
t
2
)
4 Evaluate each of the following given that a = 3, b = 8 and c = 6.
a a + b b b c c c + a d a b
e a c + b f c + b + a g b a c h b + c + a
i 4a 2b c j b + 5a + 2c k 3b 5a + 10c l 4c + 3b 7a
m b(a + c) n c(b a) o 2a(c + b) p ac(b 10)
q (b a)(b + c) r a
2
b s ab c
3
t
u v w x
Algebraic terms with identical pronumerals are called like terms. Only like terms can be added
or subtracted.
Exercise 2.2
40
k
------
k
15
------
k 7 +
4
------------
5k 11 +
2k 1
------------------
24
m n
-------------
4m 4n +
5
--------------------
3m 2n +
n
2
-------------------- m
2
5n +
abc
b
2
c
2
+
ab
c
------
b 2c
a 1
---------------
2 a
2
c
2
+ ( )
ac
------------------------
Adding and subtracting
algebraic expressions
2.3
Some examples of:
like terms are 3m and 5m, 7q and 2q, xy and yx, 4t
2
and 9t
2
unlike terms are 4a and 4b, ef and fg, 6u
2
and 11u.
Example 1
Simplify each of these.
a 7s + 3s b 12w 4w c 6y y
d 5r
2
+ 2r
2
e 14gh 9gh f 7pq + 6qp
a 7s + 3s = 10s b 12w 4w = 8w c 6y y = 5y
d 5r
2
+ 2r
2
= 7r
2
e 14gh 9gh = 5gh f 7pq + 6qp = 13pq
Example 2
Simplify these expressions by collecting the like terms.
a 6e + 13 + 4e + 8 b 9v
2
+ 7v + v
2
3v c 8x + 7y 5x 12y
Solutions
a 6e + 13 + 4e + 8 b 9v
2
+ 7v + v
2
3v c 8x + 7y 5x 12y
= 6e + 4e + 13 + 8 = 9v
2
+ v
2
+ 7v 3v = 8x 5x + 7y 12y
= 10e + 21 = 10v
2
+ 4v = 3x 5y
1 a Simplify 7x + 3x.
b Verify your answer by substituting several values for x.
2 a Simplify 5n + 2n and 2n + 5n.
b Does 5n + 2n = 2n + 5n?
c Does it matter in which order algebraic expressions are added?
3 a Simplify 5s 3s and 3s 5s.
b Does 5s 3s = 3s 5s?
c Does it matter in which order algebraic expressions are subtracted?
4 Simplify each of the following.
a 4y + 5y b 12n 8n c 2c + c d 7k k
e 11z 11z f 10b 9b g 3a
2
+ 4a
2
h 13g
2
5g
2
i 6pq + 5pq j 15xy 8yx k 2abc + 6abc l 14m
2
n + 5m
2
n
To collect the like terms in an algebraic expression:
add or subtract the co-efficients
keep the same pronumeral(s).
E
G
+
S
Solutions
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.3
m 3t 7t n 2u + 12u o 13p + 4p p 8j 7j
q 5pq 11pq r 10yz + 9zy s e
2
11e
2
t 9rs
2
+ 7rs
2
Consolidation
5 Simplify:
a 3a + 4a + 2a b 10b 3b b c 9k 6k + 7k d 5m 8m 4m
e 3p 10p + 15p f 6r + 4r + 9r g x 7x 5x h 3c + 2c 11c
i 4e
2
7e
2
10e
2
j 8a
2
12a
2
+ 4a
2
k 5ab + ab 9ab l 9pq + 6pq + 7pq
6 Collect the like terms in each expression.
a 4q + 3q + 2 b 5g + 8 + 9 c 15u 7u 3 d 13 + 6t 5t
e 10c + 8c + d f 9j 4k + 2j g 3a 5a + 7 h 12 2n 4n
i x
2
+ 4x + x j 8m + m
2
10m k 3w
2
+ 2w
2
+ w l 4a
2
b + 6ab
2
3ab
2
7 Simplify these expressions by collecting the like terms.
a k + 2 + k + 3 b 7c + 4 + 5c + 1 c 8p + 3q + p + 7q
d 8m + 5n + m 4n e 5t + 12 2t + 4 f 8u + 9v 3u v
g 10g + 4g 3h + 6h h 11p + 2q 6q 4p i 3b 5c + 2c 8b
j 6s + 11 6s + 11 k 5y 9 + 5y + 9 l 4m 7n 10m + 5n
m x + y 4x 7y n 6a + 2b + 5a + 10b o 5j 12k + 15j 4k
p x
2
+ 6x + 2x
2
+ 3x q 7a
2
+ a
2
+ a 4a r 9u 4u
2
u
2
+ 3u
s z
2
2z + 5z
2
3z t d
2
+ 7d + 5 4d u 4mn + 5m 3mn 9n
8 Find, in simplest form, an algebraic expression for the perimeter of each figure.
a b c
d e f
9 a Subtract 3x
2
4x + 10 from 7x
2
+ 2x 4.
b From 5a
2
+ 9, take a
2
2a 5.
c Find the difference between 5p + 3 and 2p
2
+ 6p + 3.
d By how much does 4k
2
+ 7k + 11 exceed k
2
2k + 15?
e Take the sum of t
2
t + 4 and 2t
2
+ 17t + 9 from 4t
2
+ 9t + 20.
5k
8n
6n
m + 6
m
15 x
x 2
y 5
y + 12
2c 1
3c + 11
c + 4
c 7
Any algebraic terms can be multiplied or divided. They do not have to be like terms.
Example 1
Simplify each of the following:
a b 3 b 4r 5s c 24w
d 8a 5a e 6xy 7yz f 12u (5v)
Solutions
a b 3 = 3b b 4r 5s = 20rs c 24w = 6w
d 8a 5a = 40a
2
e 6xy 7yz = 42xy
2
z f 12u (5v) = 60uv
Example 2
Simplify each of the following:
a 15p 5p b 21ab 3a c 45t
2
9t d 64mn
2
(8mn)
Solutions
a 15p 5p b 21ab 3a c 45t
2
9t d 64mn
2
(8mn)
= = = =
= 3 = 7b = 5t = 8n
1 a Simplify 2a 3b.
b Verify your answer by substituting several pairs of values for a and b.
2 a Does 5n 4n equal 20n or 20n
2
?
b Substitute a value for n to verify your answer.
Multiplying and dividing
algebraic expressions
2.4
To multiply algebraic terms:
multiply the co-efficients
multiply the pronumerals.
To divide algebraic terms:
express the division as a fraction
divide the co-efficients
divide the pronumerals.
E
G
+
S
1
4
---
1
4
---
E
G
+
S
15p
5p
---------
21ab
3a
------------
45t
2
9t
----------
64mn
2
8mn
----------------
Exercise 2.4
3 a Does 12y 2y equal 6 or 6y?
b Substitute a value for y to verify your answer.
4 a Simplify 5x 3y and 3y 5x.
b Does 5x 3y = 3y 5x?
c Does it matter in which order algebraic expressions are multiplied?
5 a Simplify 6p 12 and 12 6p.
b Does 6p 12 = 12 6p?
c Does it matter in which order algebraic expressions are divided?
6 Simplify these products.
a 5 3n b 6c 4 c 9w 7 d 11 8g
e u 5v f 9m n g 7a 2b h 8x 5y
i 4c 9d j 10r 7s k 5p 12q l 9v 9w
m a a n 2e e o 4k 3k p 5h 6h
q mn mp r 6cd 7c s 5fg 4gh t 4vw 8wx
u a 14 v m 12n w 24pq r x 15c cd
7 Simplify these quotients.
a 10b 2 b 21z 7 c 18k 3 d 40m 5
e 6w w f 32n 4n g ab b h pqr pr
i 50gh 5h j 42mn 6m k 30xy 3y l 54cde 9cd
m t
2
t n 13v
2
v o 6u
2
6u p 15a
2
5a
q 24m
2
3m r 72e
2
8e s 7a
2
b 7a t 60rs
2
12rs
Consolidation
8 Simplify:
a 3 7y b 8x (5) c 4g (12h) d 10b (c)
e j (j) f 9v 3v g 7ab 5b h 8xy (12yz)
9 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
10 Simplify each of the following expressions.
a 3a 2b c b 4m n 7p c 5e 5 2f
d 4g 3 6g e 24k 3k 2 f 30ab 3a 2b
g 9pq 3p 7q h 6m 8n 12m i 10a
2
4b 5ab
j 27y 2yz 6y k 5c 2d 6cd l 72w
2
9w 4w
m 2x (3y) 7 n 15p (3q) 9p o 50rs 5r (2s)
1
2
---
1
3
---
3
4
---
2
3
---
12c
3
------------
49n
7
------------
27k
9k
---------
36ef
4e
---------------
84mnp
12mp
--------------------
63k
2
7k
-----------
25t
2
5t
-------------
96u
2
v
8uv
-----------------
11 Find the missing term in each of these.
a 3m = 18m b 4 = 28j c 12y = 3y
d 5t = 6 e 6x = 24xy f 36pq = 12p
g 8e = 40ef h 6k = 7m i 5a = 15a
2
j w = 5w k 9h = 72h
2
l 60c
2
= 5c
m 4p = 32pq n 25gh = 5g o 3x = 9x
12 Simplify, giving your answers in simplest fraction form.
a 5c 10 b 2 2k c 9h 6 d 4ab 12a
e 12mn 20n f 14u 21uv g 25cd 35de h 42s
2
49s
i 18uv 27v
2
j 35x
2
60xy k 36abc 44bcd l 72e
2
f 56ef
2
When simplifying expressions that contain several terms, follow the order of operations.
Overhanging the overhang
Place a ruler on the edge of a table. How
far will it overhang the edge of a table
before it topples?
Now move the ruler so that it overhangs
the table by 10 cm. Place another ruler on
top of this first ruler. How far can this
ruler overhang the first before it topples?
Now vary the bottom ruler each time.
Continue to see how far you can overhang
the top ruler.
Record your results.
Where should you place the two rulers so that you obtain the greatest possible
overhang?
Now try three rulers and repeat the procedure. If possible, try four rulers. What
conclusions can you make? Could you make a deduction if you had n rulers?
2.5 The order of operations
The order of operations is to:
simplify any expressions inside grouping symbols
simplify any multiplications and divisions, working from left to right
simplify any additions and subtractions, working from left to right.
TRY THIS
Example
Simplify:
a 42cd 7c 5e b 40u 9u 3 + 5u c [25a (3a + 12a)] 2a
Solutions
a 42cd 7c 5e b 40u (9u 3) + 5u c [25a (3a + 12a)] 2a
= 5e
= 40u 27u + 5u = [25a 15a] 2a
= 6d 5e
= 13u + 5u
=
= 30de
= 18u
= 5
1 Simplify:
a 3 (4n + 2n) b (15q 3q) 4 c (8j + 5j) 2
d 12x (5x + 3x) e 3t (12t 4t) f (s + 7s) 4s
g 5p (3q + 9q) h (11c c) 2d i 21b (5b + 2b)
j 36y
2
(13y 4y) k 63gh (3g 3h) l 50cd (8d + 2d)
m 2 (2f + 4f ) 4 n 5 (17t 9t) 4t o (17a
2
+ 3a
2
) (9a 4a)
Consolidation
2 Simplify these expressions by removing the innermost grouping symbols first.
a [11t + (3 4t)] + 2t b [17y (27y 3)] y c [40g (7g 5)] 4
d 6c + [9c (10c 5c)] e 5 [(15n + 6n) 7] f [8w + (4 10w)] 12w
g 32r [12r + (45r 9)] h [(22f 4f ) 2] 5f i 8k [17k (19k 13k)]
3 Simplify each expression using the order of operations.
a 5k + 3k 2 b 20z 14z 2 c 4n 2n + 7n
2
d 25v
2
6v 4v e 22ab 5a 3b f 28pq 4p + 6q
g 18ef 12ef 3 h 7y + 20xy 4x i 7 2s 5s 2
j 24a 8 + 4a 2 k 8a 4b + a
2
b a l 100x
2
2x 8 5x
m 10g + 5g 3 + 2g n 6x 8 2x + x o 2k 32k 4 3k
4 Express each of these in simplest form.
a b c d
5 Insert grouping symbols in each of these to make a true statement.
a 4 2s + 3s = 20s b 40pq 5p 2q = 4 c 16a 4a + 2a 7a = 3a
d 24e
2
6e
2
6e = 3e e 8 4n 5n 3 = 17n f 8w+ 9w
2
6 3w= 26w
E
G
+
S
42cd
7c
------------
10a
2a
---------
Exercise 2.5
10x 6
4 3x
------------------
19u 9u +
13u 6u
----------------------
8p 3q
12p 6p
----------------------
33rs 15sr
3r 2s
----------------------------
Algebraic expressions can be expanded by the use of the distributive law.
Example 1
Expand:
a 4(k + 5) b w(w 1) c 6g(4g 7h)
Solutions
a 4(k + 5) b w(w 1) c 6g(4g 7h)
= (4 k) + (4 5) = (w w) (w 1) = (6g 4g) (6g 7h)
= 4k + 20 = w
2
w = 24g
2
42gh
Example 2
Expand:
a 5(n + 2) b 7(e 3) c 8z(3x 4y)
Solutions
a 5(n + 2) b 7(e 3) c 8z(3x 4y)
= 5n 10 = 7e + 21 = 24xz + 32yz
Example 3
Expand and simplify:
a 3(b + 2) + 10 b 12 + 4(a 5) c 9(x + 5) 4(x 10)
Solutions
a 3(b + 2) + 10 b 12 + 4(a 5) c 9(x + 5) 4(x 10)
= 3b + 6 + 10 = 12 + 4a 20 = 9x + 45 4x + 40
= 3b + 16 = 4a 8 = 5x + 85
1 Expand each of the following.

a 3(a + 4) b 5(p 2) c 7(m + 1) d 8(5 k)
e 4(5h + 7) f 6(2y 3) g 5(3m + 7n) h 2(9y 10z)
2.6 The distributive law
To expand an expression by using the distributive law:
multiply the term outside the grouping symbols by each term inside.
a(b + c) = ab + ac and a(b c) = ab ac
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.6
i a(b + c) j p(q r) k e(2f + g) l k(4m 11n)
m 3t(u + v) n 6k(3m 4) o 4f(5g 7h) p 12r(3s + 5t)
q x(x + y) r b(1 b) s 7n(2n 7) t 9vw(3v 8w)
2 Expand each of these.
a 2(n + 7) b 3(b 6) c 9(k 1) d 11(8 + u)
e 5(2j + 9) f 6(7 10y) g x(y + z) h t(3u v)
i c(5d + 2e) j 2n(p + q) k 9r(5s 3) l 6h(4i 11j)
m s(s t) n j(1 + j) o 6y(5y 12) p 4mn(2m + 5n)
3 Expand:
a (x + 5)6 b ( j 2)7 c (k + 8)m d (2p + 3)4
e (c d)d f (3a + 7b)5c g (5s 2t)4s h (3m + 8n)2mn
Consolidation
4 Expand and simplify each of these expressions.
a 5(n + 7) + 6 b 4(c + 5) + 3c c 6(q + 4) 11
d 12(3 + t) 5t e 3(m + 2) + 10 f 7(2n 3) 5
g 10a + 4(6 a) h 7 + 3(4x 1) i 2q 6(5 + 2q)
j 4m + 8(2m 11) k 8 (2x 7) l 5c 6(1 4c)
m 5(2m + 9) + m + 15 n 3k + 9 + 2(k 4) o 12x + 17 2(3x 5)
p 7(5t + 3) 10t 15 q 4y + 3(y + 7) + 8 r 5w 4(w 3) 9
5 Expand each of these, then collect the like terms.
a 3(n + 4) + 5(n + 2) b 6(z + 5) + 4(z 2) c 7(p 2) + 8(p + 3)
d 5(w + 2) + 2(w 5) e 4(x + 3) 3(x 5) f 3(n 1) 7(n 2)
g 9(a + 6) 7(3 a) h 4(s 5) 6(s 1) i 8(2b + 3) + 3(3b 2)
j 6(3c 4) 5(4 3c) k 3(7y + 2) + 5(2y + 3) l 6(3k + 4) 9(12 2k)
m x(x + 5) + 3(x + 9) n y(y 2) + 6(y 7) o 3a(a + 6) + 2a(a + 4)
p 4g(g + 3) 6g(g 2) q 8u(u 2) 5u(7 u) r 10c(2d + e) + 5c(3d + 4e)
6 Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)? Explain.
a 6(2p + 5) = (2p + 5)6 b 7(3y + 2) = 21y + 2 c 5 + 4(x 1) = 9(x 1)
d 2(5v 3) = 10v 6 e ab(a + b) = a
2
b + ab
2
f (w 2) = 2 w
7 Find, in simplest form, an expression for the area of each figure.
a b c d
3a + 4
5
2mn
11m 4n
6k
k + 8
7v
4w 10
To factorise an expression means to write the expression as the product of its factors. This is
the same as reversing or undoing the expansion process.
Many expressions can be factorised in several different ways. For example, we can factorise
8n + 16 as 1(8n + 16) or 2(4n + 8) or 4(2n + 4) or 8(n + 2). However, by convention, we use
the highest common factor (HCF), that is, the greatest possible factor that is common to every
term in the expression, when factorising. In this example, the HCF of 8n and 16 is 8. Hence,
the correct factorisation of 8n + 16 is 8(n + 2).
NOTE:
If the rst term of an expression is negative, then by convention, the HCF is also negative.
Factorisations should be checked by expanding the answers.
Example 1
Factorise:
a 3x + 12 b 2r 14 c 10p + 45
d a
2
+ 8a e 12t
2
16tu f m
2
n + mn
2
mnp
Solutions
a 3x + 12 b 2r 14 c 10p + 45
= 3 x + 3 4 = 2 r 2 7 = 5 2p + 5 9
= 3(x + 4) = 2(r 7) = 5(2p + 9)
d a
2
+ 8a e 12t
2
16tu f m
2
n + mn
2
mnp
= a a + a 8 = 4t 3t 4t 4u = mn m + mn n mn p
= a(a + 8) = 4t(3t 4u) = mn(m + n p)
2.7 The highest common factor
Expanding
a(b + c) = ab + ac
Factorising
To factorise an algebraic expression:
write the HCF of the terms outside the grouping symbols
divide each term in the expression by the HCF to find the terms inside the
grouping symbols.
ab + ac = a(b + c) and ab ac = a(b c)
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Factorise:
a 7g 28 b ab + bc
Solutions
a 7g 28 b ab + bc
= 7 g 7 (+4) = b a b (c)
= 7(g + 4) = b(a c)
1 Complete each of these factorisations.
a 2n + 6 = 2( ) b 3p 15 = 3( ) c 7y + 7 = 7( )
d 4g + 10 = 2( ) e 12a 9 = 3( ) f 15k 25m = 5( )
g ax + ay = a( ) h pq qr = q( ) i st t = t( )
j m
2
+ 3m = m( ) k 4r r
2
= r( ) l ab + b
2
= b( )
m 5d
2
+ 10d = 5d( ) n 12p
2
21p = 3p( ) o 35yz + 28y
2
= 7y( )
2 Factorise each of these expressions by taking out the highest common factor.
a 2c + 8 b 5y + 10 c 18 + 3q d 35 + 7p
e 2h 14 f 6t 30 g 33 3r h 48 4n
i 5c + 5d j 3x 6y k 21g + 7h l 8m 40n
m ab + ac n uv uw o ef fg p rs r
q b
2
+ bc r k
2
8k s 11n + n
2
t a a
2
Consolidation
3 Factorise by removing the highest common factor.
a 6n + 9 b 10b + 25 c 10y + 12 d 12k 8
e 21w 35 f 18s 21 g 16a + 24 h 18t 30
i 30p + 27 j 14c + 49 k 30r 80 l 22e 99
m 35 55h n 90 + 63v o 39 + 26z p 24 60j
4 Factorise each expression completely.
a 3ab + 9bc b 2xy + 8xz c 4pq 20qr d 7gh 14hi
e 4uv + 6uw f 8ef + 20fg g 33rs 77qr h 24mn 20mp
i 7c
2
+ 21c j 24w
2
6w k 10g
2
22g l 15y + 40y
2
m mnp + mnq n rst rtu o a
2
b + ab
2
p def de
2
q j
2
k jk
2
m r 12tu + 15u
2
v s 4ab
2
+ 10a
2
bc t 49x
2
y
2
42xyz
5 Factorise:
a 3a + 3b + 3c b pq + pr ps c a
2
ab ac
d 5r + 10s + 25 e 4x
2
10x + 8xy f 6 + 24u 18u
2
g 42k
2
14k + 21 h 3mn m + mn
2
i 2x
2
+ 2xy 6x
j 30t 15tu + 10t
2
k 4cd + 28c
2
20ce l 21f 70fg 56f
2
m a
2
b + ab
2
+ ab n 8pq p
2
q + pq
2
o u
2
vw uv
2
w uvw
2
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.7
6 Explain why each of these expressions has not been correctly or completely factorised.
a 8x + 12 = 2(4x + 6) b p
2
+ 7p = p(2 + 7)
c e
2
+ e = e(e + 0) d abc + abd = a(bc + bd)
e 7uv + 14u = 7u(v + 14u) f 3p + 3q + 15 = 3( p + q) + 15
7 Factorise by taking out the greatest negative common factor.
a 2p 12 b 3x 21 c 15g 20 d 14u 49
e 2t + 2 f 8w + 24 g 12k + 16 h 9r + 30
i 24 15m j 18 + 45q k 36 + 24y l 63 77c
m ab + bc n mn km o x
2
2x p 4e + e
2
q 9k
2
+ 12k r 20a 28a
2
s 25b + 55bc t 48x
2
y 60y
2
8 Factorise by taking out the binomial common factor.
a a(b + c) + 5(b + c) b m(x y) + n(x y) c p(p + 3) + 4(p + 3)
d x(a + 1) 2(a + 1) e 3(m 7) n(m 7) f a
2
(p + q) 6(p + q)
g 5c(c + 4) + 2(c + 4) h 8(1 k) 3m(1 k) i y(2s + 3) z(2s + 3)
j 4g(3w 5) + 9h(3w 5) k x(x 7) + (x 7) l (7b + 2c) 3d(2c + 7b)
Example 1
Simplify:
a b c d
Solutions
a b c d
= = = =
= = = =
=
Adding and subtracting
algebraic fractions
2.8
To add or subtract algebraic fractions:
express the fractions with a common denominator
add or subtract the numerators
simplify if possible.
E
G
+
S
11m
12
----------
5m
12
------- +
4
3c
------
5
3c
------ +
11k
10
---------
3k
5
------
5h
6
------
3h
4
------
11m
12
----------
5m
12
------- +
4
3c
------
5
3c
------ +
11k
10
---------
3k
5
------
5h
6
------
3h
4
------
16m
12
----------
9
3c
------
11k
10
---------
6k
10
------
10h
12
---------
9h
12
------
4m
3
-------
3
c
---
5k
10
------
h
12
------
k
2
---
Example 2
Simplify:
a b c
a b c
= = =
= = =
=
Example 3 Solution
Simplify:
=
=
=
1 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
2 Simplify:
a b c d
E
G
+
S
1
a
---
5
2a
------ +
13
20w
----------
2
5w
-------
7x
12y
---------
5x
8y
------ +
Solutions
1
a
---
5
2a
------ +
13
20w
----------
2
5w
-------
7x
12y
---------
5x
8y
------ +
2
2a
------
5
2a
------ +
13
20w
----------
8
20w
----------
14x
24y
---------
15x
24y
--------- +
7
2a
------
5
20w
----------
29x
24y
---------
1
4w
-------
E
G
+
S
k 4 +
3
------------
k 2
5
----------- +
k 4 +
3
------------
k 2
5
----------- +
5 k 4 + ( )
15
--------------------
3 k 2 ( )
15
------------------- +
5k 20 3k 6 + +
15
----------------------------------------
8k 14 +
15
------------------
Exercise 2.8
3a
7
------
2a
7
------ +
5m
9
-------
m
9
----
9h
13
------
8h
13
------
x
4
---
x
4
--- +
3n
8
------
3n
8
------ +
11k
12
---------
3k
12
------
5c
3
------
2c
3
------
9d
10
------
3d
10
------ +
6b
7
------
8b
7
------ +
14w
15
----------
4w
15
-------
19e
24
---------
9e
24
------
13s
16
--------
9s
16
------ +
5
x
---
2
x
--- +
8
p
---
7
p
---
10
3y
------
4
3y
------ +
12
7q
------
3
7q
------
e f g h
i j k l
Consolidation
3 Express these fractions with a common denominator, then simplify.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
4 Explain why each of the following answers is not correct.
a b c
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
6 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
1
2n
------
1
2n
------ +
3
4c
------
5
4c
------ +
11
5g
------
9
5g
------ +
13
12k
---------
4
12k
---------
17a
10r
---------
9a
10r
--------
4m
15b
---------
2m
15b
--------- +
7e
20v
---------
8e
20v
--------- +
19t
16z
--------
15t
16z
--------
n
2
---
n
4
--- +
a
3
---
a
9
---
k
3
---
k
12
------ +
d
5
---
d
15
------
y
5
---
y
2
--- +
t
3
---
t
4
---
b
4
---
b
7
---
h
12
------
h
5
--- +
2c
5
------
3c
10
------ +
5m
12
-------
m
3
----
3r
5
-----
4r
3
----- +
3u
2
------
6u
7
------
w
4
----
5w
6
------- +
7x
6
------
2x
9
------
3 f
10
------
5 f
8
------ +
11s
12
--------
8s
9
-----
5m
9
-------
2m
9
------- +
7m
18
------- =
3w
5
-------
2w
3
------- +
5w
8
------- =
4
5a
------
3
5a
------ + 1
2
5
---
a =
1
x
---
3
2x
------ +
2
3a
------
1
6a
------ +
17
20e
---------
2
5e
------
13
12p
---------
2
3p
------
3
2u
------
2
3u
------ +
4
5 f
------
3
4 f
------
2
3t
-----
4
7t
-----
3
5h
------
5
9h
------ +
5c
4 j
------
11c
6 j
--------- +
9m
8z
-------
5m
6z
-------
9a
10g
---------
3a
4g
------
5k
12n
---------
7k
8n
------ +
n 2 +
2
------------
n 1 +
6
------------ +
b 3 +
4
------------
b 4 +
7
------------ +
x 8 +
5
------------
x 2
3
----------- +
m 3
6
-------------
m 6 +
7
------------- +
2w 5
12
----------------
w 1
4
------------- +
3s 2 +
9
---------------
2s 7
5
-------------- +
x 7 +
2
------------
x 3 +
4
------------
3c 10 +
5
------------------
c 3
4
-----------
7e 1
8
---------------
2e 5
3
---------------
NOTE: Any fractions can be multiplied or divided. They do not need to have a common
denominator.
Example 1
Simplify:
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
Example 2
Simplify:
a b
Solutions
a b
= =
= =
Multiplying and dividing
algebraic fractions
2.9
To multiply algebraic fractions:
cancel any common factors between the numerators and the denominators
multiply the numerators
multiply the denominators.
To divide algebraic fractions:
change the division sign to a multiplication sign and take the reciprocal of the
second fraction
proceed as above for the multiplication of fractions.
E
G
+
S
m
3
----
n
4
---
15x
14y
---------
7
9x
------
a
2
bc
2
--------
bc
a
------
m
3
----
n
4
---
15x
14y
---------
7
9x
------
5 1
2
3
a
2
bc
2
--------
bc
a
------
mn
12
-------
5
6y
------
a
c
---
E
G
+
S
e
4
---
7
f
---
9c
10d
---------
12c
2
25de
------------
e
4
---
7
f
---
9c
10d
---------
12c
2
25de
------------
e
4
---
f
7
---
9c
10d
---------
25de
12c
2
------------
5
2
3
4
ef
28
------
15e
8c
---------
1 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
2 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
Consolidation
3 Simplify each of the following by at first cancelling common factors.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
4 Express each of these as a multiplication, then simplify.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
5 Explain why each of the following solutions is incorrect.
a b
a b c d
e f g h
Exercise 2.9
a
3
---
b
2
---
u
3
---
u
4
---
a
b
---
c
d
---
1
p
---
1
q
---
1
x
---
1
4x
------
4c
5
------
d
3
---
9m
7
-------
3n
4
------
5
6x
------
7
8x
------
x
5
---
4
y
---
v
2
---
6
v
---
t
u
---
v
w
----
1
g
---
1
h
---
1
s
--- 2s
3e
7
------
5 f
6
------
10a
11
---------
3b
4
------
4
5h
------
3h
13
------
n
3
---
2
n
---
a
4
---
8
b
---
3
c
---
d
15
------
3
x
---
2x
7
------
ab
e
------
cd
bc
------
5a
3b
------
b
10a
---------
8d
7c
------
21
8e
------
4e
10 f
---------
5 f
12e
---------
9t
14v
---------
7u
18tu
-----------
15w
27y
----------
18x
25w
----------
11i
12h
---------
21h
22ij
----------
44r
35pq
-------------
10p
99rs
-----------
x
5
---
x
3
---
m
2
----
n
6
---
5
u
---
20
v
------
6
r
---
11s
3r
--------
ef
g
-----
eh
hi
------
10k
3
---------
5m
12
-------
4s
7t
-----
16s
t
--------
9w
28v
---------
27w
7v
----------
4p
33q
---------
20pr
11r
------------
12c
45b
---------
16c
25a
---------
12e
63d
---------
20ef
99d
-----------
42xy
55x
------------
49yz
60w
-----------
5a
3b
------
10
11b
---------
2a
33
------ =
1 2
4c
7
------
21
c
------
4
3
--- =
3
1
p
2
q
-----
q
2
p
-----
5m
4np
---------
2n
3m
2
----------
2a
2
3b
2
--------
7b
5a
------
ab
2
p
2
q
---------
pq
ab
------
r
2
s
tu
2
-------
rs
tuv
--------
8e
21f
2
------------
24e
2
35f
-----------
12x
2
y
25ab
--------------
28xy
2
15bc
--------------
24tu
2
33vw
-------------
36t
2
u
55wx
-------------
7 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
8 Factorise each expression where possible, then simplify.
a b c
d e f
g h i
We use generalised arithmetic to form a general expression to describe any value in a situation.
For example, if Alicia is 10 years old, then:
in 1 years time she will be (10 + 1) years old
in 2 years time she will be (10 + 2) years old
in k years time she will be (10 + k) years old.
Her exact age in any number of years time can be worked out simply by adding that number
to 10.
To form a general expression for a situation, choose a few numbers and look for a pattern in the
answers. For example, to find the number of centimetres in y m, consider:
1 m = (1 100) cm 2 m = (2 100) cm 3 m = (3 100) cm y m = (y 100) cm
= 100 cm = 200 cm = 300 cm = 100y cm
Being able to form a general expression is an essential skill in mathematics.
Listed below are some common key words and phrases and their meaning.
Additionsum, increase, add, plus, total, more than
Subtractiondifference, decrease, subtract, take away, reduce, less than
Multiplicationproduct, times, multiply, double, multiple
Divisionquotient, divide, halve, share
NOTE: In additions and subtractions where the second term is a pronumeral, the words sum
and difference are usually preferred to phrases such as more than and less than.
Odd and even numbers both have the same general expression because both odd numbers and
even numbers increase by 2. So, if n is an odd number, then n + 2, n + 4, n + 6, are all odd.
ab
bc
------
cd
de
------
ef
ag
------
5m
7n
-------
14p
15m
----------
9n
16q
---------
9r
20s
--------
15s
22u
---------
27r
11t
--------
15w
7x
----------
40y
9x
---------
16xy
45w
------------
21a
2
32bc
------------
55e
2
63ab
------------
45e
24b
2
c
--------------
14pq
2
9ru
---------------
49qr
18tu
2
-------------
30stu
25r
2
s
--------------
3x 12 +
12
------------------
8
x 4 +
------------
5m 30 +
3m 21
--------------------
9m 63
45
-------------------
24m
2
6k 42 +
------------------
5k 35 +
18m
------------------
12t 12
3u
--------------------
2u 8 +
8t 8
---------------
c
2
c +
3c 3 +
---------------
3c
2
6c +
6c
2
--------------------
a
2
2a +
21x 21y
------------------------
14x 14y
5a 10 +
------------------------
25a
2
b
18a 27b
------------------------
35ab
2
12a 18b
------------------------
15u 20v +
24u 60v
------------------------
30u 40v +
16u 40v
------------------------
8bc 16c
6ab 30a
-------------------------
4bc 8c
3ab 15a +
-------------------------
2.10 Generalised arithmetic
However, if n is an even number, then n + 2, n + 4, n + 6, are all even. Whether such
expressions are odd or even depends on whether n is odd or even.
Example 1
Write an algebraic expression for each of the following.
a five more than k b two less than y
c the sum of m and n d the difference between p and q
e the product of h and 3 f the quotient of d and e
g one-quarter of c h two-thirds of u
i the square of w j twice the cube of x
Solutions
a k + 5 b y 2 c m + n d p q e 3h
f g h i w
2
j 2x
3
Example 2
Write the meaning of each expression in words.
a 3m 5 b c d 4(g + 2)
Solutions
a 5 less than the product of 3 and m
b 7 more than the quotient of x and y
c one-tenth of the difference between e and f
d 4 times the number which is 2 more than g
Example 3
Write down 3 consecutive numbers, the first of which is:
a n b n + 7 c n 1
Solutions
a n, n + 1, n + 2 b n + 7, n + 8, n + 9 c n 1, n, n + 1
Example 4
Write down 3 consecutive:
a even numbers, the first of which is t
b even numbers, the first of which is t + 5
c odd numbers, the first of which is 3t
d odd numbers, the first of which is t 1
E
G
+
S
d
e
---
c
4
---
2u
3
------
E
G
+
S
x
y
-- 7 +
e f
10
------------
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Solutions
a t, t + 2, t + 4 b t + 5, t + 7, t + 9 c 3t, 3t + 2, 3t + 4 d t 1, t + 1, t + 3
1 Write an algebraic expression for each of the following.
a 3 more than x b 5 less than t
c the sum of p and q d the difference between m and n
e the sum of x, y and 7 f the product of m and 4
g 9 times the number n h the product of a, 2 and b
i half of k j one-quarter of z
k two-thirds of w l the quotient of u and v
m the number of times that j divides into 4 n the square of k
o the cube of y p the square root of g
2 Write each expression in words.
a n + 4 b q 6 c c + d d x y
e 8u f 5ef g h
i j a
2
k g
3
l
Consolidation
3 Write an algebraic expression for each of these.
a 3 more than the product of 2 and x b 1 less than the product of y and 5
c the sum of 7 and the product of p and q d the difference between 4 and the square of u
e 6 more than half of c f 9 less than one-fifth of w
g 2 more than the quotient of e and f h 4 less than seven-tenths of r
i one-third of the sum of b and 1 j half the difference between g and h
k 3 times the number that is 12 more than a l 9 times the number that is 3 less than p
m 4 times the sum of c and d n 10 times the difference between r and s
o twice the square of y p 8 times the cube of x
q the quotient of 5 and the square of j r 1 more than half the cube of b
4 Write each of these algebraic expressions in words.
a 5x + 7 b 2n 3 c gh + 4 d 9 pq
e f g h
i 5(e + 2) j k 3r
2
l 2s
3
9
5 Write down an algebraic expression in simplest form for the number that is:
a 5 more than t + 2 b 4 less than p + 13
c 8 less than 3k 2 d 6 more than 7y 4
Exercise 2.10
h
3
---
3v
4
------
m
n
---- d
a 3 +
4
------------
b
6
--- 8 +
m n
7
------------- u
v
w
----
2 c d ( )
3
--------------------
6 Write down three consecutive numbers, the first of which is:
a 3 b a c x
2
d t + 5
e p 11 f k 1 g 2n 2 h 2 u
7 Write down three consecutive even numbers, the first of which is:
a 6 b n c p + 8 d x 5 e g 2
8 Write down three consecutive odd numbers, the first of which is:
a 3 b k c y + 7 d c 12 e s 3
9 Find three consecutive numbers such that:
a the middle number is m b the largest number is w
10 a Gary has k shirts hanging in his closet. How many shirts will he have after buying
3 more?
b Nerida has $d in her purse. How much will she have left after spending $4?
c If there are c matches in a box, how many matches are there in 10 boxes?
d How much will each person receive if $x is shared equally among 6 people?
11 Brett had $p in his wallet and donated q% of this money to charity.
a How much money did Brett donate? b How much did he have left?
12 Write an expression for the average of u and v.
13 a Two of the angles in a triangle are p and q. What size is the third angle?
b Three of the angles in a quadrilateral are a, b and c. What size is the fourth angle?
14 a Liesl is 9 years old. How old will she be in t years time?
b Vinoo is 16 years old. How old was he j years ago?
15 Matthew is x years older than Greg and Greg is y years older than Tim.
a How much older is Matthew than Tim?
b If Matthew is w years old, find the age of:
i Greg ii Tim
16 Find the perimeter of:
a an equilateral triangle with sides f cm b a rhombus with sides n cm
17 Convert:
a x cm to mm b y m to cm c p km to m
d a cm to m e q m to km f t mm to cm
g $d to cents h b c to dollars i k h to min
j m s to min k r L to mL l e g to kg
18 How many:
a millimetres are there in 5 cm v mm? b metres are there in x km 150 m?
c minutes are there in a h b min? d cents are there in $w and p c?
19 From a 5-m roll of wallpaper, 12 strips each of length z cm are cut and then used to paper
a wall. What length of the roll, in centimetres, was not used?
20 Farmer Frank wants to fence off a rectangular enclosure, using an existing fence as one
side. If he has 50 m of fencing available and the width of the enclosure is to be y m, find:
a the length of the enclosure b the area of the enclosure
21 Max is a used-car dealer. He bought 10 cars from the manufacturer for $x each. He sold
7 cars at a profit of $c each and 3 cars at a profit of $d each. What was his total profit on
the purchase and sale of the 10 cars?
22 Mrs Hadlees fortnightly pension of $t is increased by 4%. How much will she receive each
fortnight after the increase?
23 a A car travelled a distance of m km in n h. At what speed was the car travelling?
b A girl cycled at b km/h for h h. How far did she cycle?
c A man walked for p km at s km/h. For how long did he walk?
24 Lydia and Jit share $c in the ratio a : b, where a < b.
a Who receives the greater amount? b How much money does Jit receive?
25 A 20-cm length of wire is cut into two pieces, the smaller piece having a length of x cm.
The longer piece is bent into the shape of a rectangle with a width of 7 cm. How long is the
rectangle?
26 a If 3 bags of seeds cost $c, find the cost of k bags.
b If k boxes of cereal cost $m, find the cost of 9 boxes.
c If v crates have a mass of 5 kg, find the mass of w crates.
Railway tickets
If a railway line had two stations, A and B, two types of tickets would be needed:
A to B and B to A. If there were 3 stations, A, B and C, six tickets would be required:
A to B, B to A, A to C, C to A, B to C, C to B.
Complete the following table and then find the general rule.
HINT: The rule is not linear.
Number of stations (s) 2 3 4 5 6 n
Number of tickets (t) 2
TRY THIS
There are a number of important properties of numbers that can be proven by the use of algebra.
Many of these proofs involve the expansion of an expression or the removal of a common
factor.
Example 1
If one number is divisible by 6 and another number is divisible by 4, show that the product of
these numbers must be divisible by 8.
Solution
Let m, n be any two integers. Therefore, 6m is a multiple of 6 and 4n is a multiple of 4.
6m 4n = 24mn
= 8 3mn
= 8y, say, where y = 3mn
As m and n are integers, 3mn is also an integer and thus y is an integer. Hence, 8 is a factor of
the product.
Therefore, the product of the numbers must be divisible by 8.
Example 2
Show that the sum of five consecutive integers must be divisible by 5.
Solution
Let the integers be x, x + 1, x + 2, x + 3, x + 4.
x + (x +1) + (x + 2) + (x + 3) + (x + 4) = 5x + 10
= 5(x + 2)
= 5y, say, where y = x + 2.
As x + 2 is an integer, y is an integer and 5 is a factor of the sum. Therefore, the sum of five
consecutive integers must be divisible by 5.
1 If a is an integer, what are the next three integers?
2 a If x is an even integer, what are the next three even integers?
b If x is an odd integer, what are the next three odd integers?
c If x is a multiple of 3, what are the next three multiples of 3?
d If x is a multiple of 7, what are the next three multiples of 7?
3 If m and n are positive integers, determine if each of the following will be odd or even.
a 2n b 2n + 1 c 2m + 2n
d 2(m + n + 1) e 2(m + n) + 1 f 4(m n) 1
2.11 Properties of numbers
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.11
Consolidation
4 Use algebra to prove each of these number properties.
a The sum of two even numbers is an even number.
b The sum of two odd numbers is an even number.
c The sum of an odd number and an even number is an odd number.
d The product of two even numbers is an even number.
e The product of an even number and an odd number is an even number.
5 Prove that the sum of any three odd numbers is an odd number.
6 Janelle wanted to prove that the difference between two even numbers is always an even
number. Here is her proof.
Let m and n be any two positive integers, then 2m and 2n must be even numbers.
Now, 2m 2n = 2(m n), which is divisible by 2 because 2 is a factor and m and n are
integers.
Therefore, the difference between two positive integers must always be an even number.
Is Janelles proof complete? Explain your answer.
7 Prove that the difference between:
a two odd numbers must be an even number
b an odd number and an even number must be an odd number.
8 Morris claimed that the product of two even numbers is always an even number and,
therefore, the quotient of two even numbers must also be an even number. Is Morris
correct? If so, prove the result. If not, find an example where his claim is not true. (This is
called a counter-example.)
9 a Show that the sum of three consecutive integers is always divisible by 3.
b Show that the sum of seven consecutive integers is always divisible by 7.
c Is the sum of four consecutive integers always divisible by 4?
d Is the sum of six consecutive integers always divisible by 6?
10 Show that if a number is a multiple of 6, then it must also be a multiple of both 2 and 3.
11 a If a number is divisible by 10, then by what other numbers must it also be divisible?
b If a number is divisible by 18, then by what other numbers must it also be divisible?
12 a A number is divisible by both 3 and 4. Must it also be divisible by 12?
b A number is divisible by both 2 and 7. Must it also be divisible by 14?
c A number is divisible by both 4 and 6. Must it also be divisible by 24?
d A number is divisible by both 6 and 9. Must it also be divisible by 54?
13 a Look at your results in Q12. How do the numbers in a and b differ from those in c
and d?
b Copy and complete this statement:
If a number is divisible by two positive integers p and q, then it will be divisible by
their product pq if __________________________ .
14 a Complete this expansion: (a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d)
=
b Hence, prove that the product of two odd numbers must be an odd number.
There are many problems in mathematics that can be solved by looking for patterns, then
finding rules that describe them. In this section, we will extend our study of patterns in linear
relationships to the solution of more general problems. This may involve the use of various
problem-solving strategies as well as algebra.
Example
Cubes, similar to the one shown, but of any size, are constructed from
small cubes.
The faces of the large cube are then painted blue.
Find an algebraic rule for the number of cubes that are painted, P, and
the number that remain unpainted, U.
Solution
The large cube contains 4 4 4 = 4
3
= 64 small cubes.
The cubes on the inside, which remain unpainted, form a smaller cube of side 2.
Thus, there are 2
3
= 8 cubes which are not painted.
The remainder, 64 8 = 56 will all be painted on at least one face.
If this case is generalised to a cube of side length s, then the inner cube of small cubes which
are not painted will have side length s 2.
There will be (s 2)
3
unpainted cubes.
The remaining cubes s
3
(s 2)
3
will have been painted.
Painted cubes: P = s
3
(s 2)
3
Unpainted cubes: U = (s 2)
3
Generalising solutions to
problems using patterns
2.12
E
G
+
S
1 We are interested in finding the minimum number of straight lines of any length that are
required to draw each figure.
a Complete the table.
b Describe, in words, the relationship between the number of rows of squares and the
minimum number of lines in each figure.
c Write an algebraic statement linking l and n.
d What is the minimum number of lines that are required to draw a figure with 30 rows
of squares?
2 A sheet of writing paper is folded in half horizontally, then folded again and again.
The number of creases is recorded at each stage.
a Copy and complete the following table.
b Write down a formula to describe the relationship between the number of creases and
the number of folds.
c How many creases would there be if the paper had been folded 7 times?
Consolidation
3 Square rooms are tiled with white and black square tiles as shown.
There are x tiles along each side of the room, and the top left tile is
always white.
a By considering square rooms of various sizes, find the number of
tiles N that are needed to tile a square room of any size.
b Find expressions for the number of white tiles that are needed to
tile a square room of any size. (HINT: Consider separately squares
with odd and even numbers of tiles on each side.)
c How many black squares would be needed to tile a square room with a side length of
50 tiles?
Number of rows of squares (n) 1 2 3 4
Minimum number of lines (l) 6
Number of folds (f ) 1 2 3 4
Number of creases (c)
Exercise 2.12
4 This triangular pattern is made up of black and white triangular tiles as shown. There are
t black tiles along each side of the triangle. The top tile is always black.
a Find an expression for the total number of tiles in a triangle of
any size.
b Find an expression for the number of black tiles in a triangle
of any size.
c How many white tiles would there be if there were 10 black
tiles along each side of a triangle?
5 A chess board is in the shape of a square with a side length of
8 units. Consider the following problem.
How many squares of any size are there on a standard chess board?
This problem can be made simpler by first drawing smaller
diagrams such as those below.
a Copy and complete this table of values from the diagrams above.
b Describe in words the relationship that exists between the side length and the total
number of squares in the diagram.
c Write this relationship as a formula linking N and x.
d Use this formula to find the number of squares on a standard chess board.
6 Consider the following three-dimensional models.
a Copy and complete the following table.
Side length (x) 1 2 3 4
Number of squares (N)
Number of rows 1 2 3 4
Number of cubes in bottom layer
Number of cubes in second layer
Total number of cubes
b Show by substitution that the number of cubes in the bottom layer is , where
n is the number or rows.
c Find an expression for the total number of cubes in each figure.
d Hence, find an expression for the number of cubes in the second layer.
e How many cubes will there be in the second layer of the 25th figure?
7 A circle has been divided into a number of regions by drawing
several straight lines.
No more than two lines can intersect at any one point and the
number of regions is to be a maximum.
a Form a table of values and use it to find a relationship between
the number of lines (l) and the number of regions (r).
b How many regions would be formed by the intersection of 10
straight lines?
8 The pyramid shown has 3 storeys. Consider a similar
pyramid with n storeys.
a Write down a number pattern that shows the number of
cubes in each storey.
b Find an expression for the number of cubes on the
bottom layer of a pyramid with n storeys.
c How many cubes would there be in the bottom layer of
a pyramid that is 10 storeys high?
d Use the number pattern in a to find the total number of cubes in the pyramid.
9 Square rooms are to be tiled using two colours as shown.
Taking separate odd and even cases, establish a rule
for the number of white tiles (T) needed, where there are
n tiles along each side.
10 For this question refer to the diagrams in Q5.
A person wishes to produce a 10 10 square on a computer by repeating a small square.
For example, the 3 3 square could be produced using 8 small
squares, as the central square is outlined by its surrounding
squares.
a Find the minimum number of small squares that can be used
to produce the 10 10 square.
b Taking odd and even as separate cases, form equations to
find the minimum number of small squares for an n n square.
Let S represent the total number of small squares required.
n n 1 + ( )
2
--------------------
A binomial is an expression that contains two terms. Some examples of binomial expressions
are a + 7, 3m 4 and x
2
+ 2x. The product of two binomials is called a binomial product.
Some examples of binomial products are (x + 6)(x 4), (2t 1)(t 3) and (3a b)(2a + 7b).
There are several methods that can be used to expand a binomial product.
Area diagrams
Consider a rectangle with length (x + 3) units and width (x + 2)
units. This rectangle can be divided into four smaller rectangles
as shown.
To find the area of the large rectangle, we simply find the sum
of the areas of the smaller rectangles.
Area of large rectangle = sum of areas of smaller rectangles.
(x + 3)(x + 2) = (x x) + (x 3) + (2 x) + (2 3)
= x
2
+ 3x + 2x + 6
= x
2
+ 5x + 6
The distributive law
The distributive law can be used to expand expressions such as a(b + c). When using the
distributive law, the term outside the grouping symbols is multiplied by each term inside the
grouping symbols. That is, a(b + c) = ab + ac.
NOTE: The distributive law can be used to expand expressions in which the factors contain
more than two terms.
The FOIL method
The FOIL method is simply the use of the distributive law without writing the first line of
working. The acronym FOIL stands for First, Outside, Inside and Last, which is the order in
which the terms in the grouping symbols should be multiplied together. This method is also
referred to as expansion by inspection.
2.13 Binomial products
x
x x
2
3
2 2x
3x
6
To expand a binomial product using the distributive law:
multiply the first term in the first factor by each term in the second factor
multiply the second term in the first factor by each term in the second factor.
(a + b)(c + d) = a(c + d) + b(c + d)
= ac + ad + bc + bd
Example 1
Expand and simplify each expression by using the distributive law.
a (a + 8)(a 2) b (2x + 7)(3x 4)
Solutions
a (a + 8)(a 2) b (2x + 7)(3x 4)
= a(a 2) + 8(a 2) = 2x(3x 4) + 7(3x 4)
= a
2
2a + 8a 16 = 6x
2
8x + 21x 28
= a
2
+ 6a 16 = 6x
2
+ 13x 28
Example 2
Expand and simplify (x + 3)(x
2
5x + 1).
Solution
(x + 3)(x
2
5x + 1) = x(x
2
5x + 1) + 3(x
2
5x + 1)
= x
3
5x
2
+ x + 3x
2
15x + 3
= x
3
2x
2
14x + 3
1 Expand each of the following binomial products by using an area diagram.
a (x + 2)(x + 5) b (a + 3)(a + 4) c (n + 7)(n + 6)
2 Expand (x + 6)(x 2) using an area diagram.
3 Expand these binomial products by using the distributive law.
a (x + 3)(y + 2) b (p + 7)(q + 4) c (g + 1)(h + 6)
d (m + 5)(n 2) e (u 10)(v + 6) f (j 3)(k 4)
g (2x + 3)(y + 7) h (3p + 1)(q 4) i (5a 6)(b 3)
j (3m + 2)(2n + 9) k (6j + 5)(2k 3) l (8u 9)(3v 5)
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
To expand a binomial product using the FOIL method:
multiply the first terms
multiply the outside terms
multiply the inside terms
multiply the last terms
collect any like terms.
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.13
4 Expand and simplify each expression by using the distributive law.
a (x + 2)(x + 3) b (x + 5)(x + 4) c (x + 10)(x 6)
d (x + 8)(x 5) e (x 9)(x + 1) f (x 4)(x + 3)
g (x 6)(x 4) h (x 5)(x 2) i (x + 7)(x 7)
Consolidation
5 Expand each of the following by using the FOIL method.
a (a + 2)(a + 4) b (y + 3)(y + 5) c (m + 7)(m + 1)
d (p + 7)(p 5) e (t + 9)(t 2) f (w + 6)(w 4)
g (k 4)(k + 2) h (u 7)(u + 1) i (j 10)(j + 6)
j (z 2)(z 1) k (n 4)(n 7) l (q 8)(q 11)
6 Expand each of the following products by using the FOIL method.
a (2x + 3)(x + 1) b (3a + 4)(a + 2) c (p + 7)(4p + 1)
d (4m + 5)(2m + 3) e (2k + 7)(5k + 4) f (3w + 2)(2w + 9)
g (5t 2)(t + 2) h (y + 8)(2y 3) i (3h 4)(h 5)
j (6u + 1)(u 3) k (7b 2)(b 4) l (n 3)(2n + 11)
m (4s + 7)(2s + 1) n (3j + 8)(4j + 5) o (3q 5)(5q 3)
p (4 + x)(5x + 3) q (8 + 5r)(6 r) r (5 6e)(7 10e)
s (2c 3)(4 + 9c) t (5 12k)(3k + 2) u (1 + 2g)(9 2g)
7 Prove the expansion identity (x + a)(x + b) = x
2
+ (a + b)x + ab.
8 Expand these binomial products by using the expansion identity derived in Q7.
a (x + 4)(x + 1) b (x + 3)(x + 5) c (x + 2)(x + 4)
d (x + 5)(x + 2) e (x + 6)(x + 3) f (x + 10)(x + 2)
g (x 3)(x 1) h (x 4)(x 5) i (x 2)(x 7)
j (x 9)(x 3) k (x 10)(x 4) l (x 7)(x 6)
m (x + 5)(x 2) n (x 7)(x + 3) o (x 6)(x + 2)
p (x + 3)(x 5) q (x 8)(x + 4) r (x + 3)(x 10)
s (x 2)(x + 11) t (x + 9)(x 5) u (x 12)(x + 9)
9 Expand and simplify:
a 2(c + 3)(c + 2) b 3(z + 4)(z 2) c 4(y 5)(y 1)
d 2(v 7)(v + 3) e a(b 2)(2b 5) f x(2x + 7)(3x 4)
10 a Show by expanding both expressions that (x 8)(x 3) = (8 x)(3 x).
b Write another binomial product that means the same as (2z 5)(7 z). Verify your
answer by expanding both expressions.
11 a Evaluate 13 12 by first expressing it as (10 + 3)(10 + 2).
b Evaluate 19 17 by first expressing it as (20 1)(20 3).
c Evaluate 14 18 by first expressing it as (10 + 4)(20 2).
12 The smallest of three consecutive integers is x. Find their product.
13 The perimeter of a square is (4x + 20) cm. Write an expression in simplest form for the area
of the square.
a (x + 1)(x
2
+ 3x + 5) b (a + 2)(a
2
2a + 6) c (s 5)(s
2
2s 7)
d (g + 3)(2g
2
+ g + 4) e (2e 3)(e
2
+ 3e 8) f (6k 5)(4k
2
2k 1)
15 Expand and simplify each of these.
a (a + 1)(a + 2)(a + 3) b (n 3)(n + 7)(n 2) c (2t 1)(t 3)(4t 5)
16 By what expression should:
a n + 3 be multiplied to give n
2
+ 10n + 21? b x 2 be multiplied to give x
2
9x + 14?
c d 5 be multiplied to give d
2
d 20? d p + 4 be multiplied to give p
2
16?
A perfect square is the product of two identical expressions. Some examples of perfect squares
are:
n
2
, 4p
2
, (x + y)
2
and (2m 3n)
2
NOTE: In the expanded form of the perfect square, the first sign is the same as the sign in the
grouping symbols and the last sign is always +.
Proofs: (a + b)
2
= (a + b)(a + b) (a b)
2
= (a b)(a b)
= a(a + b) + b(a + b) = a(a b) b(a b)
= a
2
+ ab + ba + b
2
= a
2
ab ba + b
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
Example 1
Expand each of these perfect squares.
a (x + 4)
2
b (p 7)
2
c (3m + 5)
2
d (ab 6c)
2
2.14 Perfect squares
To expand a perfect square of the form (a + b)
2
or (a b)
2
:
square the first term
add or subtract twice the product of the two terms, depending on the sign in the
expression
add the square of the last term.
(a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
and (a b)
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
E
G
+
S
Solutions
a (x + 4)
2
= x
2
+ (2 x 4) + 4
2
b (p 7)
2
= p
2
(2 p 7) + 7
2
= x
2
+ 8x + 16 = p
2
14p + 49
c (3m + 5)
2
= (3m)
2
+ (2 3m 5) + 5
2
d (ab 6c)
2
= (ab)
2
(2 ab 6c) + (6c)
2
= 9m
2
+ 30m + 25 = a
2
b
2
12abc + 36c
2
Example 2
Complete each of these perfect squares.
a y
2
+ + 100 = ()
2
b 9p
2
+ 12p + = ()
2
Solutions
a The first and last terms in the grouping symbols are = y and = 10, respectively.
The middle term in the trinomial = twice the product of the terms in the grouping symbols.
= 2 y 10
= 20y
y
2
+ 20y + 100 = (y + 10)
2
b The first term in the grouping symbols is = 3p.
The middle term in the trinomial = twice the product of the terms in the grouping symbols.
12p = 2 3p last term in the grouping symbols
12p = 6p last term
The last term in the grouping symbols is 2.
The last term in the trinomial = the square of the last term in the grouping symbols.
= 2
2
= 4
9p
2
+ 12p + 4 = (3p + 2)
2
1 a Express (a + b)
2
as (a + b)(a + b). Hence, show that (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
.
b Express (a b)
2
as (a b)(a b). Hence, show that (a b)
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
.
2 Use the perfect square identities to expand:
a (p + q)
2
b (m + n)
2
c (x y)
2
d (c d)
2
3 Expand these perfect squares.
a (x + 3)
2
b (m + 5)
2
c (k 2)
2
d (y 7)
2
e (u + 4)
2
f (t 1)
2
g (c 11)
2
h (b + 9)
2
i (e 6)
2
j (p + 10)
2
k (w + 8)
2
l (n 12)
2
4 Expand:
a (5 + a)
2
b (3 j)
2
c (11 + y)
2
d (1 h)
2
E
G
+
S
y
2
100
9p
2
Exercise 2.14
Consolidation
5 Use a calculator to expand each of these.
a (a + 13)
2
b (q 17)
2
c (22 + r)
2
d (18 v)
2
6 Expand each of these perfect squares.
a (y + 0.2)
2
b (f 0.7)
2
c (s + 0.5)
2
d (p 1.2)
2
7 Expand each perfect square.
a (2x + 3)
2
b (3a +5)
2
c (4k 1)
2
d (5h 2)
2
e (3u + 4)
2
f (6d 7)
2
g (2c 11)
2
h (4w + 9)
2
i (8g 1)
2
j (7p + 2)
2
k (10y + 3)
2
l (12f 5)
2
m (6 + 5e)
2
n (9 2v)
2
o (5 8b)
2
p (7 + 12q)
2
8 Expand:
a (ab + c)
2
b (p qr)
2
c (rs + st)
2
d (3ef 4gh)
2
a 2(p + 5)
2
b 3(a 4)
2
c x(2x + 7)
2
d 5t(3t 2u)
2
10 Complete each of these perfect squares.
a (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 6x + ___ b (m 5)
2
= m
2
10m + ___
c (c + 4)
2
= c
2
+ ___ + 16 d (w 7)
2
= w
2
___ + 49
e (k + ___)
2
= k
2
+ ___ + 36 f (___ 10)
2
= y
2
___ + 100
g (______)
2
= u
2
___ + 4 h (______)
2
= a
2
+ ___ + 81
i (______)
2
= n
2
+ 2n + ___ j (______)
2
= t
2
+ 24t + ___
k (______)
2
= p
2
16p + ___ l (______)
2
= z
2
22z + ___
a (3m + 4)
2
= 9m
2
+ 24m + ___ b (2e 7)
2
= 4e
2
28e + ___
c (2q + 3)
2
= 4q
2
+ ___ + 9 d (3h 8)
2
= 9h
2
___ + 64
e (___ + 1)
2
= 25s
2
+ 10s + ___ f (4k + ___)
2
= ___ + 40k + 25
g (______)
2
= 4g
2
+ 44g + 121 h (______)
2
= 36a
2
60a + 25
i (______)
2
= 16j
2
___ + 81 j (______)
2
= 121r
2
+ ___ + 144
k (______)
2
= ___ + 36b + 4 l (______)
2
= 49y
2
42y + ___
12 State whether each expression is a perfect square.
a a
2
+ 9 b (b 2)
2
c x
2
+ 28x + 196 d c
2
+ 10c 25
e n
2
4n + 16 f m
2
+ n
2
g k
4
+ 12k
2
+ 36 h x
2
y
2
i z
2
25 j 4x
2
+ 6x + 9 k 49 14u + u
2
l e
2
+ f
2
+ 2ef
13 Expand:
a b c d
e f g h
z
1
3
--- +

2
c
4
5
---

2
m
5
2
--- +

2
w 1
1
6
---

2
a
1
a
--- +

2
t
1
t
---

2
2h
3
h
--- +

2
c
5
---
5
c
---

2
14 Simplify:
a b c
15 Evaluate:
a 101
2
by first expressing it as (100 + 1)
2
b 99
2
by first expressing it as (100 1)
2
16 Use the expansions for perfect squares to evaluate each of the following.
a 35
2
b 107
2
c 49
2
d 28
2
17 Expand . Hence, evaluate and .
18 a Show that (a + b + c)
2
= a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ca using the distributive law.
b Hence, expand each of the following.
i (p + q + 3)
2
ii (x y 4)
2
iii (2f + 3g + 4h)
2
a (______)
2
= ___ + 30c + 25 b (______)
2
= ___ + 56w + 16
c (______)
2
= ___ 110t + 121 d (______)
2
= ___ 168r + 49
y
2
20y 100 + + g
2
16g 64 + 9 j
2
42 j 49 +
x
1
x
--- +

2
2
1
2
---

2
3
1
3
---

2
Proof
1 If we take a two-digit number, reverse the digits to form another number, then
subtract the smaller number from the larger number, why is the final number
a multiple of 9?
Now continue!
2 If we add the two digits in our answers to the 9 times table (up to 10 9) we
always obtain a 9 (e.g. 7 9 = 63 but 6 + 3 = 9). Using algebraic expressions,
can you prove why this happens?
3 Complete this expansion:
(n + 1)
2
= (n + 1)(n + 1)
= (n + 1)n + (n + 1)1
= _ _ _
4 Use algebraic expressions to prove that the difference between the squares
of consecutive numbers is equal to twice the smaller number plus one
(e.g. 6
2
5
2
= 11 = 2 5 + 1).
HINT: Let n and n + 1 be consecutive numbers.
TRY THIS
When the sum of two terms is multiplied by their difference, the resulting expression is called
a difference of two squares.
Proof: (a + b)(a b) = a(a b) + b(a b)
= a
2
ab + ba b
2
= a
2
b
2
Example 1
Expand each of these products using the identity (a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
.
a (x 5)(x + 5) b (2a 7)(2a + 7) c (3m + 4n)(3m 4n)
Solutions
a (x 5)(x + 5) b (2a 7)(2a + 7) c (3m + 4n)(3m 4n)
= x
2
5
2
= (2a)
2
7
2
= (3m)
2
(4n)
2
= x
2
25 = 4a
2
49 = 9m
2
16n
2
Example 2
Expand and simplify 7(3 2t)(3 + 2t).
Solution
7(3 2t)(3 + 2t) = 7(9 4t
2
)
= 63 28t
2
1 Show that (a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
.
2 Use the difference of two squares identity to expand:
a (p q)(p + q) b (x + y)(x y) c (e f )(e + f ) d (m + n)(m n)
2.15 Difference of two squares
To expand an expression of the form (a + b)(a b):
square the first term
subtract the square of the second term.
(a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.15
3 Expand the following expressions.
a (x + 3)(x 3) b (p + 2)(p 2) c (y 5)(y + 5)
d (h + 4)(h 4) e (1 b)(1 + b) f (8 + m)(8 m)
g (7 + c)(7 c) h (6 w)(6 + w) i (k + 11)(k 11)
j (9 j)(9 + j) k (u 10)(u + 10) l (12 + d)(12 d)
4 Expand:
a (t + 13)(t 13) b (z 17)(z + 17)
c (21 + q)(21 q) d (16 s)(16 + s)
Consolidation
5 Expand each of the following.
a (2a + 3)(2a 3) b (5t 2)(5t + 2) c (4k 1)(4k + 1)
d (3p + 7)(3p 7) e (8y 5)(8y + 5) f (2n + 9)(2n 9)
g (7 10x)(7 + 10x) h (4 + 5e)(4 5e) i (1 6g)(1 + 6g)
6 Expand:
a (4b + c)(4b c) b (j 2k)(j + 2k)
c (8m n)(8m + n) d (3p + 2q)(3p 2q)
e (4x 7y)(4x + 7y) f (9c + 5d)(9c 5d)
g (6g 11h)(6g + 11h) h (10u + 3v)(10u 3v)
i (5r 12s)(5r + 12s) j (7j 6k)(7j + 6k)
k (4e + 9f )(4e 9f ) l (11m + 10n)(11m 10n)
a 5(a 2)(a + 2) b 4(3 + y)(3 y) c 10(c 7)(c + 7)
d a(b c)(b + c) e 6(2p + 3q)(2p 3q) f 2uv(u + v)(u v)
8 Expand each of these expressions.
a (pq r)(pq + r) b (f + gh)(f gh) c (ab cd)(ab + cd)
a b c
d e f
10 a Evaluate 13 7 by first expressing it as (10 + 3)(10 3).
b Evaluate 21 19 by first expressing it as (20 + 1)(20 1).
c Evaluate 35 25 by first expressing it as (30 + 5)(30 5).
x
1
2
---

x
1
2
--- +

k
3
5
--- +

k
3
5
---

m 2
3
4
---

m 2
3
4
--- +

y
1
y
--- +

y
1
y
---

3s
2
s
---

3s
2
s
--- +

a
b
---
b
a
--- +

a
b
---
b
a
---

11 For each of the following multiply two expressions together such that the result is a
difference of two squares, then complete the expansion using the FOIL method.
a (m + 1)(m 1)(m + 6) b (n 3)(n + 3)(n 7)
c (y + 5)(y 2)(y 5) d (6 p)(p + 3)(6 + p)
e (4a 7b)(4a + 7b)(a b) f (2u + 5v)(3u + 4v)(2u 5v)
12 a Expand and simplify (a + b + c)(a + b c) by first expressing it as (a + b)
2
c
2
.
b Similarly, expand and simplify (a b c)(a b + c).
The questions in this exercise are a combination of monomial products, binomial products,
perfect squares and the difference of two squares.
NOTE: Grouping symbols should be written around the expansion of a binomial product if it
is preceded by a minus sign.
Example
a (x + 4)
2
+ (2x + 5)(x 3) b (x + 8)(x 8) (x 1)
2
Solutions
a (x + 4)
2
+ (2x + 5)(x 3) b (x + 8)(x 8) (x 1)
2
= x
2
+ 8x + 16 + 2x
2
6x + 5x 15 = x
2
64 (x
2
2x + 1)
= 3x
2
+ 7x + 1 = x
2
64 x
2
+ 2x 1
= 2x 65
1 Expand and simplify each expression.
a (a + 3)(a + 5) b (m + 6)
2
c (k + 4)(k 4)
d (2x + 7)(x + 3) e (u 5)(u + 5) f (n 9)(n + 2)
g (b 7)
2
h (c 8)(3c + 2) i (z 10)(z 8)
j (6j 1)(2j 3) k (3e f )
2
l (1 l)(1 + l)
m (4p + 7q)
2
n (2g+ 5h)(2g 5h) o (a + b)(c + d)
p (2v 11w)
2
q (bc 8)(bc + 8) r (2m + 5)(3m 4)
2.16 Miscellaneous expansions
E
G
+
S
Exercise 2.16
2 Expand and simplify each expression.
a 3n + 5(n + 2) b (x + 6)(x + 4) + 5 c (t 4)(t + 4) 3
d 7g + (g 1)(g + 3) e 2k
2
+ (k + 5)
2
f a
2
+ (6 a)(6 + a) 20
Consolidation
3 Expand and simplify each of the following expressions.
a (y + 4)
2
+ 2(y + 3) b (e + 5)(e + 6) + 4(e + 2)
c (x + 3)
2
+ (x + 1)(x + 5) d (c + 8)
2
+ (c + 5)
2
e (d + 3)(d + 8) + (d + 2)(d + 5) f (h 2)
2
+ 7h(h + 6)
g (b + 7)(b 7) + 10(b + 4) h 3j(j + 2) + (j 1)(j + 2)
i (z + 1)(z 8) + (z 1)(z + 8) j (3r + 5)(r + 5) + (r + 2)
2
k (2f 3g)(2f + 3g) + (2f + 3g)
2
l (5t + 2)(5t 2) + (t 4)(3t + 1)
4 Expand and simplify each of the following expressions.
a 12x 5(2x 3) b 4p(p 7) p(p 1)
c (k 4)
2
3(4 k) d (n 7)(n 3) 2(n + 10)
e (a + 6)
2
(a + 6)(a 6) f (b + 3)(b 3) (b 1)
2
g (u + 10)
2
(u + 8)
2
h (p + q)
2
(p q)
2
i (a + b)(a b) (a + b)
2
j (2c + 3)(c + 4) 5(c 3)
k (v + 8)(v + 5) (v 2)(v 9) l (3k + 11)
2
(3k 7)(k + 10)
m (6q 7)(6q + 7) (6q 5)
2
n (a + b)(c + d) (a + c)(b + d)
5 Expand and simplify each of these.
a (a + 1)
2
+ (a + 2)
2
+ (a + 3)
2
b (n + 1)(n 1) + (n + 2)(n 2) + (n + 3)(n 3)
c (x + 3)(x + 4) + (x + 3)(x 4) + (x 3)(x + 4)
d (h + 1)
2
+ (h 1)(h + 1) (h 1)
2
e (k + 5)
2
2(k + 5)(k + 6) + (k + 6)
2
f (x + y)(x
2
+ 3xy + 2y
2
) (x + y)
2
g (e + 5)(e
2
+ 2e + 3) + (e 3)(e
2
4e + 2)
h (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
) (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)
6 a Expand and simplify (a + b)
3
by first expressing it as (a + b)(a + b)
2
.
b Similarly, expand and simplify (a b)
3
.
c Hence, find (a + b)
3
+ (a b)
3
.
a (x + 2)
3
b (t 5)
3
c (2p + 3)
3
d (4x 3y)
3
8 Expand and simplify (a + b)
4
.
F
O
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O
N

W
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G

M
A
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L
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Y
F
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O
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Y
A NUMBER PATTERN FROM BLAISE PASCAL 1654
Introduction
Blaise Pascal (16231662), the brilliant French mathematician, philosopher, writer and
theologian, was a young contemporary of Pierre de Fermat and Ren Descartes. Although he
made many important contributions to the study of geometry, his name is associated in school
mathematics with a famous series of numbers written in the shape of a triangle known as
Pascals triangle
in which each number is the sum of the two numbers immediately above it. The array was
already well known by many predecessors, including the Ancient Chinese, but it has survived
with his name attached. However, Pascal was the first to investigate its patterns systematically.
In particular, he used it to obtain the coefficients of the terms in the expansion of (a + b)
n
where
n is a positive whole number. For example, in the expansion of (a + b)
2
we have 1a
2
+ 2ab + 1b
2
.
Taking the apex of the triangle 1 as row 0, you can see that the array of coefficients 1 2 1 is the
second row of the triangle above. It is this work which is the focus of this activity.
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
. . . . . . .
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
F
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S

O
N

W
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M
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L
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Y
F
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O
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W
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M
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1 Copy and complete the first 10 rows of Pascals triangle.
2 Write down the expansions of (a + b)
n
for the cases n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Copy and
complete the table. Use a different colour for the coefficients and compare with the rows
of Pascals triangle.
3 Notice how the powers of a decrease as the powers of b increase. Use the pattern to predict:
a the first and last terms of (a + b)
6
b the second term of (a + b)
6
c the fourth term of (a + b)
6
.
4 Write out the whole expansion of (a + b)
6
and (a + b)
10
.
5 By taking b = 3, predict the expansion of (a + 3)
5
.
6 Add the numbers in each row and record the number pattern. How can you explain this?
Can you predict the sum of the numbers in the nth row? Take the top number 1 as row 0.
7 Consider each row as a single number, that is 1, 11, 121, 1331, 14641, What do you
notice?
8 Look along the diagonals and see if you can find the triangle numbers 1, 3, 6, 10, 15,
and the Fibonacci numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, What other number patterns can you find?
CHAL L ENGE
1 At the local ice cream shop there are 19 different flavours to choose from. You decide to
buy a cone with 3 scoops. Show that there are 1330 different ways to choose your cone.
You may find it helpful to consider the separate cases: all 3 flavours the same, all 3
different, and 2 the same and 1 different.
n Expansion
0 (a + b)
0
= 1
1 (a + b)
1
= 1a + 1b
2 (a + b)
2
=
3
4
5
2
8
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NOTE: Two scoops of strawberry with a scoop of vanilla, for example, is counted as only
one way, no matter what order the scoops are chosen.
2 Draw up a table showing the total number of triple scoops you can have from the number
of flavours n. Verify the data in the table.
3 Continue the pattern in your table until you reach n = 19. Did you get 1330 choices?
4 See if you can find the number pattern 1, 4, 10, 20, in Pascals triangle.
5 There is a general solution to this problem. If n is the number of flavours, there are
(n + 1)(n + 2) choices. Verify that this works for n = 1, 2, 3, 4 and check n = 19.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Divide the class into groups to make two charts for display:
1 Make a chart to illustrate the link between the expansion of (a + b)
n
(called the binomial
theorem) and Pascals triangle showing how to write down the terms of the expansion
without multiplying out. You could include the special case of what happens when
a = b = 1.
2 Make a chart to illustrate the patterns and different types of numbers you found in Pascals
triangle.
REFL ECTI NG
Pascal valued intuition, the ability to perceive truth independently of reasoning. In his
mathematical work he loved to anticipate results. He often made superb guesses and had the
ability to see shortcuts.
Do you like making guesses and taking shortcuts to a solution? One of Pascals famous
declarations regarding this was Reason is the slow and tortuous method by which those who
do not know the truth discover it. Would you agree? Reflect on the usefulness of intuition in
the learning of mathematics and discuss it with your teacher.
Number of avours, n Total number of choices
1 1
2 4
3 10
4 20
1
6
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1 Write down an algebraic rule that links:
a the number of dots (d) to the number
of circles (c).
b the number of crosses (c) to the
number of parallelograms (p).
c the number of dots (d) to the number
of rectangles (r).
2 Use the method of finite differences to
find the rule that links x and y in each
table of values.
(HINT: Start y = ).
a
b
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
x 0 1 2 3
y 9 11 13 15
x 1 2 3 4
y 3 8 13 18
Step 1 Step 2
Step 3
1 Explain each of the following and give an
example of each:
a like terms
b a binomial product
c a perfect square
2 Compare the meanings of expand and
factorise.
entry for expand.
expand verb 1. to increase in size or to swell: The
balloon expanded as the hot air flowed into it. 2. to
express in greater detail: to expand a short story into
a novel 3. to spread, stretch out or unfold: A bird
expands its wings to fly.
Word family: expansion noun
In what way is the mathematical meaning
similar to the idea of stretching out?
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c
3 Write an algebraic expression that shows:
a 5 more than the product of p and 7
b 2 less than the product of c and d
c the sum of 8 and the product of x, y
and z
d 3 more than one-quarter of n
e the difference between r and half of s
f 7 times the cube of c
g one-sixth of the number that is 4 more
than h
h twice the number that is 9 less than e
i the sum of one-third of a and two-
fifths of b
j the square of the difference between v
and w.
4 Write down an algebraic expression in
simplest form for the number that is:
a 8 more than y 2
b 5 less than k 4
5 Write down three consecutive numbers,
the first of which is:
a t b e + 8
c 2c 5 d d 1
6 Write down three consecutive even
numbers, the first of which is:
a x b n + 7
c a 2
7 Write down three consecutive odd
numbers, the first of which is:
a b b v + 4
c z 3
8 Convert:
a p km to m b b mm to cm
c $k to cents d f min to h
9 How many:
a centimetres are there in 3 m q cm?
b seconds are there in a min b s?
10 Find the value of each expression using
the substitutions p = 4, q = 7 and r = 8.
a 3p + r b pq 12
c 3p
2
d 30 5q
e 2p + 10q 3r f p
2
r
2
g r( p + q) h
11 Evaluate each of the following
expressions using the substitutions u = 5,
v = 2 and w = 6.
a u v b w + u
c v + w d u w + v
e w u v f 4w
2
g 3u 4w h w(v u)
i u
2
+ w
2
j
12 Simplify each of these.
a 12ef + 5fe b 6u
2
+ 4u
2
c 8a
2
3a
2
d 7a
2
b 3a
2
b
e 8d + 5d f 9v 3v
g 2c 10c h 4r + 8r
13 Simplify:
a 6h + 9h 13h
b 4t
2
t
2
3t
2
14 Simplify each of the following by
collecting the like terms.
a a + 7 + a + 4
b 5c + 8d + 3c + d
c 14p + 11q + 9p 8q
d 20g + 10h 13g 8h
e 4m + 5 m 5
f 17a 6b + 2a + 4b
g 10x + 4y + 7x 9y
h a
2
+ 3a + a
2
8a
x 4 5 6 7
y 31 40 49 58
5p qr 3r +
q 6 +
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uvw 4 +
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15 Find, in simplest form, an algebraic
expression for the perimeter of each
figure.
a b
16 Simplify:
a 8k 3 b m 6n
c 5c 7d d n n
e 4g 9g f ab bc
g p 12q h rs 9st
i 5 3e j 8u 4v
k 2a 3b 4c l 7pq 6qr
17 Simplify:
a 12w 4 b 2c c
c ef e d 30h 5h
e 21ab 3a f 48mnp 8mp
g b
2
b h 18s
2
6s
i 40u (4) j (20c) (4c)
k (60xy) 5x l (24d
2
) (6d)
18 Simplify:
a b c
a 28a 4a 5b
b 3c 12d 9c
c 40xy 4x 2y
d 60z
2
12z 7w
20 Simplify each of these, giving the
answers in simplest fraction form.
a 3k 15 b 16ab 20a
c 35m 45m
2
d 14u
2
v 21uv
2
21 Find the simplest answer for each of
these.
a (13h 8h) 6
b 100y (9y + y)
c 4 (9t 6t) 5t
d [20g (7g + g)] 4
e 40w [19w + (42w 6)]
f 5x [(14x + 10x) 2]
22 Simplify:
a b
23 Use the order of operations to simplify:
a 4n + 3n 5 b 30j 56j 7
c 18e + 7e 4 12e
24 Expand:
a 4(3n + 8) b (4a 5b)7
c 2f (g + 11h) d x(x 6)
e 5c(3c 10) f pq(p + q)
g 3a(b + 9c) h 12r(3s 4r)
25 Expand and simplify each of these
expressions.
a 5(u + 6) 8 b 3(t 8) + 10
c 9(p + 2) 25 d 7(2x 5) + 13
e 6 + 4(3n 4) f 15 (8 m)
g 10k 3(8 2k) + 11
26 Factorise each of the following by
removing the highest common factor.
a 5r 20 b ab bc
c xy + y d e
2
+ 11e
e tuv uvw f 18p 21
g 20km + 15mn h 24rs 30s
2
i cd
2
+ c
2
d j 14a + 49
k 15ef 24eg l 77w
2
+ 132w
27 Factorise each of these by removing a
binomial common factor.
a a(b + 7) + 5(b + 7)
b m(m n) 4(m n)
c x(y + 2z) + (y + 2z)
28 Simplify:
a b
c d
6t
3x + 4
2x
1
2
---
2
3
---
63ab
7a
------------
72x
2
12x
-----------
36uv
2
3uv
--------------
15c 9c +
13c 7c
---------------------
9u 8v
7u 5u +
-------------------
7c
9
------
c
9
---
5u
12
------
11u
12
--------- +
13k
10
---------
7k
10
------ +
17
20s
--------
3
20s
--------
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e f
g h
29 Simplify:
a b
c d
e f
g h
a (y + 4)(y + 5) b (m 7)(m 3)
c (t + 8)(t 2) d (a 11)(a + 4)
e (n 3)(n 9) f (k + 12)(k 2)
g (e + 6)(e + 7) h (s + 1)(s 13)
a (2b + 5)(b + 3) b (2p 3)(3p 8)
c (5n + 3)(7n 6) d (4 3r)(2 + r)
32 Expand these perfect squares.
a (p + 3)
2
b (m 7)
2
c (2c + 5)
2
d (4y 3)
2
e (3a + 4b)
2
f (7j 6k)
2
g (x + )
2
h (3t )
2
33 Expand and simplify 2x(9x 2y)
2
.
34 Complete these perfect squares.
a (a 6)
2
= a
2
12a + ____
b (d + 4)
2
= d
2
+ ____ + 16
c (____)
2
= t
2
+ 22t + ____
d (____)
2
= n
2
____ + 81
e (____)
2
= 9x
2
+ ____ + 25
f (____)
2
= 16u
2
88u + ____
35 State whether each expression is a perfect
square.
a n
2
+ 4 b k
2
+ 6k 9
c a
2
+ 2a + 1 d e
2
36
e q
2
10q + 100 f 9c
2
+ 24c + 16
36 Expand:
a (x + 5)(x 5)
b (k 8)(k + 8)
c (12 m)(12 + m)
d (2t 7)(2t + 7)
e (3a + 11b)(3a 11b)
f (ab 6c)(ab + 6c)
a (a + 3)(a
2
+ 5a + 4)
b (3n 2)(4n
2
n 7)
c (y 2)(y + 2)(y + 9)
d (2k 1)(k 4)(5k + 3)
a (x 5)
2
+ (x + 4)(x 4)
b (n + 6)(n + 2) + (3n 4)
2
c (a + 10)(a 10) (a 7)
2
d (2u + 9)(u 4) (u 3)(u + 6)
a
5
---
a
10
------ +
m
3
----
m
7
----
3w
4
-------
w
6
---- +
a
4b
------
a
12b
--------- +
b
5
---
c
8
---
p
16
------
12
p
------
14m
45
----------
20n
21m
----------
x
2
42y
---------
36yz
7x
-----------
5a
12
------
5
3b
------
32
h
------
40
h
------
20v
49u
---------
25v
28w
----------
ab
2
54c
---------
a
2
b
45cd
------------
3
2
---
8
t
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Consumer
arithmetic
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
calculate earnings for employees in the form of salaries, wages,
commission, piece work and casual work
calculate overtime pay at special pay rates
calculate holiday leave loading and bonuses
calculate weekly, fortnightly, monthly and yearly incomes
calculate net pay after deductions such as taxation and superannuation
calculate the taxable income after allowable tax deductions have been
considered
calculate the tax payable and net income on a given gross income
calculate the Medicare levy payable on a given taxable income
prepare a budget for a given income and solve budget problems
calculate a best buy
solve problems involving discounts
solve problems involving profit and loss.
Chapt er 3: Consumer arithmetic 79
Self-employed people charge a fee to those for whom they provide their services. However,
men and women who work for other people are paid in a variety of different ways. Most people
are paid either a wage or a salary.
Salaries
A salary is a fixed amount paid for one years work. It is usually divided into equal weekly,
fortnightly or monthly payments. Employees who are paid a salary are also entitled to sick pay,
holiday pay and the required superannuation employer contributions. Salary earners are not
paid for extra hours worked; however, they may be able to negotiate some time off with their
employer. This may, for example, allow for a late start on one day or an early departure.
Typical salary earners include teachers, police, public servants and scientists.
Wages
A wage is a fixed amount paid for each hours work for a specified number of hours per week.
Employees who are paid a wage are also entitled to sick pay, holiday pay and the required
superannuation employer contributions. Wage earners are paid for extra hours worked, usually
at a higher hourly rate of pay.
Typical wage earners include sales assistants, construction workers, mechanics and factory
workers.
Example 1
Alice is paid $620 per week.
Find her:
a annual salary
b fortnightly pay
c monthly pay
Solutions
a Annual salary = weekly pay 52
= $620 52
= $32 240
b Fortnightly pay = weekly pay 2
= $620 2
= $1240
c Monthly pay = annual salary 12
= $32 240 12
$2686.67
Example 2
a Virgil works 40 hours
per week as a mechanic
and earns $13.45 per
hour. Calculate his
regular weekly wage.
Solutions
a Weekly wage = hourly rate of pay number of hours
worked
= $13.45 40
= $538
3.1 Salaries and wages
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1 Carrie earns an annual salary of $28 080. How much would Carrie receive if she asked to
be paid:
a weekly? b fortnightly? c monthly?
2 Find the annual salary of a worker whose:
a weekly pay is $498 b fortnightly pay is $1362.50
c monthly pay is $4423.92
3 Calculate the weekly wage for a tradesperson who works:
a a 38-hour week at $12.20/h b a 33-hour week at $16.15/h
4 For how many hours must an employee work each week at the rate of:
a $16/h to earn $592? b $17.40/h to earn $635.10?
5 a Increase an annual salary of $31 400 by 5%.
b Increase a monthly salary of $2925 by 7.2%.
6 a Decrease an annual salary of $48 990 by 12%.
b Decrease a fortnightly salary of $2738 by 8.7%.
Consolidation
7 Gary the gardener works at a municipal golf course and is paid an annual salary of $29 640.
How much would Gary have been paid after 11 weeks?
8 Moira is paid $891.60 each fortnight as a hairdresser. How much would she have been paid
after working for 18 weeks?
b Paul works 36 hours per
week as a glazier and
earns a regular weekly
wage of $525.60. Find
his hourly rate of pay.
b Hourly rate of pay = weekly wage number of hours
worked
= $525.60 36
= $14.60
Example 3
Johns annual salary is
$28 490. Find his fortnightly
pay after receiving a 6% pay
rise.
Solution
i New annual salary = 1.06 old salary
= 1.06 $28 490
= $30 199.40
ii Fortnightly pay = annual salary 26
= $30 199.40 26
$1161.52
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Exercise 3.1
9 Mitchell is considering applying for these two jobs which have been advertised in the
newspaper.
i Pharmacists assistantSalary: $1040 per fortnight
ii Security guardWage: $14.67/h, 35 hours per week
Which position offers the better pay and by how much per week?
10 Sergeant Carlton is paid $1856.40 per month as a soldier in the Australian Army. What is
his equivalent weekly rate of pay?
11 A helicopter pilot is paid $506.75 per week. Calculate his equivalent monthly pay.
12 A sales position is advertised in a weekend newspaper with an annual salary of $32K. What
does this mean?
13 Denise earns $3740 per month as an executive producer at a television station. Find her
equivalent fortnightly pay.
14 Maleks annual salary is $45 820. Calculate his new weekly pay if Malek receives a pay rise
of 5%.
15 By how much will Kevins weekly pay increase if his annual salary of $41 066 is increased
by 4%?
16 Leila earns $1072.90 per week as an architect. Find her new annual salary if she receives a
pay rise of 7 %.
17 The employees at a fruit company are required to take a pay cut of 10% to ensure that the
business does not go bankrupt. Calculate the new fortnightly pay of a fruit canner whose
annual salary was $25 400 before the pay cut.
18 Due to falling sales, the employees at a small shoe factory have their pay reduced by 8%.
Calculate the new annual pay for a worker who previously earned $385 per week.
19 Copy and complete the following wage table.
20 Dean works from 8:30 am to 5 pm each day, Monday to Friday, as a shop assistant.
Calculate Deans fortnightly pay if he earns $12.75 per hour.
21 Rudy earns $15.65/h for a 37-hour week, while George is paid an annual salary of $33 189.
By how much must Rudys hourly rate of pay be increased in order to earn the same annual
pay as George?
Employee Hours worked Hourly rate of pay Total weekly pay
Bart 34 $15.20
Kristina $10.95 $416.10
Marta 36 $532.80
1
2
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22 Anise has a casual job selling whitegoods. She is paid $10.40 per hour during the week and
$15.60 per hour on weekends. Find her pay for a week in which she works from 5 pm9 pm
on Thursday night and 11 am4:30 pm on Saturday.
23 A casual waitress is paid $9.20/h for any hours worked before noon and $11.50/h for hours
worked after noon. Calculate her pay for a week where she worked for the hours shown.
Tues.10 am to 3 pm Thurs.12 noon to 6 pm Fri.8:30 am to 1 pm
24 William is an apprentice plumber. He is paid a trade allowance of $8.80 per hour and works
40 hours each week.
a Calculate Williams regular weekly pay.
b If he receives a 5% increase, find Williams new hourly rate of pay.
c By how much has Williams weekly pay increased?
25 Last year Yvette was paid an annual salary of $36 500 as a chef in a French restaurant.
This year, her annual salary rose to $39 420 owing to an increase in the number of
customers. By what percentage did Yvettes salary increase?
26 A teachers salary increased from $48 700 to $50 891.50. Calculate her percentage pay rise.
27 Brett was paid $585 per week last year as a car mechanic. He was laid off at the end of the
year and this year, he receives $2408.25 per month in his new job.
a Express each pay rate as an annual salary.
b Did Bretts pay increase or decrease by changing jobs and by what percentage?
28 Find the annual salary of each of these employees before they received the given pay
rise/cut.
29 Allens hourly rate of pay was increased by 4% and he now earns $686.40 for a 40-hour
week. How much would Allen have earned for a 35-hour week before the increase?
30 After receiving a pay rise of 7.5%, Lauries rate of pay increased to $19.35/h. How much
extra will Laurie earn over a full year if he works for 76 hours each fortnight?
Change in pay New salary
Greg Pay rise of 8% $29 160
Taleisha Pay rise of 5% $35 700
Lyselle Pay rise of 7.4% $45 967.20
Martin Pay cut of 9% $51 870
Taylor Pay cut of 11% $57 049
Peter Pay cut of 6.3% $79 410.75
While most permanent workers are paid a wage or a salary, an increasing number of Australians
are being employed in casual positions or in positions where they are paid according to what
they produce or sell.
Commission
A commission is usually quoted as a percentage of the value of goods sold. A small retainer or
basic weekly wage may also be paid. The greater the value of goods sold, the greater the income
is for that pay period. Sick pay, holiday pay and superannuation may or may not be paid. Those
who are paid on a commission basis must budget carefully for the weeks when their income is
substantially less than usual.
Typical occupations include salespeople and real estate agents.
Piece work
With piece work, the employee is paid a fixed amount of money for each item produced.
The more items a worker produces, the greater the pay for that pay period. Piece work positions
are usually of a temporary or casual nature, rather than permanent positions. Sick pay, holiday
pay and superannuation are not paid.
Typical occupations include textile workers, fruit pickers, decorators and printers.
Casual
Casual employees do not work a set number of hours per week but are employed when needed,
sometimes at short notice. A fixed amount is paid for each hours work. Higher hourly rates are
paid because they are not entitled to receive sick pay or holiday pay. Casual employees are paid
superannuation.
Typical occupations include tennis coaches, temporary secretaries and casual teachers.
Example 1
Caleb is a used car
salesman. He is paid a
weekly retainer of $150 plus
a commission of 2% on the
value of his sales in excess
of $30 000. Find his total
pay for a week when his
sales total $53 000.
Solution
i Sales in excess of $30 000 = $53 000 $30 000
= $23 000
ii Commission = 2% of $23 000
= 0.02 $23 000
= $460
iii Total pay = retainer + commission
= $150 + $460
= $610
3.2 Other methods of payment
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1 Calculate each of these commissions.
a 5% on sales of $12 000 b 2 % on sales of $9442 c 6.8% on sales of $3127
2 Kerrie is paid a commission of 12% on all perfume sales that she makes. Find her
commission for a week when she sells perfume products to the value of $2340.
3 A telesales representative is paid a fortnightly commission of 13.5% on the total value of
his sales. Find his commission for the previous fortnight when sales totalled $4200.
4 A factory worker is paid 22c for each gadget she constructs on the assembly line. Calculate
her pay for a week in which she constructs 2135 gadgets.
5 Karen is a textile worker who receives $11.75 for each garment she knits. How many
garments did Karen knit last week if she was paid $411.25?
Example 2
A printer charges $0.60 for
each colour pamphlet
produced and $0.15 for each
black and white leaflet. How
much would he receive for
printing 250 colour
pamphlets and 600 black
and white leaflets?
Solution
Total pay = (250 $0.60) + (600 $0.15)
= $150 + $90
= $240
Example 3
Trudi is a swimming
instructor. She charges $15
per lesson for children aged
5 to 10 years and $12 per
lesson for children aged 11
to 15 years. She is paid $219
altogether for her 8 am class
on Saturday morning. If 9 of
the children are aged
between 5 and 10 years, how
many children are aged
between 11 and 15 years?
Solution
i Pay for children 510 years = $15 9
= $135
ii Pay for children 1115 years = $219 $135
= $84
iii Number of children 1115 years = $84 $12
= 7
There are 7 children in the 1115 years age group.
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Exercise 3.2
3
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Consolidation
6 Bill and Ben are furniture salesmen. Bill is paid a commission of 2 % on his weekly sales,
while Ben is paid an annual salary of $29 500. Last week Bill sold furniture to the value of
$23 600. Who received the greater pay last week, and by how much?
7 Mohammeds rate of commission was 7.5% in December and rose to 8% in January.
Calculate Mohammeds total pay for these two months if his sales amounted to $27 800 in
December and $29 250 in January.
8 Petra is a sales representative for a large pay TV company. She is paid a weekly retainer of
$165 plus a commission of $25 for each new customer that she signs up. Find Petras total
pay for a week when she signs up 17 new pay TV customers.
9 Tonias weekly pay consists of a retainer of $240 plus a commission of 6 % on her sales.
Calculate Tonias total pay for the week in which her daily sales were:
Mon.$480 Tues.$535 Wed.$513
Thurs.$675 Fri.$608 Sat.$320
10 Norito is paid a basic fortnightly salary of $395 as well as a commission of 18% on the
value of all sales in excess of $16 500. Calculate his pay for a fortnight where his sales
totalled $21 475.
11 A real estate agent is paid a commission of 3% on the first $180 000 of the value of a
property and 2% on the remaining value. Find her total commission on the sale of each of
the following properties.
a A home unit sold for $175 000 b A house sold for $263 000
12 Miss Elle Itquik is a real estate agent. To sell a property, she charges a commission of 3 %
on the first $200 000 of the value of the property, 2 % on the next $150 000 and 1% on the
remaining value. If the house is sold at auction, there is an additional auction fee of $2875.
How much will she receive for selling a house at auction for $865 000?
13 Wade sold goods last week to the value of $7260. His pay for the week was $535.40, which
comprised a retainer plus a commission of 4% on his sales. How much is Wades retainer?
14 Joshua is employed to sell earth-moving equipment to construction companies. He is paid
an annual salary of $22 400 plus a commission of 11% on all sales in excess of $440 000.
Calculate his average fortnightly pay for a year when he sells $469 300 worth of equipment.
15 Roy is a junior Rugby League referee. He is paid $65 for each game that he referees on
weekdays and $85 for each weekend game. Find his total pay for a week in which he
referees games on Tuesday and Thursday evenings, two games on Saturday and another
game on Sunday.
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16 Joy takes in extra ironing to help pay the bills. She charges $12 per basket for shirts and $7
per basket for trousers. Altogether Joy was paid $117 for 3 baskets of trousers and several
baskets of shirts. How many baskets of shirts did she iron?
17 A doctor charges $22.50 for consultations that last less than 10 minutes and $28.75 for
those that last longer than 10 minutes. How much will she be paid for a day in which she
sees 19 patients each for less than 10 minutes and 14 patients for longer than 10 minutes?
18 To pick up and deliver furniture the TLC Removal Company charges customers $50 per
hour for 2 men and $70 per hour for 3 men. The hourly rates apply from the time the truck
leaves the depot until its estimated return. There is an extra fee of $75 for customers moving
to or from an above-ground floor unit or double storey house.
a Calculate the total fee payable on a job where the truck leaves the depot at 7:30 am and
returns at 2:30 pm, 3 men are needed and the furniture is being delivered from a top-
floor unit to a house.
b If the company takes 34% of the money and the men split the remainder equally, find
the amount that each man will be paid.
19 An advertisement is placed in the major newspapers for experienced fruit pickers to pick
grapes in South Australia. The successful applicants are to be paid $180 per day, as well as
a dislocation allowance of $35 per week if they are from interstate. How much would an
experienced fruit picker from New South Wales earn if she was hired to pick grapes for
12 weeks?
20 Paul is a car windscreen fitter. He pays $110 for each standard windscreen and charges a
mark-up of 15% plus $28 for labour. Calculate Pauls profit for a day when he installs
6 windscreens.
21 Adam runs a small printing company. He charges $21.80 to print 100 personal business
cards and $43 to print 50 colour brochures. How much will Adam be paid by a customer
who orders 350 business cards and 4000 colour brochures.
22 Deborah is contracted by a local toy store to make teddy bears. She is paid $8.20 per bear
for the first 40 bears, then $9.35 for each bear thereafter. How much will Deborah be paid
in a month where she makes 48 teddy bears?
23 As a travelling salesman, Nathan is
paid a weekly retainer of $140, a
commission of 8% on his sales, plus
a travel allowance of 48c per
kilometre. The table below shows his
daily sales and distance travelled for
the first week of February.
a Find Nathans total sales.
b How far did he travel altogether?
c Calculate Nathans total pay for
the week.
Sales
Distance
travelled (km)
Monday $942 215
Tuesday $564 72
Wednesday $1088 148
Thursday $740 95
Friday $916 266
Saturday $625 310
24 A stockbroker purchases 15 000 NRMA shares at $2.72 per share on behalf of a client. Her
brokerage fees are 2% on the first $2000 and 1.5% on the remaining value of the shares.
a Calculate the purchase price of the shares.
b How much will the broker receive in fees?
25 Tony the television repairman charges a call-out fee of $35, $42 per hour for labour, plus
the cost of parts. Mrs Anania books Tony to come to her house and repair the familys
television set. The job takes 2 hours and requires new parts to the value of $55. How much
should Tony charge for the repair job?
26 Diana is paid a retainer of $255 per week as well as a commission based on the value of her
weekly sales. By the end of the week she had sold $10 400 worth of automobile parts to
several retailers. If her total pay for the week was $463, find Dianas rate of commission.
27 Roberta is a real estate agent. To sell a property, Roberta charges 3% on the first $200 000
of the value of a property, 2.5% on the next $150 000 and 2% on the remaining value. If the
property is sold at auction, she charges an extra $2350. Roberta successfully auctioned a
property and was paid $20 000 altogether in commission and auction fees. What was the
sale price of the property?
Overtime is extra time worked beyond the regular number of hours. Overtime hours are
usually paid at 1 times or 2 times the normal hourly rate of pay. Such overtime rates are
commonly called time and a half or double time respectively.
A bonus is an extra payment or other benefit given to an employee as a reward for exceptional
performance in their job.
Holiday leave loading is a bonus given to all permanent wage and salary earners and some
other employees when they take their annual holidays. Employees are paid an additional 17 %
of 4 weeks normal pay, assuming that they take the maximum 4 weeks leave all at once.
Example 1
Ethan earns $15.10 per hour
for a 38-hour week as an
electrician. Overtime is paid
at the time and a half rate for
the first 5 hours and double
time thereafter. Calculate
Ethans pay for a week when
he works for 46 hours.
Solution
The first 38 hours are paid at the normal hourly rate, the next
5 hours are paid at 1.5 times the normal hourly rate and the
final 3 hours are paid at twice the normal hourly rate.
Pay= (38 $15.10) + (5 1.5 $15.10) + (3 2 $15.10)
= $573.80 + $113.25 + $90.60
= $777.65
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3.3 Overtime and other payments
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1 An employees normal rate of pay is $12 per hour. Find her overtime rate of pay at the:
a time and a half rate b double time rate
2 Merv is a motor car mechanic. His normal rate of pay is $16 per hour. How much overtime
pay would Merv earn by working for:
a 3 hours at the time and a half rate? b 4 hours at the double time rate?
3 For how many hours would a person need to work at the normal hourly pay rate in order to
earn the same amount of money as that earned for working:
a 5 hours at the double time rate? b 4 hours at the time and a half rate?
4 Calculate the total pay for a week in which a tradesperson works:
a 37 hours at $16/h and 4 hours at the time and a half rate
b 39 hours at $20.85/h and 3 hours at the double time rate
c 32 hours at $21.50/h and 3 hours at the time and a half rate
d 36 hours at $17.40/h and 5 hours at the double time rate
e 38 hours at $15.65/h, 2 hours at the time and a half rate and 4 hours at the double
time rate
Example 2
Juanita works as a waitress and is
normally paid $324 for a 30-hour
week. For how many hours would
she have worked in a week where
her total pay is $405 if all overtime
is paid at the time and a half rate?
Solution
i Overtime pay = $405 $324
= $81
ii Normal hourly rate of pay = $324 30
= $10.80
iii Hourly overtime rate of pay = $10.80 1.5
= $16.20
iv Number of overtime hours = $81 $16.20
= 5
v Total hours worked = 30 + 5
= 35
Juanita worked for 35 hours.
Example 3
Keryns annual salary is $29 744.
At Christmas, Keryn takes her
annual holidays and is paid 4 weeks
normal pay plus a holiday leave
loading of 17 on this amount.
a Calculate the holiday leave
loading.
b Find Keryns total holiday pay.
Solutions
a i 4 weeks normal pay = $29 744 52 4
= $2288
ii Holiday loading = 17 % of $2288
= 0.175 $2288
= $400.40
b Total pay = $2288 + $400.40
= $2688.40
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Exercise 3.3
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Consolidation
5 Harry is an electrician who this week worked for 40 hours at the normal rate of $19.40 per
hour and 6 hours overtime at the time and a half rate. Find Harrys total pay for the week.
6 A plumber worked for 36 hours at $22.50 per hour and 3 hours overtime at the double time
rate. Calculate his total pay for the week.
7 Elise is a textile worker. She is paid $12.30/h for the first 40 hours, time and a half for the
next 5 hours and double time thereafter. Calculate her pay for a week when she works:
a 40 hours b 44 hours c 50 hours
8 A construction worker earns $17.25/h for the first 38 hours worked and double time
thereafter. Find his total pay for a week when he worked for 46 hours.
9 Antoinette is paid at the rate of $14.50/h before 1 pm and at the time and a half rate after
1 pm. Find her total pay for a week when she worked 10 am5 pm, Monday to Friday.
10 Haydens normal rate of pay is $24 per hour, Monday to Friday. He is paid at the time and
a half rate after 6 pm during the week and at the double time rate on weekends. Calculate
Haydens total pay for a week when he worked the following hours.
Mon.10 am to 6 pm Tues.10 am to 6 pm Wed.10 am to 8 pm
Thurs.1 pm to 9 pm Sat.10 am to 4 pm
11 Calculate the number of overtime hours worked by an employee who was paid:
a $20 per hour for the first 40 hours, earning $920 altogether, with overtime being paid
at the double time rate
b $18.80 per hour for the first 31 hours, earning $780.20 altogether, with overtime being
paid at the time and a half rate
c $17.45 per hour for the first 37 hours, earning $924.85 altogether, with overtime being
paid at the double time rate
12 A tradesperson normally earns $636.50 for a 38-hour week. For how many hours would
she have worked in a week where her total pay is $804, if all overtime is paid at the double
time rate?
13 Calculate the normal hourly rate of pay for an employee who was paid:
a $649.30 for working 34 hours at the normal rate and 6 hours at the time and a half rate
b $1029 for working 32 hours at the normal rate and 5 hours at the double time rate
c $684.45 for working 36 hours at the normal rate and 3 hours at the time and a half rate
14 A locksmith worked for 36 hours at $14.70/h and 6 hours overtime at the double time rate.
a Calculate his total pay for the week.
b How much less would the locksmith be paid if the overtime was paid at the time and a
half rate?
15 Last week, a groundsman worked for 34 hours at $13.80 per hour and 8 hours overtime,
which was paid at the time and a half rate.
a How much was the groundsman paid for the week?
b For how many hours would he need to work at the normal rate to earn the same amount
of money?
16 Madeleines employer gave her a Christmas bonus equivalent to 3% of her annual salary.
Find Madeleines bonus if she normally earns $1950 per fortnight.
17 An advertising salesman was given a bonus of 20% of one months pay as a reward for
creating a series of successful advertising campaigns. Find the amount of his bonus if he
usually earns $840 per week.
18 Leave loading is an annual bonus calculated on 17 % of 4 weeks normal pay. Find the
holiday leave loading that is due to an employee who earns:
a $640 per week b $1106 per fortnight
c $3120 per month d $48 340 per year
19 Pedro works for 38 hours each week and is paid $16.25 per hour. At Christmas, Pedro takes
his annual 4 weeks leave. He is paid 4 weeks pay plus 17 % leave loading on this amount.
Calculate Pedros total holiday pay.
20 A stockbroker earns an annual salary of $82 460. Calculate her total holiday pay if she takes
her annual 4 weeks leave in July.
21 Calculate the fortnightly salary of an employee whose 4 weeks annual leave loading
amounts to $980.
22 Surangi was paid $3946 when she took her annual 4 weeks leave. This amount is composed
of her normal 4 weeks pay, holiday leave loading plus a bonus of $280. Find Surangis
normal fortnightly pay.
A persons total income before any amounts are deducted is called their gross income. Typical
deductions include income tax, superannuation, union fees and medical insurance. The amount
of money remaining after the deductions have been made is called the net income.
Income tax
The Australian government requires employers to deduct a certain amount of money from the
gross pay of their employees each pay period. This money is then paid to the government on
a monthly basis. Because the tax is taken out of employees pay packets on a regular basis, it is
called Pay As You Go or PAYG tax.
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3.4 Wage deductions
Net income = gross income deductions
Superannuation
Superannuation is money set aside by an employee for their retirement. Upon retirement, it
can be taken either in a lump sum or in the form of regular payments. An employee can decide
how much, if any, of their gross income to save in this manner. Employers, however, are
required by law to contribute a percentage of each permanent employees wage or salary into
a superannuation fund on their behalf.
Example
A carpenter is paid a gross annual salary of $34 630. Each week he contributes 5% of his gross
pay to a voluntary superannuation fund. His other weekly deductions are $166.50 in PAYG
tax and $6.90 for union fees.
a Calculate the total deductions. b Find the net weekly income.
Solutions
a i Weekly superannuation contributions = 5% of $34 630 52
= 0.05 $34 630 52
$33.30
ii Total weekly deductions = $33.30 + $166.50 + $6.90
= $206.70
b Net weekly income = gross weekly income deductions
= ($34 630 52) $206.70
$459.26
1 Jack earns a gross weekly salary of $480. His employer deducts $116 in PAYG tax
instalments each week. What is Jacks net weekly pay?
2 Julianne has a net weekly salary of $372 and deductions totalling $143. What is her gross
weekly pay?
3 Eves gross fortnightly pay is $1070. Each fortnight her employer deducts $313.40 in
PAYG tax instalments and she contributes $51.70 to a voluntary superannuation fund for
her retirement. Find Eves net weekly pay.
4 Calculate the net pay for each of these employees.
a Mick has a gross fortnightly wage of $964 and deductions of $210 in tax and $14.50 in
union fees.
b Yumi has a gross weekly wage of $755.40 and deductions of $213.10 in tax, $37.75 in
superannuation and $13.50 in health insurance.
c Nicholas has a gross monthly salary of $2690.80 and deductions of $794.65 in tax,
$21.30 in life insurance and $32.82 in union fees.
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Exercise 3.4
Consolidation
5 Mrs Hadlee has a gross annual salary of $32 568. Each week, the following amounts are
deducted from her pay: tax, $151.80; superannuation, $32.95; health insurance, $15.45.
Find her:
a gross weekly pay b total weekly deductions c net weekly pay
6 A printer is paid a gross weekly wage of $13.25 per hour for a 40-hour week. He has weekly
deductions totalling $195.20. What is his net weekly wage?
7 A fork-lift driver is paid a gross wage of $13.40 per hour for 75 hours per fortnight. He has
deductions of $303.15 in PAYG tax instalments and $15.50 for home and contents
insurance. Find his net fortnightly wage.
8 The gross hourly wage for a fitter and turner is $16 per hour for a 34-hour week. He has
$152.32 deducted in weekly tax instalments. What percentage of his:
a gross wage is paid in tax?
b net wage is paid in tax? (Answer correct to the nearest whole percentage.)
9 Maryanne receives a gross fortnightly wage of $1366 and her fortnightly deductions total
$524. Find her net monthly wage.
10 A ferry master is paid $13.80 per hour for a 40-hour week, with overtime paid at the time
and a half rate.
a Find his net pay for a week when he worked for 45 hours and had PAYG tax deductions
of $229.98.
b What percentage of his gross pay was paid in tax? (Answer correct to the nearest whole
percentage.)
11 A construction worker earns $19.60 per hour for a 38-hour week plus a weekly site
allowance of $18.90. Each week his employer deducts $267.30 in tax and 5% of the gross
wage is paid into a superannuation fund.
a How much money is paid into the superannuation fund each week?
b Calculate the workers net weekly pay.
12 Working as a crane operator, Barry earns $14.50 per hour. His normal working hours are
from 8 am to 4 pm, Monday to Friday, with overtime paid at the double time rate. Last
week, Barry worked the following hours:
Mon.8 am to 4 pm Tues.8 am to 5 pm Wed. 8 am to 5:30 pm
Thurs.8 am to 4 pm Fri.8 am to 4:30 pm
Each week Barry pays 7.5% of his gross wage (not including overtime pay) into a
superannuation fund. Last week his employer deducted $195.65 in PAYG tax instalments.
a What was Barrys gross pay for last week, including overtime pay?
b How much money is deducted in superannuation payments each week?
c Calculate Barrys net pay for last week.
13 Dominique has a regular net weekly income of $468. Her employer deducts 35% of her
gross weekly income in tax. Find Dominiques gross annual salary.
14 Last week Zachary worked for 36 hours at the normal pay rate and 4 hours overtime at the
double time rate. His employer deducted 43% of his gross income in tax, leaving a net
income for that week of $478.80. Calculate Zacharys normal gross hourly pay rate.
Under the Pay As You Go or PAYG tax system, employers deduct money each pay period from
the gross pay of their employees. Self-employed people need to organise this themselves. This
money is then paid to the government on a monthly basis. The amount of money deducted
varies with each employee according to their gross income and the tax scales in operation at the
time.
The financial year begins on 1 July and ends on 30 June. At the end of each financial year,
employers are required to give each employee a payment summary form. The payment
summary form shows the annual income, deductions such as union fees and superannuation,
and the amount of tax that has been withheld during the year. Employees, and those who are
self-employed, must then fill in a tax return form and lodge it with the Australian Taxation
Office (ATO) on or before 31 October. If a person does not lodge the form in time, they may
be fined.
The amount of tax that each person must pay is based on their taxable income. The taxable
income is calculated by finding the total gross income (e.g. salary, bank interest, rent from an
investment property) and then subtracting any allowable tax deductions (e.g. work-related
expenses, travel expenses, charitable donations). People can minimise the amount of tax that
they have to pay by claiming as many legitimate tax deductions as possible.
The table below is the 2000/2001 tax table for Australian wage and salary earners. It can be
used to work out how much tax a person has to pay. The taxable income is always rounded
down to the nearest dollar.
Taxable income Tax payable
$1$6000 Nil
$6001$20 000 17 cents for each $1 over $6000
$20 001$50 000 $2380 + 30 cents for each $1 over $20 000
$50 001$60 000 $11 380 + 42 cents for each $1 over $50 000
$60 001 and over $15 580 + 47 cents for each $1 over $60 000
3.5 Taxation
Taxable income = total gross income allowable tax deductions
Sometimes the amount of tax taken out by employers is not enough because the employee has
earned extra income from other sources. In this case, the person may have to pay more tax to
the government. If, however, the employer has taken out too much tax because the employee
is able to claim several tax deductions, then the person may receive a tax refund.
As well as paying income tax, Australians contribute to the cost of funding the public health-
care system through the payment of an annual Medicare levy. The table below shows the levy
payable by individual taxpayers. The amount payable may also vary according to an
individuals circumstances.
Example 1
Imelda earns $28 490 as a floor polisher. Last year her employer took out $5290 in PAYG tax
instalments.
a Calculate the tax payable.
b Is Imelda entitled to a tax refund or does she have to pay more tax? Explain.
Solutions
a A taxable income of $28 490 falls into the $20 001 to $50 000 tax bracket.
i We first need to calculate by how much this salary exceeds $20 000.
Now, $28 490 $20 000 = $8490.
ii Tax payable = $2380 + (30c for each $1 over $20 000)
= $2380 + (0.3 $8490)
= $2380 + $2547
= $4927
b $5290 $4927 = $363. The amount of tax taken out is $5290, which is greater than the
tax payable, $4927.
Therefore, Imelda is entitled to a tax refund of $363.
Example 2
Arjuna earns $56 315 as a construction engineer. In the last financial year he also earned $436
in interest on his savings and he had allowable tax deductions totalling $3720.
a Find the taxable income. b How much tax should he have paid?
c Find the average net weekly income.
Solutions
a Taxable income = total gross income allowable tax deductions
= ($56 315 + $436) $3720
= $53 031
Taxable income Medicare levy
$1$13 807 Nil
$13 808$14 926 20 cents for each $1 over $13 807
$14 927 and over Flat 1.5% of taxable income
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b i $53 031 $50 000 = $3031.
ii Tax payable = $11 380 + (42c for each $1 over $50 000)
= $11 380 + (0.42 $3031)
= $11 380 + $1273.02
= $12 653.02
c i Net annual income = total gross income tax
= ($56 315 + $436) $12 653.02
= $44 097.98
ii Average net weekly income = net annual income 52
= $44 097.98 52
$848.04
1 Use the tax table on page 93 to calculate the tax payable on each annual salary.
a $5200 b $13 000 c $34 750 d $53 345
e $71 260 f $46 863 g $58 758 h $172 510
2 Mr Ford has an annual salary of $56 300. His tax accountant told him that he could claim
a total of $2580 in tax deductions.
a Find Mr Fords taxable income. b Calculate the tax payable on this income.
Consolidation
3 Kurt has two jobs. During the day he works as a builders labourer and in the evening he
works in a caf. As a labourer, Kurt is paid $601.25 per week while the owner of the caf
pays him $446 per fortnight.
a Find Kurts total annual income.
b Calculate the tax payable on this income.
4 After leaving school, Denise got a part-time job working at a service station and was paid
a weekly wage of $285. Because she was studying at university in the evenings, Denise was
able to claim tax deductions of $744 at the end of the financial year for educational
expenses.
a What was Denises gross annual income?
b Find her taxable income.
c How much tax must Denise pay on her annual income?
5 As a computer systems analyst, Tim earns an annual salary of $74 300. Last year he earned
an additional dividend of $4065 on his share portfolio and $710 interest on his savings. He
had allowable tax deductions of $4351.80.
a Calculate Tims gross annual income.
b Find his taxable income.
c Find the amount of tax that Tim must pay.
Exercise 3.5
6 Stefans gross fortnightly pay is $1610.58. His employer took out $384.60 each fortnight
in PAYG tax instalments.
a Find Stefans gross annual income. b Calculate the tax payable on this income.
c Is Stefan entitled to a tax refund? If so, how much?
7 Bettinas gross monthly pay is $4447.08. In the last 12 months she earned interest of
$294.50 on her savings, $2870 on a real estate investment and had allowable tax deductions
totalling $385.40. Her employer deducted $985.34 each month in PAYG tax instalments.
a Find Bettinas gross annual income. b Find her taxable income.
c Calculate the tax payable.
d Will Bettina receive a tax refund or does she have to pay more tax? Explain your
answer.
8 Alanas gross weekly income is $475.48 and she has tax deductions of $412.72. Find:
a her gross annual income b her taxable income
c the tax payable d her net weekly income
9 Find the net fortnightly income on a gross annual salary of $64 312, with allowable tax
deductions totalling $2140.
10 Ians gross weekly pay last year was $924. At the end of the year he received a 10% pay rise.
a What was Ians net weekly pay before the pay rise?
b What was Ians net weekly pay after the pay rise?
c By how much has Ians weekly take home pay increased?
11 The normal working week for a steelworker is 39 hours at $18.75 per hour, with overtime
being paid at the time and a half rate. Last year the steelworker worked 146 hours overtime
on top of his regular hours and had allowable tax deductions of $1178.40.
a Calculate his gross income for the year.
b Find the tax payable on this income.
c Calculate the tax refund to which he is entitled if PAYG tax instalments of $168.23
were deducted from his gross pay each week.
12 Dougs gross fortnightly salary is $1448. At Christmas he receives 4 weeks pay plus a
holiday leave loading of 17 %. During the year, he spent $4200 on dental work and was
able to claim 20% of this amount in excess of $1250 as a tax deduction.
a Calculate Dougs gross annual salary including the leave loading.
b Find the taxable income.
c How much tax should Doug pay on this taxable income?
13 Erlinda invested $16 400 and was paid interest on this amount at 6% per annum for the
financial year ending 30 June. She was required to declare this interest as part of her taxable
income. Erlindas gross fortnightly salary is $2209.
a How much interest did she receive on the investment?
b Calculate the amount of tax that Erlinda paid last financial year.
14 Dobeys monthly salary for the first 6 months of the financial year was $3095.15. He then
received a 12% pay rise. How much tax should Dobey pay for that financial year?
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15 Paulas gross annual salary is $45 000. Her tax advisor approved the following tax
deductions:
40% of the cost of a new computer that was purchased for $3570
$396.20 for stationery
$572.90 for work-related travel expenses
$151.75 for dry-cleaning of uniforms
$384.55 for union fees
a What is the total value of Paulas tax deductions?
b What is her taxable income?
c Calculate the tax payable on this income.
16 Prior to the reform of the Australian tax system in 2000, a person with an annual income of
$49 000 paid tax of $8942 plus 43 cents for each $1 earned over $38 000.
a Calculate the tax payable on an income of $49 000 under the old tax scale.
b Calculate the tax payable on this income under the new tax scale.
c How much better off per week is a person with this income under the new tax scale?
17 Giselle is paid a weekly retainer of $145.65 plus a 5% commission on the value of her sales.
Last year, Giselle sold books to the value of $652 375. She claimed a total of $2966.30 in
tax deductions for the year.
a Find her gross annual income.
b Find the tax payable.
c What was Giselles average net weekly pay last year?
18 Individual Australian taxpayers whose taxable income is greater than $13 807 are required
to pay an annual Medicare levy to contribute to the cost of public health care. The payment
scale is shown on page 94. An additional 1% Medicare levy surcharge is payable by
individual taxpayers with a taxable income greater than $50 000 per annum who have not
taken out private health insurance with a registered health fund.
Calculate the annual Medicare levy payable on a taxable income of:
a $12 500 b $21 000 c $14 260
19 Harley is an engineer with a taxable income of $95 400. He does not have private health
insurance.
a Does Harley have to pay the extra Medicare levy surcharge of 1%?
b How much will he pay altogether for Medicare?
c Would Harley be better off by paying $675 per year for private hospital cover? If so,
by how much?
20 Glenda is an industrial chemist with a taxable income of $48 460. Her employer has
deducted $185 per week in PAYG tax instalments.
a Calculate the tax payable on this income.
b Calculate the Medicare levy payable on this income.
c How much tax has been deducted from Glendas annual salary?
d Is Glenda entitled to a refund or does she have to pay more tax? In either case, state the
amount.
21 Dilini has a gross annual salary of $75 484 and last year she earned $4620 in dividends on
her shares. She had allowable tax deductions of $725 for work-related travel expenses and
$594 for other expenses. Dilini has top private hospital cover. Her employer deducted
$528.30 in PAYG tax instalments each week from her gross pay.
a Find her taxable income.
b Calculate the amount of tax that she should pay on her income.
c How much should Dilini pay for Medicare?
d Is Dilini entitled to receive a tax refund? If so, how much?
22 Find the taxable income of an employee who paid the amounts below in tax. (Ignore the
Medicare levy.)
a $1598 b $4870 c $13 358.20 d $31 847.64
23 Victor earns a regular hourly rate of pay for working 35 hours per week as an electrician
and is not eligible to earn overtime pay. In the previous financial year he paid $14 160.40
in tax and also paid a Medicare levy. He had total tax deductions of $3790.35 and does not
have private health insurance. Find:
a his taxable income b the Medicare levy c his hourly rate of pay
A budget is an organised spending plan based upon a persons net income. It is important to
work out your spending habits and make an accurate budget so that you have enough money at
hand when bills come in. Some bills vary a lot at different times of the year and unexpected
expenses may also occur. It is wise to save as much money as you can so that you are not
caught out.
Example
Helen has just moved out of home. She
has a net income of $540 per week as a
video technician and spends of her
income on food. Helen has created this
weekly budget to manage her finances.
a How much does Helen spend on food
each week?
b How much money does she save
each week?
c What percentage of her income does
Helen spend on rent, correct to
1 decimal place?
d If Helens budget was represented on a sector graph, what would be the central angle in
the clothes sector?
3.6 Budgeting
Item Weekly expenses
Rent $160
Car loan repayment $125
Petrol $35
Food
Clothes $30
Entertainment $45
Savings
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1
9
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Solutions
a $540 = $60
b Savings = $540 ($160 + $125 + $35 + $60 + $30 + $45)
= $540 $455
= $85
c 100% 29.6% d Central angle =
= 20
1 Partima has a net weekly income of $410. She has
formulated a weekly budget plan in order to manage
her money.
a How much does Partima save each week?
b Partima pays the rent on a fortnightly basis.
How much rent does she pay each fortnight?
c What percentage of her net income does she
spend on food? Answer correct to the nearest
whole percentage.
2 Kendra earns $572 per week after tax. She lives
alone and has just bought a new car on terms.
She sets aside equal amounts of money for bills
and entertainment.
a How much does Kendra set aside for bills?
b What are her annual expenses for rent?
c What percentage of her income does Kendra
save? Answer correct to the nearest whole
percentage.
3 Reggie shares a house with 3 friends. They pay
$320 per week in rent and share equally the payment
of the rent and all bills. This year they estimate that
the bills will amount to approximately $2080.
a How much does Reggie contribute each week
for: i rent? ii bills?
b What is Reggies net weekly income?
c What fraction of his income is spent on food?
d How much more does Reggie spend on rent
than on entertainment?
1
9
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160
540
---------
30
540
--------- 360
Exercise 3.6
Partimas weekly budget
Rent $205
Transport $28
Food $75
Entertainment $50
Savings
Kendras weekly budget
Rent $185
Car loan repayment $76
Petrol $42
Bills
Clothes $35
Entertainment
Food $75
Savings $29
Reggies weekly budget
Rent
Bills
Entertainment $65
Transport $22
Food $60
Clothes $45
Savings $38
Consolidation
4 Stuart lives at home with his parents. He goes to
university at night and works as a storeman and
packer by day. He pays 30% of his net income to
his parents for food and board.
a What is Stuarts net weekly income?
b He budgets $10 more per week for
entertainment than for his university expenses.
How much does he budget for each item?
c If this budget was to be shown on a sector graph,
what size would the central angle be for
savings?
d Stuart received a pay rise of 12% and he decided to split this extra amount between
what he spends on clothes and what he pays for food and board. How much will he
spend on clothes after the pay rise?
5 Virgil constructed this sector graph to illustrate his
weekly budget.
a Virgil spent twice as much on food as he did on
transport. What angle should be shown for each
of these sectors?
b What fraction of his weekly income does Virgil
spend on clothes?
c Virgil pays $225 per week in rent. Find his net
weekly income.
d Is this a good budget? Explain.
6 Anthea has a net annual salary of $27 300. She has weekly expenses of $17.50 for health
insurance, $37 for petrol and $80 for food. She pays $480 per fortnight for rent and $78 per
month for car insurance. She wants to allow $75 per week for savings. Draw up a weekly
budget for Anthea, with the remaining money being divided equally between savings and
other expenses.
7 Brett earns $16.50 per hour after tax for a 36-hour week. He pays $354 each fortnight for
rent and has weekly expenses of $110 for food and $48 for petrol. His annual expenses are
$1550 for bills and $940 for car insurance. Brett pays 5% of his weekly wage into a
superannuation fund for his retirement. The rest of his money is deposited into a savings
account. Draw up a weekly budget for Brett, rounding off all amounts to the nearest dollar.
8 Jillian wants to buy a new car. She took out a car loan and agreed to make regular monthly
repayments for 5 years. She will also need to budget for the following costs:
Petrol$35 per week Servicing$280 every 6 months
Loan repayment$355 per month Green slip$315 per annum
Insurance$75.40 per month Registration$225 per annum
Drivers licence renewal$35 per annum
Stuarts weekly budget
Food and board $105
Entertainment
Uni. expenses
Petrol $40
Clothes $45
Savings $70
Virgils weekly budget
Entertainment
Rent
30
150
Food
Transport
Clothes
a How much will Jillian eventually pay on the car loan?
b What is the total annual running cost of this car?
c How much will Jillian need to budget each week to cover the running costs?
d Calculate the total cost of buying and running this car for 5 years.
9 a Select a job that appeals to you from the employment section of a newspaper and note
the annual salary/pay conditions.
b Read through the real estate section and select a house/home unit that you can afford to
rent on this salary.
c Choose a new/used car from the motoring section and note the purchase price and
repayment costs.
d Get copies of recent family bills for electricity, water, gas, telephone and so on and
estimate the weekly costs for a single person.
e Prepare a complete weekly budget, including rent, car payments, bills, petrol, clothes,
entertainment, insurance, food and savings. How much money is left over?
Telephone charges
The following is a summary of a report that was
published in a newspaper.
Charges for Telco Blue long-distance telephone
calls will be slashed by up to 31%. This will save
consumers $100m per year. The biggest
reductions will be on the longest distances, for
example Sydney-to-Melbourne calls are slashed
from 67c to 46c for 3 minutes and Brisbane-to-
Perth calls will fall from 90c to 68c for 3
minutes.
a Find the percentage decrease in the costs of the 2 calls quoted in the article.
b A firm had a telephone bill in 2002 of $12580 for calls. An examination of the
account showed that 35% of the sum was due to long-distance calls. In making
a budget for 2003, the firm assumes that the number of local and long-distance
telephone calls will stay in the same ratio and both will increase by 10%. It is also
allowing for a 25% reduction in the cost of long-distance calls because of the
Telco Blue announcement (since the phrase up to 31% was used!). Calculate the
firms estimate of its 2003 telephone bill for calls.
TRY THIS
Many products are sold in containers or packets of varying sizes. Usually, buying the larger
quantity provides better value for money as the manufacturer is able to cut down on packaging
and delivery costs. However, on some occasions, the retailer may have a surplus of other-sized
stock that needs to be sold to make room for new stock. This stock may be discounted
considerably, making it the best buy.
Example 1
Which of these is the best buy?
A 10 kg for $13 B 15 kg for $19.95 C 20 kg for $25 D 30 kg for $38.40
Solution
The lowest common multiple of 10, 15, 20 and 30 is 60. We therefore compare the costs of
purchasing 60 kg of the product in each case.
A 10 kg for $13 B 15 kg for $19.95 C 20 kg for $25 D 30 kg for $38.40
6 6 4 4 3 3 2 2
= 60 kg for $78 = 60 kg for $79.80 = 60 kg for $75 = 60 kg for $76.80
C is the best buy.
Example 2
Which of these is the best buy?
A 5 L for $42.25 B 6.8 L for $57.12
C 10.2 L for $86.70 D 12 L for $100.20
Solution
The lowest common multiple of 5, 6.8, 10.2 and 12 is not obvious. We therefore find the cost
of 1 L of the product in each case.
A 5 L for $42.25 B 6.8 L for $57.12
5 5 6.8 6.8
= 1 L for $8.45 = 1 L for $8.40
C 10.2 L for $86.70 D 12 L for $100.20
10.2 10.2 12 12
= 1 L for $8.50 = 1 L for $8.35
D is the best buy.
1 Determine the best buy in each of these by finding the cost of:
a 100 g of each item.
A 10 g for $2.40 B 20 g for $4.50
C 50 g for $11.50 D 100 g for $23.80
3.7 Best buys
E
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Exercise 3.7
b 2 L of each item.
A 200 mL for $8.52 B 400 mL for $16.84
C 500 mL for $20.90 D 1 L for $41.90
c 1500 mL of each item.
A 100 mL for $1.27 B 250 mL for $3.08
C 300 mL for $3.75 D 500 mL for $8.30
2 Find the best buy in each of these.
a A 5 cm for $1.25 B 8 cm for $2.32
C 10 cm for $2.70 D 20 cm for $5.56
b A 5 g for $1.80 B 15 g for $4.95
C 25 g for $9.50 D 75 g for $29.25
c A 6 kg for $4.86 B 8 kg for $6.80
C 9 kg for $7.02 D 12 kg for $9.90
d A L for $23.13 B L for $35.60
C L for $45.75 D 1 L for $87.50
Consolidation
3 Find the unit cost of each item and hence determine the better buy in each of these.
a 30 mL for $2.10 or 65 mL for $4.88 b 85 cm for $5.19 or 95 cm for $5.89
c 7 kg for $29.61 or 12 kg for $50.28 d 75 g for $10.16 or 125 g for $17.03
4 A 1.25-L bottle of lemonade is priced at $1.45 while a 2-L bottle is priced at $2.40. Which
size represents the better value?
5 Bird seed is sold in 3 sizes: 500 g for $1.78, 1 kg for $3.45 and 1.75 kg for $5.90. Which
size represents the best value for money?
6 Oz Tea is sold in 3 different-sized packets: 100 g for $1.75, 200 g for $3.40 and 250 g for
$4.35. Which sized packet of tea is the most expensive per gram?
7 Screen doors are advertised for sale at $180 each or 3 for $500. Daniel needs to replace the
screen door at the front of his house after an attempted break-in. Which purchase option is
better for Daniel? Why?
8 Gary needs 2 tins of paint to paint his sons bedroom. Paint is advertised for sale at $9.50
per tin or buy 3 tins and get 1 free. Which purchase option should Gary make? Why?
9 A 1 kg bag of prawns costs $7.60 while a 3 kg bag costs $26.75.
a Which size represents the better buy?
b At what price should a 2 kg bag be sold if it is to represent equal value for money with
the best buy?
10 Potatoes are sold in 2 kg bags for $2.80 and 5 kg bags for $7.10. Find the maximum price
at which a 3 kg bag should be sold if it is to be the best buy by 10%.
1
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A discount is a reduction in price of an item that is for sale. It is usually expressed as a
percentage of the marked price. Retailers offer discounts to encourage customers to shop in
their store or to quickly sell any remaining stock before the new stock arrives.
Some stores offer consecutive discounts on the marked price of an item. That is, they offer a
discount on the already discounted price. It is important to note that the two discounts must be
worked separately. You cannot simply add the percentages and make one calculation.
Consecutive discounts are usually offered for customers who are paying cash rather than using
a credit card.
Example 1
A Christmas tree with a marked price of $35 is marked for sale at 40% off in early January.
a Calculate the discount. b Find the new retail price.
Solutions
a Discount = 40% of $35 b New retail price = marked price discount
= 0.4 $35 = $35 $14
= $14 = $21
Example 2
A customer purchased a lounge chair with a marked price of $1100 at the mid-year sales, where
everything in the store was advertised at 15% off. He was also given a further discount of 2%
because he paid cash. How much did the customer pay for the chair?
Solution
Example 3
Xiang paid $42 for a pair of jeans at a 25% off sale. What was the marked price of the jeans
before the discount was allowed?
i If the chair was discounted by 15%, then
the customer would only have paid 85%
of the marked price.
85% of $1100 = 0.85 $1100
= $935
ii After a further discount of 2% was
allowed, the customer only paid 98% of
the discounted price.
98% of $935 = 0.98 $935
= $916.30
The customer paid $916.30 for the chair.
3.8 Discounts
E
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Solution
The unitary method is used to find the original price of a discounted item. Since a discount of
25% was allowed, the purchase price must have been 75% of the marked price.
75% of the marked price represents $42
75 75
1% of the marked price represents $0.56
100 100
100% of the marked price represents $56
The jeans cost $56 before the discount was allowed.
1 Niles was given a discount of 25% when he purchased a new set of tyres for his car. What
percentage of the retail price did he pay?
2 Find the following discounts:
a 25% off the retail price of a $580 dishwasher
b 40% off the retail price of a $130 heater
c 33 % off the retail price of a $216 bicycle
3 An electrical goods super store is holding a post-Christmas sale, with discounts of 15% on
all television sets, 20% on refrigerators and 12 % on ovens and ranges. Find the new sale
price for each of these electrical goods.
a b c
Consolidation
4 A book store offers teachers a 15% discount on all books. Mrs Hosogoe purchased 2 books
priced at $29.95 each and 3 books priced at $24.75 each. Find:
a the total cost without the discount b the total cost with the discount
5 A dishwasher was advertised at $640 with a further $175 for installation. Calculate the total
purchase and installation costs if the cost of the dishwasher (excluding installation) is
reduced by 18% due to minor scratching.
Exercise 3.8
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$
1
2
6
5 $
8
7
2
$
1
0
4
0
6 An outdoor television antenna is advertised with a marked price of $115 with $25 extra
for installation. Find the total purchase and installation cost of an antenna during a sale in
which all antennas are being discounted by 10% and installation costs are being discounted
by 20%.
7 John purchased a 4-cylinder mower with a
price tag of $340. He received the advertised
discount, plus a further 5% off the discounted
price for paying cash. How much did John pay
for the mower?
8 Mrs Lee purchased the following items for her son in preparation for the new school year:
4 pens at 95c each a bottle of liquid paper costing $1.85
an eraser costing 50c 8 exercise books at $1.14 each
a ruler costing 43c a pencil sharpener costing 24c
Find the change from $20 if a discount of 10% was given on the cost of each item.
9 The owner of a local video rental store placed the following sign in the window: Rent
any 4 movies and get one free. What percentage discount is being offered on the hire of
5 movies?
10 Find the percentage discount that was allowed if a pair of shoes with a retail price of $150
was sold for $117.
11 The price of a book was reduced from $42 to $36.54. What percentage discount is this?
12 The retail price of a school bag was reduced by $11 to $28. Find, correct to 1 decimal place,
the percentage discount.
13 A motorbike was discounted by 10% and sold for $5220. What was the cost of the
motorbike before the discount was applied?
14 A set of encyclopaedias was sold for $410.40 after being discounted by 28%. Find the cost
of the encyclopaedias before the discount was applied.
15 A pair of jeans was reduced by 35% and sold for $61.75. What was the price of the jeans
before the discount was applied?
16 Tamara bought a blouse at a sale, where items were listed as 30% off. What was the original
retail price of the blouse if Tamara paid $43.40?
M MO O s s M MO OW WE ER RS S
10% off all 2 cylinder mowers
15% off all 4 cylinder mowers
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17 Kerryanne bought a guitar at a 35% off sale at the markets and paid $136.50. How much
did she save?
18 Drivers who do not make a claim on their car insurance receive
a 10% no-claim bonus each year.
a Would a driver receive a no-claim bonus in their first year?
b Catherine has been driving for 4 years and has a perfect
driving record. What percentage would her no-claim
bonus be?
c How much will Catherine have to pay to insure her car if the
full insurance premium is $810?
19 The childrens entry price into a pantomime is set at 60% of the adults price. Find the
total entry price for a family of 2 adults and 3 children if 1 adult and 1 child can enter for
$24.
20 The cost of a camera was reduced by 20% in January with a further 5% discount being
given for paying cash. A tourist paid $516.80 cash for a camera. What was the original
price?
21 A leather handbag was discounted by $x and then sold for $y. Find the percentage discount
in terms of x and y.
Progressive discounting
A sales representative is eager to sell you a car. He offers you three successive
discounts on the car (5%, 10%, 15%) in any order that you wish. Which order should
you choose?
TRY THIS
The terms profit and loss refer to the difference between the cost price and selling price of an
item. This difference is called a profit if the selling price is greater than the cost price and a
loss if the selling price is less than the cost price.
In business, the manufacturer makes products, marks up the cost, then sells them to a
wholesaler. The wholesaler marks up the cost and then distributes the products to a retailer.
The retailer marks up the price and then sells the products to customers in their store. The
mark-up is usually a percentage of the purchase price at each stage.
Percentage profit or loss is calculated on the cost price unless otherwise stated.
Example 1
Quentin bought a bicycle for $150 and sold it six months later, making a loss of 30% on the
purchase price. Find the selling price.
Solution
Example 2
A retailer purchased an electric fan for $30 and sold it for $42. Calculate the percentage profit.
Solution
i Loss = 30% of $150
= 0.3 $150
= $45
ii Selling price = cost price loss
= $150 $45
= $105
i Profit = selling price cost price
= $42 $30
= $12
ii Percentage profit = %
= %
= 40%
3.9 Profit and loss
Profit = selling price cost price Loss = cost price selling price
To express the profit or loss as a percentage of the cost price or selling price:
calculate the profit or loss
divide the profit or loss by the cost price or selling price
multiply by %.
100
1
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profit
cost price
-----------------------
100
1
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12
30
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100
1
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1 A piano was bought for $2900 and sold three years later at a loss of 30%. Find:
a the loss b the selling price
2 Heather purchased a painting for $3500. She later sold the painting at an auction, making a
profit of 40%. Find:
a the profit b the selling price
3 Ted bought a boat for $18 500 and sold it two years later to his brother, making a loss of
25%. How much did Teds brother pay for the boat?
Consolidation
4 The wholesale price of a DVD player was $520 and the retail price was $650. Express the
profit as a percentage of the:
a wholesale price b retail price
5 Annika bought a tennis racket for $80 and sold it 6 months later at a garage sale for $56.
Express the loss as a percentage of the cost price.
6 A jeweller bought a pearl necklace for $2100 and sold it to a customer at a profit of 45%.
Express the profit as a percentage of the selling price, correct to the nearest whole per cent.
7 Ricardo purchased a house for $325 000 in 1990 and sold it for $594 750 in 2001. Calculate
the percentage profit.
8 Steve bought a coffee table for $120 and sold it later at a garage sale for $54. Find the
percentage loss.
9 How is the cost price of an item related to the selling price if a profit of 100% was made on
the sale?
10 If an item is sold at a profit of 300%, find in simplest form the ratio of selling price : cost
price.
11 A company sells mobile phones at a loss of 30% on their wholesale price of $160. Other
charges include a network connection fee of $25 and 12c per minute for calls. Calculate the
overall first month profit or loss on the sale of a mobile phone to a customer who makes
15 hours worth of calls in that month.
12 Freda owns a cake shop franchise. Last week she accepted delivery for cakes to the value
of $3240. She sells the cakes with a mark-up of 48%. The running costs for the week
amount to $955. Find the total profit for the week after all running costs are taken into
account.
Exercise 3.9
3
4
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13 Tori bought 7000 shares in a telecommunications company in 1996 and sold them 5 years
later. If the share price was $3.25 at the time of purchase and $3.08 at the time of selling,
find:
a the total loss made on these shares
b the percentage loss, correct to 1 decimal place
14 Yvonne sold her home unit for $224 000, making a profit of 28% on the purchase price.
How much did she pay for the unit?
15 Daryl sold his car for $8500, which represented a loss of 55% on the original purchase price
due to depreciation. How much did Daryl pay for the car originally? Give your answer
correct to the nearest dollar.
16 A shop owner sold a computer for $2875, making a profit of 32% on the wholesale price.
What was the wholesale price of the computer? Give your answer correct to the nearest
dollar.
17 The owner of a sports store marks up the cost of cricket balls by 15% and cricket bats by
40%. One boy paid $280 for a bat and three balls while a second boy paid $248 for a bat
and a ball.
a Find the retail price of each bat and ball.
b Find the wholesale price of each.
c Calculate the total profit made on these sales.
18 A manufacturer sells plates to a wholesaler at cost plus 20%. The wholesaler then marks up
the price by a further 25% and sells them to a retailer. The retailer then sells the plates for
$4.20 each, making a profit of 40%. How much would it cost to manufacture 200 plates?
19 A factory owner pays his 3 employees $12.50 per hour for 36 hours per week to
manufacture mouse traps. Each employee can make 40 mouse traps per hour. The owner
pays 75c per trap for parts and $490 per week in other business overheads, such as rent,
electricity and telephone charges.
a Find the weekly wages bill.
b How many traps are produced each week?
c Calculate the total cost of running the business per week
d For how much should each trap be sold to a wholesaler if the factory owner is to make
a profit of at least $800 per week?
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SYDNEY MARKET PRICES IN 1831
Introduction
The first edition of the Sydney Herald was published on Monday 18 April 1831. It was not until
1840 that the Herald became a daily, the Sydney Morning Herald. One of the interesting
columns was headed Markets. It included prices at the Sydney markets on a wide range of
goods. In those days, in fact up to 1966, Australias currency was in pounds, shillings and
pence. An extract from a column is reprinted here.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
s. d.
Ale, English . . doz. 0 12 6
Colonial . gall. 0 6 0
Arrow Root . . . . . lb. 0 1 6
Beer, English, gall. 0 4 0
Colonial ,, 0 2 0
Biscuit. . . . per cwt. 0 16 0
Blankets. Col. p.pr 0 10 0
Blue. . . . . . . . . . . lb. 0 2 0
Bread, 2 lb loaf . . . . 0 0 3
Butter, fresh . . . . . . 0 1 0
salt. . . . . . . . 0 0 8
Candles, moulds lb 0 0 7
Dips. . . . . . 0 0 5
Cheese, English . lb 0 1 9
Colonial . . 0 0 7
Cloth, Parramat. . yd 0 1 3
Coffee, ground . . lb 0 1 6
Eggs, per doz. . . . . . 0 2 6
Flax, New Zea . ton 22 0 0
Flour, 100 lbs. fine 2nds.
Barker . . . . . . 14s 0d11s 0d
Cooper . . . . . 14s 0d11s 0d
Darlg.Mill. . . 14s 6d11s 6d
Dixon . . . . . . 13s 0d11s 0d
s. d.
Girard. . . . . . 14s 0d11s 0d
Hall . . . . . . . 14s 0d11s 0d
Fruit, Oranges, doz. 0 2 0
Lemons, ,, 0 1 0
Apples, 0 2 0
Peaches, ,, 0 0 3
Grain, Wheat, Bush. 0 4 0
Maize, . . . ,, 0 2 6
Barley . . . ,, 0 2 9
Oats . . . . . ,, 0 0 0
Meat, Beef, p.qtr.lb. 0 0 1
joint, ,, 0 0 2
salted ,, 0 0 3
Mutton, carcasss ,, 0 0 2
per joint ,, 0 0 3
Pork, carcass ,, 0 0 4
per joint ,, 0 0 5
salted . . ,, 0 0 4
Bacon. . .per lb. 0 0 7
Hams . . .per lb. 0 0 9
Veal, p.quarter ,, 0 0 3
per joint ,, 0 0 4
Milk, per quart . . . . . 0 0 6
Oil, sperm . . . . gall. 0 5 0
s. d.
black. . . ,, 0 3 0
Poultry, Turkies, ea. 0 4 3
Geese, . . ,, 0 3 3
Fowls, pair 0 1 9
Ducks, ea. 0 1 6
Rice. . . . . . . . . . . lb. 0 0 3
Salt, colonial . . . cwt 0 5 0
Soap, colonial . . . .lb 0 0 4
Spirits, Rum,. . .gall. 0 9 0
Brandy . . ,, 0 13 0
Gin . . . . . ,, 0 12 6
Colon.. . . ,, 0 7 6
Starch . . . . . . . . . lb. 0 2 6
Straw, Oat . . . . load 0 12 6
Barley ,, 0 12 6
Sugar, Loaf, per lb. 0 0 8
Moist ,, 0 0 3
Tallow, melted. cwt. 1 8 0
Rough fat 1 3 4
Tea, Hyson . . . . . .lb 0 1 6
Young Hyson ,, 0 2 6
Souchong . . . ,, 0 3 3
Pekoe. . . . . . . ,, 0 3 3
Gunpowder . . ,, 0 4 6
Tobacco, Brazil lb 0 2 4
s. d.
Colon.leaf 0 0 3
,, fig.. 0 1 6
,, stlks.. 0 0 6
Negrohd.. 0 3 6
Segars,Col.box 0 7 0
Hav. ,, 0 15 0
Chinsura 0 10 0
Manilla . 1 10 0
Snuff, colon . . . . . lb 0 7 0
Vegetables,
Potatoes, . . . p.cwt 0 3 6
do old do. . 0 0 0
Cabbages, . . p.doz. 0 1 6
Turnips, . p. bunch 0 0 2
Carrots, do. 0 0 3
Beans, broad, pk. 0 0 0
French, ,, 0 0 0
Onions . . . . . . . lb 0 0 1
Vinegar, colon.. gall. 0 3 0
Wine, Port, p. doz. 35s40s
Madeira ,, 35s40s
Sherry ,, 35s40s
Claret ,, 10s60s
Cape . . . . gall. 0 4 6
Elder. . . . . ,, 0 5 6
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Work in groups to do this activity. You will need to know the following about Australias
currency in 1831:
Coins: the farthing ( penny), the halfpenny ( penny), the penny, the threepenny bit
(3 pence), the sixpenny coin (6 pence), the shilling (12 pence), the two shilling coin called
two bob, and the crown (worth 2 shillings and 6 pence).
Notes: the pound (called a quid), a 5 pound note (called a ver), a 10 pound note
(called a tenner) and a 20 pound note. One pound was worth 20 shillings.
Units: the gallon (gall, 1 gall = 4.8 L), the quart (qt, gallon), the pound weight
(lb, 1 kg = 2.2 lb) and the bushel (1 bush = 8 gall).
1 Using the table on page 111 for prices at Sydneys markets, work out the cost of each of the
following items and the total cost of the bill in s d (pounds, shillings and pence).
2 Estimate the price of each of the above items if you bought them today. A bushel of barley
can be taken as 48 lb. Total the bill in dollars and cents.
3 Compare the prices of items in 1831 with prices today. How can you account for the big
change? Write down some factors that you would have to take into account (e.g. how much
people earned). (NOTE: When Australia changed to decimal currency in 1966, 1 pound
became $2.)
4 The toll on the Sydney Harbour Bridge was raised to $3 in January 2002. It was sixpence
when the bridge was opened in 1932. Is this price rise reasonable over 70 years? What
things need to be taken into account (e.g. construction of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel)?
5 Suppose you gained a pay rise of $20 per week. If inflation is 5%, what would be your real
increase in terms of how much more money you gained? If your new salary was $280 per
week after the pay rise, what is your total amount of available money after taking inflation
into account?
Item Cost Item Cost
2 loaves of bread 2 bushels barley
gallon of Colonial beer 12 lb salted beef
lb English cheese lb bacon
lb ground coffee 1 quart of milk
1 dozen eggs 3 ducks
6 lemons 2 lb Colonial soap
dozen oranges 1 lb loaf sugar
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CHAL L ENGE
Discuss the following in class or use as a project idea.
1 Why is the Cost of Living Index also called the Consumer Price Index? How is it
calculated in Australia today?
2 What is inflation? How is it measured? Inflation was low in Australia in 2001. How can
mathematics be used to help predict what might happen in 2004 and succeeding years?
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Using the price list on page 111 as a guide, write a letter to a student at school in 1831,
explaining why the cost of living is so much more in Sydney today. Explain what Sydney is
now like, what technological progress has been made, what people earn and what they have to
spend compared to the early years of settlement. You might mention we went to decimal
currency in 1966!
REFL ECTI NG
Ask your grandparents, parents or guardian if they have experienced the effects of inflation on
their income. Why do governments need to control inflation? Why do you need to know about
it? How can inflation be measured mathematically?
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1 Explain the difference between a salary
and a wage.
2 What is an example of casually paid
work?
3 Explain the difference between gross and
net income.
4 Define taxable income for a new
mathematics dictionary.
entry for budget:
budget noun 1. a plan showing how much money a
person, organisation or country will earn and how it
will be spent
verb 2. to make such a plan: We budgeted on the
basis that we would both have full-time jobs next year.
adjective 3. not costing much: budget clothes
Word family: budgetary adjective
Why is it important to be able to manage your
income and spending?
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1 Barry earns an annual salary of $50 600.
How much would Barry receive if he was
paid:
a weekly? b fortnightly?
c monthly?
2 A tradesman is paid $14.65 per hour for a
36-hour week. Calculate his weekly
wage.
3 A personal assistant receives a pay rise of
6% on his annual salary of $38 850. Find
his new monthly pay.
4 Catherine is a sales assistant at a petrol
station. She works 40 hours each week
and is paid $12.25 per hour. Calculate her
equivalent monthly pay.
5 A bus driver is paid $13.95 per hour and
his fortnightly wage is $1060.20. For how
many hours does he work each fortnight?
6 Ximenas annual salary increased from
$45 300 to $48 244.50. Calculate the
percentage increase in her salary.
7 Joseph is paid a retainer of $160 per week
plus a commission of 4.5% on his weekly
sales. Calculate Josephs pay for a week
when he sells goods to the value of
$9560.
8 An encyclopaedia saleswoman is paid a
weekly retainer plus a commission of $22
for each set of encyclopaedias that she
sells. How much is she paid as a retainer
if in one week she sold 9 sets of
encyclopaedias and was paid $449?
9 To sell a property, the Second National
Real Estate Agency charges a
commission of 3.5% on the first $150 000
of the sale price and 2% on the remaining
value. The agent responsible for the sale
receives 34% of the agencys
commission.
a Calculate the commission paid to the
agency on the sale of a house for
$410 000.
b How much does the agent responsible
for the sale receive?
10 A factory worker is paid 15c for each
mouse trap put together on an assembly
line. How many mouse traps did the
worker assemble in a week when they
were paid $348?
11 A doctor charges $21.80 for consultations
that last less than 10 minutes and $27.50
for those that last longer than 10 minutes.
Yesterday the doctor earned $1077.90.
If 28 consultations lasted less than
10 minutes, how many patients stayed for
longer than 10 minutes?
12 Stan earns $16.40 an hour for a 39-hour
week as a crane operator. Overtime is
paid at the time and a half rate for the first
5 hours and at the double time rate
thereafter. Calculate Stans total pay for a
week when he works for 48 hours.
13 Ricky worked for 35 hours last week at
$11.35 per hour. He also worked 6 hours
overtime, which was paid at the time and
a half rate.
a Calculate Rickys total pay for the
week.
b For how many hours would he need
to work at the normal rate in order to
earn the same pay?
14 Nadias annual salary is $23 660. She
took her annual 4 weeks holidays in
January and was paid 4 weeks normal pay
plus a holiday leave loading of 17 on
this amount. How much did she receive
altogether?
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15 Mr Knights gross fortnightly pay is
$1352. Each fortnight, his employer
deducts $266.37 in PAYG tax
instalments and he has other deductions
of $23.50 for superannuation and
$12.65 for health insurance. Calculate
Mr Knights net fortnightly pay.
16 Find the gross weekly pay of an
employee with a net annual salary of
$35 600 and weekly deductions totalling
$392.55.
17 A painter earns an annual salary of
$36 750 and is paid monthly. His annual
deductions are $7405 in PAYG tax and
5% of his gross salary is paid into a
superannuation fund. Find the painters
net monthly income.
18 Use the tax table on page 93 to calculate
the amount of tax payable on each of
these annual salaries.
a $5750 b $18 430
c $49 600 d $72 195
19 Jelena has an annual salary of $41 060.
She has allowable tax deductions
totalling $2825.
a What is her taxable income?
b How much tax is she required to pay?
c Calculate Jelenas average net
fortnightly pay.
20 Eugene has a gross annual salary of
$47 850. Each week, his employer takes
out $226.50 in PAYG tax instalments.
a Calculate the amount of tax that
Eugene is required to pay on his
salary.
b Is he entitled to a tax refund or does
he have to pay more tax? Justify your
answer.
21 a A dental patient was billed for two
fillings and an X-ray. She paid
$107.80 for each of the fillings, $74
for the X-ray and 10% GST on the
total bill. How much was she charged
altogether?
b Alex paid $90.75 for her weekly
groceries, which included 10% GST.
How much would the groceries have
cost without the GST?
22 Sarah earns $450 per week after tax and
rents a house with her sister. The women
agree to contribute equally towards the
payment of any gas, telephone or
electricity bills, which they estimate will
come to $480 per quarter, and the rent,
which is $280 per week. So she can
manage her money wisely, Sarah has
prepared a weekly budget.
a How much should Sarah budget for
rent each week?
b What should the weekly budget
amount be for bills?
c How much is left over for savings?
d What percentage of her income,
correct to 1 decimal place, is spent on
clothes?
e If this information was shown on a
sector graph, what would be the angle
at the centre of the food sector?
Budget item Budget amount
Rent
Food $75
Bills
Clothes $30
Transport $35
Entertainment $60
Savings
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f Adjust this budget to allow for an 8%
pay rise with one-third of the extra
money being spent on entertainment
and the rest of the money going
towards savings.
23 Determine the best buy by finding the
cost of 200 g of the item.
A 20 g for $3.60 B 25 g for $4.25
C 40 g for $8 D 50 g for $9.50
24 Determine the best buy by finding the
cost of 1 mL of the item.
A 55 mL for $3.41
B 70 mL for $4.13
C 90 mL for $5.49
D 115 mL for $6.67
25 A calculator wholesaler gives retail stores
a discount of 5% on orders of more than
50 units. How much would a store owner
save if he purchased 80 calculators, given
that the normal wholesale price is
$16.40?
26 A music store offered 20% off the cost of
all classical CDs. Johann purchased
5 CDs with a marked price of $22.
How much did he pay altogether?
27 a A kitchen appliance was discounted
from $42 to $36.75. What was the
percentage discount?
b The retail price of a reclining chair
was reduced by $152 to $798. What
was the percentage discount?
28 The cost of a treadmill was reduced by
15% and sold for $632.40. What was the
original price?
29 Ian saved $34.80 when he purchased
4 new tyres for his car at a tyre sale. If he
paid $109.30 per tyre, find the percentage
discount. Answer correct to 1 decimal
place.
30 Ian bought 4 new tyres for his car and
received a 7 % discount on the total cost.
If Ian paid $429.20 altogether, find how
much he saved.
31 An antiques dealer purchased a rare book
for $3500 and sold it a week later, making
a profit of 15%. Find the sale price of the
book.
32 Aislinn bought a chest of drawers for
$380 and sold it 2 years later for $247.
Calculate the percentage loss.
33 a Shane sold his car for $10 200, which
represented a loss of 40% on the
original price. How much did
Shane pay for the car?
b A retailer bought a chandelier from a
wholesaler and sold it in her lighting
store for $899, making a profit of
45%. Calculate the wholesale price of
the chandelier.
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117
Equations,
inequations and
formulae
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
solve simple one- and two-step linear equations
solve simple quadratic equations of the form ax
2
= c
solve equations with pronumerals on both sides
solve equations with grouping symbols
solve equations that contain a single fraction
solve equations that contain two or more fractions
write down the integer solution set for a given inequality
graph inequalities on the number line
solve simple inequations
solve inequations that involve the reversal of the inequality sign
solve word problems, geometric problems and measurement problems
by the use of equations
solve problems involving inequalities
evaluate the subject of a formula
solve equations that arise from substitution into a formula
change the subject of a formula
determine restrictions on variables after a formula has been re-arranged.
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Linear equations
A linear equation is a number sentence in which one of the numbers has been replaced by a
pronumeral and the highest power of the pronumeral is 1. Some examples of linear equations
are x + 5 = 9, 3x 4 = 8, 2x 7 = 6x + 1 and + 9 = 13.
The solution to an equation is the value of the pronumeral which makes the statement true. For
example, the solution to the equation x + 4 = 7 is x = 3, because when x is replaced by 3 we have
3 + 4 = 7, which is a true statement. There is only one solution for any linear equation. Thus,
we are able to check whether a solution is correct by direct substitution.
To solve an equation formally, we need to isolate the pronumeral on one side and take all of the
numbers to the other side. This is done by performing inverse operations.
A quadratic equation is an equation in which the highest power of the pronumeral is 2. In
Year 9 you will only study quadratic equations of the form ax
2
= c, where a and c are constants.
Whereas linear equations have only one solution, quadratic equations have either two solutions,
one solution or no solution.
Consider the quadratic equation x
2
= 25. Now, 5
2
= 25 and (5)
2
= 25, so x could be either
5 or 5. These solutions may be written as x = 5.
How many solutions does the equation x
2
= 4 have? Why?
Example 1
Solve each of the following equations.
a x + 5 = 11 b y 7 = 2 c 3k = 18 d = 9
Solutions
a x + 5 = 11 b y 7 = 2 c 3k = 18 d = 9
5 5 +7 +7 3 3 2 2
x = 6 y = 9 k = 6 w = 18
4.1 One- and two-step equations
x
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To solve a linear equation:
isolate the pronumeral by performing inverse operations to both sides of the
equation.
Quadratic equations
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Chapt er 4: Equations, inequations and formulae 119
Example 3
Solve:
a 3x + 10 = 22 b 5y 2 = 38 c 9 8a = 3
Solutions
a 3x + 10 = 22 b 5y 2 = 38 c 9 8a = 3
10 10 +2 +2 9 9
3x = 12 5y = 40 8a = 6
3 3 5 5 (8) (8)
x = 4 y = 8
a =
a =
Example 4
Solve:
a x
2
= 36 b 9x
2
= 121 c x
2
= 9
Solutions
1 Solve each of these equations using a guess, check and refine approach.
a x + 4 = 10 b p 3 = 5 c 7t = 28 d = 6
e 2n + 1 = 9 f 3k 2 = 22 g 7h + 21 = 0 h 30 2y = 16
2 Determine by substitution whether the solution given in brackets is correct.
a b + 15 = 33 [b = 19] b q 19 = 8 [q = 27] c 31 a = 14 [a = 17]
d 4x + 9 = 5 [x = 12] e 7c + 3 = 11 [c = 2] f 8 5t = 12 [t = 4]
Example 2
Solve these equations.
a 5 t = 3
b 4 p = 8
Solutions
a 5 t = 3 b 4 p = 8
5 5 +4 +4
t = 8 p = 12
(1) (1) (1) (1)
t = 8 p = 12
a x
2
= 36
x = 6
b 9x
2
=121
9 9
x
2
=
x =
c x
2
= 9
There are no solutions as
there is no number that
can be squared to give a
negative number.
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Exercise 4.1
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3 Solve each of these equations.
a a + 4 = 9 b p 5 = 12 c y + 8 = 3 d q 15 = 16
e 7w = 42 f 11r = 88 g = 6 h = 9
Consolidation
4 Solve the following equations.
a 3u = 2 b 2e = 7 c 8a = 4
d 15c = 12 e 12d = 9 f 16t = 24
g 27k = 21 h 18w = 30 i x + = 2
j y = 3 k m + = l q = 1
m 3n = n 2v = o 4t = 1
p 5h = 3 q = r =
s = 1 t = 4 u c + 0.4 = 1.2
v g 1.3 = 0.7 w 0.9b = 2.7 x = 0.7
5 Solve:
a 4 k = 1 b 2 + y = 4 c t 3 = 8
d 6 + z = 7 e 5 h = 8 f 9 r = 2
g 13 = 10 + c h 9 = a + 4 i 11 w = 30
6 Solve these equations.
a 3x + 2 = 14 b 2p + 5 = 19 c 7e + 9 = 30
d 6a 1 = 5 e 4g 7 = 25 f 9s 4 = 59
g 3c + 10 = 4 h 11f 1 = 23 i 12d + 17 = 5
j 11 + 2y = 11 k 8m 1 = 33 l 3p 10 = 1
m 1 2z = 17 n 4 5t = 34 o 7 3u = 4
7 Solve each of these equations, giving the solutions as fractions or mixed numerals, in
simplest form.
a 4p + 20 = 23 b 7m 3 = 2 c 5h + 8 = 17
d 12r 5 = 4 e 8k 13 = 7 f 7 + 12x = 3
g 13 4n = 15 h 10k 8 = 17 i 6 21w = 9
8 a Solve 5x 8 = 19 by:
i using a guess, check and refine approach
ii by performing inverse operations to both sides
b Which method was easier? Why?
b
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9 Solve these quadratic equations, giving the answers as either integers or fractions.
a x
2
= 4 b x
2
= 9 c x
2
= 49
d x
2
= 100 e 4x
2
= 4 f 9x
2
= 36
g 3x
2
= 48 h 5x
2
= 180 i 9x
2
= 4
j 49x
2
= 16 k 9x
2
= 100 l 81x
2
= 144
10 Solve, correct to 1 decimal place:
a x
2
= 5 b 2x
2
= 24 c 5x
2
= 100 d 8x
2
= 56
11 Change one number in the equation:
a 4x 1 = 6 so that the solution is x = 3 b 5 2x = 8 so that the solution is x = 7
12 Write down an equation whose solution is:
a x = 5 b x = 3 c x =
Example 1
Solve:
a 8t = 5t + 21
b 4n = 9n 20
Solutions
a 8t = 5t + 21 b 4n = 9n 20
5t 5t 9n 9n
3t = 21 5n = 20
3 3 (5) (5)
t = 7 n = 4
Example 2
Solve:
a 7k 13 = 3k + 35
b 14 9y = 3y + 26
Solutions
a 7k 13 = 3k + 35 b 14 9y = 3y + 26
3k 3k +9y +9y
4k 13 = 35 14 = 12y + 26
+13 +13 26 26
4k = 48 12 = 12y
4 4 12 12
k = 12 1 = y
y = 1
1
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Equations with pronumerals
on both sides
4.2
To solve an equation with pronumerals on both sides:
take all pronumerals to one side and all numerals to the other side by performing
inverse operations.
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1 Solve each of these equations using the guess, check and refine approach.
a 3m = 2m + 7 b 4k + 15 = k + 21 c 9y + 5 = 4y 10
2 Determine by substitution whether the solution given in brackets is correct.
a 5p + 28 = 12p [p = 4] b 7c 24 = 5c [c = 2]
c 8w 13 = 3w + 7 [w = 5] d 1 2h = 6h + 9 [h = 1]
3 Solve each equation by taking all of the algebraic terms to one side.
a 5k = 4k + 3 b 9m = 8 + 7m c 3s = 28 s
d 45 2p = 7p e x = 2x + 5 f 3b = 6b + 21
g 7r 55 = 2r h 3m + 42 = 4m i 24 + 4u = 8u
j 4g + 60 = 9g k 40 4c = c l 88 + 7k = 4k
Consolidation
4 a Solve 5y 7 = 2y + 5 by first:
i adding 7 to both sides ii subtracting 5 from both sides
iii subtracting 2y from both sides iv subtracting 5y from both sides
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the others.
5 Solve:
a 3x + 8 = 2x + 11 b 6p 1 = 5p + 7 c 9a + 2 = 7a + 12
d 4m 9 = 2m + 15 e 10y 11 = 6y + 5 f 8t 11 = 5t 2
g 7k + 8 = 2k 7 h 9w + 3 = 5w 21 i 12q 13 = 3q 13
j b + 20 = 2b + 15 k 6s 4 = 9s + 23 l 8e 21 = 10e + 5
m 14u 15 = 8u + 9 n 5 2x = 3x + 25 o 4n + 7 = 13 2n
p 4 3t = 4t 31 q 4k + 16 = 52 5k r 7h 26 = 2 + 19h
simplest form.
a m + 9 = 3m b 17k 8 = 5k c 1 3c = c
d 15 7u = 11u e 16y = 27 5y f 9p 33 = 13p
g 8t + 10 = 5t + 18 h 5z 4 = 18 + z i 23 7a = 5a 19
j 15 + 3e = 35 + 10e k 6 4g = 3 25g l 6 3k = 21 + k
7 Change one number in the equation 5x + 6 = 2x + 21 so that the solution is:
a x = 7 b x = 0 c x = 4
8 a If p = 2q + 9, find values for p and q given that p is 5 more than q.
b If y = 11 3x, find values for x and y given that y is equal to 25 more than the product
of 4 and x.
Exercise 4.2
1 In each of the following, expand the expression that contains grouping symbols, then solve
the resulting equation.
a 2(m + 3) = 16 b 3(k 4) = 12 c 5(c + 2) = 25
d 7(4 + n) = 84 e 6(5 t) = 48 f 9(2 x) = 9
g 4(2y + 3) = 20 h 2(3a 1) = 28 i 3(5w + 2) = 36
j 6(1 2p) = 54 k 5(3 4c) = 75 l 11(3 2m) = 121
a 2(n 7) = 24 b 5(p + 2) = 30 c 4(y 3) = 28
d 3(m 8) = 6 e 8(t + 4) = 24 f 6(10 a) = 6
g 4(2k + 5) = 12 h 7(3r 1) = 49 i 2(6 5d) = 38
Example 1
Solve each of these
equations.
a 5(e 4) = 65
b 7(m + 6) = 4(m 3)
Solutions
a 5(e 4) = 65 b 7(m + 6) = 4(m 3)
5e 20 = 65 7m + 42 = 4m 12
+20 +20 4m 4m
5e = 85 3m + 42 = 12
5 5 42 42
e = 17 3m = 54
3 3
m = 18
Example 2
Solve:
3(2x + 5) + 12 = 7 5(5x + 6)
Solution
3(2x + 5) + 12 = 7 5(5x + 6)
6x + 15 + 12 = 7 25x 30
6x + 27 = 25x 23
+25x +25x
31x + 27 = 23
27 27
31x = 50
31 31
x = 1
Equations with grouping
symbols
4.3
To solve an equation with grouping symbols:
expand the expressions in grouping symbols
collect like terms if possible
solve the resulting equation by performing inverse operations.
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Exercise 4.3
simplest form.
a 3(a + 2) = 11 b 4(m 2) = 15 c 5(k + 4) = 23
d 3(8y + 1) = 21 e 11(3p 2) = 5 f 6(5 + 2z) = 8
g 2(h + 8) = 5 h 8(2v + 3) = 16 i 12(5c + 2) = 18
4 a Solve 7(x + 3) = 35 by first:
i expanding the expression on the left-hand side
ii dividing both sides by 7
b Discuss whether one approach was easier than the other.
Consolidation
5 Solve:
a 4(p 5) = 3p + 8 b 7(n 2) = 6n + 4 c 4e 7 = 5(e 3)
d 5(s + 7) = 2s + 50 e 9(b + 4) = 26 + 4b f 5y 57 = 8(y 3)
g 7(2u + 1) = 6u + 71 h 12(3z 2) = 20z 72 i 5(4 3t) = 42 4t
6 Solve:
a 3(x + 4) = 2(x + 9) b 6(n 2) = 5(n + 1) c 4(y + 2) = 3(y 6)
d 5(g 1) = 4(g + 4) e 7(a + 1) = 5(a + 3) f 5(r + 2) = 3(r 2)
g 3(z + 5) = 6(z 1) h 12(p 3) = 7(p 3) i 2(2w + 9) = 3(w + 10)
j 8(c + 5) = 4(3c 1) k 9(2e 3) = 3(e + 6) l 10(3m + 6) = 6(m + 2)
7 Simplify the expressions on each side of these equations, then solve for x.
a 3(x + 2) + 2(x + 1) = 33 b 7(x 3) + 4(x + 2) = 64
c 2(8x 1) + 5(2x 3) = 35 d 4(3x + 5) 6(x + 6) = 26
e 5(x + 8) = 120 (x + 2) f 9 2(x 8) = 2(x 4) + 1
g 23 4x = 16 3(2x + 7) h 11(2x 3) + 4 = 35 + 2(x 2)
i 8(3x 2) 2(5 4x) + 58 = 0 j 25x 4(2x 7) = 3(3x + 5) + 45
Example
Solve:
a = 12 b + 5 = 8 c = 9
4.4 Equations with one fraction
To solve an equation that contains one fraction:
take all constant terms to one side by performing inverse operations
multiply both sides of the equation by the denominator
solve the resulting equation.
E
G
+
S
3a
5
------
m
6
----
11 4x
3
------------------
Solutions
1 Solve:
a = 3 b = 5 c = 9 d = 8
e = 8 f = 6 g = 10 h = 12
i = 21 j = 12 k = 20 l = 24
2 a Solve 3 = 5 by first:
i adding 3 to both sides ii multiplying both sides by 4
Consolidation
3 Solve each of the following equations.
a = 4 b = 9 c = 10 d = 5
e = 4 f = 2 g = 6 h = 1
i = 13 j 3 + = 1 k = 8 l 10 = 4
m = 13 n = 12 o = 2 p = 4
a = 2 b = 4 c = 4 d = 2
e = 5 f = 7 g = 3 h = 5
i = 5 j = 8 k = 6 l = 9
a = 12
5 5
3a = 60
3 3
a = 20
b + 5 = 8
5 5
= 3
6 6
m = 18
c = 9
3 3
11 4x = 27
11 11
4x = 16
(4) (4)
x = 4
3a
5
------
m
6
----
m
6
----
11 4x
3
------------------
Exercise 4.4
d
4
---
k
7
---
y
2
------
w
3
------
2x
3
------
3a
5
------
5m
2
-------
4k
3
------
7w
2
-------
6c
7
------
10s
9
--------
8u
3
------
m
4
----
n
5
--- 1 +
k
8
--- 7 +
c
3
--- 4
a
9
--- 2
z
4
--- 8 +
h
5
--- 6
p
9
--- 8
x
12
------ 4 +
5
j
6
--- +
u
11
------ 12
s
9
---
d
7
---
3a
2
------ 4 +
5e
6
------ 3 30
7h
6
------ + 40
9z
2
-----
m 5 +
3
-------------
k 2
5
-----------
s 9 +
6
-----------
t 15 +
4
--------------
2x 3
3
---------------
3c 1
5
---------------
4 5d
3
---------------
65 10b +
9
---------------------
11 3z
7
-----------------
7r 1 +
6
---------------
10 4 f +
7
-------------------
12 5q
8
------------------
5 Solve:
a + 4 = 9 b + 8 = 11 c 1 = 5
d 2 = 7 e + 6 = 13 f + 5 = 2
g + 7 = 3 h 3 = 15 i + 9 = 11
Further application
6 Solve:
a = 2 b = x c 2x =
d = 2x 1 e 3x + 11 = f (2x 5) = 3
g = 9 2x h (x 4) = 3 + x i = 8
Example 1
Solve:
= 15
Solution
+ = 15
12 12 (The LCM of 6 and 4 is 12.)
= 15 12
2a + 3a = 180
5a = 180
5 5
a = 36
m 3 +
2
-------------
x 2
5
-----------
7 w +
3
-------------
2b 7 +
3
---------------
9 8u +
7
---------------
t 12
7
-------------
2 a +
5
------------
k 19
2
--------------
18 4c
3
------------------
3
4
--- x
x 7 +
2
------------
3x 2
4
---------------
4x
5
------
2
3
--- x
1
2
---
4x 3
6
---------------
5
3
---
x
3
--- x +
Equations with more than one
fraction
4.5
To solve an equation that contains more than one fraction:
multiply the expression on each side by the lowest common multiple (LCM) of
the denominators
solve the resulting equation by performing inverse operations.
E
G
+
S
a
6
---
a
4
--- +
a
6
---
a
4
---
a
6
--- 12

a
4
--- 12

+
1 Multiply each term by the lowest common denominator, then solve the resulting equation.
a = 5 b = 3 c = 8
d = 4 e = 3 f = 4
g = 22 h = 17 i = 2
j = 8 k = 31 l = 6
Consolidation
2 a Solve = by first:
i multiplying both sides by 14
ii expressing the fractions with a common denominator and equating the numerators
Example 2
Solve:
=
Solution
+ 7 = + 8
6 6 (The LCM of 3 and 2 is 6.)
=
4x + 42 = 3x + 48
3x 3x
x + 42 = 48
42 42
x = 6
Example 3
Solve:
=
Solution
= (The LCM of 2 and 5 is 10.)
5(x + 8) = 2(x 4)
5x + 40 = 2x 8
2x 2x
3x + 40 = 8
40 40
3x = 48
3 3
x = 16
E
G
+
S
2x
3
------ 7 +
x
2
--- 8 +
2x
3
------
x
2
---
2x
3
------ 6

7 6 ( ) +
x
2
--- 6

8 6 ( ) +
E
G
+
S
x 8 +
2
------------
x 4
5
-----------
x 8 +
2
------------ 10
1
5 x 4
5
----------- 10
1
2
Exercise 4.5
x
3
---
x
2
--- +
a
10
------
a
5
--- +
t
6
---
t
10
------ +
k
3
---
k
6
---
n
6
---
n
8
---
y
3
---
y
7
---
3u
5
------
u
2
--- +
2m
3
-------
3m
4
------- +
3c
4
------
5c
8
------
6h
7
------
2h
3
------
4w
9
-------
5w
12
------- +
7e
8
------
4e
5
------
c 3 +
14
-----------
4
7
---
3 Solve:
a = b = c = d =
e = f = g = h = 1
4 Solve:
a = b = c =
d = e = f =
5 Solve:
a = b = c =
d = e = f =
g = h = i =
a + = 6 b + = 8 c + = 7
d = 1 e = 8 f = 4
g = (x 1) h (2x + 3) = x i (x + 2) + (x 1) = 3
j (x 3) + (x + 1) = k a (a 2) = a l = 2
7 Solve the following.
a = 3 b + = 0 c = 1
d + = e + = f =
g + = h = i = 7
8 Solve:
a + = b = c =
a 4 +
10
------------
1
2
---
n 5
12
------------
1
3
---
y 2 +
8
------------
3
4
---
c 7 +
15
-----------
3
5
---
3b 1
21
---------------
2
3
---
7t 4 +
30
--------------
5
6
---
11 4x
40
------------------
7
8
---
3 5m
42
----------------
1
7
---
2y
5
------ 11
y
3
---
a
3
---
3a
10
------ 2 +
e
4
---
5e
6
------ 21
x
8
---
x
6
--- + 1
x
4
--- +
3t
8
-----
2t
5
----- +
t
4
--- 21 +
u
4
---
2u
5
------
u
10
------ 5
m 3 +
2
-------------
m 5 +
3
-------------
x 6 +
5
------------
x 3
2
-----------
k 4
7
-----------
k 2 +
4
------------
2d 5
9
---------------
d 3
6
------------
3n 2
4
---------------
2n 5 +
3
---------------
5t 2 +
6
--------------
7t 4
5
--------------
4 7z
5
--------------
2 11z
7
-----------------
9h 4 +
8
---------------
11h 5 +
10
------------------
3h 7 +
2
---------------
1 4h +
11
---------------
x 1 +
6
------------
x 5 +
4
------------
2 f 3 +
5
----------------
7 f 2
8
---------------
4b 2 +
10
---------------
3b 5
4
---------------
n 7
4
------------
n 1
9
------------
2q 1 +
3
---------------
q 8
5
------------
10 4m
3
-------------------
6 4m
7
----------------
2
5
--- x
1
2
---
1
3
---
1
2
---
1
4
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
3
5
---
3
4
---
1
3
---
3
4
---
5
6
---
5 t 3 + ( )
6
-------------------
3 1 2t + ( )
8
----------------------
2
3
---
2
a
---
5
x
---
2
3
---
4
x
---
2
x
---
2
3a
------
1
2
---
1
6
---
5
2x
------
3
x
---
1
3
---
7
x
---
1
3x
------
2
3
---
5
2x
------
3
4
---
2
x
------
a 4 +
3a
------------ 7
1
a
--- +
4
5a
------
3
2a
------
1
a
---
1
a 1
------------
5
a
---
2
c 2
-----------
3
c 2 +
------------
7
c
2
4
--------------
5
y 2 +
------------
3
y 2
-----------
d = 0 e = f =
g = h = i =
An inequation is a number sentence in which two quantities are not equal. An inequation is
similar to an equation except that it has an inequality sign instead of an equals sign. The most
commonly used inequality signs are:
While the equations looked at so far have a unique solution, inequations can have many
solutions. The set of all possible solutions to an inequation is called the solution set.
Consider the equation x + 2 = 5 and the inequation x + 2 5. The equation has only one
solution, x = 3. The inequation, however, has an infinite number of solutions. Some of these
solutions are x = 4, x = 5, x = 8 , x = 12.3, x = 100, because when 2 is added to each number,
the result is always greater than 5.
The solutions can be integers, fractions or decimals. If we specify that x is an integer, the
solutions for this inequality would be {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, }all integers greater than 3. The
number 3 is not a solution because, on substituting x = 3, we note that 3 + 2 is not greater than
5. If the inequation were x + 2 5, then x = 3 would be one of the solutions.
Graphing solutions on the number line
The solution to an inequation can be graphed on the number line. This gives an instant picture
of what the solution actually means.
Inequality sign Meaning
less than
greater than
less than or equal to
greater than or equal to
not equal to
3
1 a
------------
2
1 a +
------------
x
x 2
-----------
x 3 +
x 2 +
------------
y
y 4 +
------------
y 3
y 2 +
------------
6
x
---
3
x
---
2
x 4 +
------------
y 5 +
y 1
------------
y 3 +
y 2
------------
u 8 +
u 6
------------
u 4 +
u 2
------------
4.6 Inequations
1
2
---
To graph the solution set of an inequality on a number line:
place the number that occurs in the solution at the centre of the number line
segment
draw a closed dot on this number if the inequality sign is or
draw an open dot on this number if the inequality sign is or
from the dot, draw an arrow along the number line in the direction indicated by
the inequality sign.
Solving inequations
Inequations are solved in the same way as equationsby performing inverse operations to both
sides of the inequation. The pronumeral is written on the left-hand side in the solution so that
the arrow is drawn correctly when the solution is graphed on the number line.
Consider the statement 6 2, which is clearly true. Now, when both sides of this inequality
are multiplied (or divided) by 1, we have 6 2, which is not a true statement. To overcome
this problem, we need to reverse the inequality sign in the answer. In general:
Example 1
Graph each of these inequalities on a number line.
a x 5 b x 2 c 3 x 6 d x 5 or x 7
Solutions
a b
c d
Example 2
Solve each of the following inequations.
a 3x + 4 22 b 6x 7 2x + 13 c 11 3
Solutions
a 3x + 4 22 b 6x 7 2x + 13 c 11 3
4 4 2x 2x +3 +3
3x 18 4x 7 13 14
3 3 +7 +7 2 2
x 6 4x 20 28 x
4 4 x 28
x 5
Example 3
Solve the inequation 3x 1 14, where:
a x is a real number b x is an integer c x is a positive integer
When multiplying or dividing both sides of an inequation by a negative number,
reverse the inequality sign.
E
G
+
S
3 4 5 6 7 4 3 2 1 0
3 4 5 6 7 2 4 5 6 7 8
E
G
+
S x
2
---
x
2
---
x
2
---
E
G
+
S
Example 4
Solve:
a 3 b 2 3x 23
Solutions
Note the reversal of the inequality sign in these examples.
1 Write down the integer solutions for each of these inequalities.
a x 5 b x 4 c x 0 d x 12
e x 7 f x 15 g x 7 h x 11
i 2 x 7 j 8 x 14 k 4 x 2 l 12 x 10
2 State the inequality that has been graphed on each of these number lines.
a b
c d
e f
g h
i j
3 Graph each of these inequalities on a number line.
a x 4 b x 10 c x 1 d x 6
e x 0 f x 7 g 2 x 5 h 3 x 8
i 4 x 0 j x 2 or x 4 k x 1 or x 2 l 0 x 5 or x 7
a 3x 1 14
+1 +1
3x 15
3 3
x 5
b If x is an integer (and
5), then the solutions
are x = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1,
2,
c If x is a positive integer
(and 5), then the
solutions are x = 1, 2,
3, 4.
a 3
(9) (9)
x 27
b 2 3x 23
2 2
3x 21
(3) (3)
x 7
Solutions
E
G
+
S
x
9
---
x
9
---
Exercise 4.6
1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4
6 7 8 9 10 5 4 3 2 1
11 12 13 14 15 16 8 7 6 5 4
2 3 4 5 6 4 3 2 1 0 1
3 4 5 6 7 2 1 0 1 2 3
4 Solve these inequations and graph the solutions on a number line.
a x + 3 9 b a 4 1 c y 7 8 d 9 + k 12
e 3w 21 f 5n 25 g 6b 3 h 10u 15
i 7 j 2 k 3 l 2
5 Solve the following inequations.
a 2 y 1 b 7 c + 3 c 6 z 1 d 10 g + 8
e 12 3p f 30 6q g 26 13m h 28 4t
i 4 j 8 k 9 l 12
Consolidation
6 Solve:
a 3x + 1 7 b 4k 3 17 c 2t 9 5
d 8 + 5g 23 e 11 + 2m 19 f 7 + 3w 31
g 5q + 14 4 h 1 + 6y 17 i 4p 36 0
j 19 2z + 9 k 13 3a 14 l 23 7e 12
m 3(u + 3) 30 n 2( f 4) 22 o 6(2 a) 9
p 6 8 (3d 2) q 30 5(2c + 1) r 40 12(4 + 3n)
7 Solve the following inequations.
a 2a + 12 a + 20 b 7m 8 2m + 17 c 3h + 11 9h 7
d 2 4x 23 x e 2(5p 3) 6p + 14 f 3(2e 7) 5(e 8)
8 Solve these inequations.
a + 7 10 b 8 c 15 + 8
d 3 e 5 f 7
9 a Solve 2x + 5 19, where x is a positive integer
b Solve 5x + 8 33, where x is an integer
c Solve 1 6, where x is an integer greater than 15
d Solve 12x + 7 9x 5, where x is a negative integer
10 Solve each of these equations, which involve the reversal of the inequality sign.
a 2a 10 b 3y 6 c 5n 20 d 4d 36
e m 2 f c 4 g 10 h 5
i 9 j 4 k 24 3d l 50 10s
m 32 4g n 7 o 6 p 9
m
4
----
d
6
---
h
8
---
p
5
---
v
6
---
s
2
---
b
3
---
r
5
---
x
4
---
2m
3
------- 2
k
2
---
t 2
4
----------
3n 7 +
5
---------------
4u 11
3
------------------
x
3
---
k
3
---
w
6
----
1
2
--- x
1
3
--- e
t
5
---
z
3
---
f
6
---
11 Solve:
a 2 3c 8 b 5 2s 17 c 14 p 9
d 21 5h 11 e 7 4t 23 f 13 9g 4
g 20 3v 2 h 53 12d 5 i 10 7q 66
j 2(4 5n) 28 k 6(8 3r) 24 l 5(3 7j) 20
m 3(5 2t) 4 n 2(7 10n) 6 o 9(3s 1) 27
12 Solve:
a + 10 b 21 c 12 x
d 3 e 4 6 f +
g 1 h 8 i +
13 Solve these inequality problems.
a If a certain integer is increased by 3, the result is greater than 7 but less than 13. Find
all possible values for the integer.
b If a certain number is halved then decreased by 1, the result would lie between 3 and 9.
Between what possible values could the number lie?
c The sum of 3 consecutive integers is greater than 6 but no more than 15. What could
the integers be?
d A rectangle is to be constructed with length x cm and width (x 7) cm. The perimeter
of the rectangle is to be less than 34 cm. What are the possible values for x?
e Two sides of a given triangle are 5 cm and 11 cm. What is the range of possible lengths
for the third side of the triangle?
14 a and b are two positive integers where a b. State whether the following are true (T) or
false (F).
a b a b b a c d
e 2a 2b f a + 5 b + 5 g a
2
b
2
h
15 How would you graph x 3 on a number line?
16 Solve:
a 4 x 3 9 b 6 2x 10 c 1 7
d 7 3x + 1 16 e 10 2 22 f 15 + 20
17 Solve 9 1 2x 15 and graph your solution on a number line.
x
2
---
x
3
---
2x
3
------
x
5
---
x
3
---
x 1
4
-----------
x
2
---
x
5
---
3x
4
------
x 1
5
-----------
2x 3
6
---------------
2
3
---
3x 7
6
---------------
x 2
4
-----------
1
2
---
2 x
2
-----------
x 3
3
-----------
x
4
---
x 2
3
-----------
5
8
---
1 x
6
-----------
a
2
---
b
2
---
1
a
---
1
b
---
a b
x
2
---
3x
4
------
x
2
---
x
3
---
Example 1
Form an equation and solve it to find the number in each of these.
a Nine less than 4 times a number is equal to 23.
b Thirteen is added to one-quarter of a number. The result is 19.
c Increase a number by 7, then double it. The result is 30.
Solutions
In each example, let the number be x.
a 4x 9 = 23
+9 +9
4x = 32
4 4
x = 8
The number is 8.
b + 13 = 19
13 13
= 6
4 4
x = 24
The number is 24.
c 2(x + 7) = 30
2x + 14 = 30
14 14
2x = 16
2 2
x = 8
The number is 8.
Example 2
The sum of 3 consecutive
odd numbers is 129. Find
the numbers.
Solution
Let the numbers be x, x + 2, x + 4.
x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 129
3x + 6 = 129
6 6
3x = 123
3 3
x = 41
The numbers are 41, 43, 45.
4.7 Solving worded problems
To solve worded problems:
express each unknown in terms of x
form an equation and solve it
give the answer in the context of the question.
E
G
+
S
x
4
---
x
4
---
E
G
+
S
In Q1 to Q5, form an equation and solve it to find the number.
1 a Six more than 4 times a number is equal to 18.
b Five less than twice a number is equal to 9.
c When a number is multiplied by 3, then increased by 7, the result is 43.
d Double a number, then reduce it by 9. The result is 13.
e When a number is multiplied by 5 and this is then subtracted from 60, the result is 20.
2 a A number is increased by 4 and then multiplied by 6. The result is 30.
b When 3 is subtracted from a number and this is then multiplied by 8, the result is 64.
c The difference between a number and 9 is tripled. The result is 45.
3 a If 12 is added to half of a number, the result is 25.
b A number is divided by 7, then decreased by 3. The result is 4.
c Two-thirds of a number is 18.
d Eight less than three-quarters of a number is 31.
4 a A number is added to 17 and then divided by 4. The result is 7.
b Think of a number. Double it, add 5, then divide by 3. The result is 11.
c A certain number is decreased by 4, doubled, then divided by 5. The result is 6.
5 a A number is doubled, then decreased by 9. The result is equal to 13 more than the
number.
b Eighteen less than the product of a number and 5 is equal to double the number.
c Think of a number. Double it, add 20, then divide by 4. The result is equal to 3 times
the number.
d One-third of a number is equal to 5 less than twice the number.
Example 3
The cost of a cricket ball is
80c more than the cost of a
tennis ball. If 3 cricket balls
and 4 tennis balls cost
$19.90, find the cost of each
ball.
Solution
Let the cost of a tennis ball be x cents
the cost of a cricket ball is (x + 80) cents.
3(x + 80) + 4x = 1990 (NOTE: $19.90 = 1990c)
3x + 240 + 4x = 1990
7x + 240 = 1990
240 240
7x = 1750
7 7
x = 250
Each tennis ball costs $2.50 and each cricket ball costs
$3.30.
E
G
+
S
Exercise 4.7
Consolidation
6 Form an equation and solve it to answer each of the following.
a The sum of two consecutive numbers is 151. What are the numbers?
b The sum of three consecutive numbers is 54. What are the numbers?
c The sum of four consecutive numbers is 98. What are the numbers?
7 Form an equation and solve it to find the numbers in each of these.
a The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 102. Find the numbers.
b The sum of four consecutive odd numbers is 48. Find the numbers.
c The sum of two consecutive even numbers is equal to 27 more than the odd number that
lies between them. Find the even numbers.
d The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is equal to 39 more than the sum of the even
numbers that lie between them. Find the odd numbers.
8 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.
9 Form an equation, then solve it to answer each of the following problems.
a In a group of 29 men and women, there are 7 more women than men. How many people
of each gender are there?
b Annika has $9 less than Kris. If together they have $41, find the amount of money that
each girl has.
c The perimeter of a parallelogram is 56 cm and one side is 6 cm shorter than an adjacent
side. Find the lengths of the sides.
d The cost of a new tyre is $35 more than the cost of a retread. If the cost of two new tyres
and two retreads is $370, find the unit cost of each tyre.
e An isosceles trapezium has two equal sides of length 7 cm. One of the parallel sides is
5 cm longer than the other parallel side. Find the lengths of the parallel sides if the
trapezium has a perimeter of 35 cm.
f A 2.5 m length of timber is cut into 3 pieces. One piece is twice the length of the shortest
piece and the other is 30 cm longer than the shortest piece. Find, in centimetres, the
length of each piece of timber.
g Raymond is half the age of his father. The sum of their ages is 78 years. How old is each
person?
10 Form an equation, then solve it to answer each of these.
a An imported brand of sugar costs 60c more per kilogram than an Australian brand. If
2 kg of imported sugar plus 5 kg of Australian sugar costs $13.80, find the cost per
kilogram of the imported sugar.
(x 5) cm
Perimeter = 36 cm
(2x + 7) cm
(x + 11) cm
Perimeter = 85 cm
(5x + 3) cm
2x cm
Perimeter = 104 cm
a b c
b Jonathan is twice as old as Darren and Darren is three times as old as Bettina. The sum
of their ages is 120 years. Find the age of each person.
c At a local fruit shop, tomatoes are sold at 24c each and pears are sold at 28c each. Keryn
bought 8 more pears than tomatoes and paid the fruiterer $3.80. How many pears and
tomatoes did Keryn purchase?
d If the numerator and denominator in the fraction are increased by a certain number,
n, the value of the fraction would then be . Find the number.
e Penny has saved $18 in 20c and 50c coins. There are 8 more 50c coins than 20c coins.
What is the total value of the 20c coins?
f An apprentice mechanic agrees to be paid $90 for each day that he comes to work and
to pay his employer $40 for each day that he does not come to work. How many days
did the apprentice work in April if his total pay for the month was $1790?
11 a A woman has a daughter who is half her age and a son who is two-thirds her age.
The sum of the childrens ages is 12 years more than the age of their mother. How old
is each person?
b A man is 37 years old and his daughter is 5 years old. In how many years time will the
man be 3 times the age of his daughter?
c Anita is 4 times as old as Frank. In 5 years time Anita will only be 3 times as old as
Frank. Find their present ages.
d Six years ago, Wendy was twice the age of Thao. At present, Wendy is 30 years older
than Thao. Find the present age of each woman.
12 Emma tries to guess the number of beads in a jar but guesses 75 too many. Laura guesses
63 too few. If the average of their guesses is 350, how many beads are in the jar?
13 A Boeing 729 airliner has a total mass at take-off 94 000 kg. The fuel and crew are the
mass of the unloaded plane and the passengers and luggage are the mass of the fuel and
crew. What is the mass of the unloaded plane?
5
11
------
2
3
---
1
4
---
1
3
---
A prince and a king
The following problems are from a translation of a collection of ancient Greek works.
Problem 1
I wish, said the Prince, for my two sons to receive the 9000 gold coins which I
possess so that the fifth part of the elder ones share exceeds by 90 the fourth part
of what goes to the younger. Please calculate what each son shall receive.
TRY THIS
A formula is an algebraic statement that shows the relationship between various quantities.
Formulae are also known as literal equations. Most formulae are written with a single
pronumeral on the left-hand side. This pronumeral is called the subject of the formula. The
subject can be evaluated by substituting values for all of the other pronumerals in the formula.
A lot of our work in mathematics relies on memorising and using formulae. You do not need
to memorise the formulae in this exercise, or the next, although you will certainly recognise
many of them.
Example
a If v = u + at, find the value of v when u = 45, a = 2 and t = 10.4.
b Given that A = (a + b), find the value of A when h = 14.6, a = 9.7 and b = 8.5.
c If E = mv
2
, find the value of E when m = 17.25 and v = 8.
Solutions
a v = u + at
= 45 2 10.4
= 45 20.8
= 24.2
b A = (a + b)
= (9.7 + 8.5)
= 7.3 18.2
= 132.86
c E =
= 17.25 (8)
2
= 17.25 64
= 552
Problem 2
Croesus the King
blessed five bowls
weighing 10 minae in
total. Each was
10 drachmae heavier
than the one before.
How much did each
bowl weigh?
(100 drachmae = 1 mina)
Evaluating the subject of a
formula
4.8
E
G
+
S
h
2
---
1
2
---
h
2
---
14.6
2
----------
1
2
---
mv
2
1
2
---
1
2
---
1 a If A = lb, find the value of A when l = 7, b = 5.
b If F = ma, find the value of F when m = 8.5, a = 2.3.
c If A = bh, find the value of A when b = 9, h = 6.45.
2 a Given that S = , find S when D = 90, T = 5.
b If M = , find M when K = 27.
c Given that I = , find I if P = 200, R = 7, N = 4.
3 Find the value of the subject in each formula given that:
a P = 2L + 2B i L = 9, B = 4 ii L = 5.8, B = 11.3
b y = mx + b i m = 2, x = 7, b = 1 ii m = 3, x = 6, b = 4
c v = u + at i u = 8, a = 1.5, t = 10 ii u = 32, a = , t = 8
4 a If A = s
2
, find A when s = 8.
b If V = x
3
, find V when x = 12.
c If y = ax
2
+ c, find y when a = 2, x = 3, c = 10.
5 a Find the value of V if V = , g = 9.8, R = 2.5.
b Find the value of v if v = , g = 9.8, k = 0.392.
c Find the value of T if T = , R = 4.
6 a Given that A = (a + b), find the value of A when h = 16, a = 5, b = 7.
b Given that S = (a + l ), find the value of S when n = 17, a = 3, l = 11.
c Given that C = (F 32), find the value of C when F = 86.
Consolidation
7 a If E = , find E when m = 21, v = 0.2.
b If A = , find A when r = 6, = 2.4.
c If F = , find F when m = 18, v = 5, r = 12.
d If S = , find S when v = 13, u = 7.
e If h = , find h correct to 2 decimal places when d = 6, v = 2.5, g = 9.8, r = 15.4.
f If y = tx at
2
, find y when t = 2, x = 5, a = 3.
g If s = ut + at
2
, find s when u = 3.5, t = 8, a = 22.
Exercise 4.8
1
2
---
D
T
----
5K
18
-------
PRN
100
------------
1
2
---
2gR
g
k
---
R
3
h
2
---
n
2
---
5
9
---
1
2
---
mv
2
1
2
---
r
2
mv
2
r
---------
v
2
u
2
2
----------------
dv
2
gr
--------
1
2
---
8 Find the value of:
a D if D = , when n = 5
b m if m = , when = 23, = 5, = 4, = 2
c S if S = , when a = 6, r =
d T if T = , when = 4, =
9 Evaluate, correct to 1 decimal place:
a A when A = 4r
2
and r = 2.75
b V when V = r
2
h and r = 1.2, h = 5
c V when V = r
3
and r = 3
d A when A = (R
2
r
2
) and R = 10.5, r = 6.5
e S when S = r
2
+ rs and r = 1.6, s = 2.75
10 a If S = 2(ab + bc + ca), find S when a = 3, b = 4, c = 6.
b Given that A = , find A when h = 4, = 3.3, = 6.7, = 4.1.
c Find the value of T if T = a + (n 1)d when a = 7, n = 15, d = 1 .
d Evaluate S if S = [2a + (n 1)d] given that n = 10, a = 4, d = 3.
11 Evaluate:
a R if R = and a = 2, b =
b v if v = n and n = 3, a = 10, x = 6
c T if T = and l = 32, g = 9.8 (Answer correct to 1 decimal place.)
d v if v = and u = 11, a = 5, s = 7.5
e E if E = and a = 5, b = 3
12 a If A = Pr
n
, find correct to 2 decimal places the value of A when P = 250 000, r = 0.14,
n = 5.
b If T = ar
n 1
, find T when a = 8, r = , n = 7.
c If A = P , find A correct to 2 decimal places when P = 3250, r = 17, n = 4.
d If E = , find E correct to 2 decimal places when r = 0.12, n = 15.
360
n
---------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
---------------- y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
a
1 r
-----------
1
3
---
m
1
m
2
1 m
1
m
2
+
----------------------- m
1
m
2
1
2
---
4
3
---
5
12
------
h
3
--- d
F
4d
M
d
L
+ + ( ) d
F
d
M
d
L
1
4
---
n
2
---
a
2
b
2
+ 5
a
2
x
2
2
l
g
---
u
2
2as +
1
b
2
a
2
-----
1
2
---
1
r
100
--------- +

n
1 r + ( )
n 1
n
-------------------------
To find the value of a pronumeral other than the subject of a formula, you will need to solve an
equation.
Example
a If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of B when P = 42.2 and L = 12.7.
b Given that S = (a + l ), find the value of a when S = 630, n = 18 and l = 44.
c If E = mv
2
, find the value of v when E = 213.6, m = 26.7 and v 0.
Solutions
1 a If F = ma, find m when F = 10.5, a = 7.
b If V = lbh, find b when V = 480, l = 12, h = 8.
2 If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of:
a L when P = 32, B = 6 b B when P = 46, L = 13.5
3 If S = , find:
a D when S = 15, T = 6 b D when S = 25.4, T = 3.5
c T when S = 45, D = 315 d T when D = 36.256, S = 4.4
4 If M = , find the value of K when M = 30.
Consolidation
5 If v = u + at, find the value of:
a u when v = 50, a = 5, t = 6 b u when v = 14, a = 12, t = 8
c a when v = 167.3, u = 10.5, t = 12.8 d t when v = 9.76, u = 15.2, a = 3.4
a P = 2L + 2B
42.2 = 2 12.7 + 2B
42.2 = 25.4 + 2B
25.4 25.4
16.8 = 2B
2 2
B = 8.4
b S = (a + l)
630 = (a + 44)
630 = 9(a + 44)
630 = 9a + 396
396 396
234 = 9a
9 9
a = 26
c E =
213.6 =
213.6 = 13.35v
2
13.35 13.35
16 = v
2
v = 4 (v 0)
Equations arising from
substitution
4.9
E
G
+
S
n
2
---
1
2
---
n
2
---
18
2
------
1
2
---
mv
2
1
2
---
26.7 v
2

Exercise 4.9
D
T
----
5K
18
-------
6 If S = (a + l ), find the value of:
a n when S = 96, a = 5, l = 7 b l when S = 28, n = 7, a = 3
c a when S = 689, n = 26, l = 48
7 If v = , find the value of:
a g when v = 9, R = 4.05 b R when v = 12, g = 10
8 If v = , find the value of:
a g when v = 4, k = 0.5 b k when v = 6, g = 12
9 If E = , find the value of:
a m when E = 24, v = 4 b v when E = 14.4, m = 12.8 and v 0
10 If F = , find the value of:
a m when F = 20, v = 5, r = 20 b v when F = 49, m = 10, r = 2.5 and v 0
c r when F = 56.32, v = 12.8, m = 22
11 If S = , find the value of:
a v when S = 36, u = 7 and v 0 b u when S = 17.1, v = 10.4 and u 0
12 If S = ut + , find the value of:
a u when S = 116, t = 4, a = 12 b a when S = 3.92, u = 7, t = 1.4
13 If m = , find the value of:
a y
2
when m = 3, y
1
= 5, x
2
= 8, x
1
= 4 b y
1
when m = 3, y
2
= 13, x
2
= 5, x
1
= 2
c x
2
when m = , y
2
= 21, y
1
= 6, x
1
= 4 d x
1
when m = , y
2
= 8, y
1
= 2, x
2
= 9
14 If V = r
2
h, find the value of:
a h when V = 32, r = 2
b r correct to 1 decimal place when V = 1170, h = 5.4 and r 0
15 If V = r
3
, find the value of:
a r when V = 288 b r correct to 1 decimal place when V = 100
16 If S = , find the value of:
a a when S = 30, r = b a when S = 50, r = 0.6
c r when S = 36, a = 12 d r when S = 28, a = 42
17 If A = (R
2
r
2
), find the value of:
a R when A = 40, r = 3 and R 0
b R correct to 1 decimal place when A = 78.5, r = 6.5 and R 0
n
2
---
2gR
g
k
---
1
2
---
mv
2
mv
2
r
---------
v
2
u
2
2
----------------
1
2
---
at
2
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
3
4
---
5
7
---
4
3
---
a
1 r
-----------
1
4
---
c r when A = 85, R = 11 and r 0
d r correct to 1 decimal place when A = 480.3, R = 13.7 and r 0
18 If S = [2a + (n 1)d], find the value of:
a a when S = 250, n = 10, d = 4 b d when S = 44, n = 8, a = 3
19 If T = ar
n1
, find the value of:
a a when T = 175, r = 5, n = 3 b r when T = 80, a = 5, n = 5
c n when T = 56, a = 7, r = 2
20 If T = , find the value of:
a m
1
when T = , m
2
= 5 b m
2
when T = 4 , m
1
=
n
2
---
m
1
m
2
1 m
1
m
2
+
-----------------------
1
8
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
Floodlighting by formula
The formula below is used by lighting engineers to work out how many floodlights are
needed to illuminate a given area. Many factors are taken into account, including the
size of the area and the strength of illumination required (measured in lumens per
square metre).
Different uses require different strengths of illumination. If a car park, a tennis court
and a beach park are all of the same area, which one should have the strongest
illumination?
Number of floodlights =
where A = area
L = light intensity per square metre desired
B = light intensity emitted by one light
C = the constant factor (depends on height of poles, reflection from walls,
etc.)
1 Calculate the number of floodlights required to light a rectangular area
50 m 30 m with an intensity of 2 lumens per square metre if the type of lights
that have been chosen emit 2000 lumens each and the constant factor is 0.26.
2 If the intensity required was dropped to 1 lumen per square metre, how many
lights would be needed?
3 If the original number of lights is to be kept (because the poles and fixtures
have already been installed) but new lights can be purchased that are less than
2000 lumens, find to the nearest lumen the output required from each light to
give 1 lumen per square metre.
A L
2
B C
----------------
TRY THIS
To find the value of one of the pronumerals in a formula, we could either:
1 substitute the given values into the formula then solve the resulting equation, or
2 change the subject of the formula to the desired variable then substitute the given values.
The phrase solve this literal equation for x means the same as make x the subject of this
formula.
Literal equations are solved in the same way as other equations, that is, by performing inverse
operations to both sides and isolating the desired pronumeral.
NOTE: After a formula has been re-arranged, the variable that is the new subject must only
appear once. That is, the subject cannot appear on both sides of the formula, nor can it appear
twice on the same side.
NOTE: It may be necessary to place restrictions on the possible values of the variables once a
formula has been re-arranged. In particular:
1 An expression that occurs in the denominator cannot be equal to zero.
2 An expression that occurs under a square root sign cannot be negative.
Changing the subject of a
formula
4.10
To solve a literal equation, or change the subject of a formula:
expand any grouping symbols
perform inverse operations to both sides until the left-hand side contains only the
desired subject.
To change the subject of a formula, where the desired subject appears more than
once:
take all terms that contain this variable to one side
take the remaining terms to the other side
factorise the expression that contains the desired subject
divide both sides by the expression in the grouping symbols.
Example 1
Solve each literal equation for x.
a px + q = r b y = a(x z)
Solutions
Example 2
Make c the subject of each formula.
a b
2
= a
2
c
2
b p =
Solutions
a px + q = r
q q
px = r q
p p
x =
b y = a(x z)
y = ax az
+az +az
y + az = ax
a a
= x
x =
a b
2
= a
2
c
2
+c
2
+c
2
b
2
+ c
2
= a
2
b
2
b
2
c
2
= a
2
b
2
c =
b p =
r r
pr = q +
q q
pr q =
( )
2
( )
2
(pr q)
2
= c
c = (pr q)
2
Example 3
Make y the subject of the
formula + = z.
Solution
+ = z
15 15
5x + 3y = 15z
5x 5x
3y = 15z 5x
3 3
y =
E
G
+
S
r q
p
-----------
y az +
a
--------------
y az +
a
--------------
E
G
+
S
q c +
r
----------------
a
2
b
2

q c +
r
----------------
c
c
E
G
+
S
x
3
---
y
5
---
x
3
---
y
5
---
15z 5x
3
--------------------
1 Make x the subject of each formula.
a y = a + x b x q = p c m x = n d 2x = k
e c = dx + e f y = g p = h = w
i = y z j = k = l = g + h
2 Expand the grouping symbols in each formula, then make a the subject.
a c = 3(a + b) b y = 2(a 7) c w = m(a + c)
d p = k(1 a) e z = 5y(2 a) f A = 2(r a)
Consolidation
3 Multiply each term by the lowest common denominator, then solve for n.
a m = p b + = 1 c = 1
d + = k e = f h = +
4 Transpose each formula so that t is the subject.
a at
2
= b b t
2
+ m = n c k = u t
2
d b
2
= a
2
t
2
e = r f h = g = h =
Example 4
Make m the subject of the
formula y = .
Solution
y =
(m+ 5) (m + 5)
y(m + 5) = m
my + 5y = m
my my
5y = m my
5y = m(1 y)
(1 y) (1 y)
= m
m =
E
G
+
S
m
m 5 +
-------------
m
m 5 +
-------------
5y
1 y
-----------
5y
1 y
-----------
Exercise 4.10
x
c
--
q
x
---
ux
v
------
x
a
---
bx
c
------
d
e
---
m
x
----
n
p
---
k
x
--
kn
3
------
n
2
---
k
5
---
a
b
---
n
k
---
n
3
---
n
7
---
n a
2
------------
b c +
3
------------
m n +
3
-------------
h m +
4
-------------
t
2
s
----
ut
2
v
-------
t
2
4
----
9
a
2
-----
a
2t
-----
8t
b
-----
5 Solve for c:
a = j b = a c y = d p =
e M = f L = K + g a = b + d h p q = N
6 Make x the subject of each formula.
a x p = q x b mx = p + nx c cx d = x + d
d a = e y = f t =
g g = h v = i c =
7 Solve for x: px q = qx p.
8 Solve each of the following for the letter shown in the brackets.
a D = [M] b v = u + at [a] c P = 2(L + B) [L]
d T = [S] e A = [x] f I = [P]
g V = Ah [A] h E = mv
2
[v] i R
3
= T
2
[R]
j v
2
= u
2
+ 2as [s] k V = [R] l A = 2r(r + h) [h]
m S = (a + l) [n] n A = (a + b) [a] o F = + 32 [C]
p C = (F 32) [F] q V = r
3
[r] r s = [u]
s v = n [a] t S = [r] u s = ut + at
2
[u]
v T = 2 [l] w A = (R r)(R + r) [R] x = + [R]
9 The volume V cm
3
of a hemisphere with radius r cm is given by the
formula V = r
3
. Find the length of the radius if the hemisphere
has a volume of 18 cm
3
.
c cd c 4
c
3
------
a c
n
---------- c c c
1 x
x
-----------
x
x 1 +
------------
x
x 3
-----------
x 1 +
x 1
------------
a x
a x +
------------
a bx
x b
---------------
M
V
-----
D
S
----
x y +
2
------------
PRN
100
------------
1
3
---
1
2
---
2gR
n
2
---
h
2
---
9C
5
-------
5
9
---
4
3
---
v
2
u
2
2
----------------
a
2
x
2
a
1 r
-----------
1
2
---
l
g
---
1
R
---
1
R
1
------
1
R
2
------
r cm
2
3
---
10 The area of an equilateral triangle of side x cm is given by the formula A = x
2
.
Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the side length of an equilateral triangle with an
area 30 cm
2
.
11 The distance d kilometres that a person can see to the visible horizon from a height h metres
above sea level is given by the formula d = 5 Liesl can see 40 km out to sea from the
top of a cliff which is h metres above sea level. How high is the cliff?
12 A frustrum is a solid that results when a cone is cut by a plane
parallel to its base. The volume of a frustrum is given by the
formula V = (R
2
+ Rr + r
2
), where R and r are the radii of the
circular faces and h is the height between these faces. Find the
height of a frustrum in which the radii are 12 cm and 8 cm, and the
volume is 608 cm
3
.
13 For each of the formulae below:
i state any restrictions that must exist on the variables
ii re-arrange the formula so that the variable shown in the brackets is the subject
iii state any restrictions that must exist on the variables after the formula has been
re-arranged.
a a = bx + c [x] b y = ax
2
[x] c = [r]
d c = a [b] e k = [u] f z = [t]
14 Make m
1
the subject of the formula T = .
15 Make r the subject of each equation:
a A = Pr
n
b A = P
3
4
-------
h
2
---.
r
h
R
h
3
------
p
q
---
r
s
--
b
2
9 +
m
nu
2
1 +
------------------
t
t 2
----------
m
1
m
2
1 m
1
m
2
+
-----------------------
1
r
100
--------- +

n
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
SPLITTING THE ATOM
Introduction
E = mc
2
The famous equation derived by Albert Einstein in 1904 revealed the relationship between
energy (E) and mass (m) to the scientific world. At that time it was only a theory. The means
of testing it slowly increased with technological progress. As so often happens, theory was well
ahead of practical reality. But, Einstein was right, energy and mass are interconnected. The one
can be changed into the other. Einstein also predicted that the mass of a body depends on its
speed. The greater the velocity of a body, the greater the increase in its mass. The effect is
undetectably small at lower speeds, for example a jet plane, but as the speed of the object
approaches the speed of light, its mass increases without limit.
Note that it is the speed of light c in the equation above which is the link between the mass and
energy. The value of c is about 3 10
8
m s
1
, a very large value. If even a small mass could be
converted into pure energy, the output would be enormous. For example, a small piece of coal
converted completely into its mass equivalent in electrical energy would keep a single light
globe burning for over 1600 billion years.
In 1939, scientists had the technical means to successfully bombard the nucleus of a uranium
atom, in effect splitting the atom, reducing its mass, and liberating the equivalent in enormous
amounts of energy. Unfortunately, this technology, called nuclear fission, coincided with the
outbreak of war in Europe. Einsteins equation could be used to produce an atomic bomb, more
devastating than anything the world had ever known.
The impact of Einsteins discovery, born out of thinking mathematically about the nature of the
physical world, brought about changes to the lives of human beings on planet Earth, which at
the turn of the 20th century were unimaginable. It heralded the beginning of the nuclear age.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
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We will now see how the equation works. Remember that the total energy and mass always
remain the same. There is simply a conversion from one to the other. It is simpler to read
E = mc
2
to mean:
The change in energy of a body = the change in mass c
2
.
If there is a loss in mass there will be a corresponding increase in energy (e.g. splitting the
atom). Similarly, if there is a gain in mass there will be a corresponding decrease in energy.
Example
Suppose that 1 kg of the fuel in a nuclear reactor undergoes fission (i.e. is broken down into a
smaller mass). In such a nuclear reaction the loss in mass is typically of the order of 1/1000 of
the total mass, in this case 1 g. Calculate the liberated energy using Einsteins equation and
c = 3 10
8
m s
1
.
1 Copy and complete: Increase in energy = loss in mass c
2
= 1/1000 1 3 10
8
3 10
8
(mass must be in kg)
= joules (J)
2 Note how large this amount of energy is. To see, write the answer out in full.
3 In a nuclear reactor this energy is released in a controlled fashion over a period of time, not
in a single explosion such as happens with nuclear weapons. Note again that only a small
portion of the mass is lost.
CHAL L ENGE
According to Einstein, the mass of a body moving from rest to a speed v will increase. In the
case of an aircraft, for example, some of the energy required to accelerate it to cruising speed
goes into increasing its kinetic energy and hence its mass. The rest goes into overcoming
external forces. The following example shows how small the mass increase is.
1 A jumbo jet of mass 350 tonnes is flying at 900 km h
1
. Calculate its kinetic energy
(KE) using the formula KE =
Units: Mass must be in kg, speed in m s
1
. Take 100 km h
1
= 30 m s
1
The kinetic energy calculated will be in joules (J).
2
8
1
2
--- mv
2
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2 Use your answer for kinetic energy and the equation E = mc
2
to calculate the increase in the
mass of the jumbo jet. Expect a small answer! The unit will be kg. You may like to change
it to milligrams for a final answer.
NOTE: In everyday life, it is in applications in electronics when beams of electrons move
at close to the speed of light that Einsteins equation becomes significant. Some examples
of this are TV sets, scanning machines for use in medicine, and computers. Check this with
your science teacher.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
1 Write a summary of the meaning of the equation E = mc
2
to you. You may first like to re-
read the introduction above.
2 Do you feel that the continued burning of coal to produce electricity is better than the
dangers of using nuclear reactors? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages. How do the
two methods relate to Einsteins equation?
REFL ECTI NG
Reflect on how important a role mathematics has played in the development of the nuclear age
and in our understanding of the natural world and beyond to the furthest reaches of the universe.
Reflect on how human beings can use such information for the common good but also for the
destruction of life.
E
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1 What is the difference between an
equation and an inequation?
2 List 2 words that mean the same thing as
inverse.
3 What is the difference between solve and
substitute?
4 Define formula for a new mathematics
dictionary.
entry for equate:
equate verb 1. to regard, treat, or represent as equal
or connected: He equates money with happiness.
| The decrease in the incidence of lung cancer equates
with a decrease in the number of smokers.
2. to be the same in number, value, etc.: The cost of
a home mortgage equates to about 25 per cent of an
average income.
Why is the skill of equating important to
science and medicine?
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1 Solve each of the following equations.
a 12 j = 4 b 7 = 3 + b
c x 6 = 2 d 9 = 5 c
2 Solve:
a 2p + 7 = 23 b 5k 4 = 26
c 17 4y = 29 d 8m + 3 = 45
3 Solve:
a 8h = 3h + 40 b 9d + 42 = 2d
c 3y = 7y 44 d 60 7s = 5s
a 5r + 8 = 2r + 29
b 9b + 11 = 5b 25
c 23 3u = 41 5u
5 Solve each of the following.
a 9(2a + 5) = 99
b 8(2 3f ) = 112
6 Solve:
a 6(x + 2) = 5x + 16
b 4p 54 = 2(7p + 3)
c 5(2r 3) = 3(1 3r)
7 Expand and simplify the expressions on
each side of these equations, then solve
for x.
a 5(x + 3) + 2(x + 2) = 54
b 9(x 4) + 3(5 x) = 33
c 8 3(x 4) = 5(x + 2) + 2
8 Solve each of these equations, giving the
solutions in simplest fraction form.
a 15g = 9 b x + = 5
c u 2 = 1 d =
e 4h + 13 = 27 f 7 15s = 5
9 Solve:
a = 12 b = 8
c 7 = 2 d + 5 = 13
e 6 = 2 f = 3
g = h =
i = j =
10 Solve:
a = 18 b = 13
c = 11
d + = 1
e + = 2
f w = (w 2)
11 Write down the integer solution set for
these inequalities.
a x 7 b x 5
c x 10 d x 0
e 3 x 8 f 2 x 5
g x 1 or x 5 h x 4 or 7
12 State, in terms of x, the inequality that has
been graphed on each number line.
a
b
c
d
13 Solve each of these inequations.
a y 5 3 b k + 7 4
c 6m 30 d 3
e 15 u 4 f 3c + 11 23
g 5(z + 6) 10 h 7w+ 27 4w 12
i a 14 j 10
1
3
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1
2
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2
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w
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3
4
---
3x
2
------
2z
3
-----
t
11
------
4a
3
------
2u
5
------
n 4 +
7
------------
w 3 +
12
-------------
2
3
---
5r 14
20
-----------------
4
5
---
e 6 +
4
------------
e 2
5
-----------
7h 8
4
---------------
4h 5
2
---------------
x
4
---
x
5
--- +
3m
5
-------
m
6
----
2a
7
------
a
2
---
3u 2 +
4
---------------
u 5
3
------------
z 1 +
4
-----------
2z
5
-----
7z
10
------
3
4
---
5
6
---
1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4
3 2 1 0 1 4
1 0 1 2 3
t
9
---
a
3
---
2b
3
------
b
4
---
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14 Solve:
a 3m 21 b 9 4c 37
c 5(9 2r) 85 d 2 6
e 7 f 9
15 Form an equation and solve it to find the
number in each of these.
a Seven less than three times a number
is equal to 38.
b When a number is multiplied by 3 and
this is then subtracted from 50, the
result is 23.
c If 8 is added to half of a number, the
result is 13.
d A number is increased by 6, then
multiplied by 4. The result is 68.
e Think of a number. Double it. Add
17. Divide by 5. The result is 7.
f A number is multiplied by 5, then
decreased by 30. The result is equal to
18 more than double the number.
16 Form an equation and solve it to answer
each of the following.
a The sum of four consecutive numbers
is 70. What are the numbers?
b The sum of three consecutive odd
numbers is 87. What are the
numbers?
17 a Samantha has $47 less than James
and together they have $283. How
much does each person have?
b At a local cafeteria, the cost of a salad
sandwich is 40c more than for a ham
sandwich. A group of friends bought
4 salad sandwiches and 3 ham
sandwiches and paid $17 altogether.
Find the cost of each sandwich.
18 Solve these inequality problems.
a If a certain integer is increased by 3,
the result is greater than 7 but less
than 13. Find all possible values for
the integer.
b If a certain number is halved, then
decreased by 1, the result would lie
between 3 and 9. Between what
possible values could the number lie?
c Two sides of a given triangle are 8 cm
and 13 cm. What is the range of
possible lengths for the third side of
the triangle?
19 a If v = , find the value of v when
g = 9.8 and R = 250.
b If v = u + at, find the value of v when
u = 60, a = 3 and t = 8.7.
c If E = mv
2
, find the value of E when
m = 12.8 and v = 4.5.
d If S = (a + l), find the value of
S when n = 16, a = 13 and l = 18.
e If S = [2a + (n 1)d], find the value
of S when n = 42, a = 50, d = 2.
20 a If P = 2L + 2B, find the value of L
when P = 40 and B = 12.
b If y = mx + b, find the value of m when
y = 8, x = 15 and b = 2.
c If M = , find the value of K when
M = 45.
d If S = ut + at
2
, find the value of a
when S = 245, u = 87.5 and t = 7.
e If m = , find the value of x
1
,
when m = 3, y
2
= 9, y
1
= 6, x
2
= 7.
n
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2e 5 +
3
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3 7 2t ( )
5
-------------------------
2gR
1
2
---
n
2
---
n
2
---
5K
18
-------
1
2
---
y
2
y
1
x
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x
1
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21 Rewrite each formula so that x is the
subject.
a = b = f g
c m = 2a(3 + x) d u = v x
2
e p = q + r f + = z
g x b = a x h y =
22 Consider the formula z = w .
a State any restrictions that exist on the
variables.
b Make x the subject of the formula.
c State any restrictions that must exist
on the variables after the formula has
been re-arranged.
ax
b
------
c
d
---
e
x
--
x
x
2
---
y
5
---
x 2 +
x 1
------------
x y
155
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
state the limits of accuracy for a given measurement
convert between units of length, mass, capacity and time
solve problems involving length, mass, capacity and time
perform time calculations with and without the use of a calculator
convert between 12-hour time and 24-hour time
find the length of a side in a right-angled triangle using Pythagoras theorem
solve problems using Pythagoras theorem
calculate the perimeter of a polygon
calculate the circumference of a circle
calculate the perimeters of sectors and composite figures
solve practical problems involving perimeter
convert between units of area
use area formulae to find the areas of triangles and the special quadrilaterals
calculate the area of a circle
calculate the areas of sectors and composite figures
solve practical problems involving area.
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Measurement
5
Length
The basic unit of length in the metric system is the metre. Originally, the metre was defined
as one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the equator along the line of
longitude that runs through Paris. This definition was revised in 1960, and the metre is now
defined in terms of the wavelength of light.
Other units of length in common use are the millimetre (mm), centimetre (cm) and kilometre
(km). Each unit of length can be compared to the metre by referring to its prefix. For example,
the prefix milli- means one-thousandth of , so 1 millimetre literally means one-thousandth of
a metre. Similarly, the prefixes centi- and kilo- mean one-hundredth of and one thousand
times respectively. Hence, 1 centimetre means one-hundredth of a metre and 1 kilometre
means one-thousand metres.
Mass
The mass of an object is the amount of matter that it contains. Mass is not the same as weight,
although the two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Weight refers to the force with
which an object is being attracted to the Earth due to gravity. In the metric system, the base unit
for mass is the kilogram.
Capacity
Capacity refers to the amount of liquid that a container can hold. In the metric system, the base
unit for capacity is the litre.
5.1 Length, mass, capacity and time
Prefix Meaning
milli-
centi-
kilo- 1000
1
1000
------------
1
100
---------
The common conversions for length are:
10 mm = 1 cm (i.e. 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre)
100 cm = 1 m (i.e. 100 centimetres = 1 metre)
1000 m = 1 km (i.e. 1000 metres = 1 kilometre)
The common conversions for mass are:
1000 mg = 1 g (i.e. 1000 milligrams = 1 gram)
1000 g = 1 kg (i.e. 1000 grams = 1 kilogram)
1000 kg = 1 t (i.e. 1000 kilograms = 1 tonne)
The common conversions for capacity are:
1000 mL = 1 L (i.e. 1000 millilitres = 1 litre)
1000 L = 1 kL (i.e. 1000 litres = 1 kilolitre)
1000 kL = 1 ML (i.e. 1000 kilolitres = 1 megalitre)
Chapt er 5: Measurement 157
Time
We use time to order the events that take place in our everyday lives. Without time, it would
not be possible to say which event came before or after another event. We often measure the
degree of change in a particular situation according to the amount of time that passes, for
example when calculating the speed of a moving object. The speed is, in fact, a measure of the
change in distance with respect to the elapsed time.
We use instruments such as watches and clocks to tell the time. These are either analog or
digital. Time pieces with rotating hands are called analog, whereas those that display digits
only are called digital. Many digital watches and clocks operate in 24-hour time, that is from
00:00 to 24:00 hours, rather than in am or pm time.
Many time calculations can be more easily performed with the use of the degrees and minutes,
or and keys on the calculator. It may first be necessary to express one of the given
times in 24-hour time.
Example 1
Convert:
a 8 cm to mm b 5.2 m to cm c 0.04 km to m
d 70 mm to cm e 129 cm to m f 2300 m to km
Solutions
a 8 cm = (8 10) mm b 5.2 m = (5.2 100) cm c 0.04 km = (0.04 1000) m
= 80 mm = 520 cm = 40 m
d 70 mm = (70 10) cm e 129 cm = (129 100) m f 2300 m = (2300 1000) km
= 7 cm = 1.29 m = 2.3 km
To convert to a smaller unit, multiply by the conversion factor.
To convert to a larger unit, divide by the conversion factor.
The common conversions for time are:
60 s = 1 min (i.e. 60 seconds = 1 minute)
60 min = 1 h (i.e. 60 minutes = 1 hour)
24 h = 1 day (i.e. 24 hours = 1 day)
To convert from 12-hour time to 24-hour time:
add 12 hours to the time if it is 1 pm or greater
write the time using 4 digits.
DMS
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Convert:
a 0.57 m to mm b 98 000 cm to km
Solutions
a 0.57 m = (0.57 100) cm b 98 000 cm = (98 000 100) m
= 57 cm = 980 m
= (57 10) mm = (980 1000) km
= 570 mm = 0.98 km
Example 3
Convert:
a 5 L to mL b 6.8 kL to L c 910 L to kL
Solutions
a 5 L = (5 1000) mL b 6.8 kL = (6.8 1000) L c 910 L = (910 1000) kL
= 5000 mL = 6800 L = 0.91 kL
Example 4
Convert:
a 4 kg to g b 3.72 g to mg c 9100 g to kg d 384 kg to t
a 4 kg = (4 1000) g b 3.72 g = (3.72 1000) mg
= 4000 g = 3720 mg
c 9100 g = (9100 1000) kg d 384 kg = (384 1000) t
= 9.1 kg = 0.384 t
Example 5
Use the degrees and minutes key on the calculator to convert:
a 1.25 h to hours and minutes b 3 h 21 min to hours
Solutions
a Press 1.25 . The display of 115 is then interpreted as 1 h 15 min.
b Press 3 21 . Therefore, 3 h 21 min = 3.35 h.
1 Choose the most appropriate unit (mm, cm, m, km) that could be used to measure:
a the length of a fly b the height of a 4-year-old girl
c the length of a caravan d the distance between two towns
E
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F DMS
DMS DMS 2
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F DMS
Exercise 5.1
e the height of a table f the distance run in a sprint race
g the width of a postage stamp h the distance between two bus depots
2 Choose the most appropriate unit (mg, g, kg, t) that could be used to measure the mass of:
a an orange b a bees wing c a railway carriage
d a television set e a clump of hair f a calculator
g a baby h a truck i a box of pencils
3 Choose the most appropriate unit (mL, L, kL) that could be used to measure the capacity of:
a a glass of water b a backyard fountain c a swimming pool
d Sydney Harbour e a bird bath f a tea cup
g a teaspoon h the petrol tank of a bus i a small dam
4 Convert:
a 6 km to m b 300 cm to m c 9 cm to mm d 2500 m to km
e 0.46 m to cm f 4 mm to cm g 178 m to km h 2.3 cm to mm
i 0.8 km to m j 0.1 m to cm k 200 cm to mm l 16 m to km
m 30 m to cm n 0.07 mm to cm o 2 cm to m p 0.3 m to km
5 Complete each of the following conversions.
a 5 m = mm b 2 km = cm c 4000 mm = m
d 900 000 cm = km e 3.8 km = mm f 1 650 000 mm = km
6 Complete each of these conversions.
a 4 g = mg b 8000 kg = t c 1.5 kg = g
d 14 500 mg = g e 2790 g = kg f 70 000 kg = t
g 12.4 g = mg h 1.82 kg = g i 375 g = kg
j 140 mg = g k 0.87 t = kg l 0.046 kg = g
m 20 kg = t n 6 mg = g o 0.005 47 g = mg
7 Complete each of these conversions.
a 4 L = mL b 3000 mL = L c 8 kL = L
d 7500 L = kL e 2.4 L = mL f 1950 L = kL
g 3610 mL = L h 5.07 kL = L i 0.73 L = mL
j 195 L = kL k 11 mL = L l 0.0068 kL = L
8 Convert:
a 1 min = s b 1 h = min c 1 day = h
d 3 h = min e 2 days = h f 5 min = s
g h = min h min = s i day = h
j 1 min = s k 3 days = h l 2 h = min
m 180 s = min n 72 h = days o 420 s = min
p 90 s = min q 75 min = h r 32 h = days
9 a Explain why 1.25 h does not mean 1 h 25 min.
b Express 1.25 h in hours and minutes.
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Consolidation
10 Express each time in minutes and seconds, without the use of a calculator.
a 1.1 min b 2.4 min c 3.25 min d 4.75 min
11 Use the degrees and minutes key on your calculator to express each time in hours and
minutes.
a 1.9 h b 0.35 h c 3.45 h d 2.8 h
12 Use the degrees and minutes key on your calculator to express each time in hours.
a 1 h 24 min b 2 h 42 min c 4 h 45 min d 36 min
13 Express each of these in 24-hour time.
a 2 am b 7 pm c 12 midnight d 12 noon
e 4:30 am f 1:45 pm g 11:59 pm h 12:24 am
14 Express each of these in standard 12-hour time.
a 04:00 b 07:30 c 13:00 d 15:20
e 08:15 f 16:35 g 20:00 h 23:47
15 Simplify, giving the answer in metres.
a 1 m + 37 cm + 9 mm b 3.6 m + 228 cm + 15 mm
c 12.7 km + 83 m + 54 cm d 1 km + 455 m + 38 cm
16 a Which distance is greater, 15.8 m or 14 950 mm, and by how many metres?
b How many toothpicks of length 65 mm can be cut from a 1.3 m strip of wood?
c A snooker table is to have 6 legs made and each leg is to be 72 cm long. How many
metres of wood are needed?
d How many laps of a 400 m running track must an athlete complete in order to finish a
10 km run?
e From a 3.6 m piece of timber, 5 pieces of equal length are cut, leaving 28 cm. What
lengths of timber were cut?
f The average length of Lucys walking stride is 38 cm. How far, in kilometres, would
Lucy walk if she took 9500 strides?
g Fourteen cars each of width 1.65 m are parked side by side in a car park. The distance
between each car is 85 cm. Find, in metres, the total distance taken up by the cars.
17 a Find, in kilograms, the mass of 24 tins of soup, if each tin has a mass of 535 g.
b The total mass of 8 small cars in a shipping container is 7.6 t. What is the mass, in
kilograms, of each car?
c Find the mass, in kilograms, of 3000 pumpkin seeds if each seed weighs 450 mg.
d A bunch of 64 grapes has a mass of 430 g. Find the average mass of each grape, correct
to 1 decimal place.
e How many 225 g bags of lollies can be filled completely from a container that holds
12 kg of lollies?
f A builder wants to construct a brick wall consisting of 18 layers, with 15 bricks in each
layer. Calculate, in kilograms, the total mass of bricks needed for the job if each brick
weighs 2150 g.
g A box of 15 fresh pineapples has a mass of 58.6 kg and each pineapple has a mass of
3680 g. Determine the mass of the box when empty. Give your answer in kilograms.
h If 7 containers of wheat have a total mass of 980 kg, find, in tonnes, the mass of
19 containers of wheat.
18 a A 300 mL bottle of salad dressing contains enough dressing for 15 serves. What is the
serving size?
b i How many 250 mL glasses can be filled from a juice container that holds 20 L?
ii How many 300 mL glasses can be filled completely?
c Cary purchased a 250 mL bottle of cough medicine. The adult dosage is 10 mL, three
times a day. How many full days will the cough medicine last?
d The local council pool has a capacity of 1500 kL. During a hot spell, 15 000 L of water
was lost due to evaporation. How many kilolitres of water remain?
e The dam on old Henrys farm has a capacity of 8.3 ML. How many litres is this?
(1 ML = 1000 kL)
f A recipe requires cup of water for each person. Find, in litres, the amount of water
that is needed for 11 people if 1 metric cup is equivalent to 250 mL.
g i Ambers garden tap is dripping at the rate of 16 drops per minute, with each drop
of water having a volume of 0.5 mL. How many litres of water will be lost in
one day?
ii If on a subsequent day the tap drips at the rate of 10 drops per minute and loses 36 L
over the course of a day, find the volume of water in each drop.
19 How long is it, in hours and minutes, from:
a 8 am to 2:15 pm? b 4:45 am to 10:30 am? c 11:19 am to 10:08 pm?
20 Calculate the time difference between:
a 7:20 pm Saturday and 2:05 am Sunday b 9:12 am Thursday and 12 noon Friday
21 What will the time be:
a 9 h 26 min after 12:57 am? b 3 h 10 min before 8:05 pm?
22 The carat is a unit of mass that is used to measure precious stones and some expensive
metals such as gold. If a certain amount of gold is described as 24 carat, it means that the
entire mass is composed of 100% pure gold with no impurities. The purity of the gold can
be worked out by expressing the number of carats as a fraction of 24. For example, a 10 kg
ingot of 12 carat gold is only 50% pure, because 12 is one-half or 50% of 24. Therefore, in
this 10 kg ingot, 5 kg of the mass is pure gold and the other 5 kg is made up of impurities
(such as other metals).
How many grams of gold are there in:
a a 1 kg ingot of 12 carat gold? b a 2 kg ingot of 18 carat gold?
c a 1.5 kg ingot of 8 carat gold? d a 6 kg ingot of 14 carat gold?
1
2
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It is not possible to measure any length, mass, time, temperature or other quantity exactly. The
value read off a measuring instrument is affected by physical factors, such as the thickness of
the ink that is used in the markings on the instrument. However, we know that the exact value
of the quantity being measured lies between two adjacent markings. The accuracy of a
measurement refers to how close the reading is to the exact value of the quantity. The degree
of accuracy in any measurement depends very much on the accuracy of the measuring
instrument that is being used. Before measuring something, we need to consider the following
questions:
1 Why are we conducting the measurement?
2 How precise does the measurement have to be?
3 What measuring instrument would be the most appropriate to use?
The precision of a measuring instrument refers to the smallest unit that is marked on it. For
example, a metre ruler that is marked in 1 cm intervals has a precision of 1 cm. It is not possible
to be more precise than the smallest unit that is marked on the instrument.
Example 1
State the limits of accuracy for each of the following measurements.
a The temperature of a sick child is 39C, correct to the nearest 1C.
b The height of a man is 180 cm, correct to the nearest 10 cm.
Solutions
a The temperature is given correct to the nearest 1C, so the possible error is ,
i.e. 0.5C.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 39 0.5C, i.e. 38.5C and 39.5C. The actual
temperature of the child must lie between 38.5C and 39.5C.
b The height is given correct to the nearest 10 cm, so the possible error is ,
i.e. 5 cm.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 180 5 cm, i.e. 175 cm and 185 cm. The actual height
of the man must lie between 175 cm and 185 cm.
5.2 Accuracy and precision
All measurements are accurate to within of the smallest unit marked on the
measuring instrument.
The smaller limit of accuracy is called the lower bound.
The greater limit of accuracy is called the upper bound.
The exact value is greater than or equal to the lower bound but less than the
upper bound.
1
2
---
E
G
+
S
1
2
---
1C ( )
1
2
---
10 cm ( )
Example 2
State the upper and lower bounds for each measurement.
a 6.2 kg b 4.18 m
Solutions
a The mass is given correct to the nearest tenth of a kilogram, so the possible error is
, i.e. 0.05 kg.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 6.2 0.05 kg.
Lower bound = 6.2 kg 0.05 kg Upper bound = 6.2 kg + 0.05 kg
= 6.15 kg = 6.25 kg
b The length is given correct to the nearest hundredth of a metre, so the possible error is
, i.e. 0.005 m.
Therefore, the limits of accuracy are 4.18 0.005 m.
Lower bound = 4.18 m 0.005 m Upper bound = 4.18 m + 0.005 m
= 4.175 m = 4.185 m
1 Within what limits are the following instruments accurate?
a A dressmakers tape marked in millimetres.
b A speedometer with 20 km/h markings.
c A metre ruler marked in centimetres.
d A trundle wheel with a circumference of 1 m and no other markings.
e A clock with only hours marked.
f A flood sign marked in intervals of 50 cm.
g A thermometer marked in intervals of 2C.
h A measuring tape with 1 cm markings.
i A set of balance scales marked in intervals of 1 kg.
j An altimeter marked in intervals of 1250 m.
2 The length of the hem of a pair of trousers is measured as 4 cm, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
a What is the lower bound for this measurement?
b What is the upper bound?
3 The size of a television screen is quoted as being 64 cm.
a Between what limits does the actual size lie?
b Which one of these limits could not possibly be the size of the screen?
Consolidation
4 The following measurements are given correct to the nearest kilogram. Between what
limits does the actual mass lie?
a 2 kg b 9 kg c 14 kg d 48 kg
E
G
+
S
1
2
---
0.1 kg ( )
1
2
---
0.01 m ( )
Exercise 5.2
5 The following measurements are given correct to the nearest 10 cm. Between what limits
does the actual length lie?
a 30 cm b 50 cm c 120 cm d 260 cm
6 Peter asked his English teacher, how many pages are there in our next novel?. His teacher
replied, there are about 300 pages. Between what limits could the actual number of pages
lie if the teachers estimate was given correct to the nearest:
a 100 pages? b 50 pages? c 10 pages?
7 In the year 2000 an archaeologist carbon dated a piece of pottery and found that it was
approximately 1800 years old, correct to the nearest 100 years. Between what years was the
pottery probably made?
8 The capacity of a rainwater tank is 8700 L, correct to the nearest 100 L. Within what limits
does the actual capacity of the tank lie?
9 State the lower and upper bounds for each of the following.
a The height of a child is 140 cm, correct to the nearest 10 cm.
b The time required to fly from Sydney to Perth is 3 h 50 min, correct to the nearest
20 min.
c The capacity of a swimming pool is 1500 kL, correct to the nearest 50 kL.
d The mass of a woman is 84 kg, correct to the nearest kilogram.
e The length of a beetle is 12 mm, correct to the nearest millimetre.
f The mass of a cargo container is 46 t, correct to the nearest tonne.
g The length of an envelope is 16 cm, correct to the nearest centimetre.
h The height of a building is 135 m, correct to the nearest metre.
10 a The masses of a set of objects are given as 15.2 g, 13.7 g, 9.4 g and 20.1 g. What do you
think were the smallest intervals on the measuring instrument used?
b Would it be appropriate to give a measurement of 10.63 g using this instrument?
11 State the lower and upper bounds for each of these measurements.
a 7 mm b 2 cm c 8 km d 15 m
e 1.6 cm f 4.3 km g 6.8 m h 12.1 mm
i 2.8 m j 17.3 mm k 23.6 cm l 30.0 km
12 State the limits between which each measurement lies.
a 6 kg b 6.5 L c 22.36 t d 25C
e 5.1 mL f 0.8 kL g 160.4 cm h 11.7 g
i 10.0 L j 103 dB k 4.9 kg l 0.05 Hz
13 A rectangular piece of glass is to be cut with dimensions 72 cm 85 cm.
a Find the greatest possible length and width.
b Find the least possible length and width.
c Within what limits should the area of the glass lie?
Pythagoras theorem describes the relationship between the lengths of the sides in any right-
angled triangle.
For example, in this diagram we can see that the
areas are:
= 5
2
= 3
2
= 4
2
= 25 = 9 = 16
Now, 25 = 9 + 16
= +
A Pythagorean triad is a set of three positive integers, a, b and c, for which c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
. That
is, they are integral dimensions of a right-angled triangle. All multiples of Pythagorean triads
are also triads. For example, we know that {3, 4, 5} is a Pythagorean triad. Hence, {6, 8, 10},
{9, 12, 15} and {12, 16, 20} are also Pythagorean triads.
The converse of Pythagoras theorem
The converse of Pythagoras theorem can be used to show that a triangle is right angled.
Example 1
State Pythagoras theorem for this triangle using:
a side notation b angle notation
Solutions
a p
2
= q
2
+ r
2
b QR
2
= PQ
2
+ PR
2
5.3 Pythagoras theorem
In any right-angled triangle, the
square on the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares on the other
two sides.
c
2
= a
2
+ b
2 c
a
b
A
1
A
3
5 4
3
A
2
A
1
A
2
A
3
A
1
A
2
A
3
If the square on one side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares on the
other two sides, then the angle between the two shorter sides is a right angle.
E
G
+
S
p
R P
Q
r
q
Example 2
Determine whether the following are Pythagorean triads.
a 5, 12, 13 b 7, 8, 9
Solutions
a 13
2
= 5
2
+ 12
2
b 9
2
= 7
2
+ 8
2
169 = 25 + 144 81 = 49 + 64
169 = 169 81 = 113
This is a true statement, This is not a true statement,
5, 12, 13 is a Pythagorean triad. 7, 8, 9 is not a Pythagorean triad.
Example 3
Find the value of the pronumeral in each diagram. Give your answer correct to 1 decimal place
where necessary.
a b
Solutions
a a
2
= 12
2
+ 35
2
b w
2
+ 11
2
= 19
2
= 144 + 1225 w
2
+ 121 = 361
= 1369 121 121
a = w
2
= 240
= 37 w =
= 15.5 (1 decimal place)
1 Write down Pythagoras theorem for each triangle using:
i side notation ii angle notation
a b
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
35 cm
12 cm
a cm
w cm
19 cm
11 cm
1369
240
Exercise 5.3
q
R Q
P
r
p
g
F E
G
e
f
2 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of these.
a XY
2
= XW
2
+ WY
2
b XW
2
= WZ
2
+ XZ
2
c YZ
2
= ZW
2
+ WY
2
d WY
2
= XW
2
+ XY
2
e YZ
2
= WY
2
+ XZ
2
f XZ
2
= XY
2
+ YZ
2
3 Use Pythagoras theorem to determine which of the following triangles, not drawn to scale,
are right-angled. If the triangle is right-angled, name the hypotenuse.
a b
4 Which of the following are Pythagorean triads?
a 6, 8, 10 b 3, 5, 7 c 12, 35, 37 d 10, 15, 20
5 Explain, without calculation, why 2, 3, 6 could not be a Pythagorean triad.
6 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. Give your answers correct to
1 decimal place.
a b
c d
Consolidation
7 Find the value of x in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
Y
Z X
W
X
Z
Y
6
7
5
R T
S
17
8
15
5 mm
11 mm
x mm
p mm
12 mm
7 mm
23 mm
28 mm
z mm
a mm
36 mm
69 mm
x

c
m
22 cm
x mm
1
0

m
m
8 a In QRS, R = 90, QR = 25 km and RS = 38 km. Find the length of QS, correct to
b In ABC, A = 90, AC = 41 cm and BC = 75 cm. Find the length of AB, correct to the
nearest centimetre.
9 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the possible lengths of the third side of a right-angled
triangle in which two of the sides measure 6 m and 14.4 m.
10 a A ladder reaches 7.5 m up a wall and the foot of the ladder is 2.4 m away from the base
of the wall. Find the length of the ladder correct to the nearest centimetre.
b A ladder of length 4.5 m leans against a wall. The foot of the ladder is 1.2 m away from
the base of the wall. How far up the wall does the ladder reach, correct to 1 decimal
place?
11 a A ship sailed 6 km due north, then changed course and sailed 14 km due east. How far
is the ship from its starting point?
b Emilia drove due east from J to K, then turned and drove 15 km due south to L. If L is
48 km from J, find how far east Emilia drove.
12 While out orienteering, a group of students walked 350 m due west, 290 m due north then
560 m due east. How far, to the nearest metre, are the students from their starting point?
13 a A non-right-angled isosceles triangle has a base length of 66 cm and a height of 56 cm.
How long are the equal sides?
b A non-right-angled isosceles triangle has equal sides of length 75 mm and a height of
21 mm. How long is the base?
14 Find the value of d in each figure.
15 Find the length of the chord UV in this circle.
a b 5.8 km
8 km
12.2 km
d km
7.7 km
10.1 km
8.5 km
d km
7
.
2

c
m
3
.
9

c
m
V
U
O
W
16 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of these. Answer correct to 1 decimal place
where necessary.
17 In PQR, S is a point on PR such that QS is
perpendicular to PR.
If QS = 12 cm, PQ = 15 cm and QR = 20 cm,
prove that PQR is a right angle.
18 Find the value of w.
19 In the diagram, TU= 9 km, SU= 41 km,
SV = 58 km and SW = 104 km.
Find the length of VW.
20 Find the length of the longest rod that will fit
completely inside this rectangular prism.
21 In the diagram, AB = 35 mm,
DE = 15 mm and AE = 130 mm.
a Find the length of BD.
b Find the length of CD if
AC = 91 mm.
a b c 3.6
11.1 b
a
8.4
y
x
2.1
7.2
12.5
1. 8 6.6
8.2
u
v
12 cm
20 cm 15 cm
Q
R P
S
26 cm
25 cm
7 cm
1
2
.
5

c
m
w cm
1
0
4
k
m
5
8

k
m
4
1

k
m
9 km
S
U V
T W
39.2 cm
23.1 cm
50.4 cm
A
B
D
C
E
15 mm
35
mm
1
3
0

m
m
22 If a, b, c are the sides of a right-angled triangle and c is the hypotenuse, prove that any
multiple of a, b, c will also be the sides of a right-angled triangle.
23 The expressions p
2
q
2
, 2pq, p
2
+ q
2
, where p and q are positive integers and p > q can
be used to generate Pythagorean triads. By substituting values for p and q, find at least
5 Pythagorean triads.
24 Two air force jets took off from the same airport at 3 pm. One jet flew due south at 320 km/h
while the other flew due west at 370 km/h. How far apart are the jets at 5:30 pm if each
maintains the same course and speed? (Answer correct to the nearest whole kilometre.)
25 The Mountain Top Ski Resort is situated on top of a 3.6 km high mountain. A cable car
from the resort travels along the cable at 5 m/s and takes 13 min to reach the ground station.
a How long is the cable?
b How far is the ground station from the foot of the mountain?
The perimeter of a two-dimensional figure is the total distance around its boundary.
The formulae below can also be used to find the perimeter of some common figures.
Pythagorean proof by Perigal
The mathematician Perigal produced this proof for
Pythagoras theorem. Try it!
1 Draw a right-angled triangle, ABC.
2 Draw squares on all three sides.
3 Find the centre of square BCDE. Call it F.
4 Draw a line GH such that GH is parallel to AC and
passes through F.
5 Draw a line JK such that JK is perpendicular to GH.
6 Cut pieces 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 out and use them to
cover totally square ACLM.
7 Can you find your own way of proving Pythagoras
theorem?
F
G
B
H
D
K
E
A
M
L
C
J
1
2
3
4
5
5.4 Perimeter
L
B
P = 2L + 2B
Rectangle
s
P = 4s
Square
s
P = 3s
Equilateral triangle
TRY THIS
Example 1
Find the total perimeter of this figure.
Solution
i AF = BC ED
= 16.9 10.3
= 6.6 cm
ii DC = EF + AB
= 9.4 + 6.7
= 16.1 cm
iii P = 6.7 + 16.9 + 16.1 + 10.3 + 9.4 + 6.6
= 66 cm
Example 2
a Find the length of AB.
b Hence, find the perimeter of ABC.
Solutions
a i AD= 9.6 2 ii AB
2
= AD
2
+ BD
2
= 4.8 cm = 4.8
2
+ 9
2
= 104.04
AB =
= 10.2 cm
b Perimeter = AB + BC + AC
= 10.2 + 10.2 + 9.6
= 30 cm
To find the perimeter of general figures:
find the lengths of any unknown sides
add the lengths of all sides that form part of the boundary.
E
G
+
S
A B
C D
E
F
9.4 cm
6.7 cm
16.9 cm
10.3 cm
A B
C D
E
F
9.4 cm
16.1 cm
6.6 cm
6.7 cm
16.9 cm
10.3 cm
9.6 cm
9 cm
A
D
B
C
E
G
+
S
104.04
1 Find the perimeter of each figure. (All dimensions are in cm.)
2 a Find the perimeter of a rhombus whose sides are 14.8 mm.
b A rectangle has a length of 10 cm and a width of 6.5 cm. Find the perimeter.
c A regular octagon has sides of length 7.1 m. What is its perimeter?
d An isosceles triangle has a base of length 19.4 cm and equal sides of length 23.55 cm.
Find its perimeter.
Consolidation
3 a A square has a perimeter of 52 mm. How long are the sides?
b A regular dodecagon has a perimeter of 105 mm. Find its side length.
c An isosceles triangle has a base length of 16.2 cm and a perimeter of 35.8 cm. What
length are the equal sides?
d A parallelogram has a perimeter of 48 m and the longer parallel sides each have a length
of 15 m. How long are the shorter sides?
4 a Find the side length of a square whose perimeter is equal to that of an equilateral
triangle with sides 12 cm.
b Find the width of a rectangle whose length is 18.5 cm and perimeter is the same as that
of a regular hexagon of side length 9 cm.
c Find the perimeter of a rhombus whose sides are the same length as those of a regular
heptagon whose perimeter is 56 cm.
Exercise 5.4
d e f
20.6
18.3
26.4
31
27.15
60
60 60
a b c
8
5.7
12
7.8
13
10.4
g h i
17.5
12.4
11.4
16.9
6.3
9.2
5 Calculate the total perimeter of each figure. All angles are right angles and all
measurements are in millimetres.
a b c
d e f
6 An athletics field is 130 m long and 45 m wide. How far, in kilometres, will an athlete run
if she completes 15 laps of the field?
7 A frame 3.5 cm wide is made to surround a print measuring 45 cm by 18 cm. Find the
perimeter of the framed print.
8 Find the cost to replace the guttering around
the roof of this house at $36.25 per metre.
(All measurements are in millimetres)
9 The frieze shown is to be placed around the top of the walls
in Tamaras bedroom, which measures 4.2 m by 2.75 m.
The frieze is sold in 4 m rolls at $16.80 per roll.
a What length of frieze is required?
b How many rolls of frieze are needed?
c Calculate the total cost.
6.4
5.8
4.3
2.7
2.1
12.5
12.9
17.6
6.7
4.8
15.4
5.1
5.9
2.4
1.6
14.4
4.7
10.6
2.8
23.8
13.6
3.2
7.6
2.5
14.5
5.7
8.3
12.4 14.9
2.9
5.5
9.3
3.1
3.6
5.7
8.3
7.2
3.5
3.3
2
8
3.7
12
10.5
14.6
5210
4370
5210
8060
1520
11 840
10 Rebecca walks once around the boundary of a square park every morning. Her average
walking speed is 3.2 km/h and it takes her 45 min to complete one lap of the park. Find, in
metres, the side length of the park.
11 Find values for p and q, then find the perimeter of each figure.
a b
12 a A rectangle has a perimeter of 51 mm and a length of 18 mm. Find the length of its
diagonals.
b A square has a perimeter of 12 m. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length of its
diagonals.
13 Find the perimeter of each figure.
a b c
14 In the isosceles triangle XYZ, XY = YZ and XZ = 10 cm.
The perimeter of the triangle is 36 cm.
Find the height h cm.
15 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the altitude of an equilateral triangle whose perimeter
is 300 mm.
16 The rhombus QRST has a perimeter of 388 mm and the diagonal QS = 130 mm.
Find the length of the other diagonal RT.
17 A rectangle with dimensions 5 cm by 24 cm is cut into
a triangle and a trapezium as shown. The pieces are then
rearranged to form a right-angled triangle. How much
greater is the perimeter of the resulting triangle than that
of the rectangle?
p cm
40 cm
51 cm
45 cm q cm
p cm
7.2 cm
10.6 cm
5.6 cm
q cm
64 mm
6
0

m
m
7.6 m
12.8 m
17.2 m
EG = 7.2 km
FH = 15.4 km
G H
F E
10 cm
h cm
Y
Z X
24 cm
5 cm
18 Three circles with centres O, P and Q are drawn so that each circle touches the other two.
Two of these circles have diameters of length 12 cm and 18 cm. The perimeter of OPQ is
46 cm. Find the length of the radius in the third circle.
19 The length and perimeter of a rectangle are in the ratio 5 : 16. Find the length and perimeter
of the rectangle if the width is 72 cm.
20 The perpendicular sides of a right-angled triangle have lengths in the ratio 3 : 4.
The perimeter of the triangle is 168 cm. Find the lengths of the sides. (HINT: Let the
perpendicular sides have lengths 3x and 4x, then show that the length of the hypotenuse
is 5x.)
Circumference
Circumference is the perimeter of a closed curve. The irrational number (pronounced pi) is
defined as the length of the circumference (C) divided by the length of the diameter (d). That is,
= . This ratio is the same for any circle, no matter the size, and its approximate value is
3.142 (3 decimal places).
Length of an arc
5.5 Circumference
C
d
----
d
C = d
r
C = 2r
The circumference of a
circle with diameter d units
or radius r units is given by:
r r
l
The length of an arc which
subtends an angle at the
centre of a sector is given by:
l = 2r

360
---------
Example 1
Calculate the circumference of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
Solutions
a C = d b C = 2r
= 9 = 2 21
= 28.3 mm (1 decimal place) = 131.9 mm (1 decimal place)
NOTE: In these examples, the exact circumferences would be 9 mm and 42 mm.
Example 2
Find, correct to 2 decimal
places, the length of the
diameter in a circle whose
circumference is 35 m.
Solution
C = d
35 = d
d =
= 11.14 m (2 decimal places)
Example 3
Find the total perimeter of each
figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
a
Solutions
a i l =
=
= 11.8 cm (1 decimal place)
ii P = 11.8 + 15 + 15
= 41.8 cm
b b
i l = d
= 24
= 37.7 cm (1 decimal place)
ii P = 37.7 + 24 + 38 + 38
= 137.7 cm
E
G
+
S
9

m
m
2
1

m
m
E
G
+
S
35
------
E
G
+
S
15 cm
45
2r

360
---------
2 15
45
360
---------
50 cm
2
4

c
m24 cm
12 cm
2
4

c
m
50 cm
38 cm
l
1
2
---
1
2
---
1 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the circumference of each circle using the formula C = d.
2 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the circumference of each circle using the formula
C = 2r.
3 Find, correct to 3 significant figures, the circumference of a circle whose:
a diameter is 9.6 cm b diameter is 13.45 m
c radius is 22.7 mm d radius is 51.8 cm
Consolidation
4 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the diameter of a circle whose circumference is:
a 20 m b 35.5 m c 42.74 m
5 Find the length of the radius in a circle whose circumference is 24.1 cm. Give your answer
correct to 3 significant figures.
6 Determine, in terms of , the circumference of a circle with:
a diameter 7 cm b diameter 13 cm c radius 10 cm d radius 31 cm
7 Write down the length of the diameter and radius in a circle whose circumference is:
a 8 mm b 22 mm c 36 mm d 50 mm
8 The wheels in Gorans jeep have a diameter of 42 cm. How far will the jeep travel if the
wheels rotate through 50 000 revolutions? Answer correct to the nearest kilometre.
9 The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 25 cm. How many complete revolutions are needed for
the bicycle to travel a distance of 400 m?
10 A 37.7 km motor race is to be run around a circular race track with a radius of 60 m.
a Find the circumference of the track, correct to the nearest metre.
b How many laps of the track must be completed by each car?
Exercise 5.5
a b c d
6 cm
1
1

c
m
3
2
.
8

c
m
4
7
.
5

c
m
a b c d
4 mm
1
7

m
m
2
3
.
5

m
m
40.2 mm
11 The second hand in a clock is 5 cm long. How far would the tip of the hand travel in
2 h 25 min? Give your answer in metres, correct to the nearest centimetre.
12 A wire square of side 32 cm is re-formed into the shape of a circle. Find the length of the
radius, correct to 1 decimal place.
13 Find, correct to the nearest centimetre, the perimeter of the smallest square into which a
circle with circumference 75.4 cm can be inscribed.
14 Calculate the total perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
15 Find the total perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place. All measurements are
in cm.
a b c 32 m
74.6 m
12 m
d e f
120
4.7 m
60
11.3 m
8 m
72
g h i
19.4 m
150
29 m
63.2 m
225
a b c
33
8
8
10
2.5
4.8
10
16 Use Pythagoras theorem to help you find the perimeter of each figure, correct to 1 decimal
place.
d e f
A B C D
AB = BC = CD,
AD = 12
18.7
31.4
7.2
g h i
P
Q R
S
O
80
OP = 26
36.4
120
10
18
6
j k l
4
20
4
7
11.8
6.6
a b c
77 m
8
5

m 31 m
2
5
m
6 m
18 m
17 m
12 m
1
2

m
17 A chord AB of length 30 cm is drawn inside a circle centre O with circumference 78 cm
and parallel to a diameter CD. How far is the chord from the centre of the circle?
18 The circumference of an ellipse can be approximated using
the formula C 2 , where a, b are the semi-major
and semi-minor axes respectively.
Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the approximate circumference of each ellipse.
a a
b
b
a
2
b
2
+
2
-----------------
a b c
8 cm 8 cm
6 cm
6 cm
10 cm
7 cm
2
4

c
m
1
1

c
m
Command module
Humans first stepped on the Moon in 1969. While
Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin stepped out of
the Apollo 11 lunar landing craft, Michael Collins
remained in the command module circling the
Moon. When the command module passed behind
the Moon as viewed from the Earth, it lost
contact with mission control. This was quite a
worrying time. The point L represents where the
signal was lost and the point R represents where
the signal was regained.
The crucial question is:
For how long was the lunar craft out of contact with the Earth?
Given that the speed of the command module was 5960 km/h, the height of orbit
above the Moons surface was 110 km, the diameter of the Moon is 3477 km and
angle LOR = 140, find how long the command module was out of contact with Earth.
Earth
Orbit
Moon
s
h
a
d
o
w
1
4
0
R
O
L
TRY THIS
Units of area
Consider a square with side length 1 cm, or 10 mm.
Taking the side length as 1 cm, area = 1 cm 1 cm
= 1 cm
2
Taking the side length as 10 mm, area = 10 mm 10 mm
= 100 mm
2
Equating these results, we see that 1 cm
2
= 100 mm
2
. Similarly, it can be shown that
1 m
2
= 10 000 cm
2
and 1 km
2
= 1 000 000 m
2
. In each case, we could have converted to the
smaller unit of area by multiplying by the square of the linear conversion factor10
2
, 100
2
or 1000
2
.
Units such as square millimetres (mm
2
), square centimetres (cm
2
) and square metres (m
2
) are
used to describe small areas. However, large areas are more conveniently measured in square
kilometres (km
2
) or hectares (ha), where 1 ha = 10 000 m
2
.
Example 1
Convert:
a 3.7 m
2
to cm
2
b 45 mm
2
to cm
2
Solutions
a 3.7 m
2
= (3.7 100
2
) cm
2
b 45 mm
2
= (45 10
2
) cm
2
= (3.7 10 000) cm
2
= (45 100) cm
2
= 37 000 cm
2
= 0.45 cm
2
Example 2
Convert:
a 18 ha to m
2
b 53 000 m
2
to ha
Solutions
a 18 ha = (18 10 000) m
2
b 53 000 m
2
= (53 000 10 000) ha
= 180 000 m
2
= 5.3 ha
5.6 Converting units of area
1 cm
10 mm
To convert between units of area:
multiply or divide by the square of the linear conversion factor.
1 ha = 10 000 m
2
(i.e. 1 hectare = 10 000 square metres)
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
a 1 cm
2
= mm
2
b 1 m
2
= cm
2
c 1 km
2
= m
2
d 1 mm
2
= cm
2
e 1 cm
2
= m
2
f 1 m
2
= km
2
2 Convert each of the following by multiplying by the square of the linear conversion factor.
a 3 m
2
to cm
2
b 7 km
2
to m
2
c 6 cm
2
to mm
2
d 1.24 km
2
to m
2
e 4.5 m
2
to cm
2
f 9.7 cm
2
to mm
2
g 2.56 m
2
to cm
2
h 18.75 cm
2
to mm
2
i 0.16 km
2
to m
2
j 0.4 cm
2
to mm
2
k 0.057 km
2
to m
2
l 0.0013 m
2
to cm
2
3 Convert each of the following by dividing by the square of the linear conversion factor.
a 400 mm
2
to cm
2
b 90 000 cm
2
to m
2
c 5 000 000 m
2
to km
2
d 28 000 cm
2
to m
2
e 650 mm
2
to cm
2
f 7 400 000 m
2
to km
2
g 198 mm
2
to cm
2
h 3 280 000 m
2
to km
2
i 43 390 cm
2
to m
2
j 7000 cm
2
to m
2
k 15 mm
2
to cm
2
l 1 095 600 m
2
to km
2
Consolidation
4 Copy and complete each of these conversions.
a 5 cm
2
= mm
2
b 700 mm
2
= cm
2
c 8 m
2
= cm
2
d 6 400 000 m
2
= km
2
e 150 000 cm
2
= m
2
f 9 km
2
= m
2
g 56.7 m
2
= cm
2
h 37 mm
2
= cm
2
i 0.9 cm
2
= mm
2
j 816 000 m
2
= km
2
k 0.02 m
2
= cm
2
l 0.045 km
2
= m
2
m 0.3 mm
2
= cm
2
n 6 cm
2
= m
2
o 0.000 78 cm
2
= mm
2
a 1 ha = m
2
b 4 ha = m
2
c 9.5 ha = m
2
d 20 000 m
2
= ha e 75 000 m
2
= ha f 360 000 m
2
= ha
g 0.5 ha = m
2
h 6000 m
2
= ha i 900 m
2
= ha
j 1.26 ha = m
2
k 3 m
2
= ha l 0.02 ha = m
2
6 Convert:
a 3 m
2
to mm
2
b 0.0005 m
2
to mm
2
c 169 000 mm
2
to m
2
d 750 000 mm
2
to m
2
e 21 700 000 cm
2
to km
2
f 0.000 000 744 km
2
to mm
2
7 Convert:
a 0.004 75 ha to cm
2
b 120 000 cm
2
to ha
Exercise 5.6
The area of a plane figure is the amount of space enclosed by its boundary. It can be calculated
by finding the number of unit squares that will fit inside the figure. For common figures,
however, the following formulae may be used.
The last three formulae can be derived by dividing each figure into rectangles and triangles.
Proofs
1 Rectangle
Divide the rectangle into l columns and b rows, each of width
1 unit. The rectangle has now been divided into small
squares, each of which has an area of 1 unit
2
. As there are
l squares in each of the b rows, the total number of unit
squares inside the rectangle must be l b.
The area of rectangle ABCD = l b.
5.7 Calculating area
b
l
Rectangle
A = lb
s
Square
A = s
2
Triangle
h
b
1
A =
bh
2
Parallelogram
A = bh
h
b
Rhombus and kite
x
x
y
y
1
A =
xy
2
Trapezium
a
h
b
A =
h
(a + b)
2
b
l
D
A
C
B
2 Triangle
= area of ABEF
= area of FECD
= (area of ABEF + area of FECD)
= area of ABCD
= bh
area of AED = bh
3 Parallelogram
Area =
=
=
area of parallelogram ABCD = bh
4 Rhombus
Let AC = x and BD = y.
BE = DE = (diagonals bisect each other in a rhombus)
Area =
=
=
=
=
area of rhombus ABCD = xy
5 Trapezium
Area =
=
area of trapezium ABCD = (a + b)
NOTE: The proof for the area of a square obviously follows directly from that of the rectangle.
The proof for the area of a kite is similar to that of the rhombus.
E
F
B
b
A
C
D
A
1
A
2
h
A
1
1
2
---
A
2
1
2
---
A
1
A
2
+
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
A
2
A
1
B C
A D
b
h
A
1
A
2
+
bh
2
------
bh
2
------ +
2bh
2
---------
A
1
A
2
B C
A D
E
y
2
---
A
1
A
2
+
1
2
--- AC BE ( )
1
2
--- AC DE ( ) +
1
2
--- x
y
2
---

1
2
--- x
y
2
---

+
xy
4
-----
xy
4
----- +
2xy
4
---------
1
2
---
A
1
A
2
a
b
h
A
1
A
2
+
ah
2
------
bh
2
------ +
h
2
---
Example
Find the area of each figure.
Solutions
1 Write down the area of each figure, in square units.
a b
a A = s
2
= 7
2
A = 49 cm
2
b A =
=
A = 36 cm
2
c A = bh
= 10.5 6.4
A = 67.2 cm
2
d A = xy
= 9.2 14.6
A = 67.16 cm
2
e A = (a + b)
= (6.3 + 15.4)
= 6 21.7
A = 130.2 cm
2
f A = xy
= 8.5 21
A = 89.25 cm
2
E
G
+
S
a b c
7 cm
9 cm
8 cm
6.4 cm
10.5 cm
d e f E F
H G
EG = 9.2 cm
FH = 14.6 cm
6.3 cm
12 cm
15.4 cm
Q
S
R P
PR = 8.5 cm
QS = 21 cm
bh
2
------
9 8
2
------------
1
2
---
1
2
---
h
2
---
12
2
------
1
2
---
1
2
---
Exercise 5.7
2 Find the area of each figure.
3 Find the area of each triangle.
4 Find the area of each parallelogram.
5 Find the area of each rhombus.
a b c d
8 cm
5.6 cm
5 cm
13 cm
11.2 cm
4.3 cm
a b c
9 m
10 m
8 m
18 m
1
0
.
8

m
7 m
a b c
14 cm
20 cm
1
6
.
5

c
m
4

c
m
6.1
cm
8
.
4

c
m
d e f
1
2

c
m
5 cm
1
1
.
6

c
m
2 cm
5.5 cm
13.6 cm
a b c A B
D C
AC = 8 m
BD = 11 m
PR = 12 m
QS = 16.5 m
Q
S
P R
JL = 9.1 m
KM = 7.3 m
J K
M L
6 Find the area of each trapezium.
7 Find the area of each kite.
d e f
6 m
9 m
5
.
1

m
1
0
.
8

m 17.4 m
7.3 m
a b c
4 mm
6 mm
10 mm
7.5 mm
19.5 mm
15 mm
18.3 mm
12.8 mm
8.2 mm
d e f
7 mm
6 mm
3 mm
8 mm
15.7 mm
10.5 mm
18.1 mm
13.3 mm
6.9 mm
a b c Q
P R
S
PR = 11 cm
QS = 16 cm
TV = 21.5 cm
UW = 9 cm
U
T V
W
EG = 10.3 cm
FH = 15.6 cm
F
H
E G
Consolidation
8 Calculate the area of:
a a square of side 8.5 m
b a rectangle with length 17 cm and width 9.5 cm
c a triangle whose base is 24 mm and height is 15.2 mm
d a rhombus with diagonals measuring 16 m and 21 m
e a parallelogram with a base of 11.3 m and a perpendicular height of 6.5 m
f a trapezium with parallel sides of length 15 cm and 23 cm and a perpendicular height
of 10.5 cm
g a kite whose diagonals are of length 8.6 mm and 19.5 mm
9 A rectangle has a length of 1.2 m and a breadth of 40 cm. Calculate the area in square
metres.
10 a What fraction of this rectangle has been shaded?
b State the area of the shaded triangle if the area of the
rectangle is 66 cm
2
.
c State the area of the rectangle if the area of the shaded
triangle is 24 cm
2
.
11 a Find the area of a square whose perimeter is 68 m.
b Find the perimeter of a square whose area is 196 m
2
.
c Find the side length of a square whose area is equal to that of a rectangle with
dimensions 18 m by 8 m.
12 a The length of a rectangle is 14 m and its area is 112 m
2
. Find the width.
b The width of a rectangle is 6 m and its perimeter is 44 m. Find the area.
c The length of a rectangle is 22 m and its area is 198 m
2
. Find the perimeter.
13 a Explain why a rhombus is also a parallelogram.
b Hence, find the area of this rhombus.
14 Find the area of ABC in which B = 90,
BC = 9 mm and AC = 41 mm.
d e f
12 cm
4 cm
8
.
2

c
m
1
4
.
8

c
m
2
5
c
m
1
9
.
3

c
m
5
.
2

c
m
10 cm
15 Find the area of a rectangle with a width of 10 mm and diagonals of 26 mm.
16 a Find the perpendicular height, h cm, of this isosceles
triangle.
b Hence, calculate the area.
17 a Find the value of x.
b Hence, calculate the area of the trapezium.
18 The shorter sides in a parallelogram have a length of 5 cm and the perpendicular distance
between the longer sides is 4 cm. Find the area of the parallelogram given that its perimeter
is 38 cm.
19 A rhombus EFGH has a perimeter of 180 mm and the longer diagonal FH is 72 mm long.
a Find the length of the shorter diagonal EG.
b Hence, calculate the area of the rhombus.
20 A rhombus CDEF has an area of 384 mm
2
and the shorter diagonal DF is 24 mm long.
a Find the length of the longer diagonal CE.
b Hence, calculate the perimeter of the rhombus.
21 Find, in hectares, the area of each of these fields.
22 Find, in simplest form, an algebraic expression for the area of each figure.
84 cm
58 cm
h cm
x cm
17 cm
8 cm
15 cm
a b c
900 m
1250 m
8
5
0
m
4
4
0
m
5
1
0

m
150 m
210 m
a b c
3y
5a
2a + 3
8n
n + 10
23 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.
24 The sides of a right-angled triangle are in the ratio 8 : 15 : 17. If the perimeter of the triangle
is 160 cm, find the area.
25 Herons formula states that the area of any
triangle with sides a, b, c is given by
A = , where s = .
a Show that a triangle with sides of length 5 cm,
12 cm and 13 cm is right-angled.
b Find the area of the triangle using Herons formula.
c Verify this answer using A = .
d e f T U
W V
TV = 6p
UW = 4p + 7
6x
3x + 7
5x + 3
2d
c + 3
a b c
Area = 133 cm
2
t cm
7 cm
Area = 243 cm
2
y cm
27 cm
Area = 195 cm
2
XZ = p cm, WY = 26 cm
X Y
Z W
d e f
Area = 84 cm
2
k cm
6 cm
18 cm
Area = 130 cm
2
m cm
1
0

c
m
15 cm
Area = 63 cm
2
KM = 14 cm
LN = u cm
L
K M
N
a
c
b
s s a ( ) s b ( ) s c ( )
a b c + +
2
---------------------
bh
2
------
26 Use Herons formula to find the area of each triangle. Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
5 mm
8 mm
7 mm
14 mm
12 mm
8 mm
20 mm
11 mm
12 mm
The area of a circle
One of the most difficult problems in mathematics is to find the area of a circle whose
radius is known. Archimedes (c. 287212 BC), a famous Greek mathematician,
discovered one method which is similar to that given below.
Step 1 Draw a circle of any radius and accurately draw 4 diameters at 45 to one
another to form 8 equal sectors.
Step 2 Cut out the 8 sectors and arrange them as shown. The figure is roughly a
parallelogram. What is its length and vertical height?
Area of parallelogram =
base vertical height
Step 3 Cut each sector exactly in half to form 16 sectors. Place the sectors side
by side. The figure is now much closer to a parallelogram. What is its area?
1 Describe the problems with assuming the shape is a parallelogram.
2 How could you reduce these problems?
3 What do you think of the following argument?
If the sectors are made very very very narrow, then the shape becomes very very
very close to a parallelogram. If we imagine the sectors to be so thinly sliced that
their width could not be measured, then the shape becomes an exact
parallelogram.
Area of circle = area of parallelogram
= base vertical height
= circumference radius
r
h
1
C
2
r
1
2
----
TRY THIS
Area of a circle
The previous activity should have convinced you that the area of a circle can be found using
the formula below.
Area of a sector
Example 1
Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solutions
a A = r
2
b A = r
2
= 5
2
= 7
2
= 78.5 cm
2
(1 decimal place) = 153.9 cm
2
(1 decimal place)
NOTE: In these examples, the exact areas would be 25 cm
2
and 49 cm
2
.
5.8 Area of a circle
The area of a circle with radius r units
is given by:
A = r
2
r
The area of a sector which subtends an
angle at the centre is given by:
A = r
2

360
---------

r r
E
G
+
S
5 cm
1
4

c
m
a b
Example 3
Find the total area of each
figure, correct to 4
Solutions
a A = r
2
= 10.7
2
= 71.94 mm
2
(4 significant figures)
b
1 Find the area of each circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
Example 2
Find, correct to 2 decimal
places, the length of the
radius in a circle whose area
is 150 m
2
.
Solution
A = r
2
150 = r
2
r
2
=
r =
= 6.91 m (2 decimal places)
E
G
+
S
150
---------
150
---------
72
10.7 mm
a b
36 mm
A
1
A
2
E
G
+
S
360
---------
72
360
---------
i A
1
= 18 18
= 162 mm
2
1
2
--- ii A
2
= r
2
= 18
2
= 254.5 mm
2
360
---------
90
360
---------
iii A= A
1
+ A
2
= 162 + 254.5
= 416.5 mm
2
Exercise 5.8
8 cm
a b c d
1
3
c
m
1
1
.4
c
m
7.5 cm
36 cm
e f g h
5
1
.
6
c
m
2
5
c
m
1
1
7
.
3

c
m
2 Calculate the area of a circle with:
a radius 6 cm b radius 95.3 mm c diameter 42 cm d diameter 19.6 m
Consolidation
3 Find, correct to the nearest millimetre, the radius of a circle whose area is:
a 153.9 mm
2
b 452.4 mm
2
c 4300.8 mm
2
4 Determine, correct to the nearest centimetre, the diameter of a circle whose area is
1722 cm
2
.
5 Find the exact area of a circle with radius:
a 3 cm b 7 mm c 19 m
6 Find the exact area of a circle with diameter:
a 8 m b 18 cm c 32 mm
7 a Find the radius of a circle whose area is 9 cm
2
.
b Find the diameter of a circle whose area is 64 cm
2
.
8 Find the exact area of a circle whose circumference is:
a 10 cm b 16 cm c 26 cm
9 Find the exact circumference of a circle whose area is:
a 36 cm
2
b 121 cm
2
c 289 cm
2
10 Calculate the area of each figure, correct to 1 decimal place. All measurements are in
metres.
a b c 20
15
8
d e f
120
72
15
9.4
12.5
22.6
g h i
135
140
51.25
7.8
11.2
11 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the radius of a circle whose area is equal to that of:
a a square of side 8 cm
b a rhombus with diagonals 28 cm and 52 cm
12 Which has the greater area, a semicircle with diameter 12 cm or a parallelogram with base
8 cm and perpendicular height 7 cm?
13 a Find the length of the diameter.
b Hence, find the area of the circle, correct to 1 decimal place.
14 In the diagram, O is the centre of the circle and OP is a
perpendicular bisector of the chord LM. If LM = 8 cm and
OP = 9.6 cm, find the area of the circle, correct to the
nearest square centimetre.
15 The area of an ellipse is given by the formula A = ab,
where a, b are the semi-major and semi-minor axes
respectively. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the area
of each ellipse.
16 Find the length of the diameter in a circle whose area is equal to that of an ellipse with axes
of length 18 cm and 8 cm.
Not all figures have a single formula that can be used to calculate their area.
6

c
m
8

c
m
O
P
L M
b
a
a b c
1
5
c
m
1
2
c
m
12 cm
8

c
m
3
c
m
1
0
c
m
5.9 Composite areas
To calculate the area of a composite figure, use one of the following methods.
Method 1
When the figure can be subdivided into smaller figures:
divide the figure up into smaller standard figures
calculate the area of each part
add the areas.
Example 1
Find the total area, correct to 1 decimal place, if
AC = 20 mm, BD = 48 mm, AD = 26 mm.
Solution
Example 2
Find the shaded area.
Solution
i A
1
= xy
= 20 48
= 480 cm
2
ii A
2
= r
2
= 13
2
= 265.5 cm
2
(1 decimal place)
iii A = A
1
+ A
2
= 480 + 265.5
= 745.5 cm
2
i A
1
=
=
= 195 cm
2
ii A
2
= bh
= 14 6
= 84 cm
2
iii A = A
1
A
2
= 195 84
= 111 cm
2
Method 2
When a figure(s) has been cut out from a larger figure:
calculate the area of the larger figure
calculate the areas of any smaller figures that have been cut out
subtract the smaller areas from the large area.
E
G
+
S
A
B
D
C
A
1
A
2
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
E
G
+
S
17 cm
22 cm
6

c
m
1
4

c
m 10 cm
A
1
A
2
h
2
--- a b + ( )
10
2
------ 17 22 + ( )
1 Find the shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in centimetres and all
angles are right angles.
2 Calculate the total area of each quadrilateral by summing the areas of individual triangles.
3 Find the shaded area in each of the following. All measurements are in cm.
Exercise 5.9
a b c
8
6
9
5
5
8
8
11
14
2
3
3
4
5
7
d e f
12
7
13 14
4
2
5
9
8
10
16
6
18
a b
A
F
B
P
C
E
D
AC = 15 cm
ED = 6 cm
BF = 8 cm
QS = 30 mm
PT = 17.5 mm
UR = 12.3 mm
Q
R
S
T
U
a
7
b c
11
5
12
7
13
8
4
8 6
5 5
4
Consolidation
4 Find the shaded area in each figure.
d e f
3
3
4
4
10
5
3
6
7
20
20 14
5
a b c
4.5 m
12.5 m
6 m
10 m
8 m
17 m
11 m
7

m
3.1 m
6 m
8.3 m 1.5 m
d e f
7
.
5

m
4

m
H G
F E
EG = 10 m, FH = 13.2 m
10.4 m
8.1 m
3.7 m
KM = 2.5 m
LN = 4 m
JN = 6 m
L
M
N
K
J
g h i
SU = 20 m
TV = 12 m
WX = 4 m AC = 15.4 m, BD = 8.5 m
25 m
11 m
20 m
4 m
8 m
6 m
T
U
A B
C D
V
W
X
S
3

m
4

m
5 Determine the shaded area in each of these, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
6 mm
4

m
m
7
m
m
23 mm
33 mm
d e f
4
.
5

m
m
4
.
5

m
m
16 mm
26 mm
3
0

m
m
1
6

m
m
g h i 22 mm
28 mm
31 mm
WY = 9 mm
XZ = 12 mm
WX = 7.5 mm
1.3 mm 1.3 mm
2
.
2

m
m
W
Z Y
X
j k l
10.9 mm
P Q
R
S
PQRS is a rhombus.
PR = 50 mm
QS = 72 mm
3.5 mm
1 mm
1 mm
1
5
m
m
1
5
m
m
6 Find the shaded area, correct to 1 decimal place,
given that AC = 24 mm, BC = 13 mm and CD = 37 mm.
7 Find the shaded area in terms of .
Example 1
A rectangular patio measuring 7.3 m long and 3.4 m wide is to be concreted. Determine the
cost of concreting this patio if the concrete costs $22.50 per square metre.
Solution
i Area = 7.3 3.4 ii Cost = area cost per square metre
= 24.82 m
2
= 24.82 $22.50
= $558.45
B
D
A C
O
12 cm
Area
Find the area of BHEG.
HINT: Subtract areas that are fractions of the square.
A
G
H
B C
F E D
1
cm
2
1
cm
4
3
cm
4
1
cm
2
1 cm
5.10 Problems involving area
E
G
+
S
TRY THIS
Example 2
A sheep farmers property is trapezoidal in shape.
He receives $125 for every sheep that he sells to the
abattoirs. If each sheep on the property has 15 m
2
of land
on which to graze, calculate:
a the area of the property
b the number of sheep on the property
c the total value of the sheep when they are eventually sold
1 Eliza has a poster of the pop group Savage Garden on her bedroom wall. The poster
measures 1.2 m by 40 cm and the wall measures 3 m by 2.4 m. What fraction of this wall
area is taken up by the poster?
2 A sprinkler is situated in the middle of a square garden of side 9 m. The sprinkler waters a
circular section of lawn with a radius of 1.5 m. What area of the lawn is not being watered?
Answer correct to 1 decimal place.
3 The pendulum of a grandfather clock is 90 cm long and swings through an angle of 60.
Find the exact area swept out by the pendulum in one complete swing from left to right.
Consolidation
4 Street parking outside a small shopping centre is in the form of 14 diagonal car spaces, each
on an angle of 60 to the kerb. Each car space is 1.5 m wide and extends 3 m into the road
from the kerb. Calculate the total parking area.
5 A framed print measures 80 cm by 65 cm. The frame is 5 cm wide. Find the area of the
unframed print.
a A =
=
= 5700 m
2
b Number of sheep = 5700 15
= 380
c Value of sheep = $125 380
= $47 500
E
G
+
S
50 m
60 m
140 m
Solutions
h
2
--- a b + ( )
60
2
------ 50 140 + ( )
Exercise 5.10
1.5 m
60
3 m
6 A roundabout is to be constructed at a busy road intersection. It is to have a diameter of
4.6 m and the road around it is to be 5.2 m wide. Calculate the area of the road, not including
the roundabout. Answer correct to the nearest square metre.
7 A stained-glass window consists of a semicircle above a rectangle. The total height of the
window is 1.6 m and the width is 50 cm.
a Calculate the total area of glass required for 4 windows, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Find the cost if stained glass costs $312 per square metre.
8 The four walls and ceiling in Robyns bedroom are to be painted. The dimensions of her
room are: length 4500 mm, width 3100 mm, height 2700 mm. The total area of the door
and windows is 6.3 m
2
.
a Calculate, in square metres, the total area that is to be painted.
b How many litres of paint are needed if 1 L of paint covers an area of 5 m
2
?
9 The council is to lay an 80 cm wide footpath down one side of a 320 m long street. There
is a 5 m wide side street every 60 m.
a How many side streets are there?
b Find the total area of the footpath.
c Calculate the cost of laying the path if concrete and labour costs amount to $12 per
square metre.
10 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the radius of a circle whose area is equal to that of a
rhombus with diagonals 18 mm and 13 mm.
11 A 5 m wide running track consists of
two straight sections each 100 m long
and a semicircular section at each end
with an inner radius of 32 m. Calculate
the area of the running track, correct to
the nearest square metre.
12 Carpet is to be laid in the lounge room, dining
room and games room of this house. Find:
a the total area to be carpeted
b the cost of carpeting these rooms at
$22.50 per square metre
13 A farmer intends to buy this area of land
situated between two parallel highways
2.4 km apart with frontages of 1.1 km and
3.7 km.
a Calculate, in hectares, the area of the
farm.
b Find the cost of the farm at $1400 per hectare.
3
2

m
100 m
4.8 m
4.8 m
11.4 m
6.2 m
4.5 m
2.1 m
2.4
km
3.7 km
1.1 km
F
O
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O
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W
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K
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M
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M
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A
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F
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O
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K
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N
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M
A
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M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
14 A swimming pool measures 12 m by 7 m and has a
heated spa of diameter 3 m at one end. The pool and
spa is surrounded by a 1 m wide tiled path. Calculate
the total area of the path, correct to 1 decimal place.
15 What fraction of this rectangle
has been shaded?
16 a Calculate the area of this figure and hence show that it is
independent of .
b How could you explain this result without actually finding the
area?
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
12 m
7 m
3 m
16 cm
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
F
O
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U
S

O
N

W
O
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K
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G

M
A
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M
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A
L
L
Y
F
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S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
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M
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A
L
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Introduction
In this activity we will work from tabulated data to compare the sizes of the planets in the solar
system and their distances from the Sun. The nine planets revolve around the Sun in elliptical
paths which approximate circles. It is interesting that the planets all lie in nearly the same plane.
You might first like to check out an atlas or the solar system exploration home page of NASA
to get a good look.
The table below shows the diameters (at the equator) and the average distance of each planet
from the Sun in the solar system. Distances are given in millions of kilometres.
* The mean distance from the centre of the Earth to the centre of the Sun is called an
Astronomical Unit (symbol AU).
1 AU = 150 million kilometres = 1.5 10
8
km
This is a convenient yardstick for measuring distance between objects in the solar system, and
is very useful in solving equations of planetary motion.
1 Using a calculator, work out the ratio of the diameter of the Sun to the diameter of the Earth
(nearest whole number).
If the diameter of Earth was 1 m, what would be the diameter of the Sun? Does this surprise
you?
2 Compare the diameters of the nine planets in the table. (You might like to multiply each
diameter by 1000 to make it easier.)
3 Which planets are close to each other in size? Which planet is the smallest? the largest?
Draw a graph to illustrate your findings.
Planet Diameter Average distance from Sun
Sun 1.4 0
Mercury 0.0049 58
Venus 0.012 108
Earth 0.013 150 (1 AU)*
Mars 0.068 228
Jupiter 0.14 778
Saturn 0.12 1429
Uranus 0.047 2871
Neptune 0.045 4504
Pluto 0.0023 5914
2
F
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W
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K
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M
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M
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F
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W
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K
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N
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M
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A
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4 Which planet is nearest to Earth? How far away is it?
5 The planets are shown in the order of their distance in millions of km from the Sun. Draw
up a table and convert these distances to AU. What do you notice?
6 On 27 August 2003, Mars was at its closest point to Earth in approximately 70 000 years.
It was just 55.76 million km away. How much closer was it? Why such a long time gap?
CHAL L ENGE
In this activity take the speed of light to be 3 10
5
km/s, and use the data in the table as you
need it.
1 The length of Jupiters year is 4333 days. How many Earth years does this correspond to?
Describe in words what the Jupiter year means.
2 Calculate the average speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun in km/h, given that the
length of the orbit is 942 million km. Does the answer surprise you?
3 How long would it take a ray of light from the Sun to reach Earth?
4 A light year is defined as the distance light travels in 1 year. It is a unit of distance used
in astronomy. Calculate the distance that light travels in 1 year in km and convert it to AU.
5 The Sun is relatively close to us when compared to the other stars of our galaxy. Discuss
with your teacher or classmate how long it would take for light to reach us from Alpha
Centauri, the nearest star (after our Sun), if it is about 4 light years away. What does this
imply in terms of time when we study the stars?
NOTE: You can see Alpha Centauri in the south in the night sky. It is the lower of the two
Pointers to the constellation of the Southern Cross.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
1 What have you learned about the solar system in these activities? Write a summary of what
has surprised you about our solar system and space to the stars beyond.
2 What do you think is the most important thing for humans to find out next about the solar
system in which we live? Can mathematics help?
REFL ECTI NG
Reflect on how important a role mathematics has played in sending spacecraft to the Moon
(relatively close), to Mars and to the outer planets. You might like to check out the NASA
website <www.nasa.gov/> to see the extent of mathematics in learning about our solar system,
our galaxy and the universe beyond.
8
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3
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1 Choose the most appropriate unit that
could be used to measure:
a the time needed to boil an egg
b the distance between Australia and
the United States
c the mass of a light bulb
d the length of an eyelash
e the capacity of an eyedropper
f the mass of a washing machine
g the time needed to drive from Sydney
to Newcastle
h the capacity of a petrol tanker
2 Convert:
a 410 cm to m b 2.3 km to m
c 106 mm to cm d 52 cm to m
e 75 m to km f 0.06 cm to mm
g 3480 cm to m h 0.02 m to cm
3 Convert:
a 3.9 m to mm b 0.56 km to cm
4 Convert:
a 3640 kg to t b 1.8 g to mg
c 0.9 t to kg d 310 g to kg
e 86 g to mg f 0.003 t to kg
5 Convert:
a 1670 mL to L b 1.4 kL to L
c 420 L to kL d 5.671 L to mL
e 0.0087 kL to L f 59 mL to L
6 Complete each of these area conversions.
a 6 cm
2
= mm
2
b 3.9 m
2
= cm
2
c 580 mm
2
= cm
2
d 0.004 km
2
= m
2
e 72 000 cm
2
= m
2
f 41 000 m
2
= km
2
7 Convert:
a 8 ha to m
2
b 45 000 m
2
to ha
c 0.64 ha to m
2
d 7310 m
2
to ha
8 Within what limits are the following
instruments accurate?
a A speedometer with 10 km/h
markings.
b A dressmakers tape with 1 cm
markings.
c An altimeter marked in intervals of
1000 m.
1 What do the following prefixes mean:
centi-, milli-, kilo-?
2 Write the following in words:
100 mg 10 = 1 g.
3 Explain the difference between accuracy
and precision.
4 What is the mass of an object?
entry for estimate:
estimate verb 1. to roughly work out the value, size
or other qualities: We estimated the cost to be $20.
noun 2. a rough judgment: I think it will take two
hours to get there, but its only an estimate.
Word family: estimation noun
Why are good estimates important in
business and in science?
C
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9 Within what limits will each of these
measurements lie?
a The mass of a tomato is 80 g, correct
to the nearest 10 g.
b The age of an ancient vase is
2800 years, correct to the nearest
100 years.
c The length of a dragonfly is 36 mm,
correct to the nearest mm.
10 State the upper and lower bounds for each
measurement.
a 9 mm b 206 L
c 1.8 g d 17.1 m
11 Convert:
a 4 min to s b 1 days to h
c 90 min to h d h to min
e 75 s to min f 216 h to days
12 a Express 2 h 23 min 42 s in hours
b Express 7.205 h in hours, minutes and
seconds.
13 Simplify, using the degrees and minutes
key on your calculator:
a 4 h 23 min 1 h 38 min
b 45 min 12
14 Express each of these in 24-hour time.
a 5 am b 9 pm
c 1:50 am d 11:26 pm
15 Express each of these 24-hour times in
standard 12-hour time.
a 0800 h b 1400 h
c 0620 h d 2238 h
16 How long is it in hours and minutes
between 9:25 pm Monday and 4:10 am
Tuesday?
17 Nicoles average stride when jogging is
57 cm. How many strides will she take in
running a distance of 2.5 km? Answer
correct to the nearest 100 strides.
18 Find the mass in kilograms of 820
bananas if each banana has an average
mass of 93 g.
19 How many 350 g bags of popcorn can be
filled to the top from a machine that holds
25 kg of popcorn?
20 An empty industrial water tank is filled at
the rate of 75 L/min. How long, in hours
and minutes, will it take to fill the tank if
it has a capacity of 12 kL?
21 Warwick needs to take 15 mL of his
medicine four times a day for 3 weeks.
Find, in litres, the amount of medicine
that he must take in order to finish the
course.
22 Calculate the perimeter of this figure.
(All measurements are in millimetres.)
23 Find the side length of a rhombus whose
perimeter is equal to that of an equilateral
triangle of side 9.6 m.
24 A rug measuring 4.6 m by 5.4 m is placed
in the centre of a lounge room floor. The
rug is 180 cm away from the wall on each
side. Find the perimeter of the lounge
room.
2
3
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3
5
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1.9
8.1
3.6
13.8
15.7
6.4
9.2
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25 Which triangle is right-angled? Why?
26 Find the value of the pronumeral in each
of these. Answer correct to 1 decimal
place where necessary.
27 a In FGH, H = 90, FG = 38 mm
and GH = 20 mm. Find the length of
FH, correct to 2 decimal places.
b In XYZ, X = 90, XY = 72 mm and
XZ = 41 mm. Find the length of YZ,
28 Find values for x and y.
29 Calculate the total perimeter of each
figure.
a
b
30 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the
circumference of a circle with:
a diameter 16 cm b radius 51 cm
31 a Find, correct to 2 decimal places,
the diameter of a circle with
circumference 54 cm.
b Find, correct to 3 significant
figures, the radius of a circle with
circumference 61 cm.
32 The diameter of a bicycle wheel is 46 cm.
How many complete revolutions are
needed for a girl to cycle 2 km to school?
33 Calculate the total perimeter of each
figure, correct to 1 decimal place.
12
34
37
A B 20
21
29
a b 36 cm
15
cm
k cm
21
cm
65
cm
t cm
1.2 3
3.4
y
x
28 cm
91 cm
60 cm
P Q
S R
PR = 11.2 cm
QS = 38.4 cm
22 mm a b
6 mm
80
c
9.4 mm
140
d
2
0

m
m
1
3

m
m
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34 Calculate the area of each figure.
35 a Find the area of a square whose
perimeter is 76 cm.
b Find the perimeter of a square whose
area is 169 cm
2
.
36 a Find the perimeter of a rectangle
whose area is 84 cm
2
and width is
6 cm.
b Find the area of a rectangle whose
perimeter is 71 cm and length is
22.5 cm.
37 Determine the area of a rectangle whose
length is 8.4 m and diagonals are 9.1 m.
of these.
39 Find, correct to 2 decimal places, the area
of a circle whose:
a radius is 11 cm
b diameter is 13 cm
40 a Find the exact area of a circle whose
circumference is 14 cm.
b Find the exact circumference of a
circle whose area is 25 cm
2
.
41 Find the total area of each figure.
a
b
8

m
1
3
.
5

m
a b
21 m
18.4 m
c d
25 m
9.2 m
7 m
12 m
e f
6.3 m
10 m
15.9 m
27.6 m
19 m
15 cm
k cm
y cm
a b
8 cm
19 cm
Area = 135 cm
2
Area = 120 cm
2
AC = 12.3 m, BF = 7.8 m,
DE = 8.4 m
B
A C
F
E
D
13 m
14.5 m
4.6 m
8.2 m
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42 Find the shaded area in each of these,
correct to 1 decimal place.
a
b
c
43 Steven wants to lay new turf in his
backyard.
a Determine the area of Steves
backyard.
b Calculate the cost of returfing if the
grass costs $21.40 per square metre.
24 cm
16 cm
15 cm
30 cm
18.5 cm
WY = 9 cm, XZ = 13.4 cm
3
c
m
W
X
Z
Y
14.6 m
4 m
2 m
5 m
16.9 m
211
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
read, interpret and draw a variety of graphs
construct and interpret frequency distribution tables, frequency histograms,
frequency polygons, dot plots, and stem and leaf plots
calculate the mean, median, mode and range of a set of scores
calculate the mean, median, mode and range of the scores in a frequency table,
frequency histogram, frequency polygon, dot plot and stem and leaf plot
solve problems involving the mean, median, mode and range
interpret the data in the cumulative frequency column of a frequency table
use the cumulative frequency column in a frequency table to find the median
construct and interpret a cumulative frequency histogram and a cumulative
frequency polygon (ogive)
use a cumulative frequency polygon to find the median
construct and interpret frequency distribution tables, frequency histograms and
frequency polygons for grouped data
find the approximate mean of a set of grouped data using the class centres
find the modal class of a set of grouped data.
Data
representation
and analysis
6
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Graphs are used to represent both numerical and categorical data in a way that makes the data
easier to understand and analyse. A graph must have a title, the axes must be clearly labelled
and the scale chosen must be appropriate. If the scale is inconsistent or incomplete, the graph
can be misleading. These techniques are often used deliberately to give a false impression about
the data.
This table shows the survey results of a
group of 60 men and 60 women who were
asked to state their preferred non-alcoholic
drink. The graphs below illustrate some or
all of the data in the table.
Column graph
A column graph consists of a number of vertical columns, which may be either separate or
joined. The data (either numerical or non-numerical) is marked on the horizontal axis and the
frequency or number is marked on the vertical axis. Column graphs may also use multiple
columns or stacked columns to compare two or more quantities.
6.1 Graphs
Preferred drink Men Women
Water 14 15
Juice 8 7
Soft drink 12 10
Tea 11 16
Coffee 15 12
Key:
Men
Women
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Water Juice Soft Tea Coffee
drink
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

p
e
o
p
l
e
Drink
Preferred drinks Preferred drinks
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
drink
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

p
e
o
p
l
e
Drink
Chapt er 6: Data representation and analysis 213
Bar graph
A bar graph is a column graph that
has been drawn on its side. The data
is marked on the vertical axis and the
frequency is marked on the horizontal
axis. Like column graphs, bar graphs
are often used to represent non-
numerical data.
Divided bar graph
A divided bar graph consists of a large rectangle divided into smaller rectangles. The lengths
of the small rectangles are in proportion to the sizes of the categories. The scale used is
1 drink = 2 mm.
Line graph
A line graph is usually used to compare two
sets of numerical data, such as temperature
versus time, but it can also be used to represent
non-numerical data. It consists of a series of
line segments. Line graphs are often used to
extrapolate information. This is done by
extending the graph and making predictions
based on a trend. This is particularly important
in areas such as business and finance. Line
graphs are also used to interpolate information.
This is done by taking a limited number of
readings, drawing a line graph, then reading off
values between the original points. This
technique is used in areas such as science and
health care.
Mens preferred drink
Water Juice Soft drink Tea Coffee
0 4 8 12 16 20
Coffee
Tea
Soft drink
Juice
Water
Key:
Women
Men
Number of people
D
r
i
n
k
Preferred drinks
0
4
8
12
16
20
drink
Key:
Women
Men
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

p
e
o
p
l
e
Drink
Preferred drinks
Picture graph
A picture graph is a simple graph in which a picture
or symbol is used a number of times to represent the
data. A key is used to explain the meaning of the
symbol. Picture graphs are visually appealing, with
the picture related in some way to the data.
Sector graph
A sector graph or pie chart consists of a
circle that has been divided into sectors. The
sizes of the sectors are in proportion to the
sizes of the categories. The size of the data in
each sector can be worked out by measuring
the central angles.
Radar chart
A radar chart is used to plot changes
in quantities, such as temperature or
water level over a period of time.
It can also be used to compare two
sets of data.
Water
Juice
Soft drink
Tea
Coffee
Key:
= 2 women
Womens preferred drink
Key:
Water
Juice
Soft drink
Tea
Coffee
Womens preferred drink
Key:
Women
Men
Coffee
Tea Soft drink
Juice
Water
16
12
8
4
0
Preferred drinks
1 This bar graph shows the numbers of burgers sold at a McDonalds restaurant in a
30-minute period.
a Which burger was the most popular?
b Which was the least popular burger?
c 22 of which burger were sold during this time?
d Calculate the total number of burgers sold.
e What percentage of sales were Fillet of fish?
f What was the average number of burgers sold per minute?
2 Penelope and Darlene are identical twins. Being very competitive, they decided to graph
their final Year 10 results and compare their performance in each subject.
a Which girl was better at
Mathematics?
b Which was Darlenes best
subject?
c In which subject was the
difference between their
marks most noticeable?
d In which subject did
Penelope score 77%?
e By how many marks did
Penelope beat Darlene
in geography?
f Does the graph give a
false impression about the
girls performance in one
particular subject?
Explain.
Exercise 6.1
0 10 20 30 40
Cheeseburger
McChicken
Fillet of fish
Quarter pounder
Big Mac
Number of burgers sold
B
u
r
g
e
r
s
McDonalds burger sales
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
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i
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s
E
n
g
l
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s
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H
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s
t
o
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y
G
e
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r
a
p
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y
A
r
t
F
r
e
n
c
h
Key:
Penelope
Darlene
M
a
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k
s
Subjects
Final Year 10 results
3 This three-dimensional
column graph shows the
number of hours worked last
week by Dave and Diane.
a Why does the graph look
as though the tops of the
columns do not reach the
lines? Do they?
b How many hours did
Dianne work on
Monday?
c How many hours did
Dave work on Tuesday?
d Who worked the longest
day during the week?
e Who worked the most hours last week, and by how much?
f Who worked for 7 hours on one day? Which day was that?
Consolidation
4 A group of 60 girls and 60 boys were
asked to state their favourite clothing
colour. This stacked column graph
shows their responses.
a What was the most popular
colour overall?
b What colour was most
favoured by:
i girls? ii boys?
c How many more boys than girls
preferred green clothing?
d Which colour was favoured
equally by both boys and girls?
e Which colour was preferred by
exactly 7 boys?
f Of those who preferred red
clothing, what fraction were
girls?
Key:
Diane
Dave
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Day
Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs. Fri.
12
10
8
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Working hours
0
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24
28
32
36
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Key:
girls
boys
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Colour
Favourite clothing colour
5 Draw a column graph to represent the following television viewing habits. Write the
channels on the horizontal axis and the percentage of viewers on the vertical axis.
6 A group of 300 people were surveyed to find their favourite sport. The results are recorded
in this divided bar graph.
a Complete this scale for the graph: 1 mm = __ people.
b Which sport was the most popular?
c How many people named basketball as their favourite sport?
d What fraction of those surveyed said cricket was their favourite sport?
e What percentage of respondents voted for hockey?
7 A group of 200 retirees listed the following activities as hobbies. Draw a divided bar graph
to represent this information. Use a scale of 1 person = 2 mm.
8 This graph shows the number of children who
played junior soccer in Melbart from 1998 to 2003.
a What type of graph is this?
b How many children played soccer in:
i 2000? ii 1999?
c How many more children played soccer in 2003
than 2002?
d In which years did the number of children
playing soccer decline?
e In which year(s) did the greatest increase in
participation occur?
f In which year did 70 000 children play soccer?
Type of service Free to air
Pay TV
Channel SBS 2 7 9 10
% of view 8 12 18 21 15 26
Favourite sports
Basketball Rugby league Tennis
Hobby Gardening TV/video Reading Bushwalking Music
Number of people 33 45 42 52 28
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Year Number of players
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Key:
= 20 000 players
Soccer registrations
9 This line graph shows the amount of petrol in the tank of a car.
a How much petrol was
originally in the tank?
b What happened at 10 am
and 1 pm?
c What is the capacity of the
petrol tank? How do you
know?
d At what times did the tank
contain 14 L of petrol?
e How much petrol was in
the tank at 12:30 pm?
f How much petrol did the
car use between 10 am and
1 pm?
g How much petrol was used
between 3 pm and 4 pm?
What does this mean?
h Between what times was the car probably travelling with the greatest speed? How can
you tell?
10 The height of a 50-storey building was regularly recorded during construction as a
measure of progress. Draw a line graph to represent the data with a horizontal scale of
1 cm = 4 months and a vertical scale of 1 cm = 4 storeys.
11 This sector graph illustrates the
number of houses constructed by
Knockemdown Constructions in
Sydney and the Central Coast.
a What other name is given to a
sector graph?
b In which region does the
company build the:
i most houses?
ii least houses?
c If 45 houses were built
altogether, how many of these
were in the southern suburbs?
d How many houses did the company build on the Central Coast?
e What percentage of the houses were built in the northern suburbs?
f What fraction of the total number of houses were built outside of Sydney?
Time in months 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Storeys completed 0 1 5 12 19 26 32 38 40 44 48 50
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
noon
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am Time pm
Petrol consumption graph
Key:
Northern suburbs
Eastern suburbs
Western suburbs
Southern suburbs
Inner city
Central coast
Houses built by
Knockemdown Constructions
12 At Esperanto High School, every student in Year 8 must study a language. The table below
shows the number of students who studied each of the four languages that were offered.
Draw a sector graph with a radius of 3 cm to represent this data.
13 A computer store manager drew this radar
chart to compare the performance of his
salespeople. The graph shows the number of
computers sold during May by each employee.
a How many computers were sold last
month by Harriet?
b Who sold 28 computers?
c Who sold the most computers? How many
did they sell?
d Who sold the least? How many did they sell?
e How many more computers did Allan sell than Vijay?
Once data has been collected, it must then be organised into a table or graph so that it can be
analysed. In Year 8 you learned to organise statistical data into a frequency distribution table,
histogram, polygon, dot plot and stem and leaf plot. The data in the diagrams below relate to
the number of cars per household in a small street.
The frequency distribution table
In a frequency distribution table:
the scores are placed in the left-hand column
a tally column may be used to enter the scores
one at a time
the frequency indicates the number of times
that each score occurs.
Language French Spanish Cantonese Japanese
Number of students 42 29 11 38
Janine Vijay
Max Harriet
Allan
Nerida
35
30
25
20
15
Employees sales in May
6.2 Organising data
Score Tally Frequency
0 | | | | 4
1 | | | | | | | | 9
2 | | | | | | | | | | 12
3 | | | | 5
4 | | 2
f =
32
The frequency histogram
The frequency histogram is a type of column
graph. In a histogram:
the scores are placed on the horizontal axis
the frequencies are shown on the vertical
axis
the columns straddle the scores and are
drawn next to each other without a gap
a space of half the width of one column is
left on the horizontal axis before the rst
column is drawn.
The frequency
polygon
The frequency polygon is a type of line
graph. In a polygon:
the scores are placed on the horizontal
axis
the frequencies are shown on the
vertical axis
the polygon begins and ends on the
horizontal axis
the rst score is marked one full unit away from the vertical axis.
When a polygon and histogram are drawn on
the same set of axes, the polygon joins the
midpoints of the tops of the columns. The area
under the histogram is equal to the area under
the polygon.
The dot plot
The dot plot is a simplified version of the
histogram. In the dot plot:
the scores are placed along a horizontal line
one dot is placed above the score in a vertical
line each time that score occurs.
Clusters or bunches are easily seen, as well as
any outliers, that is, scores that are a long way from the other scores.
0
4
8
12
0 1 2 3 4
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Score
0
4
8
12
0 1 2 3 4
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Score
0
4
8
12
0 1 2 3 4
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Score
0 1 2 3 4
Score
The stem and leaf plot
The stem and leaf plot is similar to a histogram that has been drawn on its
side, except that the rows are made up of digits. In the stem and leaf plot:
the rst part of each score is called the stem, and is written on the
left-hand side of the plot
the remaining part of the number is called the leaf, and is written on
the right-hand side of the plot.
For example, the ordered stem and leaf plot above shows the scores 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 38, 44,
47, 48, 51, 53.
When a large number of scores begin with the same digit(s), the scores
can be written in class intervals of 5. For example, this stem and leaf plot
shows the scores 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 89.
Example 1
A fruit grower delivered his bananas to the market. The crates were then opened and the
contents of each crate were counted. The number of bananas per crate is shown below.
Show this data in a:
a frequency distribution table b frequency histogram
c frequency polygon d dot plot
78 78 81 76 83 82 80 79 77 78 83 78
81 82 83 76 79 78 76 77 80 82 82 83
78 80 76 81 83 78 78 77 76 82 81 80
Solutions
Stem Leaf
2
3
4
5
8 9
2 5 6 8
4 7 8
1 3
Stem Leaf
7
(0)
7
(5)
8
(0)
8
(5)
0 1 4
5 7 7 8
0 1 2 3 4
7 9
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+
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0
2
4
6
8
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
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Number of bananas
a b
Number of
bananas Tally Frequency
76 | | | | 5
77 | | | 3
78 | | | | | | | 8
79 | | 2
80 | | | | 4
81 | | | | 4
82 | | | | 5
83 | | | | 5
f =
36
c
d
Example 2
The stem and leaf plot shows the essay marks out of 25 for a
group of Year 9 history students.
a How many students are in the class?
b Write down the highest and lowest marks.
c How many students scored more than 60%?
Solutions
a To find the number of students, count the leaves. There are 28 students in the class.
b The highest mark was 24 and the lowest mark was 3.
c 60% 25 = 15. There are 16 students with a mark greater than 15.
1 a Copy and complete this frequency
distribution table.
b Draw a frequency histogram and
polygon on the same set of axes to
illustrate the data.
0
2
4
6
8
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
F
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q
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c
y
Number of bananas
76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83
Number of bananas
Stem Leaf
0
(0)
0
(5)
1
(0)
1
(5)
2
(0)
3 4
8 9 9
2 2 3 4 4 4
5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8
0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 4
E
G
+
S
Exercise 6.2
12 | | |
13 | | | |
14 | | | |
15 | | | | | | |
16 | | | | | |
17 | |
f =
2 A teacher marked his Year 9 students essays out of 10 and posted the following results.
9 4 6 4 8 5 7 6
8 8 6 3 9 6 6 6
7 2 3 10 5 7 6 9
a Organise the data into a frequency distribution table with score, tally and frequency
columns.
b How many students handed in an essay?
c What were the highest and lowest scores?
d What mark was scored by most students?
e What percentage of students scored 6 out of 10?
Consolidation
3 The histogram shows Keiths mobile phone
call times last week, in minutes.
a How many calls lasted for 4 minutes?
b For how many calls did he talk for
3 minutes or less?
c How many telephone calls did he make?
d Draw a frequency polygon to illustrate
the data.
4 A community group was surveyed
to find out the number of pets that
each family owned. The results of
the survey were recorded in this
frequency polygon.
a What is the greatest number of
pets in any family?
b What was the most typical
number of pets per family?
c How many families had
exactly 2 pets?
d What percentage of families
had more than 2 pets?
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Length of call (min)
Keiths mobile phone calls
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5
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Number of pets
Family pets
5
a Copy and complete this frequency table using the data in the dot plot.
b What fraction of the scores are either even or divisible by 3?
c Show this data on a frequency histogram and polygon.
6 40 boxes of matches were opened and their contents counted to check the accuracy of an
automatic packing machine in a factory. The number of matches in each box is given below.
54 49 52 50 51 50 48 49 49 51
53 50 50 51 49 47 52 50 50 50
51 52 48 49 47 50 52 53 54 48
48 47 48 47 49 50 51 50 52 55
a Draw a dot plot to illustrate this data.
b How many matches do you think were supposed to be in each box?
7 Study each of the dot plots below.
i Are there any clusters? If so, where? ii Are there any outliers?
a b
8 Arrange the data in this stem and leaf plot into an ordered
stem and leaf plot.
9 The stem and leaf plot shows the number of seeds per
watermelon in a batch of watermelons.
a How many watermelons are there?
b What was the maximum number of seeds found
in a single watermelon?
c What was the most typical number of seeds in a watermelon?
d In what percentage of the watermelons were there less than 50 seeds?
Score 20 21 22 23 24 25
Frequency
20 21 22 23 24 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Stem Leaf
10
11
12
13
14
6 4 9 3
7 8 4 2 7 1
8 5 2 0 8 6 1 9 3
7 6 7 2 4 1 0
5 6 0 9 1 4
Stem Leaf
3
4
5
6
1 2 5 6 7
0 3 3 4 7 8 8
2 2 2 2 5 7 7 9
4 4 5 6 8
10 The stem and leaf plot shows the maximum daily
temperatures in an outer Sydney suburb during one month.
a Find the difference between the highest and lowest
temperatures in the table.
b On how many days was the temperature in the 20s?
c In which season do you think these temperatures were
taken?
11 50 students from Barnsley High School aged from 12 to 17 years were invited to take part
in a swimming carnival. The number of 13 year olds was 2 more than the number of 12 year
olds. The number of 14 year olds was 3 times the number of 12 year olds. The number of
15 year olds was twice the number of 14 year olds. There were equal numbers of 13 year
olds and 17 year olds and there were twice as many 16 year olds as 17 year olds.
a Find the number of students that were invited from each age group and hence complete
this frequency table.
b Which age group had the highest representation?
c Find the average age of the swimming squad, correct to 1 decimal place.
Measures of central tendency
When data has been collected and organised into a table or graph, the next step is to analyse
this information. We can try to find a value that is typical or representative of the data. In
particular, we often speak of an average; however, the term average is frequently used
incorrectly. Depending on the context, the word average may refer to the middle score (i.e. the
median), the score that occurs most frequently (i.e. the mode) or to the sum of the scores divided
by the number of scores (i.e. the mean). Each of these measures is central to the data in some
sense. Hence, they are called measures of central tendency.
The mean
The mean is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores. The symbol for the mean
is .
Age 12 13 14 15 16 17
Number of students
Stem Leaf
0
(5)
1
(0)
1
(5)
2
(0)
2
(5)
7 8 8 9
0 2 3 3 3 4
5 5 5 6 6 7 8 8 9
1 1 2 3 4 4
5 6 7 7 9
6.3 Analysing data
x
NOTE: These steps may vary for different calculators.
The median
When a set of scores has been arranged in ascending order, the median is the number in the
middle; that is, the number of scores below it is equal to the number of scores above it. The
median is equal to the middle score if the number of scores is odd, or to the average of the two
middle scores if the number of scores is even.
Mean ( ) =
i.e. = where is the mean
x is the sum of the scores

n is the number of scores
x
sum of the scores
number of scores
--------------------------------------------
x

x
n
---------
x
The mean of the data in a frequency distribution table is given by:
= where is the mean
f x is the sum of the scores
f is the number of scores

x

fx
f
-------------
x
To find the mean of a large number of multiple scores using a calculator:
set the calculator to statistics mode (SD)
clear the statistics memory by pressing
enter multiple scores by pressing score frequency (or score
frequency depending on the calculator)
repeat this until all of the scores have been entered
press the mean key .
2ndF AC
M+ 2ndF '
M+
x
When a set of n scores has been arranged in ascending order, the median is:
the th score if n is odd
the average of the th and th scores if n is even.
n 1 +
2
------------

n
2
---
n
2
--- 1 +

The mode
The mode is the score with the highest frequency. That is, it is the score that occurs more times
than any other. If a set of scores has two or more scores each with the highest frequency, then
there would be two or more modes.
Measure of spread
Measure of spread refers to the way in which data is spread out or clustered together. The
simplest measure of spread is the range. This tells us the difference between the highest and
lowest scores but only shows the extreme values in a distribution. It does not tell us whether
the scores bunch up or how spread out they might be relative to each other. In Year 10 you will
examine other measures of spread that give this information.
Example 1
Find the mean of 3, 8, 2, 5, 7, 1, 5, 1.
Solution
Mean =
=
=
= 4
Example 2
Copy and complete this frequency distribution table, then find the mean, correct to
2 decimal places.
Score (x) Tally Frequency ( f ) fx
7 | | | |
8 | | | | | |
9 | | | | | | | |
10 | | |
11 | | | | |
12 | |
Totals =
The mode is the score with the highest frequency.
Range = highest score lowest score.
E
G
+
S
sum of the scores
number of scores
-----------------------------------------
3 8 2 5 7 1 5 1 + + + + + + +
8
--------------------------------------------------------------------
32
8
------
E
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+
S
Solution
Example 3
Find the mean of these scores, correct to 2 decimal places.
Solution
Set the calculator to statistics mode and clear the memory. Enter the scores as either:
1 8 2 7 3 12 4 10
or 1 8 2 7 3 12 4 10
Press the mean key . Answer: x = 2.65 (2 decimal places)
Example 4
Find the median of each set of scores.
a 12, 17, 13, 19, 8, 23, 10 b 42, 18, 36, 14, 29, 7
Solutions
a In ascending order, the scores are 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19, 23. There are an odd number of
scores and the middle score is 13. Therefore, the median is 13.
b In ascending order, the scores are 7, 14, 18, 29, 36, 42. There are an even number of scores
and the two middle scores are 18 and 29. The median is the number that lies halfway
between 18 and 29. Median =
= 23.5
Score (x) Tally Frequency ( f ) fx
=
=
= 9.19
(2 decimal
places)
7 | | | | 4 28
8 | | | | | | 7 56
9 | | | | | | | | 10 90
10 | | | 3 30
11 | | | | | 6 66
12 | | 2 24
f = 32
f x = 294
Score 1 2 3 4
Frequency 8 7 12 10
x

fx
f
-------------
294
32
---------
E
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+
S
M+ M+ M+ M+
2ndF ' M+ 2ndF ' M+ 2ndF ' M+ 2ndF ' M+
x
E
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+
S
18 29 +
2
------------------
Example 5
Find the mode of each set of scores.
a 3, 7, 9, 7, 8, 2, 4, 7 b 15, 26, 17, 15, 20, 17, 11
Solutions
a There are more 7s than any other score. Therefore, 7 is the mode.
b There are two 15s and two 17s, which is more than any other score. Therefore, 15 and 17
are both modes.
Example 6
Find the range of the scores 19, 52, 37, 66, 102, 36, 99.
Solution
Range = highest score lowest score
= 102 19
= 83
1 Find the mean of each set of scores, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
a 9, 7, 10, 3, 6, 5 b 14, 19, 11, 14, 20, 16, 17
c 37, 61, 72, 90, 83, 55, 46, 12 d 21.6, 22.3, 20.9, 25.2, 29.4
e 42.9, 50.1, 36.5, 62.7, 31.2, 53.8 f 5, 2, 8, 4, 3, 7, 0, 9
2 Find the median of each set of scores.
a 20, 34, 17, 15, 41, 38, 9 b 7, 6, 1, 9, 4, 10, 3, 4, 12
c 182, 101, 147, 118, 132 d 12.3, 6.8, 11.4, 19.1, 17.5, 14.8, 20.2
e 8, 5, 2, 10, 6, 6 f 29, 46, 72, 51, 18, 40, 67, 33
g 4, 9, 8, 3, 9, 7, 0, 4, 7, 3 h 17.6, 13.5, 14.1, 8.2, 19.7, 10.4
3 Find the mode of each set of scores.
a 3, 8, 6, 1, 8, 4, 9 b 14, 16, 11, 10, 18, 11, 17, 5
c 42, 37, 39, 42, 30, 39, 21, 45 d 106, 110, 106, 103, 110, 110, 106
4 Find the range of each set of scores.
a 5, 9, 4, 8, 2, 10 b 21, 13, 17, 25, 19, 8, 23
c 9.4, 7.2, 6.6, 8.7, 1.5 d 3, 9, 4, 7, 0, 2, 11
E
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+
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E
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+
S
Exercise 6.3
Consolidation
5 Find the mean, median, mode and range for each set of scores, correct to 1 decimal place
where necessary.
a 36, 30, 37, 38, 30, 31, 34 b 213, 251, 240, 239, 251, 295, 201
c 5.9, 15.3, 20.6, 5.9, 18.7, 5.9 d 46, 17, 0, 3, 75, 31, 20, 64
6 Use your calculator to find the mean of each set of scores, correct to 2 decimal places.
7 Find the median, mode and range of each set of scores in Q6.
8 How many scores are in a set if:
a the median is the 17th score and there are an odd number of scores?
b the median lies between the 23rd and 24th scores and there are an even number of
scores?
c there are 12 scores below the median and there are an odd number of scores?
d there are 39 scores after the median and there are an even number of scores?
9 Copy and complete these frequency distribution tables, then find the mode and mean,
correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
10 The number of points scored in each game by a soccer team during the season is shown
below.
1 3 2 5 1 0 1 3 2 4 0 1
2 0 1 1 3 2 0 0 1 0 4 2
1 1 3 2 0 1 1 5 3 1 2 1
a Score 1 2 3 4 5 b Score 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency 4 7 9 12 6 Frequency 3 16 4 10 8 11
c Score 48 49 50 51 52 d Score 95 96 97 98 99 100
Frequency 23 15 20 18 21 Frequency 18 10 3 7 3 14
a x Tally f fx b x Tally f fx
10 | | | 54 | | | | | | | |
11 | | | | 55 | | | |
12 | | | | | | 56 | | | | | |
13 | | | | 57 | | |
14 | | | | | | | | 58 | | | | | | | | | | | |
15 | | | | | | | 59 | | | | | | | |
a Organise the data into a frequency distribution table with score (x), tally, frequency (f )
and fx columns.
b Calculate the mean, correct to 1 decimal place.
c Write down the mode.
d Find the median.
e In what percentage of games did the team fail to score? Answer correct to the nearest
whole per cent.
11 Find the mean, mode, median and range for the data shown in each diagram.
12 The students in 9C were given a list of 20 countries and asked to name the capital city of
each. The dot plot shows the number of correct responses by each student.
a Find the mean and mode for the data.
b Which scores could be classified as outliers?
c Find the mean of the scores, excluding the outliers.
13 This stem and leaf plot shows the ages of patients
who arrived after 9 pm at a certain medical centre on
Saturday night.
a How many patients visited the centre?
b What was the most typical age of a patient?
c What was the median age of the patients?
d What was the average age of the patients?
e What was the range of the patients ages?
0
4
8
12
16
20
1 2 3 4 5 6
F
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Score
0
4
8
12
16
20
1 2 3 4 5 6
F
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y
Score
a b
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Score
Stem Leaf
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
8 9
1 2 4 6 7 7
0 1 3 4 5 5 6 8 9
3 4 8 8
2 2 2 4 5 9
0 1 3 3 8
2 5 5 6 7 8
14 The stem and leaf plot shows the heights of children in a
Year 6 class in centimetres.
a Arrange the data into an ordered stem and leaf plot.
b Find the modal height(s).
c What is the range of the students heights?
d Find the median height.
15 The data below shows the number of grapes on each bunch of grapes on sale at a local fruit
shop.
47 36 42 37 45 48 41 35 28
36 33 24 44 32 27 35 31 40
43 47 34 28 38 32 46 33 36
a Arrange the data into a stem and leaf plot with stems 2
(0)
, 2
(5)
, etc.
b What is the modal number of grapes?
c What is the median number of grapes?
16 The maximum temperatures on the first 9 days of July in a small town were:
3C, 4C, 3C, 7C, 5C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 6C
Explain carefully what the temperature could have been on 10 July if for the first 10 days:
a the modal temperature was 3C b the temperature range was 5C
c the median temperature was 4C d the mean temperature was 4C
17 The histogram shows the ages of a group
of children. Each child is aged from 7 to
11 years. Copy and complete the
histogram so that the average age of the
children is exactly 9 years.
Stem Leaf
10
(0)
10
(5)
11
(0)
11
(5)
12
(0)
12
(5)
1 4
7 5 6 9 8 6
4 2 3 2 0 4 4
9 7 8 8 7 6
3 0 1 2 0
5 5 5
0
2
4
6
8
10
7 8 9 10 11
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t
s
Age (years)
Students ages
The mean can be affected by the addition (or subtraction) of scores from a set. When the new
score(s) are well above or well below the mean, the mean may increase or decrease significantly.
Example 1
Solutions
a A set of 13 scores has a mean of
15. Find the sum of the scores.
b A set of scores has a mean of 7 and
a sum of 119. Find the number of
scores.
a x =
15 =
13 13
= 15 13
= 195
The sum of the scores is 195.
b x =
7 =
n n
7n = 119
7 7
n = 17
There are 17 scores.
Example 2
The mean of 3 scores is 14.
If two of the scores are 17
and 9, find the third score.
Solution
x =
14 =
14 =
3 3
42 = x + 26
26 26
x = 16
The third score is 16.
6.4 Problems involving the mean
When a score x is added to a set of scores and x is:
greater than the mean, the mean will increase
less than the mean, the mean will decrease
equal to the mean, the mean will stay the same.
E
G
+
S
x
n
---------
x
13
---------
x
n
---------
119
n
---------
E
G
+
S
x
n
---------
9 17 x + +
3
------------------------
x 26 +
3
---------------
Example 3
Without performing any calculations, state whether a mean of 50 will increase, decrease or
stay the same when a score of:
a 20 is added b 90 is added c 50 is added
Solutions
a The score being added is less than the mean, the mean will decrease.
b The score being added is greater than the mean, the mean will increase.
c The score being added is equal to the mean, the mean will stay the same.
Example 4
The mean of a set of 18 scores is 12. Find the mean of the scores, correct to 2 decimal places,
after a score of 25 is added.
Solution
1 a A set of 5 scores has a sum of 30. Find the mean of the scores.
b The sum of a set of 16 scores is 624. What is the mean of the scores?
c Find the mean of a set of 27 scores whose sum is 788.4.
2 a A set of 9 scores has a mean of 4. Find the sum of the scores.
b The mean of a set of 22 scores is 57. What is the sum of the scores?
c Find the sum of a set of 35 scores whose mean is 12.8.
3 a A set of scores has a mean of 7 and a sum of 28. Find the number of scores.
b The mean of a set of scores is 15 and the sum of the scores is 540. What is the number
of scores?
c Find the number of scores in a set whose mean is 43.6 and sum is 2616.
i Find the sum of the scores before the
extra score is added:
x =
12 =
18 18
= 216
ii After the extra score is added, the sum
of the scores will increase by 25, while
the number of scores will increase by 1.
x =
=
=
= 12.68 (2 decimal places)
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
x
n
---------
x
18
---------
x
n
---------
216 25 +
18 1 +
---------------------
241
19
---------
Exercise 6.4
Consolidation
4 a The mean of a set of three scores is 20. If two of the scores are 35 and 15, find the
3rd score.
b The mean of a set of four scores is 17. If three of the scores are 11, 18 and 23, find the
4th score.
5 A set of 15 scores has a mean of 24. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the new mean after
each of these scores is added to the set.
a 48 b 17 c 24
6 State whether the mean will increase, decrease or stay the same when a score is added to a
set and the score is:
a greater than the mean b less than the mean c equal to the mean
7 A set of 28 scores has a mean of 16. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the new mean after
each of these scores is taken out of the set.
a 40 b 10 c 16
8 State whether the mean will increase, decrease or stay the same when a score is taken out
from a set and the score is:
a greater than the mean b less than the mean c equal to the mean
9 The average weight of a forward in a certain Rugby team is 94 kg. Find the approximate
weight of the forward pack, given that there are 8 forwards in a Rugby team.
10 After 16 games this season, Meeras goal average in netball is 5.5 goals per game. How
many goals has she scored so far this season?
11 The average weight of a baby in a maternity ward is 3.2 kg and the total weight of the babies
is 80 kg. How many babies are there?
12 Makhaya opens the batting for his cricket team. His first four scores this season have been
17, 82, 43 and 35. How many runs must he score in his next innings to have a batting
average of 50?
13 Janine was absent on the day her class sat for a mathematics test. Her teacher marked the
tests that night and found that the class average was 72% for the 29 students who sat for the
test. Janine returned to school the next day and scored 66% on the test.
a What effect will her mark have on the class average? Why?
b Calculate the new average, correct to 1 decimal place.
c The teacher decided that Joelles mark of 18% was an outlier. She decided to work out
the mean again, taking this score out of the calculation. What effect will the loss of this
mark have on the class average? Why?
d Calculate the new average, including Janines mark and excluding Joelles mark.
14 a The mean of a set of 6 scores is 13. After a 7th score is added to the set, the new mean
is then 15. Find the 7th score.
b The mean of a set of 11 scores is 27. After a 12th score is added to the set, the new mean
is then 30. Find the 12th score.
15 a The mean of a set of 19 scores is 31. When one of the scores is taken out of the set, the
new mean is then 29. Find the score that was taken out.
b The mean of a set of 44 scores is 52. When one of the scores is taken out of the set, the
new mean is then 53. Find the score that was taken out.
16 Herschel has an average of 76% on the first four tests of the semester. Find the highest
possible mark he can score this semester if he has two more tests to go and each test
contributes equally towards his report mark.
17 A real estate agent sold 15 houses last month at an average price of $420 000. A second
agent sold 25 houses at an average price of $480 000. What was the average price overall
for the houses sold by these two agents last month?
The cumulative frequency column (cf ) in a frequency distribution table gives a progressive
total of the frequencies. Each cumulative frequency represents the sum of the frequencies for
that score and those scores that are less than it. The cumulative frequency column can be used
to answer questions such as how many scores are less than or equal to 8? It can also be used
to calculate the median.
The English language
Use the skills learned in this chapter to investigate some or all of the following.
a How often is each of the letters of the alphabet used? A newspaper or a novel
would be a great source to test.
b Using your dictionary estimate how many words start with a, b, . . . z.
c What is the average length of a word? Look at words in both adults and childrens
books.
d What is the average number of words in a sentence? Compare words found in
adults and childrens books.
e Can you formulate a rule based on word length that will decide whether a book is
suitable to be read by, for example, a 6-year-old, an 8-year-old or a 12-year-old
child?
TRY THIS
6.5 Cumulative frequency
A frequency histogram and polygon can be drawn using the frequencies as the heights of the
columns. Similarly, a cumulative frequency histogram and cumulative frequency polygon, or
ogive, can be drawn using the cumulative frequencies.
NOTE: The ogive finishes at the top of the last column and is not drawn back down to the
horizontal axis as for the frequency polygon.
The median can also be determined graphically from the ogive.
Example 1
For each of these frequency tables:
i add a cumulative frequency column
ii write down the number of scores that
are less than 4
iii find the median
Solutions
a i
x f
Cumulative
frequency
ii The cumulative frequency for 3 is 17.
There are 17 scores less than 4.
iii There are 49 scores, so the median is the
th, or 25th score. Now, the 24th
score is a 4, so the 25th score is a 5.
The median is 5.
1 3 3
2 5 8
3 9 17
4 7 24
5 12 36
6 13 49
f =
49
To draw an ogive:
draw a cumulative frequency histogram with the columns having heights equal
to the cumulative frequencies of the scores
join the top right-hand corners of the columns with a line graph, starting with the
bottom left-hand corner of the first column.
To find the median of a set of discrete, individual scores from an ogive:
draw a horizontal line from the halfway mark on the vertical axis to the ogive
draw a vertical line down to the horizontal axis
read off the median.
a x f b x f
1 3 1 4
2 5 2 2
3 9 3 9
4 7 4 10
5 12 5 3
6 13 6 2
f =
49
f =
30
E
G
+
S
49 1 +
2
---------------

i
Example 2
Solution
As there are 18 scores, the halfway
mark on the vertical axis is at 9.
The median of the scores in this
distribution is 27.
b i
x f
Cumulative
frequency
ii The cumulative frequency for 3 is 15.
There are 15 scores less than 4.
iii There are 30 scores, so the median lies
halfway between the 15th and 16th scores.
Now, the 15th score is a 3 and the 16th score
is a 4.
The median is 3.5.
1 4 4
2 2 6
3 9 15
4 10 25
5 3 28
6 2 30
f =
30
Draw a cumulative frequency histogram
and ogive for the data in this frequency
distribution table and hence find the
median.
Score Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
25 3 3
26 5 8
27 2 10
28 1 11
29 3 14
30 4 18
f =
18
E
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+
S
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25 26 27 28 29 30
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Score
Cumulative frequency
histogram
Ogive
Halfway point
9
1 Roman programmed his computer to simulate tossing 10 coins 50 times. The results are
shown in the frequency distribution table below.
a Copy and complete this frequency distribution table.
b On how many occasions were there:
i exactly 4 tails? ii 4 tails or less? iii less than 4 tails?
iv exactly 6 tails? v 6 tails or less? vi less than 6 tails?
vii exactly 8 tails? viii 8 tails or less? ix less than 8 tails?
2 Copy and complete these frequency distribution tables, then find the median using the
cumulative frequency column.
Number of
tails Tally
Frequency
( f )
Cumulative
frequency (cf )
2 | | |
3 | | | |
4 | | | | | | | |
5 | | | | | | | | | | | |
6 | | | | | | | | |
7 | | | |
8 | | |
f =
Exercise 6.5
a
Score
(x) Tally f cf
b
Score
(x) Tally f cf
1 | | 100 | |
2 | | | 101 | | | |
3 | | 102 | |
4 | 103
5 104 | | |
6 105 |
7 | 106 | | | |
f =
f =
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | |
Consolidation
3 The number of take-away meals sold each day by a Chinese restaurant is shown below.
18 22 19 25 22 21 20 23 24 18
20 20 21 23 22 24 22 23 21 23
23 22 21 19 20 23 20 22 22 23
24 23 20 19 25 18 23 22 23 23
a Organise this data into a frequency distribution table with score, tally, frequency and
cumulative frequency columns.
b On how many days did the restaurant sell:
i 20 meals? ii less than 24 meals?
iii more than 22 meals? iv at least 21 meals?
c Use the cumulative frequency column to find the median number of meals sold per day.
4 A preschool teacher recorded the time taken by a group of children to individually complete
a jigsaw puzzle. The completion times in minutes are:
7 9 13 15 10 8 14 8 11 12
9 7 10 11 9 8 8 13 15 10
12 13 8 7 10 11 8 9 9 8
a Organise the data into a frequency distribution table and include a cumulative
frequency column.
b How many children took part?
c What fraction of the children completed the puzzle in:
i 10 minutes? ii less than 9 minutes? iii no more than 11 minutes?
d What percentage of the children completed the puzzle in 12 minutes or less?
e Find the median completion time.
5 An 8-sided die in the shape of a regular octahedron has its faces numbered from 1 to 8.
The die was rolled 25 times and the number showing on the uppermost face each time was
recorded in this dot plot.
a Draw a frequency distribution table with score, frequency and cumulative frequency
columns.
b What is the median?
c How many scores are above the median but less than 8?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number rolled on die
6 Draw a frequency distribution table with score, frequency and cumulative frequency
columns for the data in each of these cumulative frequency histograms.
a b
7 Draw on the same set of axes, a cumulative frequency histogram and ogive for the data in
this table.
8 Use the ogive to find the median for each set of discrete data.
Score 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Frequency 2 1 3 2 4 3 4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6
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Score
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
13 14 15 16 17 18
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Score
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5 6
a b c
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Score
0
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4
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14
8 9 10 11 12 13
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Score
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
20 21 22 23 24 25
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Score
0
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
4
1 2 3 4 5 6
d
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Score
0
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2
0
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
4
e f
15 16 17 18 19 20
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Score
48 49 50 51 52 53
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Score
9 Jocelyn threw a dart several times at the dart
board shown and recorded her results in the
form of a cumulative frequency histogram.
However, she was interrupted while drawing
the last column and did not complete it.
If the median score was 3.5, find the
number of times she hit the number 5.
10 Copy and complete this
frequency distribution
table and hence find the
median of the scores.
Frequency graphs and tables can be constructed easily when the number of scores is small.
However, this method is not very practical when there is a large number of scores. For example,
how do we create a frequency distribution table for a set of 50 different scores that ranges from
1 to 100, and of what use would it be?
In these cases we group the data into class intervals, such as 110, 1120 etc., to form a grouped
frequency distribution. This allows us to organise the data into tables or graphs and hence make
judgements about the data. We usually include the class centres in a grouped frequency
distribution table. Class centres are the values that lie halfway between the lower and upper
limits of each class interval. For example, in the class interval 1115, the class centre is 13.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5
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Score
1
2
3
4
5
Score
(x)
Frequency
( f )
Cumulative
frequency fx
1 3
2 7
3 12
4 20
5 7
6 60
7
f =
f x =
189
6.6 Grouped data
The main disadvantage with grouping data is that some information will be lost. For example,
we no longer know what the individual scores are in the distribution so we cannot calculate the
mean, median, mode or range exactly. We also cant determine whether the scores are
distributed evenly within each class interval or are clustered together at one end. (In practice,
we assume that the scores are evenly distributed.) Since individual scores are not known, we
find the modal class rather than the mode. With single data we use an fx column, where fx is the
frequency the score. With grouped data we use an (f cc) column, where f cc is the
frequency the class centre.
NOTE: is then only an estimate for the mean, not the exact mean. Why?
Example 1
a Organise the following scores into a grouped frequency distribution table with class, class
centre (cc), tally, frequency ( f ) and (f cc) columns. Use class intervals of 6064,
6569, etc.
65 72 69 73 84 79 66 77 81 75
66 68 78 83 74 89 84 75 71 68
70 81 64 62 67 72 75 88 81 86
65 63 72 79 80 67 87 66 73 71
b Estimate the mean of the scores correct to 1 decimal place.
c What is the modal class?
Solutions
a b =
=
= 74.1 (1 decimal place)
c The modal class is 6569, since it contains 10 scores, which is more than any other class.
When grouping data:
the class intervals should not overlap
the intervals should be of equal width
all intervals within the range of the data should be included, even if they do not
contain any scores in the distribution.
f cc ( )
f
--------------------------
E
G
+
S
Class
Class
centre (cc) Tally
Frequency
( f ) f cc
6064 62 | | | 3 186
6569 67 | | | | | | | | 10 670
7074 72 | | | | | | | | 9 648
7579 77 | | | | | | 7 539
8084 82 | | | | | | 7 574
8589 87 | | | | 4 348
Totals:
40 2965
x
f cc ( )
f
--------------------------
2965
40
------------
Example 2
a Draw a cumulative
frequency histogram
and ogive for the data in
this grouped frequency
distribution table.
b Use the ogive to
estimate the median.
Solutions
a With grouped data, the individual scores are not known. Therefore, we can only estimate
the median.
b Median 153 + (0.7 5)
= 156.5
1 Write down the class centre for each of these class intervals.
a 57 b 1014 c 2225 d 3035
E
G
+
S
Class
Class
centre Frequency
Cumulative
frequency
141145 143 1 1
146150 148 2 3
151155 153 2 5
156160 158 3 8
161165 163 2 10
166170 168 1 11
f =
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
143 148 153 158 163 168
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Score (class centre)
5.5
Exercise 6.6
2 a Copy and complete this grouped data frequency distribution table.
b What do the totals
f and
(f cc) represent in a grouped data frequency table?

3 a Organise these scores into a frequency distribution table with class intervals of 2024,
2529, etc. Your table should include the following headings: class, class centre, tally,
frequency and fx.
22 30 42 35 49 41 36 35 30 25
24 49 34 22 40 33 30 47 21 29
41 36 22 45 38 37 28 31 44 39
b What is the modal class?
c How many scores are there in the table?
d Estimate the mean of these scores using the totals
f and
(f cc), correct to
1 decimal place.
Consolidation
4 A security firm has set a minimum height requirement of 160 cm for its security guards.
The heights (in cm) of the guards are:
165 171 183 174 172 185 183 169 175
179 170 184 181 178 173 162 177 179
172 178 166 164 171 187 181 176 172
177 189 190 173 175 188 192 160 187
163 171 164 185 173 174 179 184 191
a Organise the data into a frequency distribution table with class intervals of 160164,
165169, etc.
b Draw a frequency histogram and polygon for the data, using the class centres on the
horizontal axis.
d Estimate the average height of the guards using the totals
f and
(f cc).
Class
Class
centre (cc) Tally
Frequency
( f ) f cc
15 | | |
610 | | | |
1115 | | | | | | | |
1620 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2125 | | | | | | | | | |
2630 | | | | | |
Totals:
5 The table below gives an indication of the number of people that attended all first-grade
Rugby league matches during a season. The figures have been rounded to the nearest 1000
people, then grouped.
a How many matches were played during the season?
b Write down the class centre for each class interval.
c Using the class centres, estimate:
i the total number of people who attended matches during the season
ii the average match crowd size
6 This stem and leaf plot shows the marks of a group of
Year 11 students in a Business Studies examination
marked out of 50.
a Why would it be inappropriate to organise this data
into a frequency distribution table with individual
scores?
b Draw a grouped data frequency distribution table
with class intervals of 09, 1019, etc.
c Use the frequency table to estimate the mean of the
scores.
d What is the modal class?
e What is the median class?
7 This histogram gives an indication of the
number of crimes that were committed in
a suburb over a six-month period.
a What are the class intervals?
b What is the greatest number of
crimes that could have been
committed in any one month?
d Estimate the average number of
crimes that occurred per month
during this period.
Crowd (in 000s) 17 814 1521 2228 2935 3642
Frequency 15 52 45 39 27 4
Stem Leaf
0 7 9 9
1 2 5 1 6 8 4 1 6
2 0 4 9 7 3 5 6 2 4 4
3 6 5 8 4 5 0 3 7 9 0 1 8
4 8 7 9 4 2 5 7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
22 27 32 37 42 47
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Number of crimes (class centre)
Crime rates
8 Use these ogives to estimate the median score.
9 The daily number of calls made to the 000 telephone number over a period of 4 weeks is:
134 137 145 122 155 148 152
144 143 149 135 121 140 151
146 133 128 125 127 136 136
149 150 147 145 134 131 124
a Draw a grouped data frequency distribution table for this data, with class, class centre,
tally, frequency and cumulative frequency columns. Use class intervals of 120124,
125129, etc.
b Draw a cumulative frequency histogram and ogive.
c Use the ogive to find the median number of 000 calls made per day.
10 This stem and leaf plot shows the average daily noise
level in decibels (dB) at a construction site.
a Draw a cumulative frequency histogram and
ogive for this data using class intervals 7074,
7579, etc. Write the class centres on the
horizontal axis.
b Use the ogive to estimate the median daily noise
level in decibels.
11 By convention, when calculating the mean of a grouped frequency distribution, we assume
that the average score within each class is equal to the class centre. If, however, the scores
are clustered about the lower end of each class interval and we calculate the mean in the
usual manner, would our estimate for the mean be too large or too small? Why?
2 7 12 17 22
Class centre
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
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8
12
16
20
24
28
14 19 24 29 34
Class centre
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a b
Stem Leaf
7
(0)
7
(5)
8
(0)
8
(5)
9
(0)
9
(5)
1 2 2 4
5 5 7 8 9
0 1 3 3 3 4 4
6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9
0 0 1 1 2 3
5 6 7 8 8
F
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248
12 Consider the following set of scores.
15 16 18 19 26 26 27 29 30 31 31 33 40 41
43 44 46 46 47 48 50 50 51 53 55 57 57 58
a Calculate the mean of the individual scores, correct to 2 decimal places.
b Construct a frequency histogram with the following class intervals:
i 1019, 2029, ii 1524, 2534, iii 1519, 2024,
c Write down the modal class of the data in each histogram.
d Find the mean of the data in each histogram, correct to 2 decimal places where
necessary. Compare these answers with the mean of the individual scores calculated
in part a.
e Which histogram best illustrates the distribution of the data? Why?
WORLD HEALTH
Introduction
The health of people from different nations around the world varies tremendously. In the so-
called developed countries, such as Japan, the United States and Australia, people can expect
to live longer than others living in third world countries, such as Malawi or Zambia. This
statistic is called life expectancy. It is the average age at which people die in any given year. In
1999 in Australia, for example, this figure was 79 years. On the other hand in Zambia in Africa
in 1999, the life expectancy was 38 years.
Another indicator of health is the number of infants who die in a country before the age of
1 year. In 1999 in Australia, five children died per 1000 live births. This is called the
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
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infant mortality rate. In the early 1990s, young children were dying without apparent reason while
asleep in their cots. This led to a huge increase in funding for research to find out why. Red Nose
Day became the opportunity to give to this appeal. SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), as it
became known, has now been dramatically decreased. Not all countries are so lucky.
Statistical data on health is used by organisations like the World Health Organization and
UNICEF to target support for countries in need. Documenting causes of death, such as malaria,
typhoid, AIDS, heart disease and so on, is helpful information for immunisation programs, and
educational programs to help people understand how to combat disease and malnutrition in
their communities. It helps focus attention on the need for supporting clean water programs,
water conservation, efficient farming, sewage disposal, hospital construction, training of health
workers and so on. Today the concept of global health, in which attention is given to
controlling disease across international boundaries, is widely accepted as a duty of care to the
peoples of the world. The United Nations plays a major role in meeting this goal.
In the table below, two indicators of public healthlife expectancy and infant mortality rates
are shown for 24 selected countries. The data is sorted by highest life expectancy in 1999 to
lowest. The intention is to use the data to review the ideas you have learned in this chapter.
World health indicators for 24 selected countries
Country
Life expectancy at
birth in years
Infant mortality rate
per 1000 live births
1980 1999 1980 1999
Japan 76 81 8 4
Australia 74 79* 11 5
France 74 79 10 5
Sweden 76 79 7 4
Finland 73 77 8 4
United Kingdom 74 77 12 6
United States 74 77 13 7
Cuba 74 76 20 7
Argentina 70 74 35 18
China 67 70 42 30
Brazil 63 67 70 32
Indonesia 55 66 90 42
Guatemala 57 65 84 40
India 54 63 115 71
Bangladesh 48 61 132 61
Iraq 62 59 80 101
Gambia 40 53 159 75
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* As compared to 60 for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.
As compared to 20 for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.
Source: 2001 World Development Indicators, World Bank at <www.devdata.worldbank.org/
hnpstats/DCselection.asp>
1 Look closely at the data for life expectancy and infant mortality rates for the whole table.
What do you immediately notice about countries with high life expectancies? About
countries with low life expectancies?
2 Compare the life expectancy data for 1980 with 1999. What do you notice? What reasons
could you give for life expectancy to actually fall rather than rise?
3 What was the average age at which people died in Indonesia in 1999?
4 What type of graph would best suit the life expectancy data for the countries in the table?
Draw your graph.
5 What statistics might be most appropriate to describe the life expectancy data? The infant
mortality data? Calculate these statistics.
6 If men lived on average to 75 years in Australia in 1999, can the life exectancy of women
be calculated? What assumption would you have to make?
7 Does the data in the table imply that people in Kenya did not live beyond 48 in 1999?
Justify your answer.
8 It might be claimed that Japan is the healthiest country in which to live. Would you agree?
What additional statistical data would you need to make a more informed decision?
9 What was the chance that a child born in Australia in 1999 would not live beyond 1 year?
Are there some sections of the Australian community where this is more likely to happen
than others?
CHAL L ENGE
The World Health Report (1999), Making a Difference, charts the 20th century revolution in
health which has led to a drop in birth rates and dramatic gains in life expectancy. But not
everyone has benefited. The report predicted that more than a billion people will enter the 21st
century without having participated in the health revolution.
Kenya 55 48 75 76
Mozambique 44 43 145 131
Ethiopia 42 42 155 104
Zimbabwe 55 40 80 70
Botswana 58 39 71 58
Malawi 44 39 169 132
Zambia 50 38 90 114
Country
Life expectancy at
birth in years
Infant mortality rate
per 1000 live births
1980 1999 1980 1999
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1 Compare the data in the table with the general finding of the above Report that great
progress has been made in world health. To what extent would you agree? How can
mathematics be used to encourage governments of wealthy countries to take more action?
2 Is it reasonable to expect that all countries will eventually have the same life expectancy?
Why? Why not?
3 What causes, other than disease, malnutrition and poverty, might contribute to the low life
expectancy for adults and children in the developing world?
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Discuss in class the kind of data you would like to see in order to make a sensible conclusion
about the health of the Australian people, children, adults, men and women. Are statistics
misleading sometimes? Discuss how statistical evidence can inform:
the success or otherwise of community campaigns against smoking and other addictive
substances
whether child immunisation is a good thing
the health of Indigenous Australians.
REFL ECTI NG
Reflect on the important role statistics has played in the case for the development of programs
to support global health. Is it true that a healthy Australia depends on a healthy world? On this
basis, what action could the Australian government take, for example, with respect to pollution
of the Earths air? How much do we pollute it? Should we try to reduce our production of
carbon dioxide from motor cars, or the burning of coal to produce electricity?
E
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1 Sketch the difference between a column
and a line graph.
2 Explain what is meant by a sector graph.
3 Write down what is meant by the mean of
a set of scores.
entry for graph:
graph noun a diagram which shows the relationship
between two or more things by dots, lines or bars
Why is the ability to read data from a graph
so important for doctors and nurses in
hospitals?
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1
This sector graph is based on data
collected by the Australian Bureau of
Statistics. It shows the relative
populations of each Australian state and
territory in September 2001.
a Which state or territory contains
approximately one-third of the
Australian population?
b Which state or territory has the
second largest population behind
New South Wales?
c Measure the angle at the centre of the
Queensland sector. Hence, estimate
the total Australian population,
correct to the nearest 100 000 people,
if the population of Queensland is
3 642 400.
d Measures the angles for the Western
Australia and South Australia sectors.
Does the total population of these
states exceed that of Queensland?
e If the Australian population is
19 442 300 and the population of
South Australia is 1 503 700, find the
angle at the centre of the South
Australian sector.
f What percentage of Australians live
in Tasmania? Answer correct to the
nearest whole percentage.
2
A group of 30 men and 30 women were
surveyed about their religious beliefs.
a How many Catholics were surveyed?
b How many of the women surveyed
were Muslim?
c Which was greater, the number of
Jewish women or the number of
Catholic women?
d What percentage of those surveyed
were Jewish?
e How many more Catholic men were
surveyed than Anglican women?
f For which religions were more
women surveyed than men?
3 Find the mean, median, mode and range
for each set of scores.
a 9, 13, 6, 15, 8
b 24, 21, 30, 23, 26, 26, 20, 22
c 26, 11, 26, 40, 11, 12
Key:
NSW
Vic.
Qld
SA
WA
Tas.
NT
ACT
Population of Australian states
September 2001
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4 The number of sandwiches sold each day
at a busy caf is shown below.
53 52 48 50 47 51 51 53 48 50
49 48 49 47 52 51 53 53 51 48
51 52 51 49 47 53 51 51 48 50
a Organise the data into a frequency
distribution table with score, tally,
frequency, cumulative frequency and
fx columns.
b Draw a frequency histogram and
polygon on the same set of axes.
c What was the least number of
sandwiches sold on any day?
d What was the modal number of
sandwiches sold?
e On how many days were less than
50 sandwiches sold?
f Calculate the average number of
sandwiches sold per day.
5 Complete the data in this frequency
distribution table, then find the mean.
6 This dot plot shows the number of
newspapers sold each day by a newsagent
over a 28-day period.
a What was the greatest number of
newspapers sold in one day?
b What was the modal number of sales?
c Find the range of the daily sales.
d How many newspapers were sold
altogether?
e What was the average number of
newspapers sold per day?
f Are there any outliers?
g Draw a frequency polygon for this
data.
7 This stem and leaf plot shows the number
of hours worked each week by a casual
teacher over a school year.
a For how many weeks did the teacher
work?
b What was the range of hours worked
per week?
c What was the median number of
hours worked per week?
d Write down the modal number of
hours worked.
e Redraw this stem and leaf plot using
stems of 0
(5)
, 1
(0)
, 1
(5)
etc.
Score
(x)
Frequency
( f )
Cumulative
frequency fx
1 3
2 12
3 19
4 22
5 40
6 24
7
f =
40
f x =
Stem Leaf
0
1
2
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7 7 8 9
3 4 4 5 6 6 6 8 8 8 9
0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 7 7 8 9
1 1 2 3 4 4 6 9
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64
Number of newspapers sold
Daily newspaper sales
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8 Find the mean, median, mode and range
for the data in each of these frequency
tables, correct to 1 decimal place where
necessary.
9 a A set of 18 scores has a mean of 7.5.
What is the sum of the scores?
b A set of scores has a mean of 13 and
a sum of 286. How many scores are
there?
10 The mean of a set of 5 scores is 11.8. If 4
of the scores are 17, 9, 14, and 6, find the
5th score.
11 A set of 16 scores has a mean of 41. Find
the new mean, correct to 1 decimal place,
after a score of:
a 25 is added b 17 is taken out
12 The table below shows the number of
tickets written by a parking officer during
the first four days of the week.
a Why were the number of tickets
highest on Thursday?
b How many tickets would the officer
need to write on Friday to write an
average of 15 tickets per day?
13 a State whether the mean would
increase, decrease or stay the same if
a score was added to a set and that
score was:
i equal to the mean
ii less than the mean
iii greater than the mean
b Determine the corresponding effects
on the mean if the score was taken out
of the set.
14 a The mean of a set of 9 scores is 24.
When a further score is added to the
set, the new mean is 25.5. Find the
score that was added.
b The mean of a set of 15 scores is 12.
After a score is taken out of the set,
the new mean is 11.5. Find the score
that was taken out.
15 The data in the table shows the age
groups of people who responded to a
survey that was conducted in a music
store.
a How many of those surveyed were
21 years of age or younger?
b What was the modal class?
c What age could the oldest person
have been in this survey?
d What percentage of those surveyed
were older than 28 years of age?
e Estimate the average age of those
who took part in the survey. (Answer
correct to the nearest whole year.)
a x 8 9 10 11 12
f 7 5 2 6 3
b x 1 2 3 4 5 6
f 5 9 3 12 15 14
Day Mon. Tues. Wed. Thurs.
Number of
tickets
16 10 13 21
Age (years) Frequency
814 21
1521 40
2228 53
2935 39
3642 28
4349 19
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16 Find the median score in each of these.
a
b
17 Matts best 30 times for the 100 m sprint
are given below, in seconds.
11.6 11.1 10.9 10.5 11.4 12.3
11.5 10.6 10.5 11.0 12.1 11.9
11.6 11.7 10.4 10.5 10.7 12.0
11.2 11.7 12.4 10.2 11.0 11.8
11.3 10.9 11.5 12.3 10.1 10.2
a Organise the data into a grouped
frequency distribution table with
class, class centre, tally, frequency,
cumulative frequency and f cc
columns. Use class intervals of
10.010.4, 10.510.9, etc.
b What is the modal class?
c On how many occasions did Matt run
under 11.5 seconds?
d Use the totals in the table to estimate
Matts average time for the 100 m
sprint.
e Draw a cumulative frequency
histogram and ogive.
f Use the ogive to estimate Matts
median time.
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92 93 94 95 96
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7
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
use the language of probability to describe the likelihood of an event
occurring
repeat an experiment a number of times to determine the relative
frequency of an event
estimate the probability of an event from experimental data using relative
frequencies
simulate a probability experiment by generating random numbers on a
calculator or computer
design a device that could be used to produce a given relative frequency
calculate the theoretical probability of an event occurring.
Probability
Chapt er 7: Probability 257
In many everyday situations, events take place that we cannot predict with any certainty. For
example, when a person leaves home by car, they do not know whether a particular set of traffic
lights 10 km away will be green when they reach it. A farmer plants canola hoping that it will
succeed, but cannot confidently predict the weather. We would all love to know which
questions will appear in the mathematics examination but we can only guess what the teacher
will include. While we cannot be certain what will happen in any of these cases, it is important
that we make the best possible prediction. The branch of mathematics that we use to do this is
called probability.
People often discuss the likelihood of a particular event happening, to make judgements about
what might happen, and to take action based on their decisions. The person driving from home
may decide that the traffic lights will probably be red because they have driven that way many
times and usually have to stop. A student in the mathematics class could decide that there will
almost certainly be a question on probability in the examination. They might decide this
because they have looked at past papers and found that most of them had such a question.
We often discuss the likelihood of events occurring using terms such as very likely, good
chance, almost certain, probably, unlikely, and extremely unlikely. We use probability
to make these statements more precise by giving a numerical value to the likelihoods.
Example 1
Ten balls are identical except that they have a number from 1 to 10 written on them. The balls
are placed in a bag and a blindfolded person draws one ball from the bag. How likely is it that:
a ball number 3 is drawn? b the ball drawn has an even number?
c the ball is number 14? d the ball has a number greater than 2?
e the ball has a number less than 20?
Solutions
a Not very likely. Only one out of the 10 balls has 3.
b Quite likely. Five of the balls have an even number.
c Impossible. The highest number is 10!
d Highly likely. Most of the numbers are greater than 2.
e Certain. All the numbers are less than 20!
All the balls in example 1 were identical apart from the number, and the person drawing them
was blindfolded. This means that each ball is equally likely to be drawn. We say that the
drawing is random.
Ten different balls can be drawn. Each of the possible results is called an outcome, and the
results1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10form the set of all possible outcomes.
The types of occurrences described in example 1 are called events, for example, the ball is
either 3 or 7.
7.1 Probability and its language
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The whole procedure described in example 1 is called an experiment and each drawing by the
person is called a trial.
1 Describe the probability of each of the following events occurring.
a You will become a pilot at some time during your life.
b You will captain an Australian cricket team.
c You will have a mathematics lesson tomorrow.
d Your best friend will marry and have children.
e You will have a job sometime before you are 30.
f Your brother will pass his drivers licence test at the first attempt.
g Someone in your mathematics class will become a mathematics teacher.
2 A die has 6 faces, with 4 faces coloured blue, 1 green and 1 yellow. An experiment is
conducted in which this die is thrown and the colour on the uppermost face is noted.
a List all possible outcomes for this experiment.
b Are all the outcomes equally likely?
c How likely do you consider each of these events?
The uppermost face is:
i yellow ii yellow or blue
iii red iv blue or yellow or green
3 You are told that a spinner has 5 equal sectors coloured red, green
and blue. You are also informed that the chance of spinning a red is
much greater than that of spinning a green or a blue. How many
sectors of each colour do you think the spinner has?
4 For each of the following experiments:
i list all possible outcomes
ii indicate, with reasons, if all the outcomes are equally likely.
a A normal die (with faces numbered 1 to 6) is rolled.
b Three cards with numbers 8, 9 and 10 are placed face down.
Two are chosen at random and their numbers added.
c Three friends are interested in which of them will
achieve the highest mark in a mathematics test.
d An archer shoots a single arrow at this target.
e An archer shoots two arrows and the scores are added.
Exercise 7.1
7
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5
5
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5 A spinner has 8 equal sectors. Make three copies of the diagram
and colour it using red, blue and yellow sectors so that if it is
spun:
a it is most likely to stop on blue
b red and yellow are equally likely
c red is most likely, blue next, and yellow least likely.
Can you colour this spinner so that all these colours have equal
chances?
Consolidation
6 A perfect cube has blank faces. You can write any numbers you wish on the faces.
Select numbers for the faces so that, in each case:
a an even number is more likely than an odd number
b a number greater than 10 is very likely
c a number less than 20 is very likely
d parts a, b and c apply.
7 Choose coloured balls to be put in a bag so that the following conditions are all met.
When one ball is drawn:
a blue is the most likely colour and crimson is possible
b yellow is more likely than crimson and red is not possible
8 For each of the following situations suggest how you would perform a random selection.
a A basketball coach wishes to appoint a team secretary from the squad of 10 players.
b You need to select one letter from the alphabet.
c You need to select 3 numbers less than 100.
d There are 3 movies you would like to see tonight.
e The school choir has 30 members but only 18 can perform in the combined high
schools choir.
In each case, is random selection really appropriate?
9 As a visitor to a school you visit a class where the students are doing a test. The teacher says
The person who tops the class will probably be a girl. What can you deduce from this
remark?
10 a You read in a newspaper that, to raise money for a charity, three prominent citizens (yet
to be named) will race over 100 m during the lunch break at an international cricket
match. Are the outcomes equally likely?
b The next day the announcement is made that the three people will be the prime minister
of Australia, the world 100 m champion and a famous film star. Are the outcomes
equally likely?
c The 100 m champion runs backwards and the race is won by the film star. Are the
outcomes equally likely?
11 For each of the following decide whether the choice has been random.
a A kindergarten class of 30 pupils sit in pairs at their desks. The teacher chooses two
children to take a message to another teacher. He chooses one of the desks and sends
the two children seated at that desk.
b A cube, cylinder, cone, square pyramid and octahedron are placed in a bag and a
blindfolded student draws one shape from the bag.
c A researcher wishes to survey opinions of a group of people. He places their names in
an alphabetical list and chooses every 7th person for interview.
d A teacher often needs to choose individuals or groups of students from her class. She
prepares a spinner with all the students names on it and spins it to select students one
at a time until she has the group size she requires.
e A teacher chooses a child as class captain by numbering the children 1 to 20 and
throwing a dart at a dartboard with 20 sectors numbered 1 to 20.
12 a One year there are 24 horses competing in the Melbourne Cup. We are interested only
in the winning horse.
i How many outcomes are there? ii Are all outcomes equally likely?
b A girl runs a sweep in which she sells 31 tickets with a prize for only the winner. After
all 31 tickets are sold, she conducts a draw to determine which ticket has which horse.
i Before the draw, do all tickets have an equal chance of winning?
ii After the draw, do all tickets have an equal chance of winning?
13 a Gamblers have often been heard to say Theres no such thing as a certainty.
Precisely what do they mean? Are they correct?
b A scientist might claim that no event can be certain, while a mathematician may claim
that certain events can easily be found. How are they differing in their views?
14 In a probability experiment, Jessica tosses a coin repeatedly until it comes up tails, and
records the number of tosses required. Describe the sample space for this experiment. Are
all outcomes equally likely?
15 Design a probability experiment for which the sample space is infinite.
In exercise 7.1 we examined some aspects of probability but we did not give any numerical
values to probabilities. We may have decided that one event was more likely than another but
we did not say by how much it was more likely.
7.2 Experimental probability
We represent probability numerically by finding the proportion of times a particular event
occurs. Suppose that there are red and green balls in a bag and for each trial we draw one ball
and note its colour. We know that for one trial the ball will be either red or green but that is all
we know. We dont know how often it would be green (or red) if we repeated the trial many
times. One way to answer our question is to carry out an experimentrepeat the trial over and
over to see what proportion of the time we have selected a green ball.
The table shows the results from such an experiment.
After 2 trials we have 1 red and 1 green so we might guess that we will draw green
the time (50%).
After 5 trials we have 1 red and 4 green, which suggests drawing green or 80% of the time.
After 10 trials, 4 red and 6 green or 60%.
After 30 trials, 9 red and 21 green or 70%.
We can see that the more trials we conduct the better estimate we have of correct theoretical
probability.
For any particular event A, the probability of A, P(A), is the proportion of trials favourable to
A out of the total number of trials. This experimental probability is called a relative frequency.
For the above experiment, after 30 trials we have:
P(A) =
=
=
where event A = drawing a green ball.
Trial 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6 green
and 4 red
Colour R G G G G R R G G R
Trial 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 14 green
and 6 red
Colour G G R G G G R G G G
Trial 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 21 green
and 9 red
Colour G R G G R G G R G G
1
2
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4
5
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6
10
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21
30
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P(A) =
number of trials favourable to A
total number of trials
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number of green balls
number of trials
----------------------------------------------------
21
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7
10
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Example
An ordinary die with faces labelled 1 to 6 has had one
corner sliced off, thus creating a seventh face labelled 7.
We want to know the experimental probability for each
number being face down when the die is thrown.
The results of throwing the die 60 times are shown
below:
4 2 5 7 1 4 6 3 5 3 4 6
6 5 5 6 2 3 5 7 5 2 2 4
3 2 7 4 6 3 1 6 4 1 3 1
4 3 5 6 2 3 7 4 2 5 7 6
5 3 6 2 7 6 5 1 5 4 1 4
What are the experimental probabilities for each of the possible outcomes?
Solution
The frequencies of each outcome are:
16 times 28 times 39 times 410 times
511 times 610 times 76 times
The probabilities are:
P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = P(4) =
P(5) = P(6) = P(7) =
Remember that these are estimates based on the 60 trials. The results would probably vary a
little if we conducted more trials. The more trials we perform, the more accurate our results
are likely to be.
If an outcome is impossible (e.g. getting 8 in example 1), then the probability will be 0:
P(8) = = 0.
If an outcome is certain (e.g. getting a number less than 8 in example 1), then the probability
will be 1: P(1 to 7) = = 1.
All probabilities are fractions in the range 0 P 1.
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An impossible event has a probability of zero.
A certain event has a probability of 1.
For most of these questions, work in pairs or small groups.
1 a Copy this diagram onto
light cardboard, and then
cut it out. Fold it along the
dotted lines and use sticky
tape to form the triangular
pyramid. Label the sides
1 to 4 with the equilateral
triangle as 1 (see diagram).
b If this shape was rolled 100 times,
predict how many times the top
face would be: i 1 ii 2 iii 3 iv 4.
Give reasons for your predictions.
c Carry out an experiment to check
your predictions.
d Were your predictions confirmed by
the experiment?
2 Seven friends play handball in the school playground. They often argue about which of
them is the best player, so they decide to record the results of 100 games. For each game
they recorded in a table the player who spent most time at the top position, and the player
who was eliminated most.
a For each player find that players probability in any particular game of:
i spending most time in top position ii being eliminated most
b Which player do you consider to be the best at handball? Give reasons for your answer.
c Which player do you consider to be
i worst? ii second best?
Give reasons for your answer.
Name
Player with most
time at top position
Player with most
times eliminated
Varia | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | | | | | | | 10
Thanh | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16
Seeza | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 20
Roger | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 23
Leigh | | | | | | | | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | 15
Lee-Ann | | | | | | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | 15
Greg | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 21 | 1
Total 100 Total 100
Exercise 7.2
60
4 cm 4 cm
4.5 cm 4.5 cm
4.5 cm 4.5 cm
4.5 cm 4.5 cm
4 cm
1
2 3
4
60 60
3 a Three students were discussing the possible outcomes when 3 coins are tossed
simultaneously. They decided that only 4 different outcomes were possible: i 3 heads,
ii 2 heads and 1 tail, iii 1 head and 2 tails, and iv 3 tails. They decided that since there
were four outcomes the probability for each one would be . Do you agree?
b As a check they decided to perform an experiment tossing one coin each and recording
their results. The results of 100 trials are shown in the table.
Taking into account the results of their experiment, what are
the probabilities of each event? Give your answers as
decimals.
How would you explain this result?
4 The Australian netball selectors want to select a player for the goalshooter position.
Each of 10 players results over recent matches are collected and presented in this table.
a State, as a fraction, the relative frequency of success for each player.
b Use your calculator to express each probability of shooting a basket as a decimal.
c Which player has the highest probability of success based on this data?
Consolidation
5 a Copy this diagram onto light
cardboard, and then cut it out.
Fold it along the dotted lines and
use sticky tape to form the solid
shown. Label the sides 1 to 5
with 1 as the smallest triangle
and 5 as the largest triangle.
b If this shape was rolled 100
times, predict how many times
the top face would be:
i 1 ii 2 iii 3 iv 4 v 5.
c Carry out an experiment to check your predictions.
d Were your predictions confirmed by the data?
Player Shots Baskets Player Shots Baskets
A 80 60 F 50 41
B 50 34 G 90 72
C 60 48 H 100 68
D 60 50 I 80 68
E 70 49 J 75 50
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3 heads 12
2 heads and 1 tail 36
1 head and 2 tails 38
3 tails 14
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6 Take a drawing pin, drop it from a height of about 40 cm onto your desk and note whether
it stops point up or point down. Continue to repeat the experiment and complete this table.
a Compare your different estimates for the probability of point up. What changes do you
notice as the number of trials increases?
b Compare your probabilities with those of two or three of your classmates. What do you
notice?
c What basic principle do your results suggest for finding experimental probabilities?
7 A card sharp wishes to know the probability of a hand of 5 cards having at least 1 heart.
a Shuffle a deck of cards and deal 4 hands of 5 cards, dealing one at a time to each hand.
Record the number of hands dealt and the number that had 3 or more cards of any
particular suit.
Repeat this experiment, shuffling the cards well between deals, until you are confident
of the probability. Record the probability for this event.
b Would the result be different if the cards had been dealt one full hand at a time? Give
reasons for your answer.
c Would the result be different if 10 hands were dealt at a time? Give reasons for your
answer.
You may wish to experiment further to check your answers.
8 a A bag contains 3 objects of identical size but not all the same colour. A blindfolded
person draws one object from the bag, its colour is noted by an assistant, and the object
is returned to the bag.
i How many trials would you require to be confident that you knew the colours of the
3 objects?
ii Ask a friend to place 3 objects in a bag without letting you see the colours. Perform
the experiment to test the accuracy of your answer to part i.
b i If the bag in part a contained 10 objects, how many trials would you need to be
confident of the colours of the objects?
Number of trials Number point up
Estimated probability
of point up
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ii With a friend, perform the experiment to check your answer.
c From your results in parts a and b, what factors influence the number of trials needed
to make good predictions?
9 A gold mining company is aware of a gold-bearing reef 200 m below the surface. To check
the value of the reef and decide whether to mine it, 10 exploratory holes are drilled and the
gold content, in grams of gold per tonne (gAu/t), for each sample is assayed.
The results are:
8.3 gAu/t 14.8 gAu/t 22.1 gAu/t 15.7 gAu/t 10.4 gAu/t
16.7 gAu/t 14.9 gAu/t 16.8 gAu/t 9.6 gAu/t 17.5 gAu/t
a If another hole was drilled, what would be the probability of it assaying at 15 gAu/t or
higher?
b On the basis of these results a company employee suggests that when the reef is mined
there is a probability of that gold production will exceed 15 gAu/t. Do you agree?
Give reasons for your results.
c What do you think is the best method of using the drill results?
10 Five friends are about to play a game but need to decide who will have first turn. The only
equipment available is a 50c coin. Devise a procedure that gives each person the same
chance of being chosen. Check your procedure experimentally to make sure it provides
equal chances for all 5 friends.
Most computers, and some calculators, have a function that generates random numbers.
The function may vary between computer and calculator brands, though.
A common form of random number generated is to provide a number between 0 and 1 (not
including 1) with all numbers in that range being equally likely. The number of decimal places
provided varies but for this exercise we will assume 6 decimal places. We will also use the word
RANDOM to indicate that the generator is to produce a random number.
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Two-up
In two-up, two coins are tossed into the air. Players bet on the
outcomeboth heads, both tails, or odds (a head and a tail).
What is the probability of obtaining five odds in a row?
Perform a trial and then state your results. How does the
total class result compare with the theoretical result
(1 in 32)?
7.3 Computer simulations
TRY THIS
Example 1
Show how a random number generator could be used to simulate the throwing of a die where
all 6 numbers are equally likely.
Solution
1 We use our computer to produce a random number that lies in the range
0 RANDOM 1.
2 We need a random number from 1 to 6 so we multiply the random number by 6.
Our number now lies in the range 0 6 RANDOM 6.
3 We now truncate the number, that is, we ignore all of the figures after the decimal point.
(Note that truncating is not the same as rounding off because the number always goes
down to the nearest whole number.)
At this stage our numbers will be one of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
4 The last step is to add 1 to the number. Our number will now be one of the numbers 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 with all numbers equally likely.
The following table summarises this procedure.
The procedure gives us a number from 1 to 6, with all numbers equally likely in just the same
way as throwing a normal 6-sided die.
The procedure for simulating the experiment in example 1 using a commonly available
graphics calculator is provided here.
Casio (CFX 9850G plus) procedure
The keys required for producing a random number 1 to 6 are:
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , ,
The command is now prepared and each time you press you will get another random
number from 1 to 6.
If you want random numbers from 1 to 50, say, just replace the 6 by 50. All other steps remain
the same.
Step Range of values Example
1 Obtain RANDOM number. 0 RANDOM 1 0 0.412869 1
2 Multiply by 6. 0 6 RANDOM 6 0 2.477214 6
3 Truncate to whole number. RANDOM is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 Number is 2
4 Add 1. RANDOM is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 Number is 3
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AC/ON EXE OPTN F6 ( ) F4 (NUM) F2 (INT) ( 6 EXIT F3 (PROB)
F4 (Ran #) + 1 )
EXE
Example 2
Show how a random number generator could be used to simulate drawing 1 ball from a bag
of 10 balls (4 black, 3 red, 2 blue and 1 yellow).
Solution
We can simulate an experiment where a number of balls are selected one at a time, the colour
noted and the ball returned. All we need to do is repeat the process several times. For example:
In this simulation the balls drawn were blue, black and black. Of course, many other sequences
were possible.
Example 3
Show how a random number generator could be used to simulate dealing a hand of 5 cards
from a normal playing deck of 52 cards.
Assign numbers to the cards:
Numbers 1 to 13 to spades Ace, 2, 3, Jack, Queen, King
Numbers 14 to 26 to hearts Ace, 2, 3, Jack, Queen, King
Numbers 27 to 39 to diamonds Ace, 2, 3, Jack, Queen, King
Numbers 40 to 52 to clubs Ace, 2, 3, Jack, Queen, King
Step Procedure Example
1 Assign a colour to each of the numbers
1 to 10 as the question requires.
1, 2, 3 and 4 all black
5, 6 and 7 all red
8 and 9 both blue
10 yellow
(It doesnt matter which numbers are
which colours as long as we have the
correct number of each colour.)
2 Obtain a random number. 0.821615
3 Multiply by 10. 8.21615
4 Truncate the number. 8
5 Add 1. 9
6 Check for the colour chosen. blue
10 truncate add 1 convert to colour
0.712194 7.12194 7 8 blue
0.134728 1.34728 1 2 black
0.024555 0.24555 0 1 black
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Solution
Select 5 random numbers
0.600032 0.001278 0.437151 0.912349 0.721638
Multiply by 52
31.201664 0.066456 22.731852 47.442148 37.525176

Truncate 31 0 22 47 37
Add 1 32 1 23 48 38
Cards represented
6 of Ace of 10 of 9 of Queen of
diamonds spades hearts diamonds diamonds
You will need access to a random number generator, such as a computer spreadsheet, graphics
calculator or other computer or calculator facility.
1 Complete these as a class or group using a graphics calculator. Follow the directions for the
calculator for each simulation.
a Driving test simulation. This assumes that the probability of passing a driving test at
any particular attempt is . Prepare your calculator to give a random number from
1 to 4. Take 1, 2 or 3 as fail and 4 as pass.
Each person is to take a turn to make one trial at the driving test until you pass.
i At which attempt did you pass?
ii How many attempts did most people take?
iii How many attempts did the last person take?
b Die elimination. This is best with a group of 810 people.
Prepare your calculator to yield a random number from 1 to 6 (for the faces of a die).
All members of the group are to simulate one throw of the die. The lowest score is
eliminated. If two or more people have the lowest score, they all stay in the game.
i How many trials were required to find a winner?
ii Early in the game, how likely was it that someone would be eliminated?
iii Late in the game, how likely was it that someone would be eliminated?
iv How do you explain your answers to parts i and ii?
v What would happen if 50 people played this game?
c Pick a card elimination. This simulates a game in which people take it in turns to draw
a card from 5 cards (10, Jack, Queen, King, Ace of spades). If the 10 of spades is drawn,
the person is eliminated (and sits down). If the Jack, Queen or King is drawn, the person
is still in and remains standing. If the Ace is drawn, the person can choose any other
person to be eliminated. Prepare your graphics calculator to give a random number
from 1 to 5. The whole class is to stand and takes turns to try your luck.
i How likely were you to be eliminated at any one drawing?
ii How many times were people eliminated by a classmate?
iii How many trials were there altogether?
Exercise 7.3
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iv Using your answers to parts ii and iii, what is the experimental probability of one
particular person having the opportunity to eliminate someone else?
d Babies, babies, babies. This is best done as a whole class activity so that results can be
compared. The situation simulated is that you are married and each year you and your
spouse have the following possible outcomes:
baby boy72/300 baby girl70/300
twin boys2/300 twin girls2/300
twins, one boy and one girl4/300 no child150/300
Prepare your graphics calculator to give a random number from 1 to 300.
Assign the code:
boy 1 to 72 twin boys 293 or 294
girl 73 to 142 twin girls 295 or 296
no child 143 to 292 twins, boy/girl 297 to 300
Take turns to simulate the results for each year for a period of 10 years, recording your
results.
i How many sets of twins would you have expected in the class? How many were
there?
ii How many couples had more than 6 children?
iii How many couples had fewer than 3 children?
iv What were the smallest and largest numbers of children?
v Did any couple have all boys or all girls?
e Cutting cards. Use teams of about 5 members. One person from each team is to cut the
cards. The highest card wins a point for that team. Take turns cutting the cards until 50
points have been awarded.
You will need to prepare your calculator to give random numbers 1 to 52.
Numbers could be assigned to cards:
1Ace of hearts 2Ace of diamonds 3Ace of clubs
4Ace of spades 5King of hearts 6King of diamonds
7King of clubs 8King of spades 9Queen of hearts
10Queen of diamonds, etc.
Consolidation
2 Program your graphics calculator (or computer) to provide a random number:
a from 1 to 10 b from 1 to 100 c from 1 to 500
d from 10 to 20 e from 50 to 100 f from 100 to 120
g which is an even number less than 41
h which is an even number between 19 and 31
3 Use your random number generator to simulate each of the following experiments.
a One card is drawn from a set of 10 cards labelled 1 to 10.
b One person is selected from 100 people numbered 1 to 100.
c A number is selected from the even numbers 2, 4, 6, 40.
d A spinner with 40 sections is spun once.
e A die with faces 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 is rolled.
f A 4-sided die with faces 3, 6, 9, 12 is rolled.
4 Simulate each of these experiments:
a A cube with 3 red, 2 blue and 1 white face is rolled.
b A spinner has 12 sections with these pictures1 television set, 1 CD player, 2 soccer
balls, 3 tins of tennis balls and 5 bottles of soft drink. It costs $50 to spin the wheel and
the prize is the picture at which the wheel stops.
c A pack of cards has 13 spades, 13 clubs, 13 hearts and 13 diamonds. One card is
selected at random and the suit noted.
d A class has 13 boys and 15 girls. One class member is chosen at random.
5 What are the advantages of simulating experiments? Suggest situations in which simulation
would be better than real experimentation.
The game of craps

The game of craps was invented by AfricanAmericans in about 1800. Two dice are
thrown. The player rolling the dice wins if they obtain a total of 7 or 11 on the first
throw. If they throw 2, 3 or 12 it is called a crap and the player loses their money.
Any other total is called a point. The player continues rolling the dice until they can
gain another point by rolling this total again. They win except if rolling a total of 7,
which is a loss.
Can you simulate this game using a spreadsheet?
First we need to generate a random number between 1 and 6 to act as a die. In
Microsoft Excel we put in cell A1: = INT(RAND( ) * 6 + 1). Then we use the Edit
function to fill down to A100. Similarly, we put the formula into cell B1 and again fill
down. In cell C1 we can put the total of the dice rolled in A1 and B1. Hence, put in
cell C1: = A1 + B1.
Thus, you would have the following but not with the same numbers.
Now continue and finish this game simulation.
A B C
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TRY THIS
It is not always necessary to experiment to discover the probabilities of certain events.
Sometimes we may be able to construct a theoretical description of the situation.
For example, if a die is a perfect cube and is thrown in a game, there is no reason to assume that
the six possible outcomes1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6are not equally likely. Similarly, if we draw one
card from a deck of 52 all the different cards should have the same chance of being drawn.
The probability of an event A is given by:
With this formula all outcomes must be equally likely.
Example 1
Ten identical pieces of cardboard are numbered 1 to 10. One card is chosen at random. What is
the probability that it is:
a 3? b even? c either 4 or 7? d less than 7? e greater than 12?
Solutions
a (number of outcomes favourable = 1)
b = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 are all favourable outcomes)
c = (4 and 7 are favourable)
d = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are favourable)
e 0 (there are no cards greater than 12)
A theoretical probability gives a measure of the rate of success of an event if many trials were
conducted. It does not mean that you will get exactly that score in a single experiment. That is,
what happens in an experimental trial may be different from what we expected theoretically.
Example 2
A person tosses a coin 6 times, recording each result.
a What is the probability of a head at each toss?
b Theoretically, how many heads would you expect in 6 tosses?
c Perform this experiment. How many heads did you get?
d What was the experimental probability of a head in a single toss?
7.4 Theoretical probability
P(A) =
number of outcomes favourable to A
total number of possible outcomes
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Solutions
a
b 3 (You would expect half heads and half tails.)
c One possible result: H T T T H T 2 heads
d Experimental probability = =
The experimental result is not what we had expected theoretically. This is not surprising
because we know that the theoretical result will not always occur. It is the average of all the
results over a very large number of trials.
1 The spinner shown is spun. What is the probability of it
stopping on:
a 1? b 2? c 3?
2 A card is drawn at random from a normal deck of 52 cards.
What is the probability of it being:
a the three of spades? b any of the four threes?
c a club? d a black card?
e a Jack, Queen or King? f a red Ace?
3 At a fte a raffle has 100 tickets at $1 each. The prize is valued at $50. The first five people
to come along are very keen to win the prize. Mrs Alix buys 40 tickets, Mr Steptoe 30,
Mr Naba 5, Mrs Naba 5 and Dr Georgiou 20.
a Find the probability of each of these people winning the prize.
b Which person has the greatest probability of winning the prize?
c Who will win the prize?
d If the raffle was run 1000 times, with each person buying the same number of tickets as
they bought this time, how many times would you expect each person to win? How sure
are you that this number would occur in practice?
4 The probability of any mathematics test being on a Wednesday is 1/5. If there were 200
mathematics tests, how many of them would you expect to be on a Wednesday? Can you
be certain that there will be exactly that number on a Wednesday?
5 A 4-digit number is formed using the digits 8, 7, 5, 2. What is the probability that the
number:
a begins with 5? b is less than 4000? c is greater than 4000?
d is odd? e is at least 9000? f is less than 9000?
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Exercise 7.4
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6 A cube has 6 faces.
a Show how you could colour its faces so that, when thrown,
it has P(red) = , P(yellow) = , P(white) = .
b Suppose that you toss this cube 60 times.
i How many of each colour would you expect?
ii You tried the experiment and the results were 28 red,
21 yellow, 11 white. Do these results surprise you?
iii Explain why this experimental result might be different
from your theoretical prediction.
Consolidation
7 An 8-sided die has faces labelled 1 to 8. If the die is rolled, what
is the probability of obtaining:
a a 5? b an even number?
c a number greater than 3? d a number divisible by 3?
8 A 20-sided die (a regular icosahedron) is labelled 2, 4, 6, 8, 38, 40. If the die is rolled,
what is the probability of:
a an even number? b an odd number?
c a multiple of 5? d a number divisible by 12?
e a number less than 20? f a number greater than 4?
9 A basketballer has a chance of scoring from the free-throw line. If the player has 60 free
throws, how many would you expect to be successful? In a game would the player
definitely score that number?
10 A bag contains 20 balls. When a ball is drawn at random we know that:
P(silver) = P(gold) = P(white) = P(black) =
What are the contents of the bag?
11 A bag contains 24 balls. If a ball is drawn at random, we know that:
P(red) = P(blue) = P(green) =
What are the contents of the bag?
12 Two friends each have a pack of 52 cards. They each draw a card at random from the pack.
What is the probability that they have both drawn:
a the same suit? b the same number? c the same card?
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13 Four students are about to play cards and draw one card each to decide who deals first. The
person with the highest card will deal first. The cards are, from highest to lowest, Ace,
King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2. If numbers are equal, then they compare suits
with hearts highest, then diamonds, clubs and finally spades.
Peter draws a Jack of clubs then replaces his card in the pack. Ellie draws a 6 of hearts then
replaces it. Sasha draws a 10 of diamonds then replaces it. Cecilia is the last to draw. What
is her chance of winning?
14 Design a spinner, with coloured sectors with the following probabilities:
P(blue) = P(red) = P(hyacinth) = P(tan) =
15 A boy holds his mathematics textbook
open as shown. His friend tosses an
ordinary die into the book, and it falls
with an edge in the centre and two faces
up. What is the probability that:
a the two faces up are 3 and 5?
b one of the two faces up is a 4?
c the sum of the two faces is 6?
d the sum of the two faces is 7?
16 A girl rolls two ordinary dice. What is the probability that both dice show the same number?
17 Archie rolls a red die with faces numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Alicia rolls a blue die with faces
numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Archie wins if his red die shows the higher number or if the
numbers are equal. Alicia wins if her blue die shows the higher number. Who has the better
chance of winning? Why?
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Winning chances
A slot machine has 3 dials, each with 10 positions
using any of four different symbols: tennis, soccer,
Rugby or golf.
For $1 per spin the machine pays $20 for 3 tennis, $10
for 3 soccer, $100 for 3 Rugby, and $900 for 3 golf.
Secret investigators have discovered for you that the
number of symbols on each dial are
dial 1: 2T, 3S, 1R, 4G dial 2: 1T, 2S, 2R, 5G dial 3: 4T, 4S, 2R, 0G
Can you calculate what are the real chances of winning?
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A PARTY GAME: ROLL A SIX AND EAT THE
CHOCOLATE
Introduction
Have you ever played this party game? Players sit in a circle and take it in turn to roll a die. If
you get a six you immediately put on a funny hat and a bib and begin to eat a bar of chocolate
using a knife and fork. You cannot pick up the chocolate with your fingers! You continue eating
until someone else throws a six. They then grab the knife and fork, put on the hat and bib and
try to eat as much as they can before another six is thrown. The game ends when there is no
more chocolate.
For these activities we will assume that there are 4 players (including yourself) and that you
throw first.
1 What is the probability that you will get the chance to eat the chocolate on your first throw?
What is the probability that you will not get the chance to eat the chocolate on your first
throw?
2 What is the probability that you will get the chance to eat the chocolate on your second
throw? What is the probability that you will not get the chance to eat the chocolate on your
second throw?
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3 The results of a hypothetical game are shown in the table below. The letter N indicates NOT
A SIX and the letter Y indicates YES A SIX. The players are Marcia, Ali, Jo and yourself.
In this game you ended up eating the rest of the chocolate just after Jo had her last turn and
the game ended.
Look down the first column. You threw the die first and did not get a six. Then Marcia tried
but did not get a six. Neither did Ali. Does Jo have a greater chance of getting a six? Why?
Why not? Would the event throwing a six in this game be a dependent or independent
event? Why?
4 Draw a probability tree to show the possible outcomes for the game. Show the pathway N,
N, N, Y on your tree diagram. What is the probability of observing this outcome for the first
round?
5 What is the probability that Ali did not throw a six in the game?
6 Who threw a six but had the least time to dress up and eat the chocolate? Who had the most
time?
CHAL L ENGE
This activity can be done in a group.
1 Carry out the following experiment: Throw a single die 4 times and count the number of
times you get a six. Repeat this 49 times. Draw up a table to show the results for the total
of 50 trials. You may wish to do this on a spreadsheet using a random number generator.
The formula =INT(RAND()*6 + 1) will generate numbers from 1 to 6 at random.
2 There are four possible outcomes for each experiment, 0 sixes, 1 six, 2 sixes, 3 sixes and
4 sixes. Summarise the data, showing the observed frequencies and relative frequencies of
the number of sixes. Graph the results. What is the shape of the distribution? How do the
results compare with the theoretical results from your probability tree?
3 Calculate the relative frequency of observing at least one six in 50 trials.
4 Calculate the theoretical probability of observing at least one six in 4 throws of a single
unbiased die. How does the result compare with the observed result of your experiment?
5 Show that the theoretical probability of observing at least one six in n throws of a single
unbiased die is 1 .
Player 1st throw 2nd throw 3rd throw 4th throw
You N Y N Y
Marcia N N Y N
Ali N N N N
Jo Y N N N
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LET S COMMUNI CATE
The mathematical analysis of probability was prompted by a French gentleman gambler
Antoine Gombaud, known as the Chevalier de Mere, in the 17th century. He attempted to make
money gambling with dice. Probability theory had not been developed, but de Mere made
money by betting that he could roll at least one six in four throws of a die. Experience led him
to believe that he would win more times than he would lose with this bet.
1 De Mere reasoned that since the chance of rolling a six with a die are 1 in 6, the chance of
rolling a six in 4 tries would be or . Discuss with your neighbour why his reasoning was
wrong.
2 From the results of your work in this activity, discuss why de Mere did in fact make money
from this bet.
REFL ECTI NG
In 1654, de Mere approached the famous mathematician Blaise Pascal with a problem. He had
lost money on a new game he had invented. He bet that he could roll a double six in 24 throws
of two dice. Pascal explained to de Mere why in the long term he had won in the first game but
had lost in the other. However, his ideas prompted Pascal to contact his mathematician friend
Pierre Fermat. From their correspondence the theory of probability was born.
Reflect on how mathematics is often developed through a human need, in this case the analysis
of risk. The insurance industry today was founded on this analysis.
E
4
6
---
2
3
---
%
1 What is meant by the following terms:
a at random?
b equally likely?
c experimental probability?
2 Explain the difference between relative
frequency and theoretical probability in a
simple experiment.
entry for simulate:
simulate verb Formal 1. to make a pretence of: He
simulated admiration to flatter her. 2. to imitate or
make a copy of: They simulated diamonds to make the
cheap jewellery.
Word family: simulation nounsimulator
noun a device used in training or experiments that
simulates movement or flight.
How does the common English meaning
differ from the mathematical meaning?
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
1 A darts player throws one dart at this dart
board and their score is recorded.
a List all possible outcomes.
b Are all the outcomes equally likely?
If not, indicate which ones are i most
likely ii least likely.
2 Choose coloured balls to be placed in a
bag so that all the following conditions
are met. When one ball is drawn:
a green is the least likely colour
b red is the most likely colour
c brown and yellow are equally likely
3 a Explain what is meant by random
selection.
b Outline a method for randomly
choosing two students to represent
your class at an interschool event.
4 A wheel is spun to decide which prize a quiz show contestant wins. Possible results are:
car ($52 000) holiday ($4650) TV ($1200)
spin again dinner for two ($180) two concert tickets ($150)
no prize
The results of 60 spins are:
TV spin holiday concert concert dinner
dinner car dinner no prize spin concert
spin dinner concert concert dinner TV
dinner no prize car dinner holiday spin
spin spin concert concert concert no prize
TV concert dinner concert concert dinner
dinner no prize TV dinner dinner spin
dinner spin dinner concert dinner holiday
car holiday spin no prize TV dinner
spin dinner TV concert dinner concert
a Complete the table below.
3
2
1
4
5
8
7
6
10
20
9
Prize Tally Total Experimental probability
Car
Holiday
TV
Dinner
Concert
Spin
No prize
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
b If the wheel was a circle divided into
20 sectors, estimate the number of
sectors for each prize.
5 Draw two small
circles (radius
approximately
5 cm) that
intersect to give
three regions of
approximately
equal size. Create an experiment in which
you toss a small object, such as a coin,
onto the circles drawn. Perform a
sufficient number of trials of the
experiment to enable you to estimate the
probabilities of events A, B, C and D:
A = the object stops completely inside
one of the shaded regions
B = the object stops completely inside
region B
C = some part of the object is touching a
circle
D = the object stops completely outside
the figure
6 a Copy this diagram onto light
cardboard, and cut it out. Fold it along
the dotted lines and use sticky tape to
form a solid shape.
Label the large square face A, the
small square face B, and the other
faces C, D, E and F.
b If this shape was rolled 100 times,
predict how many times the top face
would be
i A ii B iii C
iv D v E vi F
c Carry out an experiment to check
your predictions.
d Were your predictions confirmed by
the experimental data?
B
A
A
3 cm 3 cm
4 cm
4 cm
4 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
3 cm
70
70
70
70
70 70
70 70
A
B
D
F
E C
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
7 Program your graphics calculator (or
computer) to:
a provide a random number:
i from 1 to 30 ii from 50 to 100
b simulate a game where an 8-sided die
(labelled 1, 2, 3, 8) is rolled. You
win if you roll a 1 or an 8. How often
will you win? Use your simulation to
experiment and check your findings.
8 This spinner is
spun. What is the
probability of it
stopping
on:
a green (G)?
b red (R)?
c blue (B)?
d yellow (Y)?
e white (W)?
9 A regular octahedron (8 identical faces) is
labelled 10, 12, 14, , 24. If it is rolled,
what is the probability of:
a an even number?
b a number greater than 20?
c a multiple of 3?
d a multiple of 5?
10 Choose coloured balls to put in a bag so
that a random selection of one ball has the
following probabilities:
a P(crimson) =
b P(aqua) =
c P(hyacinth) =
d P(lemon) =
e P(white) =
f P(black) = 0
R
G
B
R
G
B
R
W
Y G
R R
1
4
---
1
3
---
1
12
------
1
6
---
1
6
---
282
S
u
r
d
s
8
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
determine whether a number is rational or irrational
distinguish between surds and square roots
define a real number
arrange rational and irrational numbers in ascending order
locate the position of a surd on the real number line
express surds in simplest form
express surds of the form a as entire surds
add and subtract surds
multiply and divide surds
expand binomial products that contain surds
rationalise the denominator of a fraction
add and subtract fractions that have surds in the denominator.
b
Surds
Chapt er 8: Surds 283
Real numbers are numbers that can be represented by points on the number line. They can be
divided into two sets of numbers: the rational numbers and the irrational numbers. These terms
are defined below.
Rational and irrational numbers
More simply, a number is rational if it can be expressed as a fraction, or ratio. Integers, mixed
numerals, percentages, terminating and recurring decimals can all be expressed as fractions.
Therefore, they are all rational numbers.
Some examples of rational numbers are 3, 2, 0, , 1 , 0.87, and 15%. There is an infinite
number of rational numbers between any two numbers on a number line.
The set of irrational numbers includes , decimals that neither terminate nor recur and surds
(see below). When an irrational number is expressed as a decimal, the decimal continues
indefinitely; however, there is no recurring pattern in the digits.
Surds
When a real number other than zero is squared, the result is always a positive number, while
the square of zero is zero. Therefore, every positive number has two square roots. One square
root is a positive number, the other square root is a negative number. For example, the two
square roots of 9 are 3 and 3, as 3
2
= 9 and (3)
2
= 9. The notation , however, only refers
to the positive square root of a number; that is, = 3, and not 3.
Square roots and other roots of numbers may be either rational or irrational. A surd is a root of
a rational number that is itself irrational. For example:
1 Numbers such as and are called surds because they are irrational roots. These
numbers cannot be written as integers or fractions and do not have decimal equivalents that
either terminate or recur. We can only find approximate decimal values for surds.
Rational and irrational
numbers
8.1
A rational number is a number that can be written in the form , where a and b
are integers and b 0.
An irrational number is a number that cannot be written in this form.
a
b
---
3
4
---
7
9
--- 0.4
9
is the positive square root of x for x > 0
= 0 if x = 0
is undefined if x < 0
x
x
x
2 7
3
2 Numbers such as and are not called surds because they are rational roots. These
numbers can be written as integers ( = 3 and = 2).
NOTE: All surds are irrational numbers; however, all irrational numbers are not surds.
Locating surds on the number line
Although surds do not have exact decimal equivalents, we can still locate their exact position
on the number line. For example, we could locate the exact position of on a number line as
follows.
Step 1 Draw a number line using a scale of 1 unit = 2 cm. Leave enough space above the line
to perform the construction.
Step 2 Construct OAB with OA = AB = 1 unit. Show by Pythagoras Theorem that the exact
length of OB is units.
Step 3 Place the compass point at O and using a radius of length OB, make an arc to cut the
number line at P as shown. The interval OP is the same length as the interval OB, as
OP and OB are equal radii of the circle with centre O. Therefore, OP = units and P
represents the exact position of the irrational number on the number line.
9 8
3
9 8
3
A surd is an irrational number of the form , where x is a rational number and
n 2 is an integer.
x
n
2
0 1 2 3
2
0 1 2 3
O A
B
2
1
1
2
2
0 1 2 3
O A
B
P
2
2
1
1
A proof that is not rational
This proof is based on contradiction!
If is rational then it must be able to be expressed in the form (b 0) where a and b are
integers and have no common factor.
i.e. = (b 0)
so 2 =
a
2
= 2b
2
a
2
is divisible by 2.
Hence, a is divisible by 2.
Let a = 2k.
(2k)
2
= 2b
2
b
2
= 2k
2
b
2
is divisible by 2.
Hence, b is also divisible by 2.
This means that a and b have a common factor of 2, which is a contradiction of our original
assumption that is rational and could be expressed in the form , where a and b had no
common factor.
Hence, the assumption is false and is not rational.
Example 1
State whether each number is rational or irrational.
a 27% b c d
Solutions
a 27% = , 27% is a rational number.
b = , is a rational number.
c = 2.449 489 743 , which neither terminates nor recurs, is an irrational
number.
d = 0.785 398 163 , which neither terminates nor recurs, is an irrational number.
2
2
a
b
---
2
a
b
---
a
2
b
2
-----
2
a
b
---
2
E
G
+
S
0.3
6

4
---
27
100
---------
0.3
1
3
--- 0.3
6 6
4
---

4
---
Example 2
Arrange , 4.6, 5, in ascending order.
Solution
Write any surds as decimals, correct to 3 decimal places.
, 4.6, 5,
= 5.477, 4.6, 5, 5.196
In ascending order, the numbers are 4.6, 5, 5.196, 5.477
i.e. 4.6, 5, , .
1 State whether or not each of these numbers is a surd.
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
2 State whether each of these numbers is rational or irrational.
a b c d 1 e 0.6
f g h 1.7 i j
k 25% l 3 + m 8
2
n o 5.3%
p 5 q r s t
u v w x 2:3 y
3 State whether each number is rational or irrational.
a 0.7 b 5 % c d
e 4:1 f 0 g h 2005
i j k l
m 3 10
2
n 4 o p
4 Between which two consecutive integers do each of these surds lie?
a b c d
E
G
+
S
30 3 3
30 3 3
3 3 30
Exercise 8.1
3 4 10 15 25
33 36 49 50 90
6
3
8
3
30
3
88
3
100
3
1
2
--- 9 2
2
3
---
0.3
2 5 144
11 99
1 27
3
1
--- 16 49 +
4 5 + 3
3
81
5
2
-------
1
2
--- 12

3
---
343
3
18
2
---------- 3 ( )
2
2
2
22
7
------
0.2
2
2
2
5 19 76 150
Consolidation
5 Express each of these irrational numbers as a decimal, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c d
e 1 + f 11 g h
i j k l
m n o p
6 Arrange each group of numbers in ascending order.
a , 3.4, , 3.7 b 9.6, , , 9.15
c , 3.6, , 4 d , 7, ,
e , 5, , f , , , 10.1
7 The method outlined here allows for the location of all possible surds on the real number
line.
a Construct a number line with intervals of 1 unit marked on it, then construct another
line parallel to this such that the lines are 1 unit apart.
b Show that the interval OA has length units. Use a compass to locate the position of
on the number line.
c Find the length of the interval OB and hence locate the position of on the number
line.
d Repeat this process two more times to locate the position of on the number line.
8 Here is another method for locating surds on the number
line.
a Construct a number line with intervals of 1 unit
marked on it. On this number line, construct a
right-angled triangle with perpendicular sides of
length 1 unit and hypotenuse OA as shown.
7 13
3
47
4
61
5
5 3 3 29 3 2 2 7 +
1
5
-------
15
2
-------
1
2 3
----------
43
5 7
----------
1 10 +
2
-------------------
3 11 +
5
-----------------------
14 3 2
2 5
----------------------
2 6 +
2 6
----------------
13 15 96 83
3 2 90
3
4 3
41
6
------ 3 5
26 2 6 3 3 1 67 + 4 5 12 11
A
1 2 3 2
1 unit
3
O
B
2
2
3
5
O
B
A
1
1
1
1
2 3 2 3
3
2
b Show that the interval OA has length units. Use a compass to locate the position of
on the number line.
c At A, construct an interval AB of length 1 unit, perpendicular to OA. Show that the
interval OB has length units. Use a compass to locate the position of on the
number line.
d Repeat this process two more times to locate the position of on the number line.
9 This diagram, not drawn to scale, shows the position of
marked at Q on a number line. If the interval AP has
length 2 units, find:
a the irrational number that is represented by the point A
on the number line
b the exact length of the interval AQ.
10 Construct a number line with intervals of length 1 unit
marked on it, where 1 unit is equal to the diameter of a 10 cent coin.
a Determine the exact circumference of the coin, in units.
b Explain how the position of could now be located on this number line.
11 Classify each of the following as always rational, sometimes rational or never rational, for
positive integers a, b. If the expression is sometimes rational, explain under what conditions
this is the case.
a b c
d e f
When a surd is expressed in the form it is called an entire surd. Some examples of entire
surds are , and . A surd is in its simplest form when n is not divisible by a
square number (other than 1). That is, the number is not divisible by 4, 9, 16, 25, 36,
When we simplify surds we make use of the fact that = x = .
2
2
3 3
5
O A
Q
P
2
11
11
0 1 2 3
a ( )
2
a
2
a b +
a b a b
a
b
-------
8.2 Simplifying surds
n
2 5 14 n
x ( )
2
x
2
Example 1
Simplify each of these surds.
a b c
Solutions
a = b = c =
= = =
= = =
Example 2
Express as an entire surd.
Solution
=
=
Example 3
Simplify:
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= = =
= = =
=
1 Express each product in the form .
a b c d
e f g h
To simplify a surd of the form :
Express in the form where n = pq and p is the largest square
number which divides into n.
Write the answer in the form , where a = .
n
n p q
a q p
E
G
+
S
12 200 5 63
12 4 3 200 100 2 5 63 5 9 7
2 3 10 2 5 3 7
2 3 10 2 15 7
E
G
+
S
3 7
3 7 9 7
63
E
G
+
S
16p a
7
18x
2
y
3
16p a
7
18x
2
y
3
16 p a
6
a 18 x
2
y
3

4 p a
3
a 9 2 x
2
y
2
y
4 p a
3
a 3 2 x y y
3xy 2y
Exercise 8.2
n
2 5 3 7 7 2 5 3
11 2 3 13 10 3 5 11
2 Evaluate:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
3 Express each of these in simplest surd form.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
u v w x
Consolidation
4 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
5 Express in simplest surd form:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
6 Express each of the following as an entire surd.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
7 Find the value of each pronumeral.
a = b = c = d =
2 2 3 3 7 7 11 11
2 2 2 2 4 3 4 3 5 2 5 2 3 7 3 7
5 ( )
2
13 ( )
2
2 5 ( )
2
4 2 ( )
2
8 12 18 20
24 27 28 32
40 45 48 50
54 60 63 72
75 80 84 90
96 99 150 200
5 12 6 20 2 27 4 28
8 45 11 48 10 50 3 63
4 72 6 75 3 88 5 300
128 160 175 242
243 245 288 396
405 448 675 720
2 2 3 2 2 5 3 3
4 2 2 11 3 5 4 3
5 2 2 13 3 6 2 14
2 15 3 7 6 2 5 3
4 5 2 22 3 10 4 6
2 3 k a 7 2 m 7 112 275 5 y
8 Simplify these algebraic surds.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
9 Express as entire surds:
a b c d
e f g h
10 Show that =
Like surds are surds that have the same number or expression under the radical sign.
Examples of like surds are and , and , and .
Examples of unlike surds are and , and , and .
Surds can be treated in the same way as pronumerals when adding or subtracting. For example,
to simplify 3a + 2a, we add the co-efficients and keep the same pronumeral. That is, we write
3a + 2a = 5a because 3 lots of a number a plus 2 lots of the number a is equal to 5 lots of
the number a. However, pronumerals can stand for irrational numbers as well as for rational
numbers. Therefore, by substituting a = , for example, we could write = .
That is, 3 lots of plus 2 lots of is equal to 5 lots of .
When adding or subtracting surds, we add or subtract the rational parts and keep the same
irrational part.
9a 25a a
3
a
5
a
2
b ab
2
a
4
b ab
6
a
3
b
4
a
8
b
5
a
5
b
3
a
9
b
7
4a
3
12a
4
18a
5
27a
2
b
36ab
4
45a
3
b
2
48a
4
b
2
50a
7
b
11
7 a a a a
4
a ab a
5 ab 2 2a 4a
2
3ab 3a
2
b
3
5ab
x y
x y +
------------
x y +
x y
------------
x y
x y +
------------
Greater number
Without using a calculator, determine which number is greater:
1 + 2 or 8 2 3 3
TRY THIS
Addition and subtraction of
surds
8.3
3 2 5 2 4 3 3 2 a 6 a
2 3 5 7 5 3 3a 3b
7 3 7 2 7 + 5 7
7 7 7
Expressions such as 3a + 2b cannot be simplified in algebra because 3a and 2b are not like
terms. That is, we would be adding 3 lots of one number with 2 lots of a different number. So
it is with surds. We cannot simplify because 3 lots of plus 2 lots of does
not equal 5 lots of .
NOTE: In some questions, the surds that are to be added or subtracted may not initially be like
surds. However, once simplified, they may become like surds, in which case they can then be
added or subtracted.
Example 1
Simplify:
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= = =
Example 2
Simplify .
Solution
=
=
Example 3
Simplify:
a b
= and = a c b c + a b + ( ) c a c b c a b ( ) c
3 7 2 5 + 7 5
12
Only like surds can be added or subtracted.
To add or subtract surds:
express each surd in its simplest form
add or subtract the rational parts of like surds
keep the same irrational parts.
E
G
+
S
3 5 7 5 + 7 2 2 8 6 5 6 4 6 +
3 5 7 5 + 7 2 2 8 6 5 6 4 6 +
3 7 + ( ) 5 7 1 ( ) 2 8 5 4 + ( ) 6
10 5 6 2 9 6
E
G
+
S
5 3 6 2 2 3 4 2 + +
5 3 6 2 2 3 4 2 + + 5 3 2 3 6 2 4 2 + +
3 3 10 2 +
E
G
+
S
18 32 + 5 20 2 45
Solutions
a b
= =
= =
= =
=
1 a Does 9 + 16 = 25?
b Evaluate , and . Does = ?
c Evaluate , and correct to 3 decimal places. Does = ?
d In general, does = ?
2 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
3 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
Consolidation
4 Simplify by collecting the like surds:
a b
c d
e f
g h
i j
k l
18 32 + 5 20 2 45
9 2 ( ) 16 2 ( ) + 5 4 5 ( ) 2 9 5 ( )
3 2 4 2 + 5 2 5 ( ) 2 3 5 ( )
7 2 10 5 6 5
4 5
Exercise 8.3
9 16 25 9 16 + 25
2 3 5 2 3 + 5
a b + a b +
5 2 2 2 + 8 3 5 3 2 5 7 5 +
10 11 6 11 2 7 7 + 6 3 3
5 5 + 13 13 8 10 7 10
12 11 5 11 + 9 7 4 7 6 2 8 2 +
2 3 6 3 8 5 5 5 + 4 6 3 6
5 2 3 2 2 + + 7 3 5 3 4 3 + 12 10 3 10 2 10
6 6 6 + + 9 7 2 7 6 7 4 5 3 5 8 5 +
4 3 6 3 5 3 + 3 11 6 11 4 11 + + 2 10 3 10 4 10
4 2 2 3 3 2 3 + + + 5 5 4 3 7 5 6 3 + + +
8 7 2 5 3 7 2 5 + + 10 6 9 2 3 2 6 +
9 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 + + 2 10 4 11 10 5 11 + +
10 7 2 3 3 7 6 3 + 3 5 2 2 11 5 7 2 +
8 2 5 9 2 6 5 + + 4 6 3 10 11 6 12 10 + +
3 10 7 3 2 7 + + 9 13 2 10 13 2
5 Express each surd in simplest form, then collect the like surds.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
s t u
v w x
6 Express in simplest surd form.
a b
c d
e f
7 Simplify:
a b
c d
8 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
The following rules should be used to multiply or divide surds, where a > 0 and b > 0:
8 2 + 12 3 5 20 +
27 12 + 45 20 32 8
63 7 + 18 50 + 40 10
45 80 + 98 32 200 50 +
8 2 72 + 4 7 28 + 11 3 48
7 5 20 96 6 6 + 63 8 7 +
13 6 3 150 15 11 5 44 6 13 2 52 +
8 45 3 20 + 4 98 5 50 7 75 6 27
20 27 45 12 + + + 63 7 2 28 18 +
5 8 2 40 32 4 90 + + 4 75 2 48 7 6 3 54 +
7 18 125 5 32 2 80 + 300 11 10 8 27 3 90 + +
5 p 3 q 4 p q + + 7 u 2 v 3 u 4 v +
9 x y 2 x 6 y + 3 m 4 n 3 m 5 n +
4a 5 a + 9p 16p + 27x 12x
k
3
3k k + m
5
7m
2
m + 18t
2
8t
2
75y
3
48y
3
49u
2
v
7
4uv
3
v 75c
3
d
4
10cd
2
3c +
Multiplication and division of
surds
8.4
= = a = =
= =
a ( )
2
a
2
a b ab
a
b
-------
a
b
---
a b c d ac bd
a b
c d
----------
a
c
---
b
d
---
NOTE: In questions where the product is large, it is often easier to simplify the surds first, then
multiply.
Example 1
Simplify:
a b
Solutions
a = b
= 5 =
= 9 2
= 18
Example 2
Simplify:
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= = =
=
Example 3
Simplify:
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= = =
= = =
= 4
To multiply or divide surds:
multiply or divide the rational parts
multiply or divide the irrational parts
simplify if possible.
E
G
+
S
5 5 3 2 3 2
5 5 5
2
3 2 3 2
3 3 ( ) 2 2 ( )
E
G
+
S
7 2 4 3 2 5 10 2
7 2 4 3 2 5 10 2
7 2 4 2 3 5 20
14 8 15 4 5
2 5
E
G
+
S
30 6 24 55 8 5 48 3
30 6 24 55 8 5 48 3
30
6
----------
24 55
8 5
----------------
48
3
----------
30
6
------
24
8
------
55
5
------
48
3
------
5 3 11 16
1 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
2 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
Consolidation
3 Multiply each of the following and give the answer in simplest surd form.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
s t u
4 Simplify each of the surds, then multiply. Give your answers in simplest form.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
Exercise 8.4
5 3 2 11 7 5 10 3
7 2 2 3 5 4 6 2 5 2 8 3
5 2 4 3 3 7 9 3 4 5 7 11 9 3 5 13
5 5 17 17 3 2 2 5 3 5 3
2 3 5 5 7 3 2 7 2 4 3 3 5 2 7 8 2
10 2 30 5 77 11 42 7
10 3 2 21 2 7 20 6 4 48 11 6
2 6 6 5 3 3 9 5 3 5 24 7 6 7
8 30 2 3 26 2 4 70 10 9 35 5
25 21 5 3 48 22 8 2 54 30 6 3 32 65 4 5
6 2 2 10 3 6
12 2 2 14 8 5
3 15 6 8 5 10
18 3 12 6 15 5
4 6 2 2 8 3 20 5 2
3 22 6 2 2 7 7 8 3 8 4 10
4 3 2 30 5 12 2 8 4 33 5 3
6 18 12 20 18 12
24 27 45 63 27 44
50 18 12 48 80 20
28 2 3 3 20 8 54 7 32
8 24 3 12 6 45 5 72 3 98 5 112
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
6 Simplify:
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
7 Simplify each of these quotients.
a b c
d e f
g h i
24 3 60 5 120 6
72 3 56 7 54 3
18 2 20 5 75 3
3 24 2 4 90 5 4 72 2 8
8 120 2 3 21 98 7 2 10 96 2 3
a b 3 m 5 n x y z
5 p 2 q 3 r 3 2a 2 7b 4 5c k k k
a b b a 5 c 3 cd 4 3a 2 12a
2p 14q 2 45m 3 18m 3 24p
2
q 5 32pq
5
xy y pqr pr 10 a 2 a
24 uvw 3 vw 28gh 7g a
7
a
p
2
q
5
pq 14 75a
5
2 3a
2
10 40x
6
2 5x
3
Imaginary numbers
In the Extension 2 Mathematics Course in Year 12, students study imaginary
numbers such as i, where i = .
1 Is a surd? Explain your answer.
2 Is a real number?
3 Find the values of i
2
, i
3
, i
4
.
4 Find the values of i
5
, i
6
, i
7
, i
8
. What do you notice?
5 What would be the value of
a i
100
? b i
45
? c i
79
?
1
1
1
TRY THIS
The rules for the expansion of binomial products can be applied to expressions that involve
surds.
Example 1
a b
Solutions
a b
= =
= =
=
Example 2
a b
Solutions
a b
= =
= =
= =
=
=
8.5 Binomial products with surds
a(b + c) = ab + ac
(a + b)(c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
(a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
(a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
(a b)
2
= a
2
2ab + b
2
E
G
+
S
2 3 6 5 3 + ( ) 2 3 ( ) 5 4 + ( )
2 3 6 5 3 + ( ) 2 3 ( ) 5 4 + ( )
2 18 10 9 + 2 5 4 + ( ) 3 5 4 + ( )
2 3 2 ( ) 10 3 ( ) + 10 4 2 3 5 12 +
6 2 30 +
E
G
+
S
3 5 + ( )
2
5 2 6 ( )
2
3 5 + ( )
2
5 2 6 ( )
2
3
2
2 3 5 ( ) 5 ( )
2
+ + 5 2 ( )
2
2 5 2 6 ( ) 6 ( )
2
+
9 6 5 5 + + 50 10 12 6 +
14 6 5 + 56 10 12
56 10 2 3 ( )
56 20 3
Example 3
a b
Solutions
a b
= =
= 16 7 = 45 40
= 9 = 5
1 Expand and simplify each of the following.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
Consolidation
a b
c d
e f
g h
i j
k l
m n
o p
q r
s t
E
G
+
S
4 7 + ( ) 4 7 ( ) 3 5 2 10 ( ) 3 5 2 10 + ( )
4 7 + ( ) 4 7 ( ) 3 5 2 10 ( ) 3 5 2 10 + ( )
4
2
7 ( )
2
3 5 ( )
2
2 10 ( )
2
Exercise 8.5
2 3 5 + ( ) 7 5 2 ( ) 11 2 6 + ( )
2 3 5 2 5 + ( ) 4 2 2 5 11 ( ) 3 5 6 7 9 6 ( )
3 3 2 + ( ) 5 6 5 + ( ) 7 7 2 ( )
3 2 2 5 + ( ) 4 3 5 3 ( ) 5 6 4 6 2 5 ( )
2 6 8 + ( ) 3 15 6 ( ) 6 8 12 ( )
5 3 7 8 + ( ) 2 10 2 5 ( ) 3 15 2 3 3 6 ( )
2 3 + ( ) 5 2 + ( ) 3 1 + ( ) 7 4 ( )
5 2 ( ) 3 6 ( ) 2 10 + ( ) 7 3 ( )
6 2 + ( ) 5 7 + ( ) 5 3 + ( ) 2 11 ( )
5 6 + ( ) 2 6 + ( ) 4 3 ( ) 7 3 ( )
5 2 + ( ) 2 3 ( ) 7 1 + ( ) 7 2 ( )
3 2 5 + ( ) 2 7 + ( ) 5 3 2 ( ) 2 7 3 + ( )
2 5 11 + ( ) 2 5 3 ( ) 4 2 2 5 ( ) 2 2 5 ( )
6 5 + ( ) 2 2 + ( ) 4 3 + ( ) 8 1 + ( )
2 3 ( ) 10 4 + ( ) 12 10 + ( ) 3 2 ( )
3 2 2 3 + ( ) 5 6 3 8 ( ) 2 5 4 2 ( ) 3 8 5 10 ( )
3 Expand and simplify these perfect squares.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
s t u
4 Expand each expression into a difference of two squares, then simplify.
a b
c d
e f
g h
i j
k l
m n
o p
q r
5 Find the value of all pronumerals in each of the following.
a = b =
6 Find the values of m and n in each of these, where m > 0.
a = b =
a b c
8 Show that = .
9 a Show that is rational.
b Using Pythagoras theorem and your result from part a,
find the length of the hypotenuse in this right-angled
triangle.
10 Expand and simplify using
(a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
.
2 1 + ( )
2
3 2 ( )
2
5 3 + ( )
2
4 7 + ( )
2
3 6 ( )
2
5 2 ( )
2
2 3 + ( )
2
7 5 + ( )
2
5 2 ( )
2
2 2 3 ( )
2
3 2 4 + ( )
2
7 2 5 ( )
2
2 3 3 2 + ( )
2
5 2 4 5 ( )
2
3 7 2 2 + ( )
2
6 2 + ( )
2
10 5 ( )
2
3 12 + ( )
2
3 2 10 ( )
2
14 4 2 ( )
2
2 15 6 3 + ( )
2
2 1 + ( ) 2 1 ( ) 7 2 ( ) 7 2 + ( )
5 2 ( ) 5 2 + ( ) 4 3 + ( ) 4 3 ( )
10 3 + ( ) 10 3 ( ) 5 11 ( ) 5 11 + ( )
13 2 ( ) 13 2 + ( ) 7 15 + ( ) 7 15 ( )
2 3 1 + ( ) 2 3 1 ( ) 3 2 2 ( ) 3 2 2 + ( )
7 3 3 ( ) 7 3 3 + ( ) 10 2 3 + ( ) 10 2 3 ( )
2 5 3 + ( ) 2 5 3 ( ) 7 4 3 ( ) 7 4 3 + ( )
4 3 5 + ( ) 4 3 5 ( ) 19 2 2 + ( ) 19 2 2 ( )
5 2 2 5 ( ) 5 2 2 5 + ( ) 3 6 5 2 ( ) 3 6 5 2 + ( )
5 2 2 5 + ( )
2
a b 10 + 2 6 3 2 ( )
2
x y 3 +
m n + ( )
2
14 6 5 + m n + ( )
2
43 12 7
1 2 + ( )
3
2 3 ( )
4
3 2 2 + ( )
4
2 3 6 + + ( )
2
11 6 2 4 3 2 6 + + +
x cm
( 3 + 1) cm
( 3 1) cm
3 1 + ( )
2
3 1 ( )
2
+
3 2 5 + + ( ) 3 2 5 + ( )
Fractions that have a surd in the denominator are not easy to work with. To overcome this
problem, we form an equivalent fraction with a rational denominator. That is, we rationalise
the denominator.
Rationalising a monomial denominator
If the denominator of a fraction contains a single term, then the fraction is said to have a
monomial denominator. To rationalise a monomial denominator, we use the fact that
= a.
Rationalising a binomial denominator
(Extension)
If the denominator of a fraction contains two terms, then the fraction is said to have a binomial
denominator.
The conjugate of the binomial a + b is a b and vice-versa. To rationalise a binomial
denominator, we make use of the identity (a + b)(a b) = a
2
b
2
.
NOTE: If a and/or b are surds, then both a
2
and b
2
must be integers. Hence a
2
b
2
must be
rational.
Example 1
Rationalise the denominator in each of these.
a b c
8.6 Rationalising the denominator
a a
To rationalise a monomial denominator:
multiply the numerator and denominator by the surd in the denominator
simplify the surd in the numerator if possible
cancel any common factors.
To rationalise a binomial denominator:
multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the denominator
simplify the surd in the numerator if possible
cancel any common factors.
E
G
+
S
1
5
-------
6
5 2
----------
3
8
-------
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= =
=
Example 3 (Extension)
Rationalise the denominator in each of these.
a b c
Solutions
a b c
= = =
= = =
= = =
= =
Example 2
Express in simplest
surd form with a rational
denominator.
Solution
=
=
=
=
1
5
-------
5
5
-------
6
5 2
----------
2
2
-------
3
8
-------
8
8
-------
5
5
-------
6 2
10
----------
24
8
----------
3 2
5
----------
2 6
8
----------
6
4
-------
E
G
+
S
14 6 +
2
-------------------
14 6 +
2
-------------------
2
2
-------
28 6 2 +
2
---------------------------
2 7 6 2 +
2
---------------------------
2 7 3 2 + ( )
2
--------------------------------
7 3 2 +
E
G
+
S
1
7 2
----------------
3
2 3 3 +
-------------------
5 2 +
5 2
----------------
1
7 2
----------------
7 2 +
7 2 +
----------------
3
2 3 3 +
-------------------
2 3 3
2 3 3
-------------------
5 2 +
5 2
----------------
5 2 +
5 2 +
----------------
7 2 +
7 ( )
2
2
2
-------------------------
3 2 3 3 ( )
2 3 ( )
2
3
2
-----------------------------
5 2 + ( )
2
5 ( )
2
2
2
-------------------------
7 2 +
7 4
----------------
3 2 3 3 ( )
12 9
---------------------------
5 4 5 4 + +
5 4
-----------------------------
7 2 +
3
----------------
3 2 3 3 ( )
3
---------------------------
9 4 5 +
1
-------------------
2 3 3 9 4 5 +
1 Express each of these fractions with a rational denominator.
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
Consolidation
2 Express each fraction in simplest form with a rational denominator.
a b c d e
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r s t
u v w x y
3 Express each fraction in simplest form with a rational denominator.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
Exercise 8.6
1
2
-------
1
3
-------
2
5
-------
3
7
-------
5
6
-------
1
3 5
----------
1
4 3
----------
2
3 7
----------
3
2 5
----------
7
8 2
----------
2
3
-------
3
7
-------
3 5
2
----------
6
3 11
-------------
5 3
3 2
----------
2
2
-------
3
3
-------
6
2
-------
10
5
-------
12
3
-------
3
6
-------
2
10
----------
7
21
----------
5
30
----------
6
42
----------
5
2 5
----------
8
3 2
----------
6
5 3
----------
9
4 6
----------
15
2 10
-------------
3 2
4 3
----------
5 3
2 5
----------
9 7
2 6
----------
12 5
5 6
-------------
6 11
5 10
-------------
10
2
----------
3
21
----------
8
6
-------
3 6
2
----------
4 10
5 5
-------------
1 2 +
2
----------------
4 3
3
----------------
3 7 +
5
----------------
5 2
6
----------------
5 2 2 +
3
-------------------
7 2 3
10
-------------------
3 2 4 +
2 5
-------------------
5 3 3 5
2 7
---------------------------
4 2 +
2
----------------
15 2 3
3
----------------------
3 5 20
10
----------------------
3 9
3 6
----------------
4 Rationalise the denominator in each fraction, then simplify.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
5 Express each of these fractions in simplest surd form with a rational denominator.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
6 Show that is rational, and find its value.
1
2
-------
1
5
------- +
1
3
-------
1
7
-------
2
11
----------
3
2
------- +
3
5
-------
5
3
------- +
8
2
-------
2
6
------- +
6
3
-------
3
6
-------
2
5
-------
7
3
------- +
5
12
----------
2
3
-------
1
2
-------
1
2 3
---------- +
2
5
-------
3
4 2
----------
5
2 3
----------
4
3 3
----------
3 2
2 3
----------
2 3
5 2
---------- +
1
2 1 +
----------------
1
3 1
----------------
1
5 2 +
--------------------
1
7 3
--------------------
2
3 3 +
----------------
3
4 2
----------------
7
6 5
--------------------
2
3 7 +
----------------
1
2 3 1
-------------------
1
3 5 2 +
-------------------
5
4 3 2 2
---------------------------
11 7
5 2 2 5 +
---------------------------
15
2 3 5
-----------------------
6
3 2 2 3
---------------------------
1
63 28 +
--------------------------
10
20 18
--------------------------
2 1 +
2 1
----------------
5 3
5 3 +
----------------
10 7 +
10 7
-----------------------
3 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 +
---------------------------
1
2 2 1
-------------------
1
2 2 1 +
-------------------
Exact values
Find the exact value of the following series.
HINT: Try rationalising the denominators.
1
1 2 +
-----------------
1
2 3 +
----------------------
1
3 4 +
----------------------
1
99 100 +
--------------------------------- + + + +
TRY THIS
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FIBONACCI NUMBERS AND THE GOLDEN MEAN
Introduction
There is a fascinating sequence of numbers called Fibonacci numbers which are closely related
to patterns of growth in nature. Here it is:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
Can you see the pattern? What would be the next three numbers in the sequence?
The sequence itself is named after an Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano, better known by
his nickname Fibonacci, who described the pattern when solving a problem about the breeding
of rabbits. The date was 1202, well before the invention of the printing press, so his book was
handwritten. You can find out more about him, and the problem he solved, by checking out the
Internet. The properties of the sequence have been investigated for quite a long time. Today,
there is even a learned journal called Fibonacci Quarterly where mathematicians publish their
findings about Fibonacci numbers.
The learning activities below lead to a surprising finding about a special surd which
figures prominently in art and architecture.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
1 5 +
2
----------------,
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In this activity we are going to explore some of the patterns in the sequence visually. We will
look at examples of many different types of real numbers: integers, rational numbers and
irrational numbers. If you can, get access to the Internet for this activity.
1 The link of the numbers to patterns of growth
Lets begin with a visual representation of each number as a square. Start with two squares of
length 1 cm, and build a square of side 2 as shown in the diagram. Continue the process and see
how the growth spirals outwards. You can draw circles to show the complete effect. Allocate
about page for the whole picture.
2 The occurrence of Fibonacci numbers in nature
The Internet has some excellent pictures of Fibonacci numbers occurring at growth points in
plants, seed heads (a sunflower is a good example), pine cones, cauliflowers, petals on flowers
and leaf arrangements. Try Ron Knotts web page at the University of Surrey, for example,
<www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Knott/Fibonacci/fibnat.html> or discuss using a search
engine with your teacher. You will also see Fibonacci numbers occurring in the spiral growth
of shells. Compare the shell spiral with the Fibonacci spiral shown above. You can zoom in on
these pictures for excellent viewing.
If examples could be brought to school for the class to see, it would be even better. Bring in
cauliflower florets, pine cones and so on. Draw up a table to show your results. See if you can
find more examples at the fruit market, in the garden or at the beach.
2
1
4
---
1
2
---
1
2
1
3
5
8
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3 The link to the golden number
An interesting pattern in the sequence is found by forming a new sequence as follows.
1 Start with 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, Now, divide each term by the one before it, i.e. term 2
by term 1, term 3 by term 2, term 4 by term 3, and so on, to get
, , , , ,
2 Record you results and plot them on a number line. You will see that these rational numbers
(fractions) jump back and forth about a fixed number we call a limit, in this case the golden
mean, or golden number. The further you go, the closer you get to the golden number. Write
down its approximate value from your graph.
3 The golden number is actually an irrational number for which we use the Greek letter
(pronounced phi). Its exact value is Enter this into your calculator and see what
you get as an approximation. Write down the value of correct to 3 decimal places.
CHAL L ENGE
1 Starting from 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, create another sequence, but this time dividing each term
by the one after it, i.e. term 1 by term 2, term 2 by term 3, and so on. These terms are the
reciprocals of the terms in the sequence above. You will get:
, , , , ,
Choose a suitable scale and plot the numbers on a graph as before. What is the approximate
value of the limit?
2 By forming the sequence of the reciprocals we end up with a limit which is close to 0.618.
What do you notice?
3 Calculate the reciprocal of the golden number (use 1.618 034) with your calculator.
What do you notice? Make a hypothesis about and its reciprocal .
4 If you can, work out the reciprocal of as an irrational number, you may need help from
your teacher. See if this confirms your hypothesis in Q3.
1
1
---
2
1
---
3
2
---
5
3
---
8
5
---
1 5 +
2
----------------.
8
1
1
---
1
2
---
2
3
---
3
5
---
5
8
---
1
----
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LET S COMMUNI CATE
Does it surprise you that growth in nature has a tendency to conform to numbers of the
Fibonacci sequence? Check out the Internet first and then write a summary of what you have
learned about the occurrence of mathematics in plant and animal life. You could collaborate
with others in a group and make a poster to illustrate your group findings.
and/or
Design a poster for your classroom that illustrates what you have learned about the golden
number .
REFL ECTI NG
In this activity you have seen a close link between the sequences of real numbers, the use of
algebra to generalise a relationship, and the geometry of growth in plants and animals. Notice
how important mathematics is as a whole discipline, its various branches being only part of a
much bigger human activity. Reflect on the value of describing nature mathematically and
tracing its beauty in the shapes of natural things.
E
%
1 Write down the meaning of each of the
following and give an example of:
a a real number
b a rational number
c an irrational number
d an integer
entry for the words rational and
irrational.
rational adjective 1. sensible or reasonable: a rational
decision 2. sane or in possession of your reason: He
was quite rational when he regained consciousness.
Word family: rationality nounrationally adverb
irrational adjective not rational; not based on
logical judgement: She has an irrational fear of water.
Word family: irrationally adverb
Now note the special meaning given to these
words in mathematics. How would you
explain the difference to a student whose first
language is not English?
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
1 State whether each number is rational or
irrational.
a 1 b c 0.82
d e 6 f 71%
g h i
2 Between which two consecutive integers
does lie?
3 Arrange these numbers in ascending
order.
, , 8.6,
4 If OA = 3 units and AB = 1 unit:
a find the irrational number represented
by P
b write down the exact length of the
interval AP.
5 If OP = units, AB = BC = 2 units:
a find the integer represented by A
b find the irrational number represented
by Q
c write down the exact length of
i AP ii AQ iii PQ
6 Evaluate:
a b
c d
7 Simplify each of these surds.
a b c
d e f
g h
8 Express the following as entire surds.
a b c
d e f
g h
9 a If = , find m.
b If = , find z.
10 Simplify:
a b
c d
e f
g
h
11 Simplify:
a
b
c
d
12 Simplify:
a b
c d
e
3
5
--- 5
20
3
4 10 + 81
3 5 2 +
700
3
83 2 17
B
A P O
1
3
13
B
A P Q
C
O
2
2
13
5 5 4 7 7
3 2 3 2 5 3 ( )
2
12 32 2 45
3 112 a
3
y
5
27p 50x
3
y
4
2 7 3 5 4 3
5 6 3 n k k
c
3
c 2e 6ef
m 3 7
12z 6 3
3 3 + 9 2 5 2 +
8 11 3 11 6 7 5 7
8 3 3 6 6 6 + +
4 10 7 10 5 10 +
12 5 7 5 4 5 +
7 3 5 2 4 3 2 + + +
8 2 6 5 3 2 5 +
10 7 3 3 2 7 3 3 +
5 10 12 11 4 11 9 10 +
20 45 + 98 8
4 27 48 + 7 80 3 125
5 18 7 48 2 32 6 12 +
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
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A
P
T
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R

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13 Simplify:
a b
c d
e f
g h
14 Simplify:
a b
c d
e f
g h
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
16 a Find values for a and b given that
= .
b Find values for m and n given that
= .
17 Express each fraction in simplest form
with a rational denominator.
a b
c d
e f
Extension
18 Express each fraction in simplest form
with a rational denominator.
a b
c d
e f
3 7 5 4 3
2 5 6 2 3 2 11
30 6 18 5 2 5
20 42 4 7 44 11
20 5 12 6
2 8 3 10 27 32
54 3 48 2
14 120 2 5 16 63 2 7
2 7 4 + ( )
2 3 3 5 ( )
7 2 10 2 2 ( )
7 3 + ( ) 5 2 ( )
2 5 6 + ( ) 8 3 3 ( )
5 4 + ( )
2
2 3 3 ( )
2
2 6 3 2 ( )
2
11 2 ( ) 11 2 + ( )
3 10 4 2 + ( ) 3 10 4 2 ( )
2 7 3 + ( )
2
a b 7 +
3 10 2 6 ( )
2
m n 15 +
1
7
-------
2
3 5
----------
15
6
----------
2
3 10
-------------
1 2 3 +
3
-------------------
4 5 2 +
6
-------------------
1
5 1 +
----------------
1
11 3
-------------------
1
6 2
--------------------
12
6 3 +
----------------
5 6
8 2 +
--------------------
10 3 +
10 3
-------------------
311
Indices
I
n
d
i
c
e
s
9
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
state the base and the index in a number that has been written in index
form
write in the expanded form a number that has been written in index form
and vice versa
evaluate numbers that have been written in index form
express a given number in index form with a specified base or index
simplify numerical and algebraic expressions using the index law for multiplication
simplify numerical and algebraic expressions using the index law for division
simplify numerical and algebraic expressions using the index law for further
powers
simplify and evaluate where possible expressions that contain a zero index
write as fractions expressions that contain negative indices
write fractions in index form using negative indices
write square roots, cube roots and other roots in index form
simplify expressions that contain fraction indices by first writing them with a
radical sign
solve numerical problems involving indices
express very large numbers and very small numbers in scientific notation
write the basic numeral for a number in scientific notation
enter numbers in scientific notation on a calculator
write a calculator display in scientific notation
write in ascending order numbers that are in scientific notation
solve problems involving scientific notation
convert expressions from surd form to index form and vice versa.
Index notation is used to shorten the way products of numbers or pronumerals are written. In
the expression 3
4
, 3 is the base and 4 is the index, power or exponent. The index indicates the
number of times the base has been multiplied by itself. That is, 3
4
means 3 3 3 3, or 4
factors of 3. By convention, the index is usually omitted when it is 1.
Example 2
Find values for x and y, if 2
x
5
y
400.
Solution
To find the values for x and y, we first express 400 as the product of its prime factors. To do
this we could use a factor tree; however, it is easier simply to divide 400 by 2s and 5s and
count the number of each factor.
1 Express in index form:
a 5 5 b 2 2 2 c 3 3 3 3
d a a a e p p p p p f y y y y
g a b a b h m m n m n i g h h g h h
j 4 e e k q q q 7 q l u 5 v u v v
m a a + b n m m m n n o c c c c + d d d
p 6 y y z z q 2 r + 3 s s
r 7 e e e 8 f f + 4 g g
2 Write each of these in the expanded form.
a 3
2
b 5
3
c 2
5
d 7
4
e n
3
f y
5
g 3m
2
h 11q
6
i pq
2
j p
2
q k x
3
y
4
l a
2
bc
3
m a
2
+ b
2
n m
3
+ 3n o p
3
2q
2
p 3a
3
b
2
+ 5a
2
b
Example 1
Express each of these in
index form.
a 5 5 5
b n n n n n
c 2 3 2 2 3
Solutions
a 5 5 5 5
3
b n n n n n n
5
c 2 3 2 2 3
2 2 2 3 3
2
3
3
2
400 2 200
200 2 100
100 2 50
50 2 25
and 25 5
2
We have been able to divide 400 by 2 four times, so there must be
4 factors of 2. The remaining term, 25, is clearly equal to 5
2
,
400 2
4
5
2
.
9.1 Index notation
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
Exercise 9.1
Chapt er 9: Indices 313
Consolidation
3 Write each of the following in index form.
a three factors of 2 b two factors of 3 c four factors of k
d x factors of 5 e m factors of n f 2p factors of 3q
4 Evaluate each of the following using a calculator.
a 3
5
b 8
3
c 7
4
d 4
6
e f 3
4
+ 4
3
g 2 5
7
h 12
5
8
6
5 Find the value of n in each of these, where n 0.
a 7
n
49 b 2
n
8 c 3
n
81 d 10
n
1000
e n
2
36 f n
5
32 g n
3
64 h n
4
625
6 Find values for all pronumerals in each of these.
a 36 2
m
3
n
b 50 2
a
5
b
c 375 3
p
5
q
d 400 2
x
5
y
e 392 2
u
7
v
f 648 a
4
b
3
g 1701 3
e
f h 3872 2
r
s
2
i 12 168 2
a
3
b
c
2
7 If 2
p
3
q
72, find the value of 2
q
3
p
.
8 Show, by substituting values for n, that:
a 3 n
2
(3n)
2
b 3n 4n 12n
9 Evaluate .
10 Find the value of m if 256.
11 Simplify k
2
(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1).
k times
12 If 2
x
20, find the value of x correct to 2 decimal places using a guess, check and refine
method.
13 What is the units digit in 2
63
?
Expressions that contain indices and which have the same base can be simplified using various
index laws. Four of these laws will be developed in Exercise 9.2 for numerical expressions and
then generalised to algebraic expressions in the exercises that follow.
Because of the discovery nature of this exercise, the questions are presented without worked
examples.
2
10
4
2
-------
2
2
2
2
2
2
m
( )
,
Simplifying numerical expressions
using the index laws
9.2
1 Express each term in the expanded form and hence simplify the expressions, giving the
answers in simplest index form.
a 2
2
2
3
b 3
3
3
4
c 5
3
5
3
d 7
4
7
2 Verify each of the following statements using a calculator.
a 5
3
5
4
5
7
b 2
8
2
5
2
13
c 3
6
3 3
7
3 Write down a rule that could be used to quickly multiply terms in index form.
a 3
6
3
2
b 7
5
7
3
c 2
7
2
4
d 5
3
5
a 2
11
2
6
2
5
b 5
9
5
2
5
7
c 3
14
3
6
3
8
6 Write down a rule that could be used to quickly divide terms in index form.
a (2
3
)
2
b (5
2
)
3
c (7
3
)
3
d (3
2
)
5
a (5
4
)
2
5
8
b (3
2
)
6
3
12
c (2
3
)
3
2
9
9 Write down a rule that could be used to quickly raise terms in index form to a further power.
Consolidation
10 Use the index laws developed above to write each expression in simplest index form.
a 2
5
2
3
b 3
4
3
2
c 7
6
7
5
d 5
3
5
9
e 3
11
3
7
f 5
8
5
6
g 2
13
2
5
h 7
15
7
9
i (5
3
)
4
j (7
8
)
3
k (3
10
)
2
l (2
4
)
6
11 Explain the error in each of these statements, then correct it.
a 3
3
3
2
9
5
b 5
4
5
2
5
8
c 7
5
7
5
1
5
d 2
12
2
3
2
4
e (5
4
)
2
25
8
f (6
5
)
4
6
9
12 Explain the error in each of these statements, then correct it.
a 6
3
6 6
3
b 10
4
10 10
4
13 Consider the following pattern with powers of 2.
2
4
2 2 2 2
2
3
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
1
2
Exercise 9.2
a How is each line obtained from the previous line?
b Write the next line in the pattern.
c Write a similar pattern using a base of 3.
d What is the value of 3
0
?
e What do you think the value of 5
0
would be?
Further application
14 Use this table of powers of 2 and the index laws developed above to evaluate the
expressions below.
a 16 8 b 64 32 c 128 4 d 256 16
e 64 4 f 256 32 g 1024 16 h 4096 128
i 4
3
j 16
2
k 8
4
l 4
5
The index law for multiplication
Proof: a
m
a
n
(a a a) (a a a)
(a a a a)
a
m + n
2
1
2
2
5
32
2
9
512
2
2
4
2
6
64
2
10
1024
2
3
8
2
7
128
2
11
2048
2
4
16
2
8
256
2
12
4096
9.3 The index laws
When multiplying expressions that contain indices:
multiply any co-efficients
keep the same base
add the indices.
a
m
a
n
a
m + n
,
m factors
,
n factors
(m + n) factors
,
The index law for division
Proof: a
m
a
n
(a a a)
a
m n
The index law for further powers
Proof: (a
m
)
n
(a
m
a
m
a
m
a
m
)
a
m + m + m + m
(n times)
a
mn
Example 1
Simplify, giving answers in index form:
a 2
3
2
4
b a
4
a
5
c x
5
x
d t
2
t
3
t
7
e 7n
3
4n
6
f 8p
2
q
4
5p
6
q
9
Solutions
a 2
3
2
4
b a
4
a
5
c x
5
x
2
3 + 4
a
4 + 5
x
5 + 1
2
7
a
9
x
6
When dividing expressions that contain indices:
divide any co-efficients
keep the same base
subtract the indices.
a
m
a
n
a
m n
a
m n
a
m
a
n
------
a
m
a
n
------
a a a
a a a
---------------------------------
m factors ( )
n factors ( )
(m n) factors
,
When raising an expression that contains an index to a further power:
raise any co-efficient to the power outside the grouping symbols
keep the same base
multiply the indices.
(a
m
)
n
a
mn
E
G
+
S
d t
2
t
3
t
7
e 7n
3
4n
6
f 8p
2
q
4
5p
6
q
9
t
2 + 3 + 7
28n
3 + 6
40p
2 + 6
q
4 + 9
t
12
28n
9
40p
8
q
13
Example 2
a 5
9
5
3
b m
6
m
4
c p
9
p
d e 24y
12
3y
5
f 28c
8
d
5
7cd
2
Solutions
Example 3
a (2
5
)
4
b (a
4
)
3
c (5k)
2
d (7m
5
)
2
e (2c
9
)
3
f (x
6
y
7
)
4
Solutions
a (2
5
)
4
b (a
4
)
3
c (5k)
2
2
5 4
a
4 3
5
2
k
2
2
20
a
12
25k
2
d (7m
5
)
2
e (2c
9
)
3
f (x
6
y
7
)
4
7
2
m
5 2
2
3
c
9 3
x
6 4
y
7 4
49m
10
8c
27
x
24
y
28
1 Simplify each expression by adding the indices.
a n
2
n
3
b a
5
a
4
c y
6
y
2
d t
3
t e e
4
e
6
f x
2
x
5
g m m
8
h d
5
d
5
i p
7
p
6
j r
3
r
5
k b
9
b l z
8
z
4
m c
4
c
2
c
4
n k
5
k
7
k
3
o w
2
w w
8
2 Simplify each expression by subtracting the indices.
a p
5
p
2
b x
7
x
3
c q
4
q
2
d y
9
y e t
10
t
3
f b
6
b
4
a 5
9
5
3
5
9 3
5
6
b m
6
m
4
m
6 4
m
2
c p
9
p
p
9 1
p
8
d
x
10 2
x
8
e 24y
12
3y
5
8y
12 5
8y
7
f 28c
8
d
5
7cd
2
4c
8 1
d
5 2
4c
7
d
3
E
G
+
S
x
10
x
2
-------
x
10
x
2
-------
E
G
+
S
Exercise 9.3
g n
8
n
5
h m
11
m
10
i f
13
f
7
j r
9
r
3
r
2
k d
11
d
7
d l j
13
j
6
j
5
3 Simplify each expression by multiplying the indices.
a (a
3
)
2
b (p
4
)
2
c (x
5
)
3
d (b
3
)
4
e (m
3
)
3
f (y
5
)
4
g (t
6
)
3
h (n
8
)
2
i (q
2
)
11
j (c
5
)
5
k (h
3
)
9
l (w
5
)
8
a 3a
4
a
2
b n
3
2n
5
c 2k
6
9k
d 4y
3
2y
4
e 3c
6
5c
2
f 5t
7
4t
2
g 8d 3d
9
h 6n
7
5n
4
i 4u
8
8u
4
j 2n
3
3n
2
n
4
k 3p
4
4p
5
3p l 7z
3
3z
4
2z
10
a 2n
6
n
2
b 3b
5
b
3
c 6c
4
c
d 10m
4
2m
2
e 8y
9
4y
3
f 21k
10
7k
4
g 30z
6
5z h 24p
12
3p
4
i 22x
8
2x
6
j 40m
10
5m
3
2m
2
k 32s
12
2s
3
4s l 60e
14
5e
2
3e
4
6 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
a (4a
3
)
2
b (3m
5
)
2
c (6g
4
)
2
d (2k
9
)
2
e (2n
5
)
3
f (3e
4
)
3
g (2q
7
)
4
h (7y
6
)
2
i (10b
4
)
3
j (2w
8
)
5
k (5g
6
)
2
l (10x
5
)
4
m (4c
10
)
3
n (3f )
4
o (2v)
6
p (6s
7
)
3
Consolidation
8 Simplify:
a a
2
b
3
a
2
b x
3
x
4
y
2
c pq
3
p
5
d m
4
n
2
m
8
n e j
2
k
3
j
3
k
4
f y
3
z
5
y
5
z
2
g 3ab
2
4a
2
b h 5mn
3
2m
2
n
5
i 4u
3
v
6
6u
3
v
3
j 7r
5
s 3rs
5
k 4w
2
x
2
9w
4
x
9
l 6c
5
d
9
5c
8
d
m 8fh
8
4f
5
h
9
n 12s
7
t
9
5s
4
t
7
o 7i
5
j
4
8i
4
j
12
9 Simplify each of the following:
a a
5
b
6
a
3
b
2
b m
6
n
9
m
4
n
2
c g
7
h
10
g
3
h
d x
4
y
8
xy
3
e u
7
v
3
u
4
v f c
8
d
5
c
6
d
3
a
7
a
4
-----
d
8
d
2
-----
n
6
n
5
-----
k
10
k
3
-------
2e
9
e
2
--------
10m
2
2m
-------------
18u
5
3u
2
-----------
15h
10
5h
6
-------------
24s
7
6s
5
-----------
90z
12
9z
5
-------------
49r
9
7r
8
-----------
54 f
16
6 f
10
--------------
g 18y
6
z
11
9yz
4
h 21a
5
b
2
7a
4
b i 32i
10
j
5
4i
3
j
2
j 35m
8
n
6
5m
7
n
2
k 48c
6
d
13
8cd
9
l 33p
10
q
7
3p
3
q
4
m 45e
11
f
14
9e
5
f
8
n 42x
4
y
10
6xy
6
o 72b
12
c
15
6b
7
c
10
10 Simplify:
a (x
2
y
4
)
2
b (p
5
q
3
)
2
c (cd
4
)
3
d (u
2
v
3
)
4
e (r
4
s
3
)
5
f (a
8
b)
4
g (5m
3
n
4
)
2
h (9s
2
t
6
)
2
i (2c
6
d
3
)
3
j (2yz
5
)
4
k (3p
4
q
9
)
3
l (2g
11
h
4
)
5
m (5q
12
r)
3
n (2x
5
y
2
)
6
o (10e
3
d
8
)
4
11 Copy and complete these products.
a a
4
a
6
b p
3
p
8
c s s
7
d 3m
2
3m
8
e 2n
4
14n
8
f 6t
8
30t
11
g 6b
7
42b
10
h 3x
6
24x
13
i 7h
8
63h
9
12 Copy and complete these quotients.
a e
8
e
3
b y
4
y
2
c q q
3
d 15d
7
5d
3
e 2g
7
10g
5
f 40u
11
8u
9
g 20x
6
5x
7
h 72k
17
8k
13
i 12j
8
5j
8
13 Copy and complete each of the following.
a ( )
2
9p
4
b ( )
2
25z
6
c ( )
2
64m
10
d ( )
2
100s
8
e ( )
3
8d
15
f ( )
3
27w
9
g ( )
4
16n
24
h ( )
4
81x
32
i ( )
5
32b
35
14 Copy and complete:
a a
3
b
5
a
7
b
8
b p
3
q
4
p
8
q
11
c y
2
z
4
y
8
z
12
d 3c
4
d
6
15c
5
d
9
e 12m
5
n 36m
7
n
5
f 5u
5
v
4
40u
10
v
13
a p
10
q
8
p
6
q
5
b e
2
f
2
e
5
f
8
c u
11
v
9
u
7
v
8
d 30x
7
y
3
6xy
2
e 5m
3
n
4
11m
10
n f 7c
4
d
6
6c
3
d
6
a ( )
2
16x
4
y
10
b ( )
2
49m
8
n
12
c ( )
2
144p
6
q
16
d ( )
3
8u
3
v
18
e ( )
3
1000e
6
f
21
f ( )
4
16c
16
d
44
17 If 2
x
3, evaluate:
a 2
x + 1
b 2
x + 2
c 2
x + 5
18 If 3
x
= 5, evaluate:
a 3
x + 1
b 3
x + 2
c 3
x + 4
19 If 2
x
80, evaluate:
a 2
x 1
b 2
x 2
c 2
x 4
d 2
x 7
20 If 5
x
= 1000, evaluate:
a 5
x 1
b 5
x 2
c 5
x 3
d 5
x 5
21 If 2
x
3, evaluate:
a 4
x
b 8
x
c 16
x
22 If 3
x
10, evaluate
a 9
x
b 27
x
c 81
x
Example 1
Simplify:
a k
8
k
2
k
5
b y
14
(y
3
)
2
c
Solutions
Example 2
Simplify:
a 45s
11
5s
4
2s
6
b (5m
6
)
2
(2m
4
)
3
c
Solutions
1 Simplify:
a y
3
y
5
b m
7
m
2
c (t
3
)
4
d b
10
b
4
e (a
5
)
3
f k
6
k
8
g (z
9
)
2
h d
4
d
7
i p
15
p
8
j (e
8
)
4
k v
13
v l c c
12
a k
8
k
2
k
5
k
8 2 + 5
k
11
b y
14
(y
3
)
2
y
14
y
6
y
8
c
(e
8
)
5
e
40
a 45s
11
5s
4
2s
6
9s
7
2s
6
18s
13
b (5m
6
)
2
(2m
4
)
3
25m
12
8m
12
200m
24
c
4n
11
Miscellaneous questions on
the index laws
9.4
E
G
+
S
e
11
e
3
-------
,

_
5
e
11
e
3
-------
,

_
5
E
G
+
S
10n
4
8n
10
4n 5n
2
----------------------------
10n
4
8n
10
4n 5n
2
----------------------------
80n
14
20n
3
-------------
Exercise 9.4
2 Simplify:
a 12y
8
3y
6
b 5t
4
7t
5
c (6c
4
)
2
d 9p
6
4p e 49s
17
7s f (3f
7
)
3
g 12w
5
6w
7
h (2k
8
)
5
i 45b
16
5b
6
j (5r
12
)
3
k 11g
8
10g
11
l 56m
4
8m
3
Consolidation
3 Simplify these expressions using the index laws.
a n
4
n
5
n
2
b p
8
p
3
p
5
c y
13
y
4
y
2
d y
5
y
7
y
3
e (a
4
)
2
a
3
f x
10
(x
2
)
3
g (n
6
)
5
n
10
h e
7
(e
4
)
3
i (h
4
)
7
(h
2
)
9
j k l
4 Simplify:
a (e
5
e
4
)
2
b (v
9
v
2
)
3
c (m
4
m
3
m)
5
d e f
g 2g
4
g
7
5g
2
h 30t
12
2t
2
3t
6
i 8r
5
2r
3
5r
9
j (5m
4
)
2
4m
7
k 40w
16
(2w
3
)
3
l (3a
6
)
2
(2a
4
)
3
m n o
5 Simplify:
a 3a
4
5a
3
2a b 30g
10
6g
3
4g
5
c 100x
13
2x 5x
4
d (3u
5
)
3
2u
4
e 56d
19
(2d
4
)
3
f (4k
6
)
5
(2k
2
)
5
g h i
6 Simplify:
a b c
d e (k
9
)
5
f
7 Simplify:
a b
8 Simplify each of the following expressions and evaluate where possible.
a 2
a
2
b
b k
m
k
n
c 5
x
5 d 3
n
3
n
e 2
5t
2
t
f p
q
p
q
p
q
g 5
m + 1
5
m + 3
h a
2b + 5
a
5 2b
m
5
m
4
m
2
-------------------
v
15
v
3
v
4
----------------
b
7
( )
3
b
5
------------
d
8
d
3
-----
,
_
2
n
6
n
2
-----
,
_
3
a
5
( )
3
a
6
( )
2
------------
5b
4
9b
10
3b
5
-------------------------
12c
7
5c
11
10c
4
3c
6
----------------------------
8u
13
( )
2
2u
5
( )
4
------------------
9v
8
8v
6
12v
11
-----------------------
8m
11
10m
2
5m 4m
3
-------------------------------
12b
5
( )
2
4b
2
3b
3
( )
2
------------------------------
m
6
( )
3
m
4
m
7
--------------------------
t
8
( )
5
t
2
( )
3
t
10
----------------------------
c
30
c
2
( )
4
c
6
-----------------------
s
15
s
4
( )
4
s
4
( )
3
s
7
------------------------
k
4
k
-----
,
_
7
h
11
h
3
-------
,
_
3
h
5
h
3
-----
3u
4
( )
2
6u
10
u
4
3u
2
( )
3
u
2

---------------------------------------
10 pq ( )
2
20p
20
q
14
2p
6
q
3
( )
2
5p
5
q
------------------------------------------------
i 3
u
3
v
j 4
y
4
3
k 5
2k
5
k
l 11
w
11
m n o p
q (2
a
)
b
r (n
5
)
k
s (e
f
)
f
t (p
2q
)
6
u (5
3
)
7u
v (6
2a
)
3b
w (2
x
)
y + z
x (a
m n
)
k
9 Half of 2
2n
would be:
A 2
n
B 1
2n
C 1
n
D 2
2n 1
10 Find one quarter of 2
n
in index form.
The index laws for multiplication, division and further powers have used examples in which
the indices are positive integers. We now consider the meaning of the zero index.
a
n
a
n
a
n n
(using the index law for division)
a
0
But, a
n
a
n
1 (the quotient of any number and itself is 1)
Putting these two results together, we have a
0
1.
Example
Simplify and evaluate where possible:
a 3
0
b (3a)
0
c 3a
0
Solutions
a 3
0
1 b (3a)
0
1 c 3a
0
3 a
0
3 1
3
1 Copy and complete the following tables.
a 2
5
2 2 2 2 2 32 b 3
5
3 3 3 3 3 243
2
4
2 2 2 2 16 3
4
3 3 3 3 81
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
2
1
3
1
2
0
3
0
6
e 3 +
6
3
-----------
5
x 2 +
5
x
-----------
m
p q +
m
p q
-------------
x
7y 6 +
x
4 7y +
--------------
9.5 The zero index
a
0
1, (a 0)
E
G
+
S
Exercise 9.5
2 Find the value of each expression using the index key on your calculator.
a 6
0
b 13
0
c 28
0
d 51
0
Consolidation
3 Simplify and evaluate where possible.
a 5
0
b (3)
0
c a
0
d (2k)
0
e 2k
0
f 3n
0
g 7t
0
h 6p
0
i ab
0
j p
0
q k (xy)
0
l m
2
n
0
p
4 Evaluate:
a 6
0
+ 4 b 5 12
0
c 4 7
0
d 5
0
+ 3
0
e 8a
0
2 f 9p
0
5
g 20 4t
0
h 3 10x
0
i 4k
0
+ 7m
0
j p
0
+ q
0
+ r
0
k x
0
y
0
z
0
l 3 + 9u
0
4
0
m 6a
0
b
0
+ 3c
0
n 14m
0
+ (14m)
0
8n
0
o 5
0
+ (5a)
0
+ 5a
0
p 3p
0
7q
0
2 q (11g
2
)
0
+ 11
0
11h
0
r 8x
0
+ 36 4y
0
5 a What do you think the value of 0
0
would be?
b Try to find the value of 0
0
using a calculator.
c Can you explain the problem?
Until now our study of indices has only included examples where
the index is a positive integer or zero. We will now look at cases
where the index is a negative integer. The meaning of the negative
index can best be determined by studying the pattern opposite. To
find the next expression in each line, we divide the expression in the
previous line by a. From this pattern, we can generalise the meaning
of the negative index.
NOTE: a
n
is the reciprocal of a
n
.
Smallest to largest
Put the following numbers in order from smallest to largest: 3
100
, 5
75
, 2
125
.
HINT: Some lateral thinking is requireduse one of the index laws.
TRY THIS
9.6 The negative index
a
3
a a a
a
2
a a
a
1
a
a
0
1
a
1
a
2
a
3
1
a
---
1
a
2
-----
1
a
3
----- a
1
and a
n
(a 0)
1
a
---
1
a
n
-----
Example 3
Express each of these without grouping symbols or negative indices.
a (3t)
1
b (5q
4
)
2
c ( j
5
k
7
)
3
Solutions
a (3t)
1
b (5q
4
)
2
c ( j
5
k
7
)
3

1 Copy and complete each of the following tables.
a b
2 Find the value of each expression by using the index key on your calculator, then
convert the decimal to a fraction in simplest form.
a 2
1
b 4
1
c 5
1
d 10
1
Example 1
Express each of these as a
fraction in simplest form.
a 5
1
b 6
2
Solutions
a 5
1
b 6
2
Example 2
Write each of these with a
negative index.
a b
Solutions
a x
1
b w
4
E
G
+
S
1
5
---
1
6
2
-----
1
36
------
E
G
+
S
1
x
---
1
w
4
------
1
x
---
1
w
4
------
E
G
+
S
1
3t
-----
1
5q
4
( )
2
---------------
1
j
5
k
7
( )
3
-----------------
1
25q
8
-----------
1
j
15
k
21
--------------
Exercise 9.6
2
4
2 2 2 2 16
2
3
2 2 2 8
2
2
2 2 4
2
1
2 2
2
0
1 1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2 2
------------
1
4
---
3
4
3 3 3 3 81
3
3
3 3 3 27
3
2
3
1
3
0
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
x
y
3 Express each of these as a fraction in simplest form.
a 3
1
b 7
1
c 8
1
d 12
1
e 4
2
f 5
2
g 7
2
h 11
2
i 2
3
j 3
3
k 2
5
l 3
4
m 5
3
n 2
4
o 10
3
p 3
5
q 9
2
r 2
6
4 Write each expression with a positive index.
a m
1
b p
1
c h
2
d n
3
e e
6
f y
4
5 Write each of these with a negative index.
a b c d e f
Consolidation
6 Find the value of n in each of these.
a 5
n
b 7
n
c 2
n
d 3
n
e 2
n
f 2
n
g 6
n
h 3
n
i 7
n
j 2
n
k 5
n
l 3
n
7 Express each of these without grouping symbols or negative indices.
a (2m)
1
b (7c)
1
c (5r)
1
d (4q)
1
e (3u)
2
f (6g)
2
g (11t)
2
h (9k)
2
i (2p)
3
j (5s)
3
k (3b)
4
l (2n)
5
m (7x
3
)
1
n (10y
5
)
2
o (8w
4
)
2
p (2z
6
)
3
q (2c
6
)
4
r (3a
4
)
3
s (13v
7
)
2
t (5y
12
)
3
u (a
2
b
3
)
2
v (p
3
q
5
)
4
w (9ef
6
)
2
x (3y
8
z
7
)
3
8 Evaluate without the use of a calculator.
a 2
3
+ 2
1
b 3
2
3
2
c 2
1
+ 2
2
d 5
1
+ 5
0
e 7
0
7
1
f 4
2
+ 4
1
+ 4
0
g 2
1
10 h 20 2
2
i 3
2
54
j 3
1
2
1
k 3 2
2
12 l 4
3
4
2
8
m 2 2
1
n 3
2
o 5
0
2
3
p 8 5
1
q 6
1
2
1
r 2
5
4
2
9 Express each of these in simplest form, without negative indices.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
1
a
---
1
x
---
1
c
2
----
1
u
3
-----
1
p
5
-----
1
y
8
-----
1
5
---
1
7
---
1
4
---
1
9
---
1
8
---
1
32
------
1
36
------
1
27
------
1
49
------
1
64
------
1
125
---------
1
81
------
1
36
------
1
2
---
,
_
1
1
3
---
,
_
1
5
2
---
,
_
1
3
4
---
,
_
1
3
2
---
,
_
2
7
3
---
,
_
2
4
5
---
,
_
2
7
10
------
,
_
2
2
3
---
,
_
3
5
2
---
,
_
3
3
2
---
,
_
4
10
3
------
,
_
4
m n o p
10 Express as fractions without grouping symbols or negative indices.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
Example 1
Express each of these products as a fraction without any negative indices.
a ab
1
b m
1
n
1
c 5p
2
q
4
r
3
d
Solutions
Example 2
Express each fraction as a product containing negative indices.
a b c d
Solutions
a ab
1
a
b m
1
n
1
c 5p
2
q
4
r
3
a
e
2
e
2
f
6
b
a
3
b
9
c
8 k
2

8k
2
m
7
n
1
d
3
1
2
---
,
_
1
2
1
4
---
,
_
2
1
5
6
---
,
_
2
1
2
3
---
,
_
3
n
6
---
,
_
1
5
k
---
,
_
1
a
b
---
,
_
1
2m
3n
-------
,
_
1
x
3
---
,
_
2
4
h
---
,
_
2
y
2
---
,
_
3
2
d
---
,
_
4
3
m
----
,
_
3
e
2
---
,
_
5
c
d
---
,
_
2
e
f
---
,
_
5
2a
3
------
,
_
2
7
8p
------
,
_
2
3m
4n
-------
,
_
3
2x
5y
------
,
_
4
u
2
4
-----
,
_
2
ab
2
------
,
_
3
10m
4
11p
12
--------------
,

_
2
2a
2
b
3
3c
4
--------------
,

_
5
Products and quotients with
negative indices
9.7
E
G
+
S
3
8
---w
6
1
b
---
a
b
---
1
m
----
1
n
---
1
mn
-------
5
1
p
2
----- q
4
1
r
3
----
5q
4
p
2
r
3
----------
3
8
---w
6
3
8
---
1
w
6
------
3
8w
6
---------
E
G
+
S
e
2
f
6
-----
1
a
3
b
9
-----------
8k
2
m
7
n
----------
2
5r
4
--------
e
2
f
6
-----
1
f
6
-----
1
a
3
b
9
-----------
1
a
3
-----
1
b
9
-----
8k
2
m
7
n
----------
1
m
7
------
1
n
---
2
5r
4
--------
2
5
---
1
r
4
----
2
5
--- r
4
Example 3
Simplify each expression by adding, subtracting or multiplying the indices, then give the
answers without any negative indices.
a n
6
n
2
b t
9
t
7
c (2v
5
)
4
Solutions
1 Express each of these products as a fraction without any negative indices.
a xy
1
b p
1
q c ab
2
d u
4
v
3
e e
3
f
2
f g
1
h
5
g w
3
x
7
h b
6
c
1
i r
4
s
9
j jk
3
k a
1
b
1
l x
2
y
1
m e
3
f
2
n p
4
q
6
o g
5
h
2
p 3a
1
q 5c
2
r 2e
4
s 7b
5
t 9k
3
u v w x y
2 Express each fraction as a product containing negative indices.
a b c d e f
g h i j k l
m n o p q r
s t u v w x
Consolidation
3 Express each product as a fraction without any negative indices.
a a
2
b
3
c
1
b x
3
y
2
z
4
c e
3
f
2
g
2
d i
1
j
2
k
3
e u
2
v
2
w
5
f m
1
n
3
p
2
g r
4
s
2
t
7
h c
5
de
9
i p
1
q
1
r
1
j w
2
x
3
y
5
k 4a
2
b
3
l 3mn
1
m 7e
3
f
2
n 5a
4
b
6
o 12r
1
s
1
p 8x
4
y
7
q c
2
d
5
r y
3
z
4
s a
1
b
1
t u
2
v
8
4 Express each fraction as a product containing negative indices.
a b c d e
a n
6
n
2
n
6 + 2
n
4
b t
9
t
7
t
9 7
t
2
c (2v
5
)
4
2
4
v
5 (4)
v
20
E
G
+
S
1
n
4
-----
1
t
2
----
1
2
4
-----
v
20
16
-------
Exercise 9.7
1
2
--- u
1 1
4
--- p
2 2
3
---t
4 4
7
--- w
9 3
5
--- n
6
a
b
---
x
3
y
-----
p
q
2
-----
m
3
n
4
------
1
e
2
f
4
-----------
c
4
d
5
-----
j
10
k
6
------
1
g
7
h
9
-----------
y
6
z
-----
1
u
3
v
10
------------
5
n
---
3
p
2
-----
9
a
7
-----
4
z
3
----
11
t
5
------
10
m
6
------
1
3m
-------
1
5k
------
1
4g
2
--------
1
12a
3
-----------
2
7t
-----
3
4r
2
--------
5
8y
6
--------
9
11 f
4
------------
1
3
---
1
8
---
5
6
---
3
10
------
p
2
q
4
r
-----------
ab
2
c
5
--------
u
6
v
2
w
4
-----------
1
e
2
f
3
g
7
----------------
m
4
np
3
---------
f g h i j
k l m n o
p q r s t
5 Simplify each expression by adding, subtracting or multiplying the indices, then give the
answers as fractions if they contain a negative index.
a m
5
m
3
b k
7
k
4
c y
6
y
2
d g
3
g
3
e 5a
2
a
7
f 2z
9
9z
2
g 4t
1
6t
8
h 7p
5
2p
5
i e
2
e
3
j j
2
j
9
k q
7
q
4
l y
5
y
6
m 10u
1
u
4
n 12c
3
3c
7
o 30 6w
2
p 40n
6
5n
6
q (d
3
)
2
r (s
2
)
4
s (z
6
)
3
t (f
4
)
7
u (3a
5
)
2
v (2h
8
)
3
w (4m
7
)
3
x (7x
9
)
2
6 Simplify, giving your answers as fractions.
a a
3
a
8
a
2
b n n
4
n
9
c q
2
q
3
q
4
d 15w
4
3w
6
w
3
e 40p
3
2p
7
4p f 6y 7y
2
3y
7
g 3m
2
4m
5
12m h 2c
4
3c 7c
11
i 4x
3
6x
2
36x
8
7 Simplify, giving answers without negative indices.
a b c d
8 Simplify, giving answers without negative indices.
a b c
d e f
1
a
4
bc
-----------
i
3
j
5
k
3
---------
c
6
d
8
e
11
------------
1
xyz
--------
m
np
8
---------
5a
4
b
2
--------
3u
5
v
4
--------
9
e
3
f
4
-----------
6m
7
n
5
----------
10
pq
------
2r
2
3s
2
--------
4a
5
5b
3
--------
9
10gh
4
---------------
5v
4
12w
9
------------
8
9y
5
z
10
---------------
a
b
1
-------
x
3
x
2
-------
m
2
m
2
n
3
--------------
x
3
y
2
x
4
y
1
---------------
a
5
a
2
a
3
( )
2
-------------------
n
4
n
6
-----
,

_
3
w
3
w
7
--------
w
2
w
5
--------
b
3
b
5
b
1
( )
2
-------------------
x
3
x
2
-----
,

_
5
x
4
x
-----
,
_
2
u
2
( )
3
u
5
( )
1
u
3
u
5
--------------------------------------
Digit patterns
Complete these and note the pattern of the last digits.
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
7
2
8
etc.
From such patterns, work out the last digit of the following.
2
13
3
10
TRY THIS
The meaning of the fraction index can be seen from the following examples.
1 Using the index law for multiplication:
a
1
a
But .
Putting these results together, we have .
2 Using the index law for multiplication:
a
1
a
However, .
Putting these results together, we have .
The general unit fraction index
The results above can be extended to expressions other than the square root and cube root of a
number. For example, , and . In general:
NOTE: The calculator keys or can be used to find roots greater than the cube root.
The non-unit fraction index
Consider the expression , where q > 0. This expression can be interpreted in two ways.
or
9.8 The fraction index

a
1
2
---
a
1
2
---
a
1
2
---
1
2
--- +
a a a =
a
1
2
---
a =
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
a
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
3
--- + +
a
3
a
3
a
3
a =
a
1
3
---
a
3
=
a
1
2
---
a = a
1
3
---
a
3
=
a
4
a
1
4
---
a
5
a
1
5
---
a
6
a
1
6
---
, (n > 0) a
n
a
1
n
---
=
x
x
1
y
---
a
p
q
---
a
p
q
---
a
p
( )
1
q
---
a
p
q
a
p
q
---
a
1
q
---
,

_
p
a
q
( )
p
a
p
q
---
a
p
q
a
q
( )
p
q 0 > ( ) , = =
Example 1
Evaluate:
a b c d
Solutions
Example 2
Simplify:
a b c d
Solutions
a
4
b
3
c
a
7
b
a
5
c
3a
4
d
2a
11
Example 3
Evaluate:
a b
Solutions
a
3
3
27
b
E
G
+
S
16
1
2
---
27
1
3
---
9
49
------
,
_
1
2
---
8
125
---------
,
_
1
3
---
16
1
2
---
16
27
1
3
---
27
3
9
49
------
,
_
1
2
---
9
49
------
9
49
----------
3
7
---
8
125
---------
,
_
1
3
---
8
125
--------- 3
8
3
125
3
-------------
2
5
---
E
G
+
S
a
14
a
15 3
9a
8
8a
33 3
a
14
a
14
( )
1
2
---
a
15 3
a
15
( )
1
3
---
9a
8
9a
8
( )
1
2
---
8a
33 3
8a
33
( )
1
3
---
E
G
+
S
9
3
2
---
16
3
4
---
9
3
2
---
9 ( )
3
16
3
4
---
1
16
3
4
---
--------
1
16
4
( )
3
-----------------
1
2
3
-----
1
8
---
1 Express each of the following with a radical sign ( ), then evaluate.
a b c d e f
g h i j k l
Consolidation
2 Express each of the following with a radical sign, then simplify.
a b c d e f
g h i j k l
3 Express each of these as fractions in simplest form.
a b c d e f
g h i j k l
4 Express each of these in the form (a
m
)
n
, then simplify.
a b c d e f
5 Simplify:
a b c d
e f g h
6 Simplify:
a b c d
7 Evaluate each of the following by using the or key on your calculator.
a b c d
e f g h
Exercise 9.8
n
4
1
2
---
9
1
2
---
49
1
2
---
81
1
2
---
8
1
3
---
27
1
3
---
125
1
3
---
1000
1
3
---
36
1
2
---
64
1
3
---
121
1
2
---
100
1
2
---
4
9
---
,
_
1
2
---
8
27
------
,
_
1
3
---
25
49
------
,
_
1
2
---
27
125
---------
,
_
1
3
---
36
121
---------
,
_
1
2
---
16
81
------
,
_
1
2
---
27
64
------
,
_
1
3
---
81
100
---------
,
_
1
2
---
1
7
9
---
,
_
1
2
---
3
3
8
---
,
_
1
3
---
1
24
25
------
,
_
1
2
---
13
4
9
---
,
_
1
2
---
16
1
2
------
25
1
2
------
8
1
3
------
27
1
3
------
36
1
2
------
125
1
3
------
121
1
2
------
64
1
2
------
64
1
3
------
4
25
------
,
_
1
2
------
8
27
------
,
_
1
3
------
11
1
9
---
,
_
1
2
------
a
6
a
10
a
22
a
6
3
a
12
3
a
30
3
9t
8
( )
1
2
---
25u
12
( )
1
2
---
8c
9
( )
1
3
---
125b
21
( )
1
3
---
16e
12
( )
1
2
---
169w
18
( )
1
2
---
64n
18
( )
1
3
---
27v
15
( )
1
3
---
16
1
4
---
81
1
4
---
32
1
5
---
64
1
6
---
x
1
y
---
x
y
625
4
4096
6
7776
5
256
8
2187
7
1024
10
19 683
9
1 000 000
6
8 Express each of these in the form (a
m
)
n
, then simplify.
a b c d
9 Express each of these in index form.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
10 Express each of the following in the form , then evaluate.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
q r s t
11 Write each of these in surd form.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
12 Write each of these in index form.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
m n o p
a
24
4
p
35
5
k
28
7
y
72
6
a
3
m
2
3
e
5
p
4
3
y
3
4
k
5
3
t
7
h
6
5
z
7
3
u
5
8
r
2
7
w
10
9
a
q
( )
p
4
3
2
---
8
2
3
---
16
3
2
---
27
2
3
---
16
3
4
---
25
3
2
---
8
4
3
---
81
3
4
---
100
3
2
---
32
2
5
---
8
7
3
---
64
5
6
---
1
9
---
,
_
3
2
---
1
8
---
,
_
4
3
---
4
25
------
,
_
3
2
---
27
125
---------
,
_
2
3
---
9
3
2
------
125
2
3
------
32
4
5
------
49
3
2
------
a
3
2
---
m
2
3
---
p
4
3
---
n
3
5
---
k
5
6
---
y
7
2
---
x
1
2
---
c
1
3
---
e
3
2
---
s
2
3
---
v
4
5
---
b
7
6
---
x x x
2
x x x
3
x
2
x
3
x x
5
x
2
x
4
x
3
x x
4
x
7
1
x
-------
1
x
3
-------
1
x
5
-------
1
x
7
-------
1
x
x
-------
1
x x
3
----------------
1
x
2
x
------------------
1
x
2
x
3
------------------
13 Write each of these in the form , where m and n are positive integers.
a b c d
14 a Which is greater, or ? [HINT: Raise each number to the power of 6.]
b Which is greater, or ?
Scientific notation is also called standard notation. It is used to write very large numbers or
very small numbers.
If the number is greater than 1, then the index in the power of 10 will be positive. If the number
is less than 1, then the index in the power of 10 will be negative.
Example 1
Express each of the following in scientific notation.
a 50 000 b 473 000 c 0.002 d 0.000 681
Solutions
a 5 0 0 0 0 b 4 7 3 0 0 0
50 000 5 10
4
473 000 4.73 10
5
c 0 . 0 0 2 d 0 . 0 0 0 6 8 1
0.002 2 10
3
0.000 681 6.81 10
4
a
m
a
n
a
3
2
---
a
5
2
---
a
4
3
---
a
5
3
---
2
1
2
---
3
1
3
---
5
1
3
---
3
1
2
---
9
1
4
---
2
5
6
---
9.9 Scientific notation

A number is in scientific notation if it is written in the form m 10
n
, where m is a
number between 1 and 10 and n is an integer.
To express a number in scientific notation:
move the decimal point so that the number is between 1 and 10
multiply this number by a power of 10, where the index indicates the direction
and the number of places that the decimal point would have to be moved to be in
its original position.
To write the basic numeral for a number that has been written in scientific notation:
move the decimal point in the direction and the number of places indicated by
the index in the power of 10.
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Write the basic numeral for each of these.
a 8 10
2
b 3.052 10
5
c 6 10
4
d 7.44 10
3
Solutions
a 8 . 0 0 b 3 . 0 5 2 0 0
8 10
2
800 3.052 10
5
305 200
c 0 0 0 0 6 . d 0 0 0 7 . 4 4
6 10
4
0.0006 7.44 10
3
0.007 44
1 Express each number in scientific notation.
a 200 b 5000 c 90 000 d 700 000
e 40 f 60 000 g 3000 h 8 000 000
2 Express each number in scientific notation.
a 0.09 b 0.002 c 0.0004 d 0.000 06
e 0.3 f 0.0007 g 0.08 h 0.000 005
3 Write the basic numeral for each of these.
a 5 10
2
b 2 10
3
c 8 10
4
d 3 10
6
e 7 10
4
f 9 10
2
g 6 10
3
h 4 10
5
a 2 10
1
b 5 10
2
c 9 10
3
d 3 10
5
e 7 10
2
f 6 10
4
g 4 10
1
h 8 10
6
Consolidation
5 Express in scientific notation.
a 1400 b 37 000 c 120 000 d 9 600 000
e 120 f 2500 g 93 000 h 810 000
i 49 j 723 k 2466 l 1490
m 56 700 n 137 000 o 9990 p 6 520 000
q 58.9 r 190.2 s 30.3 t 154.26
a 9.1 10
2
b 3.2 10
3
c 8.4 10
4
d 2.6 10
6
e 4.3 10
3
f 5.9 10 g 6.5 10
5
h 7.1 10
4
i 2.9 10 j 4.163 10
3
k 5.24 10
2
l 1.1315 10
4
m 3.85 10
3
n 8.92 10
4
o 2.685 10
5
p 9.003 10
6
E
G
+
S
Exercise 9.9
7 Express in scientific notation.
a 0.71 b 0.062 c 0.0094 d 0.000 035
e 0.54 f 0.0017 g 0.036 h 0.000 79
i 0.0051 j 0.09 k 0.000 067 l 0.088
m 0.125 n 0.0352 o 0.4 p 0.000 663
q 0.007 54 r 0.4761 s 0.003 924 t 0.000 011 62
a 1.9 10
1
b 8.6 10
3
c 6.4 10
2
d 5.8 10
5
e 3.1 10
2
f 9.3 10
1
g 4.8 10
3
h 7.2 10
6
i 8.42 10
1
j 5.87 10
2
k 1.06 10
4
l 4.19 10
5
m 2.132 10
2
n 4.076 10
1
o 7.119 10
3
p 1.002 10
4
9 Write each of the following in scientific notation, correct to 3 significant figures.
a 17 349 b 2069 c 199 610 d 15.287
e 903.148 f 3566.81 g 0.1662 h 0.022 593
i 0.007 384 9 j 0.000 106 6 k 0.000 009 172 l
10 Evaluate each of the following using the index laws and without the use of a calculator.
Give your answers in scientific notation.
a (2 10
3
) (4 10
6
) b (5 10
2
) (1.5 10
4
)
c (1.2 10
4
) (6 10
1
) d (3 10
5
) (2.5 10
2
)
e f
g h
Calculators are programmed to give very large and very small numbers in scientific notation.
If you enter 940 000 730 000 into a calculator, it will show the answer as 6.862
11
because the
number of digits in the answer is more than is available on the display. The answer is actually
in scientific notation and means 6.862 10
11
. It does not mean 11 factors of 6.862.
Numbers can be entered in scientific notation using the exponent key . For example, to
enter 3.4 10
7
, press 3.4 7. The basic numeral can be found by pressing the
equals key.
0.05
8.6 10
12
2 10
4
------------------------
6 10
3
1.5 10
8
----------------------
9.2 10
5
2.3 10
1
------------------------
5.4 10
7
6 10
4
------------------------
Scientific notation on the
calculator
9.10
EXP
EXP
Example 1
Evaluate each of the following using a calculator and give the answers in scientific notation,
a 0.0649
8
b
Solutions
a Press 0.0649 8 Calculator readout: 3.14744083
10
Answer 3.147 440 83 10
10
3.147 10
10
b Press 9.5 25 Calculator readout: 9.746794345
12
Answer 9.746 794 345 10
12
9.747 10
12
Example 2
Evaluate (6.5 10
7
) (9.2 10
11
) using a calculator and give the answer in scientific notation.
Solution
Press 6.5 7 9.2 11 Calculator readout: 5.98
19
Answer 5.98 10
19
1 Use the exponent function on the calculator to find the value of:
a 2.3 10
2
b 5.91 10
3
c 7.04 10
4
d 1.608 10
6
e 5.2 10
1
f 6.42 10
3
g 9.27 10
2
h 3.899 10
4
2 Write each calculator display in scientific notation.
a 4.7
06
b 3.14
05
c 9.05
09
d 1.782
12
e 5.7
04
f 6.22
07
g 8.013
11
h 2.637
18
3 a Which two of these expressions have the same meaning:
4 10
3
, 4
3
and the calculator display 4
03
?
b Why dont all three expressions have the same meaning?
Consolidation
4 Evaluate each of the following using a calculator and give your answers in scientific
notation, correct to 4 significant figures.
a 526
3
b 9317
4
c 12.739
6
d 0.0037
7
e 0.0469
9
f 0.000 715
12
g (5.6 10
4
)
5
h (9.47 10
7
)
2
i (7.21 10
6
)
7
j k l
m n o
E
G
+
S
9.5 10
25
x
y
(
EXP
)
E
G
+
S
EXP EXP

Exercise 9.10
EXP
8.46 10
5
7.604 10
8
3
5.299 10
2
( )
10
4
1
1.74 10
3
-------------------------
1
2.3 10
4
------------------------
1
5.83 10
2
( )
3
----------------------------------
5 Evaluate each of the following using a calculator and give your answers in scientific
notation, correct to 4 significant figures.
a (5.4 10
8
) (9.3 10
6
) b (8.73 10
5
) (7.36 10
7
)
c (3.9 10
28
) (5.1 10
11
) d (2.13 10
15
) (1.6 10
9
)
e (7.2 10
19
) (2.5 10
4
) f (5.98 10
6
) (3.47 10
12
)
g h
6 Arrange these numbers in ascending order:
5.2 10
8
, 6.7 10
5
, 3.94 10
12
, 8.41 10
9
, 1.5 10
6
, 3.959 10
12
7 The Earth has a mass of 6 10
24
kg while the planet Jupiter has a mass of 1.2 10
27
kg.
a Which planet has the greater mass and by how much?
b How many times greater is the mass of the larger planet than that of the smaller planet?
8 The Earth orbits the Sun at an approximate speed of 8333 m/s. Express this speed in
km/h, giving your answer in scientific notation, correct to 1 significant figure.
9 The average distance between the Earth and the Sun (approximately 150 million km) is
defined as one astronomical unit (AU). If the average distance between Pluto and the Sun
is 39.44 AU, express this distance in kilometres in scientific notation, correct to
10 The speed of light is approximately 300 000 km/s. If the Sun is about 1.495 10
8
km from
Earth, find the time that it takes for sunlight to reach the Earth. Give your answer in
minutes, correct to 1 decimal place.
11 a The diameter of the Earth is 1.275 10
7
metres. What is the radius of the Earth in
kilometres? Give your answer in scientific notation.
b What is the circumference of the Earth at the equator, in kilometres? Give your answer
correct to the nearest kilometre.
12 a The Moons radius is 1.738 10
6
metres and the Earths radius is 6.38 10
6
metres.
How many times larger is the radius of the Earth than that of the Moon? Give your
answer correct to 2 decimal places.
b The Suns radius is 6.96 10
8
metres. How many times larger is the radius of the Sun
than that of the Earth? Give your answer correct to the nearest whole number.
13 a The mass of an atom of hydrogen is 1.6 10
24
grams and the mass of an electron is
9 10
28
grams. Which is heavier, and how many times heavier is it? Give your answer
correct to the nearest whole number.
b How many millions of atoms of hydrogen are needed to weigh 1 gram? Give your
answer in scientific notation.
8.64 10
17
1.02 10
3
-----------------------------
6.022 10
4
5.97 10
20
------------------------------
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
MATHEMATICS IS AT THE HEART OF SCIENCE
Introduction
In this chapter, you have learned about the need for a standard way of writing large and small
numbers. This is called scientific notation and a calculator is a very useful device for working
with them. We are now going to explore the usefulness of indices to record important scientific
information.
Facts about our bodies
1 Write each of the following facts about the human body in scientific notation.
a Your bone marrow produces about 2 million red blood cells every second.
b On average, the human brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells.
c There are about 100 000 hairs on your head.
d Each of your eyes has about 120 million rods, which give you your perception of the
world.
e Placed end to end, the blood vessels in your body would measure about 100 000 km.
f The tiny tubes (called capillaries) in your kidneys are about 0.0001 m in diameter. They
are so small red blood cells pass through them in single file.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
2
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
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A
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2 Investigate the accuracy of the following statements. A calculator will help.
a Your heart will beat about 3 billion times in your lifetime. Assume that your life
expectancy will be 85 years.
b You will breathe about 10 million times in a year.
c One light year, the distance that light travels through a vacuum in one year, is
approximately 9.46 10
15
m. Take the speed of light to be 299 792 458 m/s.
CHAL L ENGE
1 The mass of a water molecule is 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 029 9 gram. Write this in
scientific notation.
2 The thickness of the anti-reflection coating on a camera lens is 0.000 000 12 m. Write this
in scientific notation.
3 The diameter of a human hair is 0.000 07 m. Write this in scientific notation. If 1 micron
() is 10
6
m, what is this diameter in microns?
4 The accuracy of a clock made by John Harrison to measure longitude (position on the
Earths surface east or west of Greenwich) is an amazing story. He managed this superb
technological feat around 1770. Here is a quote from the book Longitude by Dava Sobel
(Griffin Press, 1998), which tells how accurate his clock was:
In some trials [the clock] lost only 7.287 10
7
seconds per second, an accuracy that was not to
be achieved again for at least 100 years And for his own time findingto see how accurate
his results werehe used the passage of a particular star past a neighbors chimney.
Show that the time lost by Harrisons clock on a 30-day voyage was theoretically less than
2 seconds.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Write a short account of the usefulness of indices in recording small and large scientific
measurements. What new scientific facts did you learn?
REFL ECTI NG
Reflect on the way in which mathematics is so basic to the study of medicine, astronomy,
chemistry and physics. Think over this statement: Without mathematics there would be no
science.
8
E
%
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
1 Express each of these in simplest index
form.
a 3 3 3 3
b a a a a a
c 7 p 2 q q p
2 Write each of these in simplest index
form.
a 7
2
b k
6
c a
3
b
4
d 5e
2
+ 3f
4
3 Write an expression in index form for
three factors of five.
4 Find values for all pronumerals in each of
these.
a 72 2
x
3
y
b 675 3
m
5
n
5 Express in simplest index form:
a 5
3
5
7
b 2
10
2
6
c (3
5
)
4
6 Simplify:
a n
3
n
4
b 5p
2
3p
4
c a
8
b
3
a
4
b
7
d k
6
8k
e ab bc cd f 5x
2
y
3
(8xy
4
)
g y
9
y
4
h 21c
9
3c
5
i u
12
v
8
u
3
v j 3t
11
t
k l
m (z
4
)
7
n (3p)
3
o (2x
5
)
4
p (rs)
5
q (a
6
b
3
)
8
r (2j
4
k
9
)
3
7 Simplify:
a t
3
t
5
t
2
b d
13
d
4
d
2
c y
9
y
5
y
3
d (p
6
)
4
p
7
e p
19
(p
2
)
3
f (z
10
)
4
(z
3
)
5
g h
i
8 Simplify .
9 Evaluate each of these if 2
n
= 5.
a 2
n + 1
b 2
n + 2
c 2
n + 4
k
= 500.
a 5
k 1
b 5
k 2
c 5
k 4
1
2
---
1
2
---
24m
13
3m
8
---------------
42e
8
f
12
7e
2
f
5
----------------------
h
11
h
3
h
2
----------------
v
8
v
4
----
,

_
6
k
5
( )
7
k
4
k
12
-----------------------
9d
13
2d
3
( )
3
12d
14
---------------------------------
1 What is another word for index?
2 In the expression 100 10
2
, which
number is the base?
3 A number is in s______ n______ if it is
written as the product of a number
between 1 and 10 and a power of 10.
4 What is meant by a negative index?
A fraction index?
entry for notation:
notation noun a way of writing down things like music
or dance by using signs or symbols, such as notes or
lines to stand for sounds or marks to stand for
movement
What sorts of jobs require skills in the use of
notation?
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
y
10.
a 3
2y
b 3
3y
c 3
4y 1
d 3
5y + 2
12 Express each of these as a fraction in
simplest form.
a 4
1
b 6
2
c 3
4
d 5
3
e 2
5
13 Write each of these with a negative index.
a b c
d e
14 Find the value of n if:
a b
c d
15 Express each of these without any
negative indices.
a ab
1
b p
1
q
c x
1
y
1
d c
3
d
2
e m
4
n
5
f u
2
v
3
w
7
g r
4
s
1
t
6
h a
1
b
2
c
3
i 9t
2
j 7e
1
f
5
g
k p
3
l k
1
m
2
16 Express each of the following as a
product without negative indices.
a b c
d e f
g h
17 Express the following in simplest form,
without negative indices.
a b c
d e f
g h
18 Simplify, then give the answers without
any negative indices.
a a
8
a
3
b k
9
k
2
c c
4
c
11
d 2p
7
8p
4
e s
4
s
10
f x
3
x
5
g r
12
r
7
h 63u
2
9u
6
i (v
6
)
1
j (n
5
)
2
k (q
4
)
8
l (2y
7
)
3
19 Express each of these with a radical sign,
then evaluate.
a b c
d e f
g h i
20 Simplify:
a b
c d
e f
21 Evaluate each of these by using the
or key on your calculator.
a b
c
1
m
----
1
k
2
-----
1
a
5
-----
1
r
9
----
1
x
11
-------
1
7
--- 7
n
=
1
64
------ 8
n
=
1
16
------ 2
n
=
1
1000
------------ 10
n
=
3
4
---
5
9
---
x
y
--
m
3
n
5
------
1
p
2
q
4
-----------
a
4
b
5
c
7
-----------
m
6
kn
5
--------
2
x
3
yz
8
-------------
5m
9
n
2
p
3
-----------
2e
4
3 f
--------
1
4
---
,
_
1
3
2
---
,
_
1
5
3
---
,
_
2
2
1
2
---
,
_
3
6
t
---
,
_
1
m
7
----
,
_
2
2p
q
------
,
_
3
8c
4
5d
7
--------
,
_
2
36
1
2
---
64
1
2
---
121
1
2
---
8
1
3
---
27
1
3
---
125
1
3
---
81
1
4
---
32
1
5
---
1 000 000
1
6
---
9
1
2
---
49
1
2
---
8
1
3
---
1000
1
3
---
16
1
4
---
100 000
1
5
---
x
1
y
---
x
y
1296
4
16 807
5
16 384
7
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
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R

R
E
V
I
E
W
a b c
d e f
23 Evaluate:
a b c
d e f
g h
24 Write each of these in surd form.
a b c
d e f
25 Write each of these in index form.
a b c
d e f
g h
26 Express each of these numbers in
scientific notation.
a 3000 b 190 000
c 28 600 d 173.4
e 0.0004 f 0.026
g 0.001 98 h 0.000 583 1
a 9 10
2
b 6 10
4
c 8.7 10
3
d 1.04 10
5
e 3 10
1
f 7 10
3
g 1.9 10
2
h 4.61 10
6
28 Use the exponent key to find the
value of each calculator display:
a 9
05
b 5.6
04
c 2
03
d 3.27
05
29 Evaluate each of the following, giving the
answer in scientific notation, correct to 4
a 7265
3
b 10 288
7
c 0.0847
13
d 0.009 29
15
a
10
w
12
3
4k
6
49p
22
8u
18
3
27s
21
3
9
3
2
---
8
4
3
---
32
3
5
---
27
4
3
------
1
16
------
,
_
3
2
---
8
27
------
,
_
2
3
---
100
9
---------
,
_
3
2
------
64
125
---------
,
_
2
3
------
m
5
2
---
k
2
3
---
e
3
4
---
q
2
9
------
a
5
6
------
z
7
5
------
a a p
3
p n n
4
t
2
t
3
1
c
------
1
y
4
-------
1
x
4 3
---------
1
b
2
b
------------
EXP
343
Geometry
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
determine whether two angles are adjacent
apply the properties of complementary, supplementary, vertically opposite
angles and angles at a point to find unknown angles, giving reasons
state whether a pair of angles on parallel lines are alternate, corresponding
or co-interior
find unknown angles on parallel lines, giving reasons
classify triangles according to their sides and angles
use the angle sum of a triangle to find unknown angles, giving reasons
use the exterior angle property of triangles to find unknown angles, giving reasons
use the properties of isosceles and equilateral triangles to find unknown sides and
angles, giving reasons
use the angle sum of a quadrilateral to find unknown angles, giving reasons
classify the special quadrilaterals according to their side, angle and diagonal
properties
use the properties of the special quadrilaterals to find unknown sides and angles,
giving reasons
name a polygon according to the number of sides
determine whether a polygon is convex or non-convex
determine whether a polygon is regular or irregular
find the interior angle sum of a polygon by dissecting it into triangles and
by the formula
find the size of the interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon
find the number of sides in a regular polygon given the size of its interior
or exterior angles
state the minimum set of conditions for two triangles to be congruent
identify matching sides and angles in congruent triangles
apply the congruence tests to justify that two triangles are congruent
apply the congruence tests to establish properties of triangles and
quadrilaterals
apply the congruence tests to prove unfamiliar results.
G
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
10
In this course, the emphasis will be on not only finding the correct size of an angle but, more
importantly, on giving correct reasons for each step in your working. While geometric reasons
can be given in many ways, it is important to spell important terms correctly, use only standard
abbreviations and be consistent in your setting out. By convention, the degrees symbol is not
written when Greek letters are used in angles. Relationships between two or more angles can
be used to prove many properties of geometric figures.
Adjacent angles
For example, EFG is adjacent to GFH because:
1 F is a common vertex, and
2 FG is a common ray, and
3 the angles lie on opposite sides of FG.
Complementary and supplementary angles
Complementary angles are two angles whose sum is 90. Adjacent angles in a right angle are
complementary.
Supplementary angles are two angles whose sum is 180. Adjacent angles on a straight line
are supplementary.
For example:
10.1 Angles
Two angles are adjacent if they:
have a common vertex, and
have a common ray, and
lie on opposite sides of this common ray.
E
G
H
F
Complementary angles have a sum of 90.

Supplementary angles have a sum of 180.
A
B
C
D
S
R P
Q
ABD and DBC are complementary
angles: + = 90
PQS and SQR are supplementary
angles: + = 180
Chapt er 10: Geometry 345
NOTE: When giving reasons, the terms complementary angles and supplementary angles must
not be used. These terms simply mean that the angles have a sum of 90 or 180. In geometric
reasoning, you need to explain why the angles have that sum (e.g. angles in a right angle, or
angles on a straight line).
Angles at a point
Angles at a point are two or more angles that have a common vertex and whose sum is 360,
or one complete revolution.
For example:
+ + = 360
Vertically opposite angles
Vertically opposite angles are formed by the intersection of two straight lines. Vertically
opposite angles must be equal because they are adjacent and supplementary to a common angle.
For example:
WTZ and YTX are vertically opposite angles.
WTY and ZTX are vertically opposite angles.
Example 1
Explain why and are not adjacent angles in each of the following.
a b c
Solutions
a The angles do not have a common vertex.
b The angles do not have a common ray.
c The angles do not lie on opposite sides of the common ray.
Angles at a point have a sum of 360.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.

W Y
Z X
T
*
*
E
G
+
S

Example 2
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving reasons.
a b c d
Solutions
a a + 35 = 90 (angles in a right angle) b y + y + 40 = 180 (angles on a straight line)
a = 55 2y + 40 = 180
2y = 140
y = 70
c p + 25 = 130 (vertically opposite angles are equal)
p = 105
d w + 30 + 90 + 140 = 360 (angles at a point)
w + 260 = 360
w = 100
1 For each of the following, state whether the angles and are adjacent. If they are not
adjacent, give a reason why.
a b c
d e f
g h i
2 Write down the:
a complement of 50 b supplement of 60
c complement of the supplement of 155 d supplement of the complement of 28
E
G
+
S
35
a
40
y
y
130
p
25
140
w
30
Exercise 10.1

3 What size is the angle that is vertically opposite to an angle measuring 42?
4 How many degrees are there in:
a revolution? b revolution? c revolution?
5 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving brief reasons.
a b c
d e f
a b c
d e f
g h i
Consolidation
7 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these. (Do not give reasons.)
a b c
1
2
---
3
4
---
7
12
------
x
40
k 150
p
20
m
60
c
a
105
a
a
n
n n
150
t
t
y y
y
d
d
d
d
r
r
r
132
v
v
v
v
h
h
h
h
h
c
c
c
c c
x
110
140
t
u
30
q
p
122
d e f
g h i
j k l
8 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of each pronumeral. Give brief reasons.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
k
j
25
b
a
46
71
g
g
133
165
19
n m
82
13
25
w
v
c
59
21
22
b
108
s
105
35
45
f
3m 111 5t 85 2x
52
4k 64
(u + 17)
42
(p + 25)
35
146
a
2
(g 40)
285
3y
40
4y
48
(c + 10)
c
(3w + 16)
97
195
3e
e
e
m n o
9 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
22
53
e
2e
(3b + 74) (7b 10)
152
4n
3
a
67
b
c
m
n
2m
84
5x
x
y
(z 15)
q
49
7p
6u
v
(2u + 72)
(w 10)
3s
2r
9q
6q
e
(5d 13)
(2d + 14)
3a
a
5a
b
c
88
f
f
g
(2x + 8)
3x
164
128
y
x
x
x
y z
144 70
10 Find the value of x in each of these, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
Parallel lines are two or more lines that have been drawn in the same plane and never meet.
We say that parallel lines are equidistant. That is, the distance between the lines remains
constant. Arrowheads are used to show that two lines are parallel.
The notation || means is parallel to. In this diagram we could say that PQ || RS, meaning PQ
is parallel to RS.
A line that cuts two or more parallel lines is called a transversal. When a pair of parallel lines
is cut by a transversal, 8 angles are formed. These angles can be classified into 3 special pairs
of angles: alternate angles, corresponding angles and co-interior angles.
S
R
T
Q
x
136
P
J
H
F
E G
x 74
FJ bisects EFH
x
51
T
P
Q
R
S
U X
W
V
Y
Z
x
104
ZW bisects XZV
H
C
F
D
E
x
27
M
L
Q
J
P
K
x
162
10.2 Parallel lines
P
R
Q
S
transversal
Alternate angles
Corresponding angles
Co-interior angles
NOTE: In questions where reasons are required to be given, you must refer to the parallel lines
and name them if they are labelled. It is not good enough to write only alternate angles, for
example, as a reason.
Alternate angles:
lie between the parallel lines and on opposite sides of the transversal
are equal in size
form a Z shape.
Corresponding angles:
lie on the same side of the parallel lines and on the same side of the transversal
are equal in size
form a F shape.
Co-interior angles:
lie between the parallel lines and on the same side of the transversal
are supplementary
form a C shape.
Example 1
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving reasons.
a b c
Solutions
a x = 115 (corresponding angles, AB || CD).
b a = 150 (co-interior angles, EF || GH).
c c = 48 (alternate angles, KL || MN).
Example 2
Determine whether AB || CD in each of these. Diagrams are not drawn to scale.
a b
Solutions
a AB is parallel to CD (alternate angles are equal).
b AB is not parallel to CD (co-interior angles are not supplementary).
1 State whether the angles shown are alternate, corresponding or co-interior.
a b c
d e f
E
G
+
S
A
C D
B
x
115
E
G H
F
a
30
K
M N
L
c
48
E
G
+
S
A
B
C
D
96
96
B
C
D
A 75
125
Exercise 10.2
g h i
2 State whether these angles are equal or supplementary.
a corresponding angles b alternate angles c co-interior angles
3 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving brief reasons.
a b c
d e f
4 State whether PQ || RS in each of these. If they are parallel, give a reason. (Diagrams are
not to scale.)
a b c
Consolidation
5 Find the values of all pronumerals in each the following. (Do not give reasons.)
a b
a
50
t
15
c
80
y
140
p
105
k
95
P
R S
Q
130
50
Q
S
R
P
75
85
R
S
P
Q
105
75
30
a
b
c
70
p
q
r
c d
6 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
55
x
y
z
h g
f
114
78
q
p
24
t
s
y
x 139
40
64
u
121
c
b
153
v
144
w
47
z
y
f
e
72
14
106
15
r
q
d
c
c
68
n
m
132
57
104
h
g
74
g
f
v
u
137 109
59 39
s
r
z
x
y
143
72
217
c
a
b f
88
15
d
e
a b c
8 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these. (HINT: You will need to draw a line
parallel to the given parallel lines.)
a b c
d e f
9 Find the value of x, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
(x 18)
74
(3c + 5)
4c
(
3
a

+

8
9
)
(
9
a

3
1
)
25
32
m
j
37
88
129
10
h
140
155
b
t
43
38
153
30
e
38
x
P
Q
T R
S
U
B
C
A D
E
111
x
J L
Q N
M
K
P
R
16
x
A
B
D
G
E
C F
77
x
V
X W
Y Z
x
35
WX bisects VWZ
P R
Q
S V
U T
62 105
x
g h i
j k l
Classification of triangles
A triangle can be classified according to the length of its sides or the size of its angles.
J
Q
K
M
L
R
P
S
N
21
64
x
A B
E
D C
F
147
x
118
V
W X
Y Z
51
x
141
H
110
G
x
F E
D
C
M
J
K
46
121 N
x
L
P
Q
A
D E
G F
B
H
C
x
85
22
10.3 Triangles
Classification according to sides:
An equilateral triangle is a triangle in which all three sides are equal in length.
An isosceles triangle is a triangle in which two sides are equal in length.
A scalene triangle is a triangle in which no sides are equal in length.
Equilateral Isosceles Scalene
Classification according to angles:
An acute-angled triangle is a triangle in which all three angles are acute.
A right-angled triangle is a triangle in which there is one right angle.
An obtuse-angled triangle is a triangle in which there is one obtuse angle.
The angle sum of a triangle
That is, + + = 180.
Proof: Construct PQ through B, parallel to AC.
PBA = BAC (alternate angles, PQ || AC)
PBA =
QBC = ACB (alternate angles, PQ || AC)
QBC =
PBA + ABC + QBC = 180 (angles on a straight line)
+ + = 180
The angle sum of the triangle is 180.
The exterior angle of a triangle
That is, = + .
Proof: Produce AC to D.
Construct CE parallel to AB.
ECD = BAC (corresponding angles, CE || AB)
ECD =
BCE = ABC (alternate angles, CE || AB)
BCE =
BCD = ECD + BCE (adjacent angles)
= +
The exterior angle of the triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior
opposite angles.
Obtuse-angled Right-angled Acute-angled
The angle sum of a triangle is 180.
P Q
A C

B
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the
two interior opposite angles.
A D
B
C
E

Some other properties of triangles
In an equilateral triangle, In an isosceles triangle, In any triangle, the longest
all angles are 60. the equal angles are side is opposite the largest
opposite the equal sides. angle and the shortest side is
opposite the smallest angle.
Example 1
a b c
Solutions
a x + 70 + 80 = 180 (angle sum of a ) b a = 55 (base angles of an isosceles are
x + 150 = 180 equal)
x = 30
c k = 65 + 73 (exterior angle of a )
k = 138
Example 2
Find the value of the pronumeral
in each of these, giving reasons.
a
b
Solutions
a QRP = 72 (base angles of an isosceles ,
PQ = QR)
m + 72 + 72 = 180 (angle sum of a )
m + 144 = 180
m = 36
b EGF = w (base angles of an isosceles ,
EF = EG)
w + w + 80 = 180 (angle sum of a )
2w + 80 = 180
2w = 100
w = 50
60
60 60
E
G
+
S
80
70 x
55 a
k 73
65
E
G
+
S
m
72
P
R
Q
w
80
F G
E
1 Classify each triangle as scalene, isosceles or equilateral.
a b c
2 Classify each triangle as acute-angled, right-angled or obtuse-angled.
a b c
3 a State the i smallest angle and b State the i shortest side and
ii largest angle. ii longest side.
4 a Name the equal sides in b Name the equal angles in
this isosceles triangle. this isosceles triangle.
5 Which two of these triangles could not possibly exist? Why?
6 Is it possible for:
a a triangle to have two right angles?
b an equilateral triangle to have an obtuse angle?
c an isosceles triangle to be right-angled? d an obtuse-angled triangle to be isosceles?
e a scalene triangle to be right-angled? f a triangle to have two obtuse angles?
Exercise 10.3
40
50
60
80 40
10
12545
A C
B
12
10 7
G
F
E
70
80
30
F
E G
L
M
N
7
7
10
A
4 9
10
13
B
5
6
12
C
25
19
D
11
7 4
a b c
8 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of these, giving reasons.
a b c
9 Find the value of each pronumeral. (Do not give reasons.)
a b c
Consolidation
10 Use the exterior angle property to find the value of the pronumeral in each of these, giving
brief reasons.
a b c d
11 Use the exterior angle property to find the value of each pronumeral. (Do not give reasons.)
a b c
x 70
60
g
30
p
25
15
t
50
b
a
72
w
v
h
40
116 k
b
80
60
a
z 75
49
67
145
d
r
130
u
21
86
n
x
12 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
s t u
k
j
35 65
145 108
t
r s
72
h
g
59
e
d
24
102 138
r
p
q
118
137
117 a
c
b
312
81
y
x
u
t 77
43
n
m
f
e
64
53
74
32
50
w
v
b
a 80
43
44
v
t u
s
r
p q
300
292
100
110
j
i
h
27
g
e
f
d
c
85
33
40
c
b
38
84
141
64
137
k
j
w x
v
47
76
71
80
62
m
j
k
a b c
d e f
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
2a
3a a
(y + 10)
y
(p + 65)
(p 25)
2p
3m
105 48
(c + 35) 45
68
81 (u + 40)
(
2
u

2
5
)
78
x
A
E
B
C
D
U V
R T
S
x
109 112
Z
X
W
116
x
Y
K
M
L N
103
x
47
x
C E
D
G
F
63
61
82
53
x
P
T
R
S
Q
x
M
L
K
N
Q
J
P
R
130
154
52
66
47 65
G
A
E
D B F C
x
G J
H
P
K N M
x
117
L
35
130
18
G
H J K
L
x
x
A
B
C
D
136
68
14
T
Y
V
W U
X
Z
x
m n o
That is, + + + = 360.
RS bisects PRQ
P
S
Q R
x
47
67
A C
B
E
D
x 62
EC bisects BCD
x
P
R
S
Q
230
O
The badge of the Pythagoreans
Pythagoras (c. 580500 BC) formed a secret
society among his followers for the study of
mathematics. The penalty for revealing secrets of
the society was death. The Pythagoreans had their
own special signby extending the sides of a regular
pentagon, a five-pointed star was formed. This was
believed to have magical mathematical properties.
What is the size of the angles at the points of the
star?
TRY THIS
10.4 Angle sum of a quadrilateral
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.

Proof: Construct the diagonal PR.
u + v + w = 180 (angle sum of PQR)
x + y + z = 180 (angle sum of RSP)
Now, P + Q + R + S = (u + z) + v + (w + x) + y
= (u + v + w) + (x + y + z)
= 180 + 180
= 360
The angle sum of the quadrilateral is 360.
Example
a b
Solutions
a n + 140 + 65 + 80 = 360 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
n + 285 = 360
n = 75
b 3x + 166 + 5x + 42 = 360 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
8x + 208 = 360
8x = 152
x = 19
a b c
d e f
v
u
z
w
x
y
Q
R
S
P
E
G
+
S
n
65 80
140 166
42 3x
5x
Exercise 10.4
80
a
110
160
85
52
p
96
87
74
t
129
63
135
m
71
142
25
e
g
18 43
230
Consolidation
2 Find the values of all pronumerals in each of the following, giving brief reasons.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
3 Find the values of all pronumerals in each of these.
a b c
d e f
115
70
80
x
y
145
75 120
q
p
c
d
92
52
156
105 140
68
73
r
s
u
v
162
23
47
113
71
50
x
w
50
100 a
b
82
158
87
36
145
z
y
65
133
e
f
125 50
117
h
g
137
36
108
n
m
157
101
73
j
k
75
30
80
x
y
81
136
56
a
b
107
60
53
71
r
q
p
77
70
138
31
82
h
g
66
32
100
v
u
62
24
69
84
38
e f
d
4 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of the pronumeral in each of these.
a b c
d e f
a b c
d e f
g h i
3k
3k
2k
k 3c
2c
80
60 2x
x
50
(x + 30)
29
71
11y
(140 y)
(a + 14)
4a
264
200
30
72
3t t
92
136
131 x
T
S
R
Q
P
X
Y
U
W
V
121
154
66
x
D
C
B
F
A
E 148
81
65
x
95
58
x
82
N
P
M
L
K
X
Y
Z
V
W
84
28
x
F E
K
J H
G
100
40
70
85
x
x
85
115
P
Q
R
U
T
S
80
164
V
Y
U
X
W
T
x
D
C
B
F
E
A
22
116
75
x
j k l
The diagrams below show the classic representations of the special quadrilaterals. However, we
should not rely totally on these stereotypes. We will now define these quadrilaterals more clearly,
look at their properties and consider questions such as Is a square a rhombus?.
Definitions
144
113
96
x
K
J
H
G
L
F E
V
S
R
Q
P
T
U
x
124
103
84
78
L
K
J
M
N
x
80
62
134
MN bisects JML
10.5 Special quadrilaterals
Trapezium Parallelogram Rhombus
Rectangle Kite Square
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
A rhombus is a parallelogram with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A rectangle is a parallelogram in which one angle is a right angle.
A square is a rectangle with two adjacent sides equal in length.
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal in length.
Think about the question Is a square a rhombus?. One of the tests for a rhombus is that it must
have all sides equal. We know that in a square all sides are equal. Therefore, a square is a
rhombus because it meets one of the tests for a rhombus. This means that the square has all of
the properties of a rhombus, and some other properties as well. If a square is a rhombus, must
a rhombus be a square?
Example
Find the values of all pronumerals in each of the following, giving reasons.
a b c
Solutions
a i x = 10 (opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal)
ii y = 75 (opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
iii z + 75 = 180 (co-interior angles, PQ || SR)
z = 105
b i a = 90 (diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular)
ii b = 28 (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles at the vertices)
iii c = 6 (sides of a rhombus are equal)
c i p = 18 (diagonals of a square bisect each other)
ii q = 18 (diagonals of a square are equal)
The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360.
Properties of a parallelogram: Properties of a rhombus:
opposite sides are parallel all properties of a parallelogram
opposite sides are equal all sides are equal
opposite angles are equal diagonals are perpendicular
diagonals bisect each other diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
Properties of a rectangle: Properties of a square:
all properties of a parallelogram all properties of a rectangle
all angles are right angles all sides are equal
diagonals are equal diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
diagonals are perpendicular
Properties of a trapezium: Properties of a kite:
one pair of opposite sides are two pairs of adjacent sides are equal
parallel
E
G
+
S
Q
R
S
P
x cm
10 cm
y z
75
K
M N
L
a
b
28
c cm
6 cm
A
D
B
C
E
AE = 9 cm
AC = p cm
BD = q cm
1 Complete this table using ticks to show which of the properties apply to each quadrilateral.
2 How many axes of symmetry has a:
a square? b rectangle? c parallelogram?
d rhombus? e trapezium? f kite?
Consolidation
a a square is a rectangle b a rectangle is a square
c a rhombus is a parallelogram d a square is a rhombus
e a trapezium is a parallelogram f a parallelogram is a trapezium
g a rectangle is a parallelogram h a rhombus is a square
i a parallelogram is a rhombus j a rhombus is a trapezium
4 Classify each of the following quadrilaterals giving brief reasons. (Diagrams are not drawn
to scale.)
a b c
All sides are equal
Opposite sides are equal
All angles are right angles
Opposite angles are equal
Opposite sides are parallel
Equal diagonals
Diagonals bisect each other
Diagonals are perpendicular
Diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
Exercise 10.5
S
q
u
a
r
e
R
e
c
t
a
n
g
l
e
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
o
g
r
a
m
R
h
o
m
b
u
s
T
r
a
p
e
z
i
u
m
K
i
t
e
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
p q r
5 In each of the following, draw a diagram and use it to find the required lengths.
a The diagonals of the rectangle ABCD intersect at E. If AC = 12 cm, find the length of BD
and BE.
b The diagonals of the parallelogram PQRS intersect at T. If PT = 10 cm, find the length of
TR and PR.
c The diagonals of the rhombus JKLM intersect at N. If JL = 18 cm and KN = 11 cm, find
the length of JN and KM.
6 Classify each of these quadrilaterals. Hence, find the value of all pronumerals.
a b c
r
s
80
p cm
5 cm
q cm
9 cm
x
z cm 3 cm
y cm
7 cm
a
b
c cm
6 cm
d e f
g h i
7 Find the value of the pronumerals in each figure, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
8 Find the value of the pronumerals in each figure, giving reasons.
a b c
d e f
g
e
70
30
h
f
p
q
40
70
20
r
z
x
y
35
u
t
v
w cm
64
10 cm
50
30
75
b
c
a
d
25
8 cm
c
a cm
b
b
a
25
8 cm
c cm
t
p
e
73
u
c
m
6
c
m
v
c
m
8
c
m
a
b
a b
52
y
65
z
63
p
q
m
41
n
e
g
f
45
78
t
t
u
v
1
4
0

g h i
9 Find the values of a and b in each of the following. (Do not give reasons.)
a b c
ABCD is a parallelogram, PQRS is a rhombus. CDEF is a parallelogram,
AB = AC. CG FD.
d e f
TUVW is a square, EFGH is a rhombus, PQRS is a parallelogram,
TU || XY. EJ bisects FEG. PS = PT.
g h i
WXYZ is a rhombus, STUV is a square, VW = UW, ABCD is a rhombus,
WX = WY. SWT is equilateral. BEC is equilateral.
i
j
h
15
g
117
48
c
d
z
y x
B
C
A
D
a
b
74
a b
24
10
Q
R S
P C
F
E
D
G
b
a 55
50
Y
U
V
W
X
T
b
a
38
116
E
H
G
J
F
a
b
74
a
b
26
P Q
R
T
S
Q
X
P
Y
Z
W
a
b
52
S
W
V
T
U
b
a
140
E
C D
B
A
a
b
32
a b c
ABCD is a rhombus. VWXY is a parallelogram, ABCD is a parallelogram,
WXZ is equilateral. BC = BE.
d e f
DEFG is a square. TUVW is a rectangle. PQRS is a rhombus,
TU bisects PTS.
g h i
TUVW is a parallelogram. PQRS is a rhombus, PQRS is a square.
UV || PQ.
j k l
JKLM is a square, CDEF is a rhombus, QRSL is a rectangle,
JKNP is a parallelogram. GH || FD. ML = MN, ML || NP.
E
D
A B
C
x
110
x
W
X Z Y
V
x
D
A B
C E
109
D E
F
G
H
J
x
U T
Y
Z
V
W
X
x
18
x
112
T
S
P
R
Q
U
T
X
U
V W
Y
Z
x
125
28
T
S
P
R
U
V
Q
x
66
Q
V
U
P
T
S R
x
37
62
14
K
P
N
L M
J
x
x
C
G
F
E
D H
84
M
N P
S
R
Q
L
36
x
Common polygons
A polygon is a closed figure bounded by only straight sides. The name of a polygon is based on
the number of sides that make up the boundary of the figure. The names of the first 10 polygons
are shown below.
Convex and non-convex polygons
A polygon can be convex or non-convex. A convex
polygon is a polygon in which all of the diagonals
lie within the figure. All interior angles are less than
180. A non-convex polygon is a polygon in which
at least one diagonal does not lie completely within
the figure. One or more interior angles is greater
than 180.
Five shapes
Draw an irregular quadrilateral with sides 4, 6,
8 and 10 cm long. Join the midpoints of the
sides PQRS, and cut out the five shapes formed.
Can you arrange the four triangles to cover the
large central piece exactly? What shape is it?
R
S P
Q
4
6
10
8
TRY THIS
10.6 Polygons
Sides Polygon Sides Polygon
3 Triangle 8 Octagon
4 Quadrilateral 9 Nonagon
5 Pentagon 10 Decagon
6 Hexagon 11 Undecagon
7 Heptagon 12 Dodecagon
Convex polygon
Non-convex polygon
The interior angle sum of a polygon
Proof: Let P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
n
be a convex polygon with n
sides. Choose any point O inside the polygon and
join it to each of the vertices, forming n triangles.
The angle sum of each triangle is 180, therefore,
the sum of the angles in n triangles is 180n.
However, this includes the angles around O whose
sum is 360. These angles must be subtracted from
the angles around the boundary of the polygon to
give the interior angle sum S.
Hence, S = 180n 360
= 180(n 2), on factorising
An alternative proof of this result is developed in Q810 of the following exercise.
The exterior angle sum of a polygon
When one side of a polygon is produced, the angle between this produced side and an adjacent
side of the polygon is called an exterior angle of the polygon.
Proof: Let P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
n
be a convex polygon with n sides. If
each side of the polygon is produced as shown, then the
sum of the interior and exterior angles at each vertex is
180. As there are n interior angles and n exterior angles,
the total sum of these angles is 180n.
We know that the sum of the interior angles is 180(n 2).
The interior angles must be subtracted from the total angle
sum to find S, the sum of the exterior angles of the
polygon.
Hence, S = 180n 180(n 2)
= 180n 180n + 360
= 360
Regular polygons
A regular polygon is a polygon in which all of the sides are equal and all of the angles are
equal. The size of the interior and exterior angles in a regular polygon can be found by dividing
the sum of these angles by the number of angles.
The sum S of the interior angles of any n-sided polygon is given by S = (n 2) 180.
P
1
O
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
6
P
n
The sum of the exterior angles of any convex polygon is 360.
P
1
P
2
P
3
P
4
P
5
P
6
P
n
1 Name the polygon that has the following number of sides.
a 3 b 4 c 5 d 6 e 7
f 8 g 9 h 10 i 11 j 12
2 State whether each polygon is convex or non-convex.
a b c d
Example 1
ABCDE is a regular
pentagon. Find:
a the angle sum of the
pentagon
b the size of each interior
angle
c the size of each exterior
angle
Solutions
a S = 180(n 2) b Interior angles =
= 180(5 2)
= 108
= 180 3
= 540
c Exterior angles =
= 72
Example 2
A regular polygon has
exterior angles of 40.
Calculate:
a the size of the interior
angles
b the number of sides
Solutions
a Interior angle = 180 exterior angle
(angles on a straight line)
= 180 40
= 140
b Exterior angle = , where n is the number of sides
40 =
40n = 360
n = 9
The polygon has 9 sides.
In any regular n-sided convex polygon:
each interior angle measures
each exterior angle measures .
180 n 2 ( )
n
-----------------------------
360
n
-----------
E
G
+
S
540
5
-----------
360
5
-----------
E
G
+
S
360
n
-----------
360
n
---------
Exercise 10.6
3 Draw each of the following:
a a convex hexagon b a convex octagon
c a non-convex quadrilateral d a non-convex pentagon
4 Can a triangle be non-convex? Explain.
5 Give a two-word name for each figure, including whether it is regular or irregular.
a b c d
6 What name is given to a regular:
a 3-sided polygon? b 4-sided polygon?
7 a Name a quadrilateral whose:
i sides are equal but angles are not ii angles are equal but sides are not
b Are the figures in a regular?
c If the sides are equal in a polygon, does this mean that the angles must be equal?
d If the angles are equal in a polygon, does this mean that the sides must be equal?
Consolidation
8 a Draw a convex pentagon ABCDE and divide it into triangles by drawing a line from one
vertex to each of the other vertices.
b How many triangles are formed?
c Hence, find the angle sum of the pentagon.
d Would the angle sum be different if the figure was non-convex?
9 Use the method outlined in Q8 to find the angle sum of:
a a hexagon b a heptagon c an octagon
10 a Copy and complete this table, using your
results from Q8 and Q9.
b How many triangles would be formed in
a polygon that has n sides?
c By how much must the number of
triangles be multiplied to give the angle
sum?
d Write down a formula that could be used
to find the angle sum of any
n-sided polygon.
Number of
sides
Number of
triangles Angle sum
3 1 180
4 2 360
5
6
7
8
11 Use your formula from Q10 to find the angle sum of each of these regular polygons. Hence, find
the value of x.
a b c
12 Find the size of the interior angles in a regular:
a nonagon b decagon c dodecagon
13 Calculate the size of the interior angles in a regular polygon that has 15 sides.
14 Form an equation and solve it to find the value of the pronumeral in each polygon.
a b
15 Use the formula = to find the size of each exterior angle in a regular:
a pentagon b octagon c decagon
d hexagon e nonagon f dodecagon
16 Find the size of the exterior angles in a regular polygon that has 15 sides.
17 A regular polygon has 24 sides.
a Find the size of the exterior angles. b Hence, find the size of the interior angles.
c Use your answer in part b to find the angle sum of the polygon.
18 How many sides are there in a regular polygon whose exterior angles each measure:
a 120? b 72? c 30? d 12?
19 Find values for a and b in each of these regular polygons.
a b c
20 Find values for x and y, giving reasons. All polygons are regular.
a b c
x
x
x
115
110
105
100
2x
120
140
165
155
(3y + 8)
360
n
-----------
4a (b + 10)
5a
(7b 4)
(5b + 13)
(a 8)
x
y
x
y
x
y
d e f
21 Find, correct to the nearest minute, the size of the interior angles in a regular:
a heptagon b undecagon
22 Calculate the angle sum of a polygon whose exterior angles are 20.
23 Explain why a regular polygon cannot have interior angles measuring 80.
24 A tessellation is a pattern of shapes that fit together exactly so that they completely cover
a given area. Which of the regular polygons with up to 12 sides will tessellate? Why?
25 Construct a regular pentagon in a circle using a pair of compasses, then measure the size of
the interior angles.
x
y
110
y
x
50
x
80
y
How many diagonals in a polygon?
A diagonal is a line that goes from one corner of a figure to an opposite corner.
A square has 2 diagonals.
How many diagonals are there in a pentagon?
Clearly there are 5.
Copy and complete the following table.
Polygon Sides (S) Number of diagonals (D)
Square 4 2 Can you find the pattern?
What is the rule linking
S with D?
Pentagon 5 5
Hexagon 6
7
8
9
TRY THIS
An investigation of triangles
Triangles have only three sides and are the simplest of all polygons. As a result, they
are frequently used in many aspects of our everyday lives. In addition, all of the other
polygons can be subdivided into triangles, and therefore any knowledge of triangles
is helpful in dealing with other polygons.
This raises an important question: What information do we need in order to
completely determine a triangle? That is, how many measurements do we need in
order to be able to construct a particular triangle?
In this investigation, we will test all of the various possibilities in order to establish
the minimum set of conditions needed to construct a given triangle, or to say that
two triangles are identical.
A triangle has three sides and three angles, so at first there appear to be six
possible measurements we might need. We remember, however, that the three
angles of a triangle have a sum of 180, so knowing the sizes of two angles is the
same as knowing all three. This means that we need only consider the sizes of three
sides and two angles.
A number of different possibilities need to be considered:
One measurement Just one angle
Just one side
Two measurements Two sides
One angle and one side
Three measurements Three sides
Two angles (effectively three angles)
Two sides and one angle, with the known angle between the
two sides
Two sides and one angle, with the known angle not
between the two sides
Four measurements Three sides and one angle
Two angles and one side (effectively three angles and one
side)
Five measurements Three sides and two angles (effectively three sides and
three angles)
It seems clear that the first two in the list above, just one angle and just one side,
do not provide enough information. There is, therefore, no need to test them.
Now let us test the other possibilities.
For this investigation you will need to work in pairs. One person in each pair should
be A, and the other B. (You may decide to swap roles between cases.) Each pair
should test two or three possibilities and report their findings to the class.
TRY THIS
Two triangles are said to be congruent if they have exactly the same size and shape. Each
triangle can be obtained from the other by performing one or more of the following
transformationstranslation, rotation or reflection. The sides and angles that are in the same
positions relative to other sides and angles are called matching sides and matching angles.
The symbols and are used to mean is congruent to.
It is not necessary to know the measurements of every side and every angle in a pair of triangles
in order for us to be certain that the triangles are congruent. Having completed the previous
investigation, you should have deduced the following four tests for congruent triangles. These
tests represent the minimum amount of information that is needed to prove that two triangles
are congruent.
Step 1 A draws any triangle without showing it to B.
Step 2 A then measures the required number of sides and/or angles. Be as
accurate as you can with these measurements.
Step 3 A tells B the lengths of any required sides and sizes of any required
angles.
Step 4 B then tries to construct the triangle, using ruler, protractor,
compasses and the measurements provided by A.
Step 5 A and B then compare triangles and consult to determine whether the
particular case provided sufficient information to ensure that an
accurate copy of the original triangle was constructed.
Step 6 After testing several cases, report your findings to the class.
10.7 Tests for congruent triangles
If two triangles are congruent, then:
the matching sides are equal in length
the matching angles are equal in size
the figures are equal in area.
1 If the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent (SSS).
NOTE: 1 If the three angles of one triangle are equal to the three angles of another triangle,
then the triangles are not necessarily congruent. That is, AAA is not a test for
congruent triangles.
2 When naming congruent figures, the vertices must be given in matching order.
Thus, for the triangles below, we would write ABC XYZ.
2 If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SAS).
3 If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
matching side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (AAS).
4 If the hypotenuse and a second side of one right-angled triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent (RHS).
A C
B
X Z
Y
Example 1
The triangles shown are congruent. Name these congruent triangles, giving the vertices in
matching order.
Solution
P and G are matching angles (both angles are opposite the 10 cm sides).
Q and F are matching angles (both angles are opposite the 11 cm sides).
R and E are matching angles (both angles are opposite the 7 cm sides).
PQR GFE.
Example 2
State the test that could be used to prove that the following pairs of triangles are congruent.
a b
c d
Solutions
a AB = EF = 3, BC = DF = 5, AC = DE = 6, ABC EFD (SSS)
b PQ = SU = 7, PQR = SUT = 25, QR = TU = 9, PQR SUT (SAS)
c FGH = KJL = 64, GHF = JLK = 52, FG = JK = 4, FGH KJL (AAS)
d LMN = VUW = 90, LN = VW = 13, LM = UW = 5, LMN WUV (RHS)
E
G
+
S
P
11 cm
11 cm
10 cm
10 cm
7 cm
7 cm
Q
R
G
F
E
E
G
+
S
B
6
5 3
A C
E
5
3 6
D F
Q S T
9
9
7
7
P R
U
25
25
F
4
4
G
H
J
K
L
64
64
52
52 N
5
5 13
13
L V U
W
M
1 State the test that could be used to prove that these pairs of triangles are congruent.
a b
c d
2 State whether each pair of triangles is congruent. If they are congruent, state the test used.
a b
c d
e f
g h
Exercise 10.7
4
4
6 6
7
7
9
9
113
113
17
17
14 14
11
11
62
62
29
29
21
21
8
8
5
5
9
9
17
17
53
53
61
61
17
17
8
8
12
12 9
9
104
104
5 5
3
3
15
15
118 118
24 24
19
19
23
23
50
50
5
4
4
3
3
5
i j
k l
Consolidation
3 Is PQR UTS? Why/why not?
4 Find a pair of congruent triangles in each of these and state the test used.
a
b
c
16
16
41
41
13
13
18
18
14 14
37
37
10
10
7 9
9
7
20
20
29
29
P
R
Q
T
S U
41
41
71
71
68
68
A
B C
48
48
48
77
77
77
11
11
11
A
B
C
25
25
25
7
7
7
A
B
C
15
15
15
18
18
18
154
154
154
d
5 Find six pairs of congruent triangles from those below and state the test used to justify the
congruence.
6 Determine whether the triangles in each pair below are congruent. All lengths are in mm.
a b
A
B
C
10
10
11
10
5
5
5
8
8
A
C
D
B
E F
G
H
I
J
K L
7 7
80
60
40
40
11
11
30
60
c d
7 In ABC, A = 56, C = 42 and BC = 8 cm. Determine whether each of the following
triangles is congruent to ABC.
a In PQR, Q = 56, R = 42, QR = 8 cm.
b In XYZ, Y = 82, Z = 42, YZ = 8 cm.
c In LMN, L = 82, N = 56, MN = 8 cm.
The standard congruence proof for triangles has five steps.
NOTE: By convention, the sides or angles on the LHS of the proof should belong to one
triangle and the sides or angles on the RHS should belong to the other triangle.
Example 1
KL = LM
JK || MN
Prove that JKL NML.
Solution
In JKL and NML:
KL = LM (given)
JKL = LMN (alternate angles, JK || MN)
KLJ = NLM (vertically opposite angles are equal)
JKL NML (AAS).
8
8
30
30
75
8
15
15
17
10.8 Congruence proofs
To prove that two triangles are congruent:
identify the triangles that are being used in the proof
name the three pairs of equal sides or angles
name the congruent triangles, giving the vertices of the triangles in matching
order, and state the congruence test used.
E
G
+
S
L
K N
J M
Example 2
EG bisects DF
EG DF
Prove that EGD EGF.
Solution
In EGD and EGF:
DG = GF (EG bisects DF)
EGD = EGF = 90 (EG DF)
EG is a common side
EGD EGF (SAS).
Example 3
PQRS is a rectangle
TS = TR
Prove that TPS TQR.
Solution
In TPS and TQR:
TS = TR (given)
TPS = TQR = 90 (s in a rectangle are right
angles)
PS = QR (opposite sides of a rectangle are equal)
TPS TQR (RHS).
Example 4
XZ = WY
WZ = XY
Prove that XWZ WXY.
Solution
In XWZ and WXY:
XZ = WY (given)
WZ = XY (given)
WX is a common side
XWZ WXY (SSS).
E
G
+
S
E
D
G
F
E
G
+
S
P
S
Q
R
T
E
G
+
S
W
Z
X
Y
1 Copy and complete each of the following congruence proofs.
2
Consolidation
a
In EFG and EHG:
EF = (given)
FG = HG ()
is a common side
EFG (SSS)
b
In ABC and EDC:
BC = CD ()
AC = (given)
ACB = ()
ABC ()
a
QPS = RPS and PS QR.
Prove that PQS PRS.
b
XW = XY and XZ WY.
Prove that XWZ XYZ.
3 a
Prove that CDE FED.
b
Prove that RST VUT.
c
Prove that PQR TSR.
Exercise 10.8
F
H
E G
A E
B D
C
S
P
R Q
Y
W
Z
X
E
D
F
C
V R
U
T
S Q
R
P
S T
d
Prove that MJK KLM.
e
O is the centre of the
circle.
Prove that
OLM ONM.
f
O is the centre of the
circle.
Prove that
EOF GOH.
4 a
CE and BF bisect each
other.
Prove that
BCD FED.
b
KLMN is a
parallelogram.
Prove that
KLN MNL.
c
ZW bisects XY
ZW XY
Prove that
XWZ YWZ.
d
FE EH
FG GH
EH = GH
Prove that
FEH FGH.
e
QPS = QRS
SQ bisects PQR
Prove that
QPS QRS.
f
STUV is a
parallelogram.
SW = XU
VW = XT
Prove that
SVW UTX.
L
J
M
K
L
O
M N
E
O
G
H
F
E
C
D
F B
N
L
M
K
Y
W
Z
X
F
H
E
G
P R
S
Q
V U
W
X
S
T
5 For each of the following, draw a diagram and label it with all of the given information,
then complete the proof.
a LMN is an isosceles triangle with LM = LN. PMN is another isosceles triangle with
PM = PN, where P lies on the opposite side of MN to L. Prove that LMP LNP.
b JKLM is a rectangle. N is a point on KL such that JN = MN. Prove that JKN MLN.
c ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC. P and Q are the midpoints of AB and AC
respectively. Prove that PBC QCB.
g
JKLM is a rhombus.
MN = PK
Prove that
JMN LKP.
h
ABCD is a square.
AE = BE
Prove that
ADE BCE.
i
TU || WV
TW || UV
Prove that
UTW WVU.
j
LJ || MN
KJ || LN
JL bisects KM
Prove that
KLJ LMN.
k
ABCD is a
parallelogram.
AY = XC
Prove that
AYB CXD.
l
EFGH is a rhombus.
DE = DG
Prove that
DEH DGH.
P K J
L N M
C
B
D E
A
T
V
U
W
K
J
L
N
M
B
X
Y
A
C D
F
G
H
E
D
The properties of many figures as well as other general geometric results can be deduced by
first proving that two triangles are congruent. It follows that if one triangle is congruent to
another triangle, then the matching sides and angles in those triangles must be equal. The
equivalence of these matching sides and angles can be used, for example, to prove that:
two lines are parallel
two lines are perpendicular
a line bisects an interval
a line bisects an angle
a given triangle is isosceles
a given quadrilateral is a parallelogram, a rectangle, a rhombus or a square.
Example 1
AC bisects BCD
BC = CD
a Prove that ABC ADC.
b Find values for x, y giving
reasons.
Solution
a In ABC and ADC:
BC = CD (given)
BCA = DCA (AC bisects BCD)
AC is a common side
ABC ADC (SAS)
b AB = AD (matching sides of congruent s)
x = 7
BAC= DAC (matching angles of congruent s)
y = 15
Triangle angles
Suppose that we continue drawing triangles as shown in the diagram below. What is
the size of the angles in the last triangle that you are able to draw? ABC = 10.
B
10
A
C
TRY THIS
Deductive reasoning and
congruent triangles
10.9
E
G
+
S
y
B
D
A
7 cm
15
x cm
C
Example 3
a If ABD CDB, prove that AB || DC. b If ABD CBD, prove that BD AC.
Solutions
a ABD CDB (SSS)
ABD = BDC (matching angles of congruent s)
AB || DC (alternate s are equal)
b ABD CBD (SSS)
BDA = BDC (matching angles of congruent s)
BDA + BDC = 180 (s on a straight line are supplementary)
BDA = BDC = 90
BD AC
Example 2
PS = QU
UP ST
SQ TU
a Prove that PRS QRU.
b Hence, prove that SRU is
isosceles.
Solution
a In PRS and QRU:
PS = QU (given)
RPS = RQU = 90 (UP ST, SQ TU)
PRS = QRU (vertically opposite s are equal)
PRS QRU (AAS)
b RS = RU (matching sides of congruent s)
SRU is isosceles.
E
G
+
S
T
S
Q
R
P
U
E
G
+
S
D
B A
C
D
B
A C
1 Each pair of triangles below is congruent. Name the congruent triangles with the vertices
in matching order and state the test that justifies their congruence. Hence, find the value of
the pronumeral, giving a reason. All lengths are in cm.
a b
c d
2 Each pair of triangles below is congruent. Name the congruent triangles with the vertices
in matching order and state the test that justifies their congruence. Hence, find the value of
the pronumeral, giving a reason. All lengths are in cm.
a b
c d
Exercise 10.9
C
B
A
60
85
7 10
12
R
p
Q
P
60
85
12 G
(u 4)
U
T
V
E
F
41
41
11
11
6
6
9
N
Y
Z
X
M
L
3x
29 29
21
20
20
J
E
K
C
I
D
22
16
(2e 7)
13
16
54
54
78
78
R
S Q
F
G
H
8
8
5
5
10
10
83 32
g
65
D
F
E
X
Z
Y
8
8
7
7
55
5y
60
60
65
C
K
I
J
A
B 15
15
17
17
122
122
35
(k + 14)
23
M
L N
U
V
T
12
12
13
13
(9u 1)
62
Consolidation
3 For each of the following:
i copy the diagram and mark on it all of the given information
ii prove that the two triangles are congruent
iii hence, find the value of the pronumeral, giving a reason. (All lengths are in mm.)
a b
AB and CD bisect each other. PS = SR, QS bisects PSR.
c d
EF FH, GH FH, FG = EH. TU || WX, TU = WX.
e f
BC || DE, CD || EF, BD = DF. CF || DE, CF = DE.
4 PQR is an isosceles triangle with PQ = PR. S is a point on the base QR.
a i If PS is the altitude from the apex P to the base QR, prove that PQS PRS.
ii Hence, show that PS bisects the base QR.
b i If PS is the median joining the apex P to the midpoint of the base QR, prove that
PQS PRS.
ii Hence, show that PS bisects the apex angle P.
c i If PS is the angle bisector of angle P, prove that PQS PRS.
ii Hence, show that PS is also a perpendicular bisector of the base.
5 In PQR, S is a point on QR such that PS QR. Show that PQR is isosceles if:
a PS also bisects P. b PS also bisects the side QR.
B D
C
E
A
x
12
R
Q
P
S
k
100
F
E
H
G
(a 8)
6
V
T U
W X
2y
14
18
F B D
C E
3x
2
4 6
F
D C
E
(4w 6)
38
6 EFGH is a kite with EF = EH and GF = GH.
a Prove that EFG EHG.
b Hence, show that the diagonal EG bisects FEH.
7 Prove the following properties of parallelograms by first proving that two triangles are
congruent.
a The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
b The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
8 ABCD is a parallelogram. The diagonals AC and BD intersect at X.
a Prove that AXD CXB.
b Hence, show that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
9 WXYZ is a rectangle.
a Prove that WZY XYZ.
b Hence, show that the diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length.
10 QRST is a rhombus. The diagonals intersect at X.
a Prove that QRX SRX.
b Hence, show that the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
11 AE and BD bisect each other.
a Prove that ABC EDC.
b Hence, prove that AB || DE.
12 In the quadrilateral TUVW, TU = WV and TU || WV.
a Prove that TUV VWT.
b Hence, show that TW || UV.
c What kind of quadrilateral is TUVW? Why?
13 ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals AC
and BD bisect each other at E.
a Prove that AED CEB. Hence, show that
AD || BC.
b Prove that AEB CED. Hence, show that
AB || DC.
c Hence, show that ABCD is a parallelogram.
D
C
B A
E
W V
T U
A
E
B
D C
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
DOES A TRIANGLE HAVE A CENTRE?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Introduction
Establishing the centre of a circle, a square or a rectangle is easy enough. There is a unique point
which qualifies as the centre of each of these figures. In this activity, we will investigate the
question Does a triangle have a centre? Various points that could stake a claim to being the
centre of a triangle will be considered and a new point called a Fermat point will be introduced.
You will also learn about a famous theorem that carries the name of Napoleon Bonaparte.
You will need a set square, ruler, a sharp pencil and a pair of compasses for this activity.
Alternatively, the activity will work well using the software packages Geometers Sketchpad
or Cabri Geometry. This activity is very suitable for group work.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
2
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
Draw a scalene acute-angled triangle ABC and construct each of the following:
1 the medians of the triangle
The medians are concurrent at the centroid G. Write down some important geometrical
properties of G.
2 the right bisectors of the sides
The right bisectors are concurrent at the circumcentre M. Write down some important
geometrical properties of M.
G
B
A
C
B
A
M
C
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
3 the angle bisectors
The angle bisectors are concurrent at the incentre I. Write down some important
geometrical properties of I.
4 the orthocentre
The altitudes are concurrent at the orthocentre O. Write down some important geometrical
properties of O.
5 Which of the above points best qualify as the centre of a triangle based on your results so
far? Discuss this in groups and use the geometrical properties of G, M, I and O to make a
case. You may disagree!
6 Finally, using about half a page, construct the points G, M, I and O for a single triangle
ABC. What do you notice? If you were accurate, the points G, M and O will lie on a straight
line. This line is called the Euler line of the triangle, after Leonhard Euler
(17071783), the Swiss mathematician who discovered it. Why does the incentre I not lie
on this line? Discuss with your teacher.
7 If you are using Geometers Sketchpad or Cabri Geometry software, drag the vertex A and
note that G, M and O are always collinear.
B
A
I
C
B
A
O
C
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
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I
C
A
L
L
Y
CHAL L ENGE
We will now construct one further point of concurrence called a Fermat point. It is named after
the French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat (16011665) who discovered it.
Draw a scalene acute-angled triangle ABC. Construct an equilateral triangle on each side as
shown, and join AD, BE and CF. These lines are concurrent at the Fermat point P.
1 Make a list of some of the geometrical properties of the figure. For example, angles APB,
BPC and CPA are all 120. By using congruent triangles show that AD = BE = CF.
2 The Italian mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (16081647), a contemporary of Fermat,
showed that the Fermat point P is such that the sum PA + PB + PC is a minimum. Would
this make the Fermat point an ideal candidate for the centre of a triangle? Compare the
Fermat point P with the circumcentre M. How do they differ?
3 There was a proviso to Torricellis result. The angles of triangle ABC must be less than
120. Why do you think this is so?
8
B
A
P
C
E
F
D
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
4 Show that PA + PB + PC is equal in length to the lines AD, BE and CF.
5 Draw a new triangle ABC and construct the Fermat point P. Now construct the
circumcircles of the equilateral triangles on each side of triangle ABC. What do you notice?
6 Verify Napoleons theorem: The centres of the equilateral triangles drawn on each side of
ABC, themselves form an equilateral triangle. Check it out on the Internet.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Write a conclusion to your work to answer the original question What is the centre of a
triangle?
REFL ECTI NG
Reflect on the practical uses of the centres you have drawn in this activity. The website
<www.punahou.edu/acad/sanders/CenterTriangle.html> has some fascinating applications.
E
%
1 Two lines drawn in the same plane that
never meet are called p______.
2 Compare and contrast the scalene and
isosceles triangles.
3 Define polygon for a new mathematics
dictionary.
4 Match the following words with their
meanings:
entry for intersect:
intersect verb 1. to cut or divide by passing through
or across: This line intersects the circle. 2. to cross:
There is a signpost where the streets intersect.
Why do architects and engineers have to
understand geometrical principles?
Trapezium A quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal
Rhombus A parallelogram in which one angle is a right angle
Parallelogram A parallelogram with a pair of adjacent sides equal
Rectangle A quadrilateral that is both a rhombus and a rectangle
Square A quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel
Kite A quadrilateral with at least one pair of opposite sides parallel
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
1 For each of the following, state whether
the angles and are adjacent. If they
are not adjacent, give a reason why.
a b
c d
2 What kind of angle measures:
a 180? b 41? c 360?
d 125? e 90? f 273?
3 Copy and complete these statements.
a Vertically opposite angles are
_______.
b Complementary angles add up to
_______.
c Supplementary angles add up to
_______.
d Angles at a point add up to _______.
4 List all pairs of:
a alternate angles
b corresponding angles
c co-interior angles
5 State whether or not PQ || RS in each of
these, giving a reason.
a
b
c
6 Classify each of these triangles as either
scalene, isosceles or equilateral.
a b
c
7 Classify each of these triangles as either
right-angled, acute-angled or obtuse-
angled.
a b
8 a Name the shortest and longest sides
in this triangle.
a b
d c
e f
h g
49
47
P
R
Q
S
72
108
Q
P R
S
124
124
R
P
Q
S
109
54
17
18
72
77
82
21
B
C A
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
b Name the smallest and largest angles
in this triangle.
9 Can a triangle with sides 23 mm, 51 mm
and 25 mm possibly exist? Explain.
of these, giving brief reasons.
a b
c d
e f
g h
i j
k
l
11 Form an equation and solve it to find the
value of the pronumeral in each of these.
a b
c
d
12 Find the values of the pronumerals in
each of these, giving reasons.
a
Q
P R
16 14
11
55
p
107
y
128 e
85
k
116
t
35
n
68
r
55
80
x
73
b
m
81
44
q
70 114
a
56
147
86
u
u
u
138
(a + 10)
50
4a
(7k 20) (3k + 16)
(m + 30)
66
84
3m
2m
81
w
76
v
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
50 q
125
p
144
b
a
q
p
22
d
154
73
e
64
53
w
z
y
x
75
12
v
u
71
f
52
e
14
136
123
s
r
52
70
48
k
j
21 36
85
f
e
x
141
158
z
y
67
131
118
x
w
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
n
o
13 Determine which figures (not drawn to
scale) are:
a parallelograms and give a reason.
b rectangles and give a reason.
c rhombuses and give a reason.
d squares and give a reason.
14 Write true (T) or false (F) for each of
these.
a The opposite angles in a rhombus are
equal.
b The diagonals in a rectangle are
perpendicular.
c The diagonals bisect each other in a
parallelogram.
d The diagonals bisect the angles at the
vertices in a square.
15 Find the values of the pronumerals in
each of these, giving reasons.
a
QRST is a parallelogram
VS = VU
152
72
59 80
v
u
161
102
84
f
e
A
B
D
C
A B
D
C
D
C
B
A
B
A
D
C
109
g h
f
R
V
S
U
T
P
Q
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
b
KLMN is a rhombus
c
ABCD is a square
HG || EF
16 Name the polygon that has the following
number of sides.
a 4 b 5 c 6
d 8 e 10 f 12
17 Define carefully each of the following
terms.
a convex polygon
b regular polygon
18 Is a rhombus a regular polygon? Why/
why not?
19 Calculate the interior angle sum of each
of these regular polygons, then find the
size of their interior angles.
a pentagon b nonagon
20 Find the size of the exterior angles in a
regular:
a decagon b dodecagon
21 Find the size of the interior and exterior
angles in a regular polygon with 20 sides.
22 How many sides has a regular polygon
with:
a exterior angles measuring 15?
b interior angles measuring 175?
23 The triangles in each pair are congruent.
In each case, name the congruent triangles
giving the vertices in matching order and
state the test used. Hence, find the value
of the pronumeral, giving reasons.
a
b
c
d
L
a
J
M N
K
c
b
69
11
A
H
B
F
E
D
G
C
t
r
s
u
S
15 cm
a cm
Q
P
R
4r
24
M
L
K
N
I
F
G
E
u
9
cm
4
u
cm
H
V Z
W Y
(
1
1
x

1
3
)
(
5
x

+

2
9
)
X
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
24
RT QS
RT bisects QRS
a Prove that RQT RST.
b Hence, prove that QRS is isosceles.
25
WXYZ is a rectangle
VZ = VY
a Prove that VWZ VXY.
b Hence, prove that V is the midpoint
of WX.
26
DG = EF
DG || EF
a Prove that DGF FED.
b Hence, prove that DE || GF.
27
CD bisects AB
AC = CB
a Prove that DCA DCB.
b Hence, prove that CD AB.
Q T S
R
W X V
Z Y
D E
G F
A
C
B
D
408
T
h
e

l
i
n
e
a
r

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
The linear
function
11
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
read, plot and name ordered pairs on the number plane
determine the quadrant in which a given point lies
find the length of a horizontal or vertical interval given the co-ordinates of its end
points
solve simple co-ordinate problems involving the perimeter and area of triangles and
quadrilaterals
derive an equation that describes a discrete linear relationship and graph it on the
number plane
draw the graph of a line given its equation by plotting points
find the x- and y-intercepts of a line given its equation
determine by substitution whether a point lies on a line
graph vertical and horizontal lines with equations x = a and y = b
find the gradient of a straight line using the ratio of the vertical rise and
horizontal run
determine whether a line will increase or decrease from left to right by considering
the sign of its gradient
state the gradient and y-intercept of a line given its equation
write the equation of a line given its gradient and y-intercept
explain the effect on the graph of a line by changing the gradient or y-intercept
determine whether two lines are parallel by considering gradients
find the co-ordinates of the fourth vertex of a parallelogram by considering gradients
sketch the graph of a line given its equation by considering the gradient and
y-intercept
find by substitution into y = mx + b, the equation of the line that has a given
gradient and passes through a given point
graph a straight line by plotting the y-intercept, then using the gradient to find
another point that will lie on the line
compare similarities and differences of linear relationships
graph two lines on the same number plane and hence determine their point of
intersection
find the equation of a line after translation or reflection.
Chapt er 11: The linear function 409
The number plane is made up of four quadrants
separated by two perpendicular lines called axes. The
horizontal number line is referred to as the x-axis and the
vertical number line is referred to as the y-axis.
A point is located by giving the horizontal reading first
(i.e. the x-value), followed by the vertical reading (i.e. the
y-value). The readings are given in the form of an ordered
pair or pair of co-ordinates (x, y). The point where the
two axes intersect is called the origin and its co-ordinates
are (0, 0).
The distance between two points in the number plane is
measured in units.
Example 1
State the co-ordinates of each point.
a A b B c C d D
e E f F g G h H
Solutions
a A(1, 2) b B(2, 1) c C(2, 3)
d D(3, 1) e E(0, 3) f F(2, 0)
g G(1, 0) h H(0, 2)
Example 2
In which quadrant would
each point lie?
a (3, 4) b (2, 5)
c (1, 2) d (6, 7)
Solutions
a (3, 4) lies in the third quadrant
b (2, 5) lies in the first quadrant
c (1, 2) lies in the fourth quadrant
d (6, 7) lies in the second quadrant
Example 3
Find the distance between
the points:
a A(3, 10) and B(8, 10)
b P(4, 2) and Q(4, 1)
Solutions
a The x-values (i.e. 8 and 3) differ by 5 and the y-values
are equal, the distance AB = 5 units.
b The y-values (i.e. 1 and 2) differ by 3 and the x-values
are equal, the distance PQ = 3 units.
11.1 The number plane
4
4
y
x
Second
quadrant
First
quadrant
Third
quadrant
Fourth
quadrant
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 1
0
4 3 2
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
1 2 3 1
0
3 2
A
E
B
D
F
C
G
H
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
1 Write down the co-ordinates of each point.
a A b B c C
d D e E f F
g G h H i I
j J k K l L
m M n N o O
p P q Q r R
s S t T u U
2 In which quadrant does each point lie?
a (2, 4) b (1, 7) c (6, 2) d (3, 4)
e (4, 1) f (1, 1) g (3, 7) h (8, 5)
i (5, 7) j (6, 1) k (9, 4) l (6, 11)
Consolidation
3 Find the distance between each pair of points.
a (2, 3) and (7, 3) b (1, 0) and (3, 0) c (8, 4) and (1, 4)
d (5, 3) and (5, 14) e (0, 2) and (0, 3) f (2, 11) and (2, 2)
4 Write down the co-ordinates of the point that is:
a 4 units to the right of (2, 5) b 7 units to the left of (0, 6)
c 8 units above (4, 5) d 10 units below (7, 1)
5 a Find the co-ordinates of D in the first
quadrant such that ABCD is a rectangle.
b Find the perimeter of ABCD.
c Find the area of ABCD.
Exercise 11.1
4
4
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 1
0
4 3 2
T
L
B
G
Q
I
F
U
C P S
H
N
J
D
E
R
A O
K
M
y
x 0
A(2, 3)
B(2, 1)
D(x, y)
C(6, 1)
6
a Find the co-ordinates of N, a point in the second quadrant, such that KLMN is a
parallelogram.
b Find the area of KLMN.
7 The vertices of ABC are A(1, 2), B(5, 4) and C(9, 2). The perpendicular from B meets AC
at D.
a Mark this information on a diagram.
b By inspection, what kind of triangle is ABC?
c Find the area of ABC.
8 a Plot the points T(2, 2), U(10, 3) and V(2, 8) on a number plane.
b Find the area of TUV.
9 A set of points is said to be collinear if they lie in a straight line. Plot each set of points on
a number plane, then state whether they are collinear.
a (2, 1), (1, 2), (4, 3) b (0, 3), (2, 5), (5, 6)
10 Find the co-ordinates of the centre and the length of the radius of a circle that passes through
the points (5, 10), (1, 6), (5, 2) and (9, 6).
11 The circle shown has centre A and the diameter BC is
parallel to the y-axis.
a Find the co-ordinates of A, B and C.
b Find the exact circumference of the circle.
c Find the exact area of the circle.
12 The circle shown has centre E(5, 5) and touches the x-axis
and y-axis at A and B respectively. Find the co-ordinates
of A, B, C and D.
y
x 0
N(x, y) K(2, 4)
M(7, 3) L(5, 3)
y
x 0 5 13
B
C
A
y
x 0
B D
C
A
E
13 A circle centre C, where C lies on the x-axis, cuts the
x-axis at x = 2 and x = 8 and the y-axis at P and Q.
a Find the co-ordinates of C.
b Find the length of the radius.
c Find the co-ordinates of P and Q, and hence calculate
the length of the chord PQ.
On some occasions it is more
useful to describe the position of a
point in terms of its distance
(r units) from another point, O,
and the angular rotation, ,
about the point O.
This is usually written as (r, ).
Such ordered pairs are called polar
co-ordinates. Use the diagram
opposite to answer Q14.
14 Give the polar co-ordinates of
each point.
a A b B c C
d D e E f F
g G h H i I
j J k K l L
If the terms in a number pattern increase or decrease by a common difference, then they are said
to form a linear relationship. Linear relationships can be described by an algebraic expression
or by drawing their graph. When graphed on a number grid or number plane, the points lie in a
straight line.
In chapter 2, we described linear relationships with the equation y = x + , where
represented the common difference between the y-values, or bottom numbers, in a table of
values. We will now write this equation as y = mx + b.
The equation of a line describes the relationship between the x- and y-co-ordinates of every
point on the line. For example, the equation:
y = 2x describes a line in which the y-value of each point is twice the x-value.
y = x + 3 describes a line in which the y-value of each point is 3 more than the x-value.
y = x 1 describes a line in which the y-value of each point is 1 less than half the
x-value.
y
x 0 2 8
P
Q
C
B
E
H
L
K I
D
F
C
A
O
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
G
J
0
is measured
in an
anticlockwise
direction
270
180
360
90
11.2 Graphing straight lines (1)
1
2
---
Example 1
b How many dots are being added in each step?
c Write down an equation in the form y = mx + b that shows the relationship between the
number of dots and the number of squares in each step.
d Plot the values from this table on a number grid, with the number of squares along the
horizontal axis and the number of dots along the vertical axis. Is the relationship linear?
Solutions
a
b 2 dots are being added in each step.
c The equation is of the form y = mx + b, where m is the common difference between the
y-values.
m = 2.
We now use m = 2 and one of the points in the table (1, 3) to find the value of b.
y = mx + b
3 = 2(1) + b
3 = 2 + b
b = 1
The equation is y = 2x + 1.
The graph shows a linear relationship. The dots are not joined because the number of
squares must be a whole number.
Number of squares (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of dots (y)
To graph a linear relationship using a table of values:
substitute each x-value into the equation to find the corresponding y-value
plot the points on a number plane
draw a straight line through the points if appropriate.
To graph a linear relationship by its intercepts:
substitute x = 0 into the equation to find the y-intercept
substitute y = 0 into the equation to find the x-intercept
draw a straight line through the intercepts.
E
G
+
S
Number of dots (y) 3 5 7 9 11
d
Example 2
Draw the graph of the line y = 2x + 3 using a table of values.
Solution
y = 2x + 3 y = 2x + 3 y = 2x + 3
y = 2(1) + 3 y = 2(0) + 3 y = 2(1) + 3
y = 2 + 3 y = 0 + 3 y = 2 + 3
y = 1 y = 3 y = 5
Example 3
Find the x- and y-intercepts and hence sketch the line 3x + 2y = 12.
Solution
When x = 0: 3(0) + 2y = 12
2y = 12
y = 6
When y = 0: 3x + 2(0) = 12
3x = 12
x = 4
x 1 0 1
y 1 3 5
y
x
Number of squares
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

d
o
t
s
1
1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
E
G
+
S
3
+
x
2
=
y
4
5
6
y
x
3
1
1
2
3
1 2 3 1
0
3 2
2
E
G
+
S
4
5
6
y
x
3
1
1
2
1 2 3 4 5 1
0
3 4 5 2
2
3
x
+
2
y
=
1
2
1
a Draw the next two steps in this pattern.
b Copy and complete this table of values.
c How many dots are being added in each step?
d Write down an equation in the form y = mx + b that shows the relationship between the
number of dots and the number of circles in each step.
e Plot the values from this table on a number grid, with the number of circles along the
horizontal axis and the number of dots along the vertical axis.
f Should the points be joined? Explain.
g Is the relationship linear?
2
number of dots and the number of triangles in each step.
e Plot the values from this table on a number grid, with the number of triangles along the
3
Number of circles (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of dots (y)
Number of triangles (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Number of dots (y)
Number of dots (y)
Exercise 11.2
number of dots and the number of squares in each step.
e Plot the values from this table on a number grid, with the number of squares along the
Consolidation
4 Copy and complete these tables of values, then graph each line on a separate number plane.
5 Graph each of these lines on a separate number plane by plotting at least 3 points.
a y = x b y = 4x c y = x d y = x + 4
e y = x 3 f y = 1 x g y = 2x + 1 h y = 3x 2
i y = 2 2x j x + y = 2 k 2x + y = 6 l 3x y = 3
6 Find the x- and y-intercepts and hence sketch each of the following lines.
a y = x + 3 b y = x 2 c y = 4 x d y = 2x + 6
e y = 12 3x f y = 2x 5 g x 2y = 8 h 4x + y = 6
i 3x + 4y = 36 j y = x + 1 k y = 2 x l y = x 6
7 a Graph the lines y = x, y = 2x and y = 3x on the same number plane.
b What is the effect of the co-efficient in each equation?
8 Which line would be steeper, y = x or y = 2x? Why?
9 a Graph the lines y = x, y = x + 2 and y = x 2 on the same number plane.
b Are the lines parallel?
c What is the effect of the constant term in each question?
10 What transformation must be performed on the line y = x to obtain the graph of:
a y = x + 5? b y = x 3? c y = x + 2? d y = x 7?
11 What transformation must be performed on the line y = x to obtain the graph of y = x?
12 Describe the transformation that would map:
a y = x + 2 onto y = x + 5 b y = x + 4 onto y = x 1
c y = 2x 4 onto y = 2x d y = 3x 5 onto y = 3x 6
y = x + 3 y = 3x
a x 0 1 2 b x 1 0 1
y y
y = 5 x y = 2x 3
c x 1 2 3 d x 0 1 2
y y
y = 3x + 1 x + y = 4
e x 1 0 1 f x 0 1 2
y y
1
2
---
1
3
---
2
3
---
1
2
---
13 What would be the equation of each line after it was reflected in the y-axis?
a y = x b y = 2x c y = x d y = x
e y = x + 1 f y = x 4 g y = 3x + 2 h y = 5 2x
14 Describe the two transformations that would be necessary to map:
a y = x onto y = x + 3 b y = 2x onto y = 2x 4 c y = 3x onto y = 3x 7
d y = x + 3 onto y = x e y = 2x 1 onto y = 2x + 2 f y = 5 4x onto y = 4x 5
Horizontal and vertical lines
When an equation of the form x = a is graphed on the number plane, the result is a vertical line
that cuts the x-axis at a.
Consider the line that passes through the given points. The
x- and y-values have no direct relationship but the x-values for
all these points are 4s. Hence, the equation of the line is x = 4.
By plotting the points, it is clear that the line must be vertical
and cut the x-axis at 4.
When an equation of the form y = b is graphed on the number plane, the result is a horizontal
line that cuts the y-axis at b.
Consider the line that passes through the given points. The
x-and y-values have no direct relationship but the y-values for
all these points are 2s. Hence, the equation of the line is y = 2.
By plotting the points, it is clear that the line must be
horizontal and cut the y-axis at 2.
1
2
---
1
3
---
Size 8
Find out the different sizes given for womens dresses. How does the size of the
dress relate to the actual measurement of the dress? Draw a graph relating the
dress size to this dress measurement. Is it linear?
TRY THIS
11.3 Graphing straight lines (2)
4
y
x
3
2
1
1
1 1
0
4 3 2
x 4 4 4 4 4
y 0 1 2 3 4
4
y
x
3
2
1
1
1 1
0
4 3 2
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 2 2 2 2 2
The condition for a point to lie on a line
To determine whether a point lies on a line, we substitute the co-ordinates of the point into
the equation of the line. If the co-ordinates satisfy the equation, then the point lies on the line.
If the co-ordinates do not satisfy the equation, then the point does not lie on the line. It is not
necessary to draw the graph of the line.
For example, the points (0, 2), (1, 3), (5, 7) (2, 0) and (3, 1) would all lie on the line
y = x + 2 because in each point, the y-value is 2 more than the x-value. Would the point (7, 5)
lie on this line? Why?
The intersection of straight lines
If two straight lines graphed on a number plane are:
parallel, they will have no points of intersection
concurrent, they will have exactly one point of intersection.
For example:
If two straight lines intersect, then they do so at a unique point. As this point lies on both lines,
its co-ordinates must satisfy both equations. This fact allows us to find the simultaneous
solutions of two equations in x and y.
x = a is the equation of a vertical line, cutting the x-axis at a.
y = b is the equation of a horizontal line, cutting the y-axis at b.
A point lies on a line if its co-ordinates satisfy the equation of the line.
y
x
0
(1, 5)
x
2
7
=
y
4
+
x
=
y
Concurrent lines
y
x 0
2
3
Parallel lines
3
x
=
y
2
+
x
=
y
The co-ordinates of the point of intersection of two straight lines satisfy the equations
of both lines.
Example 2
Find the point of intersection of the lines y = 2x + 1 and y = 7 x.
Solution
y = 2x + 1
y = 7 x
From the graph, the point of
intersection is (2, 5).
1 Plot each set of points on a number plane. Draw the line that passes through these points
and write down its equation.
Example 1
Determine whether the point
(3, 11) lies on the line
y = 5 2x.
Solution
y = 5 2x
11 = 5 2(3)
11 = 5 + 6
11 = 11
The co-ordinates satisfy the equation,
the point lies on the line.
x 0 1 2
y 1 3 5
x 0 1 2
y 7 6 5
a x 3 3 3 3 3 b x 2 1 0 1 2
y 0 1 2 3 4 y 3 3 3 3 3
c x 1 1 1 1 1 d x 2 1 0 1 2
y 1 0 2 2 3 y 2 2 2 2 2
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
4
5
6
y
x
3
1
1
2
2 3 1
0
3 4 5 6 2
2
y
=
7
x
y
=
2
x
+
1
(2, 5)
7
1
Exercise 11.3
2 Write down the equation of each line.
3 At what point do these lines intersect?
a x = 3 and y = 2 b y = 1 and x = 4 c y = 3 and x = 6
4 Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of:
a the line x = 1 and the x-axis b the line y = 7 and the y-axis
5 a What is the equation of the x-axis? Why?
b What is the equation of the y-axis? Why?
6 Write down the equation of the line that is equidistant from the lines:
a x = 2 and x = 8 b y = 1 and y = 7
7 Find the equation of the line that is:
a parallel to the x-axis and passes through the point (2, 6)
b parallel to the y-axis and passes through the point (1, 4)
c perpendicular to the x-axis and passes through the point (5, 2)
d perpendicular to the y-axis and passes through the point (8, 1)
8 Which of the following points lie on the line y = 2x 7?
A(4, 1) B(0, 7) C(12, 17) D(8, 23)
E( , 6) F(6, 5) G(3 , 0) H(10, 13)
9 Which of the following lines pass through the point (2, 3)?
y = x + 5 y = 5 x y = 2x + 7 y = x + 1
y = 9 3x x + 2y = 4 y = x 2x + 3y + 13 = 0
10 Find the co-ordinates of three points that lie on the line 2x y = 12.
4
5
6
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5 6 1
0
4 5 6 3 2
a g d f
e
b
c
h
1
2
---
1
2
---
3
2
---
11 Find the value of the pronumeral in each ordered pair if:
a (2, r) lies on the line y = x + 7 b (k, 4) lies on the line y = 11 x
c (5, t) lies on the line 2x + y = 8 d (p, 6) lies on the line y = x
12 Find the value of the pronumeral in each ordered pair if the line:
a y = 5x + 4 passes through (g, 4) b y = 2 9x passes through (2, s)
c y = x passes through (15, u) d 3x 4y + 5 = 0 passes through (a, 8)
13 a Find the value of c if (3c 1, 2) lies on the line y = x 6.
b Find the value of m if (1, 3) lies on the line y = mx + 7.
c Find two possible values for a if the line ax y + 8 = 0 passes through the point (a, 17).
14 Graph each pair of lines on the same number plane, then write down the co-ordinates of
their point of intersection.
a y = 3 and x = 2 b y = x and y = 5
c y = x and y = x 6 d y = x + 4 and y = 2 x
e y = 3x and y = x + 2 f y = x 3 and y = 2x 1
g y = 2x and y = 3x 5 h y = 1 x and y = 3 2x
15 a Does (2, 3) lie on the line y = 2x + 7?
b Does (2, 3) lie on the line y = x + 5?
c What is the geometric significance of this result?
16 Determine by substitution whether each pair of lines intersect at the given point.
a y = 5x 4 and y = 8 x, (2, 6) b y = x + 1 and y = 1 x, (1, 0)
c y = 2x 10 and y = 7 + x, (3, 4) d y = 6x 5 and y = 1 6x, ( , 2)
17 Graph the lines y = 2x + 1 and 2x y = 3 on the same number plane and hence explain why
they have no point of intersection.
18 In a stable there are x horses and y jockeys, where x + y = 9. Between them, the total number
of legs is 26.
a Show that, in simplest form, the total number of legs is given by 2x + y = 13.
b Graph the lines x + y = 9 and 2x + y = 13 on the same number plane and find their point
of intersection.
c How many horses and jockeys are there?
19 A childs money box contains x 5c coins and y 10c coins. There are 20 coins altogether with
a total value of $1.65.
a Show that x + y = 20 and x + 2y = 33 (in simplest form).
b Graph the lines on the same number plane and find their point of intersection.
c Find the number of 5c coins and 10c coins.
3
4
---
2
3
---
1
5
---
1
2
---
The gradient or slope of a line is a measure of how steep it is. The symbol for gradient is m.
If the line is going up, or increasing from left to right, then its gradient is said to be positive.
If the line is going down, or decreasing from left to right, then its gradient is said to be
negative.
The greater the gradient (+ or ), the steeper is the line.
The gradient of a horizontal line is 0, while the
gradient of a vertical line is not defined. Why?
If a line is inclined to the x-axis at an angle of 45, then for
every point on that line, the vertical rise is equal to the
horizontal run. Hence, the gradient of this line is equal to 1.
It follows then that a line that is inclined to the x-axis at an
angle of less than 45 has a gradient of less than 1, and a line
that is inclined to the x-axis at an angle that is greater than 45
has a gradient greater than 1.
11.4 Gradient of a line
Gradient (m) =
vertical rise
horizontal run
-------------------------------------
Vertical
rise
Horizontal run
y
x 0
y
x 0
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
g
r
a
d
i
e
n
t
x
y
m = 1
m = 2 m = 2
m = 1
m =
1
2
m =
1
2
0
y
x 1
1
0
2
2
m = 1
45
2
1
Example 1
Find the gradient of each interval.
a b c
Solutions
a m = b m = c m =
= = =
= 2 = 1
Example 2
Find the gradient of each line.
a b
Solutions
a The rise and run are distances, and are therefore
positive. However, the line is decreasing from left
to right, so the gradient is negative.
m =
=
= 4
If a line is increasing from left to right, then it has a positive gradient.
If a line is decreasing from left to right, then it has a negative gradient.
The gradient of a horizontal line is 0.
The gradient of a vertical line is not defined.
The gradient of a line that is inclined to the x-axis at an angle of 45 is 1.
E
G
+
S
rise
run
--------
rise
run
--------
rise
run
--------
3
4
---
4
2
---
5
5
---
E
G
+
S
y
x
0
2
8
y
x 0
(4, 1)
(2, 5)
y
x 0
2
8
8 units
2 units
rise
run
--------
8
2
---
b Draw a right-angled triangle on the line using
the given points and hence find the rise and
the run. The line is increasing from left to right,
so the gradient is positive.
m =
=
=
1 State whether the gradient of each line is positive, negative, zero or undefined.
a b c d
e f g h
2 Find the gradient of each interval.
y
x 0
(4, 1)
(2, 5)
6 units
4 units
rise
run
--------
4
6
---
2
3
---
Exercise 11.4
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x
0
a
b
c
d e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
Consolidation
3 a Choose 3 different pairs of
points that lie on the line and
use them to calculate its
gradient.
b Copy and complete this
statement: Any two points
that lie on a line can be used
to calculate its ______.
4 Find the gradient of each line.
a b c d
e f g h
i j k l
5 Plot each pair of points on a number plane. Hence, find the gradient of the interval joining
these points.
a P(1, 1) and Q(3, 7) b G(2, 5) and H(2, 1) c C(4, 5) and D(4, 5)
d J(11, 2) and K(1, 10) e E(1, 0) and F(7, 4) f R(8, 5) and S(1, 1)
4 5 6 7
4
5
6
7
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 1
0
4 5 6 7 3 2
y
x
0
5
5
y
x 0
3
1
y
x 0 2
1
y
x 0 2
10
y
x
0
9
6
y
x 0 10
4
y
x 0
12
9
y
x 0
(3, 7)
y
x
(5, 2)
0
y
x
0
(2, 5)
4
y
x
0
(4, 12)
5
y
x
0
(7, 1)
(3, 5)
6 a Find the gradient of PQ and SR. Is PQ || SR?
b Find the gradient of QR and PS. Is QR || PS?
c What type of quadrilateral is PQRS? Why?
d Copy and complete this statement:
If two lines are parallel, then they have the
same ______.
7 a Find the gradient of each side of the
quadrilateral KLMN.
b What type of quadrilateral is KLMN?
Why?
8 a Find the gradient of each interval.
b Which intervals are parallel?
(Diagram not to scale.)
9 Use the fact that parallel lines have the same gradient to find the co-ordinates of D, the
fourth vertex of the parallelogram ABCD, in each of these.
a b
c d
y
x
Q(1, 5)
R(4, 4)
S(1, 0)
P
(2, 1)
0
y
x 0
K(4, 1)
N(6, 3)
M(9, 6)
L(1, 4)
y
x 0
A(4, 2)
C(1, 1)
F(2, 3)
E(5, 6)
B(2, 7)
D(3, 5)
H(7, 2)
G(1, 3)
A(1, 3)
C(5, 2)
B(0, 0)
D(x, y)
y
x
0
B(7, 6)
A(5, 1)
C(1, 2)
D(x, y) y
x
0
A(3, 4)
C(4, 2)
B(2, 8)
D(x, y)
y
x
0
B(2, 4)
A(5, 2)
C(3, 7)
D(x, y)
y
x 0
10 a Derive a formula for the gradient of the
interval PQ, using the co-ordinates of P
and Q.
b Hence, find the gradient of the line that
passes through the points:
i (0, 1) and (2, 9)
ii (5, 1) and (1, 3)
iii (2, 3) and (3, 8)
When the equation of a straight line is written in the form y = mx + b, it is said to be in gradient
intercept form, where m is the gradient of the line and b is the y-intercept. For example, if a
line has a gradient of 3 and cuts the y-axis at 7, then its equation is y = 3x + 7.
Notice that when the gradient is 0 (i.e. m = 0), the equation y = mx + b becomes y = b, which is
the standard equation of a horizontal line.
P(x
1
, y
1
)
Q(x
2
, y
2
)
y
x
0
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
Hanging around
A hang-glider is at the top of a cliff 400 m high. The cliff has a slope, or gradient,
of 1 in 4. At the bottom of the cliff there is a lake 1500 m wide. The hang-glider
jumps off the cliff with a rate of descent of 1 in 40. Will it clear the lake?
TRY THIS
11.5 The linear equation y = mx + b
The gradientintercept form of the linear equation is y = mx + b, where:
m is the gradient, and
b is the y-intercept.
Example 1
State the gradient and y-intercept of each line.
a y = 3x + 5 b y = 4x 2 c y = 2x 11
d y = 9 5x e y = x f y =
Solutions
a m = 3 and b = 5 b m = 4 and b = 2 c m = 2 and b = 11
d m = 5 and b = 9 e m = 1 and b = 0 f m = and b = 0
Example 2
Find the equation of each of these lines.
a b
Solutions
Example 3
Graph the line y = x + 1 by plotting the y-intercept, then
using the gradient to find two other points on the line.
Solution
The y-intercept is 1 and the gradient is .
Beginning at the y-intercept (0, 1), count 3 units
to the right and 2 units up, then mark the point (3, 3).
Beginning at this point, count 3 units to the right and
2 units up, then mark the point (6, 5). Draw the line that
passes through these 3 points.
a i The line is increasing from left to
right, so the gradient is positive.
m =
=
= 2
ii The line cuts the y-axis at 8, b = 8.
iii Substituting into y = mx + b, the
equation of the line is y = 2x + 8.
b i The line is decreasing from left to
right, so the gradient is negative.
m =
=
=
ii The line cuts the y-axis at 6, b = 6.
iii Substituting into y = mx + b, the
equation of the line is y = x + 6.
E
G
+
S
2x
3
------
2
3
---
E
G
+
S
y
x 0
4
8
y
x
0
10
6
rise
run
--------
8
4
---
rise
run
--------
6
10
------
3
5
---
3
5
---
E
G
+
S
4
5
6
7
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
1 1 0 4 5 6 7 8 3 2
(6, 5)
(3, 3)
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
---
2
3
---
1 For each of the following, state the gradient and y-intercept.
a y = 2x + 3 b y = 3x 1 c y = 2x + 5
d y = 4x 3 e y = x + 4 f y = x + 2
g y = 3 + 5x h y = 6 x i y = 2x
j y = 7x k y = l y = x 5
m y = x + 1 n y = 8 x o y = 2 x
p y = 3(x 2) q y = 4(2x + 5) r y = 2(5 7x)
2 Write down the equation of the line that has:
a a gradient of 4 and y-intercept of 2 b a gradient of 3 and y-intercept of 5
c a slope of 1 and y-intercept of 4 d a slope of and cuts the y-axis at 7
e a gradient of 5 and passes through the origin
f a slope of 1 and passes through the origin
Consolidation
3 Find the gradient and y-intercept of each line, and hence write down its equation.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
Exercise 11.5
1
2
--- x 4 +
1
3
---
2
3
---
3
4
---
6
5
---
1
2
---
y
x 0
3
1
y
x 0
1
2
y
x
0 2
6
y
x 0
10
2
y
x 0
2
8
y
x 0
7
7
y
x
0
12
3
y
x
0
2
5
y
x 0 6
4
y
x
0 7
3
y
x 0
6
9
y
x
0
12
10
4 Find the equation of each of the following lines.
5 By substitution into the equation y = mx + b, find the equation of the line that passes through
the given point with the given gradient.
a (1, 1), m = 2 b (2, 3), m = 1 c (1, 2), m = 3
d (2, 4), m = 2 e (5, 0), m = 1 f (0, 4), m = 3
g (2, 4), m = h (4, 5), m = i (6, 1), m =
j (6, 2), m = k (4, 3), m = l (8, 3), m =
6 Graph each of these lines by plotting the y-intercept, then use the gradient to find two other
points on the line.
a y = x + 4 b y = 2x + 3 c y = d y = 2 x
e y = 3x + 4 f y = g y = h y = 2 4x
i y = 5 x j y = x + 2 k y = x 3 l y =
a
c
d
e
f
b
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1
0
4 5 6 7 3 2
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
3
---
2
3
---
5
4
---
3
2
---
1
2
--- x 1
1
3
--- x 2
1
4
--- x 1 +
1
2
---
2
3
---
3
2
---
3
4
--- x 1
7 Choose the equation that best describes each graph below.
y = 2x + 5 y = 2x 5 y = 5 2x y = 2x 5
a b c d
y = 7 3x y = 3x + 7 y = 3x 7 y = 3x 7
a b c d
y = 2x y = 2x y = x y = x
a b c d
y = 5x y = 5x x = 5 y = 5
x = 5 y = 5 y = 5x + 1 y = 5x 1
y = 1 5x y = 5x 1 y = y =
a b c d
e f g h
y
x 0
y
x
0 x 0
y
0
y
0 x
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x
0
1
2
---
1
2
---
y
x
0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
1
5
--- x
1
5
--- x
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x 0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x 0
i j k l
11 i What does each set of lines have in common?
ii How do they differ?
a y = 2x, y = 2x + 7, y = 2x 4 b y = 3x + 5, y = x + 5, y = 5 x
c y = x, y = 4x, y = x, y = x d y = 4, y = 3, y = 0, y =
12 Choose from the equations below, the lines that:
a slope to the left b pass through the origin
c have a positive y-intercept d have a gradient that is greater than 1
e are perpendicular to the x-axis
A y = 5 2x B y = x C y = x 1 D x = 4
E y = 3x F y = x 2 G y = 7 + 2x H y = x
I x = 0 J y = x 3 K y = x L x = 2
13 Consider the line with equation y = x + 3. What would be the effect on the graph by
changing:
a the gradient to 2? b the gradient to c the y-intercept to 1?
14 Consider the line with equation y = x + 2.
a What would be the effect on the graph if the gradient was changed to 0?
b What would the equation become as a result of that change?
15 Find the equation of the line that passes through the point:
a (2, 10) and cuts the y-axis at 4
b (1, 11) and cuts the y-axis at 9
c (4, 6) and cuts the y-axis at 4
16 Find the equation of the line that passes through the points:
a (2, 11) and (5, 20) b (6, 9) and (10, 1) c (12, 2) and (6, 14)
17 Find the equation of the line that cuts the x-axis at p and the y-axis at q, where p > 0
and q > 0.
y
x 0
y
x
0
y
x 0
y
x
0
1
2
---
1
2
---
2
3
---
3
5
---
1
2
---
5
6
---
5
4
---
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
3
---
Chapt er 11: The linear function
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
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M
A
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I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
433
TELEVISION ADVERTISING
Latitude and temperature
Below is a list of coastal Australian cities with their latitude (in degrees and minutes)
and average annual air temperature (C). Can you find a relationship of the form
T = kL + c where k and c are constants, T = temperature in degrees Celsius and
L = latitude in degrees?
Source: Commonwealth Year Book
When you have found a rule, use a Commonwealth or State Year Book to look up
temperatures of other coastal cities and test the rule to see how well it works. Does
your rule work for inland cities? (If not, can you suggest a reason?)
City Latitude C City Latitude C
Hobart 4253 12.4 Perth 3157 18.2
Melbourne 3749 14.9 Brisbane 2728 20.6
Sydney 3350 17.4 Darwin 1225 27.5
TRY THIS
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
Introduction
Every month, companies spend thousands of dollars on advertising. It has been found by
market research that television is generally an excellent medium in which to advertise a
product, particularly if it is shown during a popular program. However, it is very expensive.
In this activity we will look at some hypothetical data to investigate a possible relationship
between the amount of money spent on advertising and the volume of sales. A company wants
to know whether television advertising is worthwhile, that is whether advertising is actually
related to sales.
Materials: graph paper, ruler and pencil, a graphics calculator or Excel spreadsheet
The following table shows company data for monthly sales (y) against television advertising
expenditure (x) for a random sample of 10 months taken from the two previous years. Monthly
sales (y) is the dependent variable and monthly TV advertising expenditure (x) is the
independent variable. The mathematical objective is to obtain a linear equation that will predict
monthly sales as a function of advertising expenditure.
1 On graph paper draw a scatter diagram of the data in the table showing x on the horizontal
axis and y on the vertical axis. Choose a suitable scale, say 1 cm = 0.1 units on the x-axis
and 1 cm = 10 units on the y-axis. Adjust the origin as convenient.
2 Examine the shape of the scatter diagram. What do you notice? Calculate the mean of the
x-values and the mean of the y-values and plot this point M on the graph.
Month TV advertising
(x) $100 000
Sales
(y) $100 000
1 1.1 110
2 0.7 70
3 0.8 82
4 0.9 90
5 1.0 94
6 1.2 105
7 0.7 86
8 1.2 100
9 0.9 75
10 1.0 98
2
x y (x, y)
Chapt er 11: The linear function
F
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U
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M
A
T
H
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M
A
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A
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Y
F
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U
S

O
N

W
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K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
435
3 Draw a line of best fit, using your eye to guide you. Assume that this line will pass through
M. It should be as close to as many of the points on the scatter diagram as possible.
4 Now measure the gradient (or slope) of the graph. Let this number be m.
5 Where does the graph cross the y-axis? Let this number be b.
6 Write down the equation of the graph using your values for m and b.
7 Use your model to predict the sales volume for a month if the TV advertising expenditure
is raised to $140 000.
8 Do you feel that there is enough evidence for the company to conclude that TV advertising
expenditure is indeed related to volumes of sales? Why? What assumptions would the
company have to make in using the equation to predict sales volumes from TV advertising
expenditure?
9 Do you think the figures for TV advertising expenditure are realistic? See if you can find
out from the Internet what some companies spend on TV advertising per month as a fraction
of their sales.
CHAL L ENGE
1 Use a graphics calculator or a spreadsheet such as Excel to plot the data in the table on a
scatter diagram, and calculate the slope and the y-intercept of the line of best fit. What is
the correlation coefficient for this data? Discuss the goodness of fit to a linear model with
your teacher.
2 You may have found that the calculated line of best fit y = 58x + 36 (rounding to the nearest
whole numbers) is quite different from what you obtained by eye. What methods do people
use when they want greater accuracy, but a computer is not available? Discuss this in class
with your teacher.
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Discuss what you have learnt from this activity with a classmate or perhaps if you have worked
in groups for the activity, with the group members. Can the group pose another problem that
arises from what you have found? For example, is a linear model the best one for predicting
sales? What else could be used?
REFL ECTI NG
Mathematics is a powerful tool for predicting relationships in the world of business to guide
decision-making. Think over the use of mathematics for economic forecasting and the indices
that are regularly reported on TV as evidence of the health of the economy.
8
E
%
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
1 Write down the co-ordinates of:
a A b B c C d D
e E f F g G h H
i I j J k K l L
2 In which quadrant does each point lie?
a (2, 4) b (3, 1)
c (1, 5) d (7, 6)
3 How far apart are the points:
a (3, 5) and (10, 5)
b (1, 4) and (1, 2)?
4 Find the co-ordinates of the point that is:
a 6 units above (4, 1)
b 3 units to the left of (2, 3)
5
a Write down the co-ordinates of C and
D such that ABCD is a square.
b Calculate the perimeter.
6 a Plot the points R(4, 7), S(4, 3) and
T(5, 3) on a number plane.
b Find the area of RST.
7 The circle shown has centre R and
diameter PQ perpendicular to the y-axis.
Find the co-ordinates of P, Q and R.
y
x
3
2
1
1
2
3
1 2 3 1
0
3 2
A E
B
D
I
F
H
C
J
K
L
G
y
x
A(3, 4)
B(3, 1) C
D
0
y
x
P Q
R
0
5
7
1 Explain the difference between an axis
and an origin.
2 If the terms in a number pattern increase
or decrease by a common difference, they
are said to form a l__________
relationship.
3 What is another word for gradient?
4 When is the word concurrent used to
describe two lines on a graph?
entries for linear and lineage:
linear adjective 1. relating to lines or length: a linear
measure 2. arranged in a line: a linear series
lineage noun 1. descent from a line of ancestors:
My familys lineage can be traced back to the First
Fleet.
Compare the uses of these related words.
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
8 a Draw the next step in this pattern.
b Copy and complete this table of
values.
c How many dots are added in each
step?
d Write down an equation in the form
y = mx + b that shows the relationship
between the number of dots and the
number of pentagons.
e Plot the values from this table on a
number grid, with the number of
pentagons along the horizontal axis
and the number of dots along the
vertical axis. Is the relationship
linear?
9 Graph each of these lines on a number
plane by plotting at least 3 points.
a y = 3x b y = 2x 3
c y = 4 x d 3x + y = 3
10 Describe the transformations that would
be necessary to map:
a y = x to y = x 2
b y = 3x to y = 7 3x
c y = 6x 5 to y = 6x
11 Find the x- and y-intercepts and hence
sketch each of these lines.
a y = 6 2x
b 3x 2y 12 = 0
c y = x + 1
12 Which two of these points lie on the line
y = 5 3x?
A(2, 1) B(0, 2)
C(4, 17) D( , 4)
13 Which two of these lines pass through the
point (3, 4)?
A y = x + 1 B y = 2x 2
C y = x 7 D 2x y = 10
14 a The point (a, 5) lies on the line
y = 2x 7. Find the value of a.
b The line 4x + 3y 7 = 0 passes
through the point (2, k). Find the
value of k.
15 Sketch each of the following lines.
a x = 4 b x = 2
c y = 1 d y = 3
16 At what point do the lines y = 6 and x = 1
intersect?
17 Write down the equation of each of the
co-ordinate axes.
a parallel to the y-axis and passes
through the point (4, 2)
b parallel to the x-axis and passes
through the point (1, 3)
19 State whether the gradient of each line is
positive, negative, zero or undefined.
a b
c d
Number of
pentagons (x)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of dots (y)
1
3
---
1
3
---
y
x 0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x 0
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
20 Find the gradient of each interval.
21 Complete this statement: If two lines are
parallel, then they have the same
_______________.
22 Find the co-ordinates of D, the fourth
vertex of each parallelogram.
a
b
23 State the gradient and y-intercept of each
line.
a y = 3x + 8 b y = 4x 4
c y = 7 x d y = 2x
e y = x + 11 f y = x 1
24 Write down the equation of the line that
has:
a a gradient of 2 and a y-intercept of 4
b a slope of 3 and cuts the y-axis at 5
c a gradient of and passes through the
origin
25 For each line find the gradient and the
y-intercept and then write down its
equation.
a b
c d
e f
a
b c
d
e
f
g
h
y
x 0
A(4, 3)
C(2, 4)
D(x, y)
B(5, 8)
y
x
0
A(2, 3)
C(2, 2)
D(x, y)
B(3, 4)
1
2
---
4
3
---
1
4
---
y
0
4
1
y
x
0
6
2
y
x 0
(5, 3)
y
x
0 3
9
8
6
y
0
y
x
(4, 6)
0
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
26 By substitution into the equation
y = mx + b, find the equation of the line
that passes through the given point and
has the given gradient.
a (2, 13), m = 3
b (9, 23), m = 2
c (18, 8), m =
27 Graph each of these lines by plotting the
y-intercept, then using the gradient find
two more points on the line.
a y = x + 3 b y =
c y = 3x + 2 d y =
28 Match each of these equations with one
of the graphs provided.
y = 7x + 4 y = 7x 4
y = 7x + 4 y = 7x 4
a b
c d
29 Graph the lines y = x + 3 and y = 3x 1
on the same number plane. Hence, find
their point of intersection.
30 Determine by substitution whether the
lines 3x 2y + 18 = 0 and y = 5 2x
intersect at (4, 3).
2
3
---
1
2
--- x 1
2
3
--- x
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x
0
440
T
r
i
g
o
n
o
m
e
t
r
y
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
recognise that the ratio of matching sides in similar right-angled triangles
is constant for equal angles
name the hypotenuse, opposite and adjacent sides in a right-angled
triangle in relation to an acute angle
state the values of sin , cos and tan given the side lengths in a
right-angled triangle
find decimal approximations of the trigonometric ratios of a given angle
find an angle correct to the nearest degree using a calculator, given one
of the trigonometric ratios of the angle
find the length of a short side in a right-angled triangle using trigonometry
find the length of the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle using
trigonometry
find the size of an acute angle in a right-angled triangle using trigonometry
solve practical problems that involve finding the length of a side by
trigonometry
solve practical problems that involve finding an angle by trigonometry
identify angles of elevation and depression on diagrams
solve practical problems that involve angles of elevation and depression
draw diagrams showing the compass bearing of one point from another
point
draw diagrams showing the true bearing of one point from another point
find the bearing of A from B given the bearing of B from A
solve practical trigonometry problems involving bearings.
12
Trigonometry
Chapt er 12: Trigonometry 441
Trigonometry is a branch of geometry. The word trigonometry comes from the Greek words
trigonon, meaning a triangle, and metron, meaning a measure. It is concerned with the
measurement of triangles, specifically with finding the length of a side or the size of an angle.
Trigonometry is used in many fields, such as surveying, navigation and astronomy. In
surveying, for example, trigonometry allows us to find the height of a tall building or to
calculate the distance to an inaccessible location, such as a tree that is on the other side of a
river.
Trigonometry is based on the properties of similar triangles. You should remember from Year 8
that in two similar triangles, all angles are equal and the corresponding sides are in the same
ratio.
In a right-angled triangle it is common to use the Greek letter (pronounced theta) to refer to
an angle whose size is unknown. Other Greek letters such as and are also used often. The
hypotenuse is the side that lies opposite the right angle. It is the longest side in the triangle. The
two shorter sides are named according to their positions relative to the angle .
Example 1
In PQR, name the:
a hypotenuse
b side opposite the angle
c side adjacent to the angle
Solutions
a PR is the hypotenuse. b PQ is the opposite side. c QR is the adjacent side.
Side ratios in right-angled
triangles
12.1
The sides of a right-angled triangle are named as
follows:
the side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse
the side opposite the angle is called the opposite
the side adjacent to the angle is called the adjacent.
H
y
p
o
t
e
n
u
s
e
Adjacent
O
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
P
Q
R
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Find the value of each ratio in XYZ.
a b
c
Solutions
a = b =
c =
1 For each triangle below, name:
i the hypotenuse ii the opposite side iii the adjacent side
2 Draw TUV in which U = 90. Which side is:
a opposite T? b adjacent to T? c opposite V? d adjacent to V?
3 Find the value of each ratio for the triangles below.
i ii iii
E
G
+
S
X
Y
Z
12
5
13
side opposite X
hypotenuse
------------------------------------------
side adjacent to X
hypotenuse
------------------------------------------------
side opposite Z
side adjacent to Z
-----------------------------------------------
side opposite X
hypotenuse
------------------------------------------
5
13
------
side adjacent to X
hypotenuse
------------------------------------------------
12
13
------
side opposite Z
side adjacent to Z
-----------------------------------------------
12
5
------
Exercise 12.1
a b c
d e f
X Z
Y
P Q
R
A B
C
V X
W
P
O Q
L M
N
side opposite E
side adjacent to E
-----------------------------------------------
side opposite E
hypotenuse
-----------------------------------------
side adjacent to E
hypotenuse
-----------------------------------------------
a b c F
20
G E
29
21
F
G
E
35
37
12
F
G
E
25
24
7
Consolidation
4 a Measure the lengths of the sides in each triangle, correct to the nearest millimetre.
b Measure the acute angles in the triangles. Which angles are equal to:
i A? ii C?
c Are the triangles similar? Why?
d Find, as a fraction in simplest form, the following side ratios.
i ii iii
iv v vi
vii viii ix
e What do you notice about the ratios of the matching sides?
5 Without measuring, write down the side ratio in each triangle that is equal to:
i ii iii
i A D G
H I
E F
B C
ii iii AB =
BC =
AC =
DE =
EF =
DF =
GH =
HI =
GI =
BC
AB
--------
EF
DE
--------
HI
GH
---------
BC
AC
--------
EF
DF
--------
HI
GI
-------
AB
AC
--------
DE
DF
--------
GH
GI
---------
UV
TU
--------
TU
TV
--------
UV
TV
--------
a U
V
T
b
50
D
E C
50
Y
X
Z
50
S
Q
R
c
50
6
a Find each of these ratios in simplest form.
i ii iii iv
b Using your results from part a, write down the angle that is equal to:
i C ii A iii Q iv P
In the previous exercise we saw that the ratios , and have
constant values in similar, right-angled triangles. Later, we will use this fact to find the length
of a side or the size of an angle in a triangle. Since they are used so often, these ratios are given
special names: the sine ratio (sin ), the cosine ratio (cos ) and the tangent ratio (tan ).
Together they are known as the trigonometric ratios (or trig ratios for short).
NOTE: The abbreviations SOH, CAH and TOA can be used to help you memorise these
definitions.
Example 1
Find each of the following trigonometric ratios for the given
triangle.
a sin b cos c tan
A B
C
Q R
P
M L
N
Y
X
Z
AB
BC
--------
PR
QR
--------
LM
MN
---------
XZ
YZ
-------
12.2 The trigonometric ratios
opposite
hypotenuse
---------------------------
adjacent
hypotenuse
---------------------------
opposite
adjacent
--------------------
The definitions of the trigonometric ratios are:
sin =
cos =
tan =
H
y
p
o
t
e
n
u
s
e
Adjacent
O
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
opposite
hypotenuse
-----------------------------
adjacent
hypotenuse
-----------------------------
opposite
adjacent
----------------------
41
9
40
E
G
+
S
Solutions
a sin = b cos = c tan =
= = =
1 Name the opposite side, adjacent side and hypotenuse in each triangle.
2 For each of the following triangles, state as a fraction, the value of:
i sin ii cos iii tan
a b c
d e f
g h i
Example 2
Find the value of the
pronumeral given that
tan = .
Solution
tan =
=
20 20
x = 15
opposite
hypotenuse
---------------------------
adjacent
hypotenuse
---------------------------
opposite
adjacent
--------------------
9
41
------
40
41
------
9
40
------
E
G
+
S
20
x
3
4
---
3
4
---
x
20
------
3
4
---
Exercise 12.2
E
F
G
a b c
S
R Q
K
I J
4
5
3
5
13
12
8 15
17
20
29
21
12
35
37
25
7
24
41
40
9
63
16
65
11
61
60

3 For each figure, find:
i sin ii cos a b
iii tan iv sin
v cos vi tan
Consolidation
4 Which angle has a:
a sine of ? b tangent of ?
c cosine of ? d sine of ?
e cosine of ? f tangent of ?
5 Find the value of:
a sin BAC b tan BDA
c cos BAD d sin ACB
e cos CAB f tan BAD
g sin ADB h tan BAC
i cos BCA j tan BCA
k cos BDA l sin DAB
6 A rhombus ABCD has diagonals AC and BD of length
16 cm and 30 cm respectively, intersecting at E.
a Find the side length of the rhombus.
b Find values for sin , cos and tan , where ABE = .
7 Find values for sin , cos and tan in this trapezium.
(HINT: Draw a right-angled triangle.)
8 In ABC, AB is perpendicular to BC and AB = BC. Find the value of tan A.
9 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of these:
a b c
y
z
x
v
t
u
20
21
29
Z Y
X
20
29
------
21
20
------
21
29
------
21
29
------
20
29
------
20
21
------
30 5
12
13
37
D B
C
A
D
E
C
A
B
41
6
46
9
x
15
sin =
1
5
---
21
k
cos =
2
3
---
w
24
tan =
5
6
---
d e f
10 In PQR, Q = 90, PQ = 14 mm and QR = 48 mm. Find values for tan P and tan R in
simplest form.
11 In the isosceles ABC, AB = BC = 5 cm and AC = 6 cm.
Find values for:
a cos A b tan A c sin A
12 In the isosceles PQR, PQ = QR and cos R = . Find the length of PR if QR = 50 mm.
a sin 20 = b tan 70 =
c tan 30 = d sin 70 =
e cos 30 = f tan 40 =
g cos 20 = h sin 60 =
i cos 70 = j tan 20 =
k sin 30 = l cos 60 =
14 a If sin
2
means (sin )
2
, write down values for sin
2
and cos
2
.
b Hence, find the value of sin
2
+ cos
2
.
c Repeat this question using any two triangles from Q2. What do you
notice?
15 For each of the following, draw a right-angled triangle and label one of the acute angles as
. Use the given ratio and Pythagoras theorem to find values for the other ratios.
a If sin = , find values for cos and tan .
b If cos = , find values for sin and tan .
28
t
cos =
2
7
---
12
a
tan =
3
4
---
45
c
sin =
8
9
---
6 cm
5 cm
C A
B
7
25
------
U
T
V W
70
20
40
30
UV
TV
--------
UV
TU
--------
TV
TW
---------
TU
TV
--------
VW
TW
---------
VW
TV
---------
TU
TW
---------
UW
TW
----------
UV
TV
--------
UW
TW
----------
TU
TV
--------
TU
TW
---------
9
12
15
7
25
------
60
61
------
Degrees and minutes
Angles are measured in degrees and minutes (1 degree = 60 minutes, i.e. 1 = 60). When we
round off angles correct to the nearest degree, angles with less than 30 minutes are rounded
down and angles with 30 minutes or more are rounded up. The degrees, minutes and seconds
key on your calculator should look like either or .
Evaluating trigonometric expressions
A calculator can be used to find the value of a trigonometric expression. The order in which
you press the keys will vary between calculator models.
Height to base ratio
Draw a line of height 8 cm and a base line of 1 cm.
Calculate the ratio of height : base and use your
protractor to measure the shaded base angle. Now
extend the base line 1 cm at a time, and again calculate
the ratio and find the angle. Complete a table:
1 What can you conclude about the ratio and angle
size relationship?
2 Is the decrease in the angle size constant each
time?
Distance from base 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ratio, height: base
Angle
8 cm
1 cm
2 cm
3 cm
4 cm
Trigonometric ratios using a
calculator
12.3
DMS

To evaluate a trigonometric expression, either:
press the appropriate trigonometric ratio key, then enter the angle, or
enter the angle, then press the appropriate trigonometric ratio key.
TRY THIS
Finding an angle
The inverse key , shift key , or second function key , can be used to undo
the process of finding the sine, cosine or tangent of an angle, and hence find the size of the angle .
Example 1
Round off each angle correct to the nearest degree.
a 1728 b 3249 c 7130
Solutions
a 28 is less than 30, so we round down, 1728 17.
b 49 is greater than 30, so we round up, 3249 33.
c 30 is halfway, so we round up, 7130 72.
Example 2
Evaluate each expression, correct to 2 decimal places.
a sin 48 b 12 cos 39 c d
Solutions
Example 3
Find correct to the nearest degree.
a sin = 0.4275 b tan = 1.1482
Solutions
Calculator steps Calculator readout Answer
a 48 0.743144825 0.74
b 12 39 9.325751537 9.33
c 25.6 55 17.92531298 17.93
d 73 10 25 0.659013575 0.66
Calculator steps Calculator readout Answer
a 0.4275 25.30900817 25
b 1.1482 48.94646772 49
INV shift 2nd F
To find the size of an angle given either a fraction or decimal:
press either the , or key followed by the appropriate
trigonometric function key
enter the fraction or decimal into the calculator, then press
round off the angle as required.
INV shift 2nd F
=
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
25.6
tan 55
-----------------
sin 73
cos 10 tan 25 +
------------------------------------------
sin =
cos =
tan =
sin ( cos + tan ) =
E
G
+
S
2nd F
sin =
2nd F
tan =
1 Round off each angle, correct to the nearest degree.
a 1853 b 2610 c 3530 d 749
e 414 f 5022 g 1258 h 6330
i 10217 j 12530 k 14254 l 16651
2 Evaluate these trigonometric expressions, correct to 2 decimal places.
a sin 35 b tan 54 c cos 12 d tan 18
e 38 sin 65 f 51 cos 29 g 16.4 tan 83 h 42.7 sin 10
i j k l
m n o p
Consolidation
3 Evaluate, correct to the nearest hundredth:
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
4 Find the value of , correct to the nearest degree.
a tan = 0.2867 b cos = 0.9063 c sin = 0.9744
d cos = 0.4179 e sin = 0.6111 f tan = 0.9041
g sin = 0.8845 h tan = 3.0624 i cos = 0.6088
j tan = 0.5276 k sin = 0.8301 l cos = 0.0615
m sin = 0.0247 n cos = 0.9589 o tan = 5.7594
5 Find the acute angle , correct to the nearest degree.
a cos = b sin = c tan = d cos =
e sin = f tan = g cos = h tan =
Exercise 12.3
23
cos 74
------------------
15
tan 18
-----------------
57.2
sin 45
-----------------
10.4
cos 67
------------------
1
sin 55
-----------------
1
tan 21
-----------------
1
cos 14.6
-----------------------
1
tan 87.5
----------------------
10 sin 56
7 sin 23
-------------------------
18 cos 12
13 tan 68
--------------------------
21 tan 84
15 cos 71
--------------------------
cos 70 sin 24
tan 55
--------------------------------------
sin 57 tan 9 +
cos 18
--------------------------------------
cos 15 tan 40
sin 60
------------------------------------------
sin 82
tan 16 cos 53
--------------------------------------
tan 65
cos 72 sin 10
-------------------------------------------
cos 33
tan 14 cos 15 +
--------------------------------------------
tan 69 sin 24
sin 36 cos 9 +
-------------------------------------------
sin 45 cos 72 +
tan 29 tan 50
--------------------------------------------
cos 40 sin 16
sin 40 cos 16
--------------------------------------
3
7
---
4
11
------
1
10
------
5
6
---
8
9
---
6
17
------
2
13
------
12
5
------
6 Find, as a decimal correct to 3 decimal places, the value of each ratio. (Figures not drawn
to scale.)
a b c
7 a If sin = 0.7431, find cos and tan , correct to 4 decimal places.
b If tan = 1.5399, find sin and cos , correct to 4 decimal places.
c If cos = 0.1219, find tan and sin , correct to 4 decimal places.
8 If = 50, find, correct to 2 decimal places:
a sin b sin 2 c 2 sin
d sin e sin ( + 30) f 3 sin (2 65)
Pythagoras theorem is used to find the length of a side in a right-angled triangle when the
lengths of the other two sides are known. Trigonometry is used to find the length of a side when
the length of one other side and the size of one angle are known.
Finding the length of a short side
NOTE: In those questions involving the tangent ratio where the pronumeral would be in the
denominator, it is often easier to find the other acute angle in the triangle and use it to find the
required side length. By using the other angle, the pronumeral should then be in the numerator.
A
B C
42
BC
AC
--------
P
R Q
11
PR
PQ
--------
X Y
Z
60
XZ
YZ
-------
2
---

12.4 Finding the length of a side
To find the length of the opposite or adjacent sides:
determine which ratio is to be used
write down a trigonometric equation
multiply both sides by the denominator
evaluate using a calculator.
Finding the length of the hypotenuse
Example 1
Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b
Solutions
Example 2
Find the length of the hypotenuse, correct to 1 decimal place.
sin 16 =
=
37 37
n =
= 134.234 345 3
The length of the hypotenuse is 134.2 cm (1 decimal place).
a tan 74 =
11 11
a = 11 tan 74
= 38.361 558 88
a = 38.4 (1 decimal place)
b cos 62 =
27.5 27.5
w = 27.5 cos 62
= 12.910 467 98
w = 12.9 (1 decimal place)
To find the length of the hypotenuse:
determine whether the sine or cosine ratio is to be used
write down a trigonometric equation
take the reciprocal of both sides
multiply both sides by the denominator under the pronumeral
evaluate using a calculator.
E
G
+
S
a m
11 m
74
w m
27.5 m
62
a
11
------
w
27.5
----------
E
G
+
S
n cm
37 cm
16
Solution
37
n
------
1
sin 16
-----------------
n
37
------
37
sin 16
-----------------
1 Use the sine ratio to find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
d e f
2 Use the cosine ratio to find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
d e f
3 Use the tangent ratio to find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 1 decimal place.
a b c
d e f
Exercise 12.4
a 10
48
y
34
21
p
19
57
k
24.1
11
w
45.6
68
b
88.2
16
e
20
33
g
42
15
s
29
54
h
61.4
36 m
75.2
43
z
102.8
64
t
22
14
c
36
27
x
90
65
q 47.8
33
d
13.9
51
r
67.5
78
Consolidation
4 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle, correct to 2 decimal places.
All measurements are in centimetres.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
m n o
x
12
28
p
26
37
t
41
15
c
16
44
a
30
21
f
23
59
y
64
9
w
10
66
h
72
47
b
39
71
g
16
80
m
50
17
v
27.1
11
d
15.3
49
s
36.5
78
p q r
5 Find the length of the hypotenuse in each of the following, correct to 1 decimal place.
All measurements are in millimetres.
a b c
d e f
g h i
6 Find the value of each pronumeral, correct to 3 significant figures.
a b c
z
54.9
23
e
76.2
60
u
110.7
86
x
15
20 t
29
43
h
49
32
s
8
24
n
65
15
y
16
53
q
28.3
37
w
18.2
66
a
51.9
72
15
a
29
n
11
36
v
34
60
7 Draw a diagram and mark on it all of the given information to answer each of the following.
a In PQR, Q = 90, R = 29 and PR = 18 cm. Find the length of QR, correct to
1 decimal place.
b In XYZ, Z = 90, X = 42 and XY = 27 mm. Find the length of YZ, correct to
c In TUV, V = 90, T = 75 and TV = 51 m. Find the length of UV, correct to the
nearest metre.
d In LMN, M = 90, L = 16 and LM = 34 km. Find the length of LN, correct to the
nearest metre.
Many practical problems involving length or height can be solved by the use of trigonometry.
Example 1
A ladder leans against a wall
and makes an angle of 65
with the ground. The ladder
reaches 3.7 m up the wall.
Find the length of the ladder,
correct to the nearest
centimetre.
Solution
sin 65 =
=
3.7 3.7
x =
= 4.082 498 3
The length of the ladder is 4.08 m (to nearest cm).
Example 2
A girl is flying a kite which
is attached to the end of a
15.8 m length of string. The
angle between the string and
the vertical is 26. Find the
height of the kite above the
ground if the girl is holding
the string 1.4 m above the
ground.
Solution
i cos 26 =
h = 15.8 cos 26
= 14.200 945 93
= 14.2 m (to
1 decimal place)
ii height = 14.2 m + 1.4 m
= 15.6 m
The height of the kite above the ground is 15.6 m.
Problems involving finding
sides
12.5
E
G
+
S
x m
3.7 m
65
3.7
x
-------
1
sin 65
-----------------
x
3.7
-------
3.7
sin 65
-----------------
E
G
+
S
h m
15.8 m
1.4 m
26
h
15.8
----------
1 Answer the following questions, correct to 1 decimal
place.
a A ladder leans against a wall, making an angle of 62
with the ground. The foot of the ladder is 3 m from the
base of the wall. How far up the wall will the ladder
reach?
b A second ladder of length 6 m leans against a wall and makes an angle of 22 with the
wall. How far is the foot of the ladder from the base of the wall?
c A third ladder leans against a wall and makes an angle of 71 with the ground. Find the
length of the ladder if it reaches 8 m up the wall.
2 A ship at sea is anchored 540 m away from the base of
a vertical cliff. The captain used a clinometer to
measure the angle to the top of the cliff and found it to
be 26. Calculate the height of the cliff, correct to the
nearest metre.
3 The diagonal edge of a sports club pennant makes an angle of 52 with
the stick to which it is attached. Find the horizontal length of the
pennant, given that the diagonal edge is 24 cm. Answer correct to
1 decimal place.
4 The size of a television set is determined by the diagonal
length of the picture screen. In a 120 cm big screen
television, the diagonal makes an angle of 35 with the
length of the screen. Calculate, correct to the nearest
millimetre:
a the length l cm, of the screen
b the width w cm, of the screen
5 A mobile phone tower was built 100 m away from
the front gate of a preschool. A child standing at
the gate looked up to the top of the tower at an angle
of 36. Calculate the height of the tower, correct to
the nearest metre.
6 A car travelled 320 m along a road that rises steadily at an angle
of 16 to the horizontal. Through what horizontal distance
did the car travel? Answer correct to 3 significant figures.
Exercise 12.5
540 m
h m
26
x cm
24 cm 52
w cm
l cm
120 cm
35
100 m
36
h m
320 m
16
Consolidation
7 AB is a tangent to a circle with centre O. The interval OB
is 48 cm long and cuts the circle at C. Find:
a the length of the radius, r cm
b the length of the interval BC
8 At a certain time of day when the altitude of the sun is 38, a tree casts a shadow of 22.5 m
on the ground. Find the height of the tree, correct to the nearest metre.
9 The diagonal strut of a rectangular gate makes an angle of 55 with the width. Find, correct
to the nearest centimetre, the length of the diagonal strut given that the gate has a length
of 1.2 m.
10 A square has a diagonal of length 12 cm.
a What size is the angle between the diagonal and the length? Why?
b Use trigonometry to calculate the side length of the square, correct to 2 decimal places.
c Use Pythagoras theorem to calculate the side length of the square, correct to 2 decimal
places.
11 In the diagram, AC is a diameter of the circle and O is the
centre. If OB = 8 cm, A = 54 and ABC = 90, find:
a the length of the diameter AC
b the length of the chord AB, correct to 1 decimal place
12 The angle between the vertical and the slant edge of a cone is 24 and the perpendicular
height of the cone is 9 cm. Calculate the length of the diameter, correct to the nearest
centimetre.
13 A small child is flying a balloon which is attached to the end of a 14.5 m long string. The
angle between the string and the vertical is 33. How high is the balloon above the ground
if the hand holding the string is 1.2 m above the ground? Answer correct to the nearest
metre.
14 A surveyor walked 35 m from A to B along a river bank, then measured the angle to a point
C, which lies on the opposite side of the river and is directly in line with the point A.
Calculate the width of the river, correct to the nearest metre, given that ABC = 37.
15 At a local shopping centre, a wheelchair ramp is inclined to the horizontal at an angle of
14. Find the length of the ramp if it leads to an entrance that is 2.4 m higher than the
surrounding floor area. Answer correct to the nearest tenth of a metre.
r cm 48 cm
A
B
C
O
60
A
O
C
x cm
8

c
m
B
54
16 During a cricket match, one of the batsmen played the ball
square of the wicket to a fielder. To run the batsman out at the
bowlers end, the fielder must throw the ball at an angle of 28
to the line in which he fielded the ball. If the length of the
pitch is 22 m, find how far the fielder must throw the ball in
order to run the batsman out. Give your answer correct to
1 decimal place.
17 During recess, Jenny stood in the school playground and looked up at an angle of 27 to
find the time on a clock which is positioned on a wall, 8.2 m above the playground. Find
how far Jenny is standing from the wall if her eye level is 1.2 m above the ground. Answer
18 The rhombus ABCD has a perimeter of 52 cm. The diagonals AC and BD intersect at P and
ABC = 46.
a Explain why ABP = 23.
b Find the length of the diagonal AC, correct to the nearest millimetre.
19 For each of the following, draw an isosceles triangle and mark on it all of the given
information.
a ABC is isosceles with AB = BC = 24 mm and BAC = 56. Find, correct to 1 decimal
place, the length of AC.
b PQR is isosceles with PQ = QR and PQR = 132. S is a point on PR such that
QS PR. If QS = 37 mm, find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length of PQ.
c XYZ is isosceles with XY = YZ, XZ = 82 mm and XYZ = 118. W is a point on XZ
such that YW XZ. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the length of YW.
20 A plane took off and left the tarmac at an angle of 25. The plane continued to fly on this
line for 5 minutes at a speed of 300 km/h before levelling off. Calculate, in metres, the
height of the plane when it levels off, correct to the nearest metre.
21 Three roads, AB, BC and CD lead to D at the top of a hill.
The first road AB is inclined at an angle of 10 to the
horizontal. The second road BC is inclined at an
angle of 15 and the third road CD is inclined
at an angle of 20. The horizontal distances
AP, PQ and QR are each 100 m. Show that
h = 100 (tan 10 + tan 15 + tan 20)
and hence find DR, the height of the
hill, correct to the nearest metre.
28
22 m
Fielder Batsman
Bowler
d m
10
15
20
100 m 100 m 100 m
D
C
h
B
A
P Q R
Make a hypsometer
A hypsometer allows you to find the height of an object without doing any
calculations. On graph paper, draw the following, then stick it on thin cardboard.
Make sure you use the same scale on the vertical and horizontal axes. (Ignore the
dotted lines in the diagram for now. They relate to the steps listed overleaf.)
How to use it
1 Walk a certain number of metres from the base of an object (e.g. 40 m).
2 Sight the top of the object through the straw.
3 Place your finger against the thread, then read off the angle (e.g. 50).
4 Imagine a line (see dotted line in the diagram above) being drawn from 40 m
across to the thread then down to the horizontal axis. The height is 47 m.
Check: tan 50 =
40 tan 50 = h
47.67 = h
Is the tree 47.67 m tall? Does the height the
hypsometer is held above the ground make
any difference?
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

o
f

o
b
j
e
c
t

(
m
)
Height of object (m)
Sight object
from this end
Strawto sight object through
Attach thread
at zero mark
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10
20
30
40
80
70
60
50
Cotton thread
Weight (bolt or sinker)
40 m
50
h
40
--------
TRY THIS
Trigonometry can also be used to find sizes of angles in triangles. In Exercise 12.3 we used the
inverse key , shift key , or second function key , followed by the ,
or keys to find the size of an angle given a fraction or decimal value. When we find an
angle, we are actually using the inverse trigonometric functionssin
1
x, cos
1
x and
tan
1
x. The notation sin
1
x, read as the inverse sine of x, means the angle whose sine is x. The
expressions cos
1
x and tan
1
x have similar meanings. The inverse trigonometric functions
undo the basic trigonometric functions of the sine, cosine and tangent ratios, and hence give
the size of the original angle.
NOTE: If the side lengths are decimals you will need to use the division and grouping symbols
keys on the calculator rather than the fraction key.
Example
Find the acute angle , correct to the nearest degree.
a b
Solutions
a sin =
= sin
1
Press 8 13
= 375847.54
= 38 (to the nearest degree)
b tan =
= tan
1
Press 24 5
= 781354.16
12.6 Finding the size of an angle
INV shift 2nd F sin cos
tan
The inverse trigonometric functions are used to find the size of an angle, where:
sin
1
x means the angle whose sine is x
cos
1
x means the angle whose cosine is x
tan
1
x means the angle whose tangent is x.
To find the size of an angle:
press either the , or key followed by the appropriate
trigonometric function key
enter the given fraction or decimal, then press
round off the angle as required.
INV shift 2nd F
=
E
G
+
S
13
8
24
5
8
13
------
8
13
------

2nd F sin a
b
c
---
=
24
5
------
24
5
------

2nd F tan a
b
c
---
=
1 Use the sine ratio to find the size of the angle marked , correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
d e f
2 Use the cosine ratio to find the size of the angle marked , correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
d e f
3 Use the tangent ratio to find the size of the angle marked , correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
Exercise 12.6
5
6
17
12
40
29
22
15.2
5.8
13.6
21.6
9.8
7
10
23
13
36
35
14
9.6
2.8
4
78.1
22.6
29
17
36
12
48
45
d e f
Consolidation
4 Find the size of the angle marked , correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
5 Find , correct to the nearest degree.
a b c
d e f
25
38.2
13.7
19.4
66.1
63.9
3
4
7
12
8 5
13
4
17
6
42
15
8 14
10
34
26
25
20
3
99
41
5
29
8
15.4
19
4.3
12
14.7
23.8
60.4
17.1
40.7
28.3
15.9

g h i
6 Draw a diagram and mark on it all of the given information to answer each of the following.
a In UVW, V = 90, UV = 10 cm and VW= 13 cm. Find the size of W, correct to the
nearest degree.
b In PQR, R = 90, PQ= 63 mm and QR = 24 mm. Find the size of P, correct to the
nearest degree.
c In ABC, A = 90, AB = 12.2 m and BC = 13.5 m. Find the size of B, correct to the
nearest degree.
a b c
Practical problems that involve finding angles can be solved by the use of trigonometry.
Example 1
A ship dropped anchor off the
coast of a resort. The anchor fell
72 m to the sea bed. During the
next 2 hours, the ship drifted
130 m. Calculate the angle
between the anchor line and the
surface of the water, correct to
the nearest degree.
Solution
tan =
= tan
1
= 285846.95
= 29 (to nearest degree)
The anchor line makes an
angle of 29 with the surface of
the water.
29.2 20.6
34.8
3.5
16.5
47.4

4a
3a
5x
7x
20p
9p
16
11 7
A C
B
D
Problems involving finding

angles
12.7
E
G
+
S
72 m
130 m
72
130
---------
72
130
---------
Example 2
LMN is isosceles with LM= MN = 27 mm and LN = 50 mm. Find the size of LMN, correct
to the nearest degree.
Solution
Draw MP, the perpendicular bisector of LMN, as shown.
Now, LP = LN, LP = 25 mm.
In each of the following questions, give all angles correct to the nearest degree.
1 a A ladder of length 5 m leans against a wall. The foot of the
ladder is 1.5 m from the base of the wall. Find the angle
formed between the ladder and the ground.
b The foot of a ladder is 2.3 m from the base of a wall and the
ladder reaches 8.4 m up the wall. Find the angle made by the
ladder with the wall.
2 A rectangle has a diagonal of length 27 cm and a width of
10 cm. Find the size of the angle formed between the diagonal
and the width.
3 A ski slope of length 815 m has a vertical drop of
320 m. Calculate the angle between the ski slope and
the horizontal.
4 Find the angle at which the Suns rays strike the ground at a
certain time of day if a statue of height 4.8 m casts a shadow
of length 1.95 m.
i sin LMP =
=
LMP = sin
1
ii LMN = 2 LMP
= 2 sin
1
= 136
(to the nearest degree)
E
G
+
S
1
2
---
27 mm 27 mm
M
P
50 mm
L N
25 mm 25 mm
LP
LM
--------
25
27
------
25
27
------
25
27
------
Exercise 12.7
10 cm
2
7

c
m
320 m
8
1
5

m
1.95 m
4.8 m
5 A straight section of road rises 160 m over a
horizontal distance of 1.2 km. Calculate the angle
at which the road rises.
Consolidation
6 The rear door of a removalists van is opened and lowered,
touching the ground at a point 5.4 m from the back of the
van. The height of the door is 6.2 m. What angle does the
door make with the ground?
7 A wheelchair access ramp at a local school rises 1 m for each 4.5 m horizontally. Find the
angle of inclination of the ramp.
8 A straight section of railway track climbs 5.2 km up a hill to a station situated 1.25 km
above the surrounding area. At what angle does the track rise?
9 A rectangle has an area of 108 cm
2
and a length of 12 cm. Find the angle formed between
the length and the diagonal.
10 Bens kite is attached to a 30 m length of string and is flying at a height of 26 m. The hand
holding the string is at eye level, 1.5 m above the ground.
a Find the height of the kite above eye level.
b At what angle must Ben look up in order to see the kite?
11 Marees driveway is 11.3 m long and slopes downward from her house to the street. If the
house is set back 9.1 m from the street, find the angle at which the driveway rises.
12 Colleen and Gary live on opposite sides of a 35 m wide river but directly in line with each
other. Colleens house is situated 15 m above the river and Garys house is situated 6 m
above the river. At what angle must Colleen look down to see Garys house?
13 For each of the following, first draw an isosceles triangle and mark on it all of the given
information.
a ABC is isosceles with AB = BC = 20 cm and AC = 24 cm. Find the size of the base
angles.
b LMN is isosceles with LM= MN = 34 mm. K is a point on LN such that MK LN and
MK = 18 mm. Find the size of the apex angle LMN.
c TUV is isosceles with TU= UV and TV = 32 m. W is a point on TV such that UW TV
and UW = 11 m. Find the size of the apex angle TUV.
14 A cone has a diameter of 16 mm and a slant height of 25 mm.
Calculate the size of the vertical angle .
15 A step ladder has legs of length 2.2 m and the maximum distance
between the legs is 0.9 m. Find the largest possible angle in which
the ladder can be opened.
160 m
1.2 km
6.2 m
5.4 m
VALISTS
16 mm
25 mm

16 A trapezium has parallel sides of length 18 cm and 25 cm.
The area of the trapezium is 516 cm
2
.
a Find the height, h, of the trapezium.
b Find the size of the angle marked .
17 A chord AB of length 16 cm is drawn in a circle with centre O and area 100 cm
2
. Find the
size of the angle that the chord AB subtends at the centre of the circle.
The angle of elevation is the angle between the horizontal and
the line of sight when the observer is looking upward.
The angle of depression is the angle between the
horizontal and the line of sight when the observer is
looking downward.
The angles of elevation and depression involving the same line of
sight are equal in size, since the angles are alternate angles
between parallel lines.
Example 1
The angle of depression
from a farmer on top of a
ridge to a farmhouse below
is 36. If the farmhouse is
830 m from the base of the
ridge, find the height of the
ridge, correct to the nearest
metre.
Solution
tan 36 =
h = 830 tan 36
= 603.030 298 2
The height of the
ridge is 603 m (to nearest
metre).
18 cm
25 cm
h cm
Angles of elevation and

depression
12.8
L
i
n
e

o
f

s
i
g
h
t
Horizontal
Angle of
elevation

L
i
n
e

o
f

s
i
g
h
t
Angle of
depression
Horizontal
L
i
n
e

o
f

s
i
g
h
t
Angle of
elevation
Angle of
depression
E
G
+
S
830 m
36
36
h
h
830
---------
1 State whether the angle marked is an angle of elevation, angle of depression or neither.
a b c d e
f g h i j
2 From a ship 600 m out to sea, the angle of
elevation of a lighthouse on top of a vertical
cliff is 18. Find the height of the cliff, correct
to the nearest metre.
3 While cleaning leaves from the guttering around his
roof, a man observes his son playing in the backyard,
6 m away. From the roof of the house, the angle of
depression to the child is 30. Find the height of the
man above the ground, correct to the nearest tenth of
a metre.
4 An observer stands on level ground, 45 m away from the base
of a 22 m high flag pole. Find the angle of elevation of the top
of the pole, correct to the nearest degree.
Example 2
A tree of height 15.4 m casts
a shadow on the ground of
length 5.7 m. Calculate the
angle of elevation of the
Sun, correct to the nearest
degree.
Solution
tan =
= tan
1
= 69.688 981 57
The angle of
elevation of the Sun
is 70 (to nearest
degree).
E
G
+
S
5.7 m
15.4 m
15.4
5.7
----------
15.4
5.7
----------

Exercise 12.8
600 m
h m
18
6 m
30
h m
22 m
45 m

5 A repairer working at the top of a 300 m high tower sees a
train station 750 m away from the foot of the tower. Find,
to the nearest degree, the angle of depression of the train
station from the top of the tower.
6 From a bus stop on level ground the angle of elevation
of an open window in an office building is 49. If the
window is 25 m above the street, calculate the distance
between the bus stop and the building, correct to
2 decimal places.
7 From the top of a 115 m high tower, the angle of depression of
a fountain is 22. Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the distance
between the fountain and the base of the tower.
8 A hot-air balloon hovering above an airfield remains tethered to
the ground at A by a 50 m long rope. A worker standing on the
ground at A observes the angle of elevation of the balloon to be
41. Calculate the height of the balloon, correct to the nearest
metre.
Consolidation
9 The control tower at an airport casts a shadow of length 180 m on the tarmac when the angle
of elevation of the Sun is 55. Calculate the height of the tower, correct to the nearest metre.
10 From the edge of the footpath, the elevation of a 54 m high crane on a building site is 72.
How far is the crane from the footpath, to the nearest tenth of a metre?
11 A quarantine station situated on a headland is 475 m above sea level. Calculate, to the
nearest degree, the angle of elevation of the quarantine station from a ferry that is 620 m
from the base of the headland.
12 Two hours after a boat dropped anchor, the captain found that it had drifted 45 m towards
the coast. The angle of depression of the anchor from the bow of the boat was then 76.
Calculate the length of the anchor line, correct to the nearest metre.
300 m
750 m
49
25 m
d m
115 m
d m
22
A
50 m
h m
41
13 During a cricket test at the Sydney Cricket Ground, an airship is hovering above the ground
at an altitude of 2 km. Find the angle of depression of the arena from the airship if the
horizontal distance between the airship and the arena is 800 m. Answer correct to the
nearest degree.
14 A spire of length 9 m stands on top of a cathedral. While preparing to carry out repairs, a
surveyor standing on the ground 48 m from the building measures the angle of elevation of
the top of the spire to be 39. Find the height of the cathedral excluding the spire, correct
to 1 decimal place.
15 Two buildings, each of height 30 m, stand 15 m apart on opposite sides of a street. From
the top of one building the angle of depression of a balcony in the other building is 52.
Find the height of the balcony above the street, correct to the nearest tenth of a metre.
16 From the deck of a ship at sea, the angle of elevation of the top of a vertical cliff is 45. The
angle of elevation of the top of a hotel on the edge of the cliff is 60. If the ship is anchored
300 m from the base of the cliff, find correct to the nearest metre, the height of the hotel.
17 From the cockpit of an airplane flying at an altitude of 2500 m, the angle of depression of
the airport is 50. The airplane continues to fly in the same straight line and, after a few
minutes, the angle of depression of the airport is then 66. Find the distance travelled
between the two sightings, correct to the nearest metre.
18 The angle of elevation of the top of a tree from a point P due west of the tree is 40. From
a second point Q due east of the tree, the angle of elevation is 32. If the distance between
P and Q is 200 m, find the height of the tree, correct to 4 significant figures. (HINT: Let the
height of the tree be h m and the distances west and east of the tree be x m and y m.)
Pilot instructions
Imagine you are a pilot and have been given the following instructions.
You must approach the airport at an angle of descent of 10 until you are a
horizontal distance of 5 km from the airport. You are then to approach at an
angle of 5.
If you are currently flying at a height of 5000 metres, at what horizontal and
vertical distance should you begin your descent?
TRY THIS
A bearing is a measure of the direction of one point from another point. There are two types
of bearings: compass bearings and true bearings.
Compass bearings
A compass bearing is a deviation involving the four
cardinal directions north, south, east and west. For
example, a bearing of N20E means a deviation of 20
from the north towards the east. Compass bearings are
always measured from the north or south and towards
the east or west. Thus, it is not correct to write a
bearing such as W30S, as this implies that we are
deviating from the west towards the north by an angle
of 30.
A bearing such as NE means N45E. Similarly,
NW means N45W, SE means S45E and SW
means S45W. These bearings are shown on the
diagram above. The diagram to the left shows
the bearings of the four points A, B, C and D
from a point P.
True bearings
A true bearing is a deviation from north, measured
in a clockwise direction. By convention, a true
bearing is written using 3 digits. For bearings that
are less than 100 it is customary to place 1 or 2
zeroes at the front as needed. For example, a
clockwise rotation of 74 from north would be
written as 074. Similarly, a rotation of 8 would
be written as 008. The diagram to the right shows
the bearings of the four points W, X, Y and Z from a point P.
12.9 Bearings
W
NW
NE
SW
SE
E
N
S
W
A
B
C
D
E
N
N73W
73
S48W
48
S55E
55
N20E
20
S
P
W E
N
S
W
X
Y
P
Z
303 T
030 T
241 T
165 T
15
61
57
30
Opposite bearings
The opposite bearing of B from A is the bearing of A from B. To find the opposite bearing (or
any change in direction) it will be necessary to draw a new compass at the end of the ray.
NOTE: (1) Opposite bearings always differ by 180. That is, the new bearing will be either
180 more than the original bearing, or 180 less.
(2) The reference given after the word FROM should be at the centre of the active
compass (i.e. the compass in which you are working).
Example 1
The bearing of Q from P is 310.
Find the bearing of P from Q.
Solution
i NPQ = 360 310
= 50
ii NQP = 180 50
(Co-interior s, NQ || NP)
= 130
The bearing of P from Q is 130.
NOTE: The bearing of P from Q and the bearing of Q
from P differ by 180.
Example 2
Marta walked on a bearing of S65W for 3.4 km. Find how far west she has walked, correct
to 1 decimal place.
Solution
sin 65 =
x = 3.4 sin 65
= 3.081446476
= 3.1 km (correct to 1 decimal place)
To find the bearing of A from B given the bearing of B from A:
draw a compass at B
mark on this compass the angle from north around to the ray BA
on the compass with centre A, find the acute angle between BA and the
northsouth axis
use parallel line properties to find the required bearing on the compass with
centre B.
E
G
+
S
W E
N
S
S
Q
P
310
50
W E
N
130
E
G
+
S
x
3.4
-------
W E
N
S
x km
3
.
4

k
m
65
Example 3
Kevin drove due north from A to B for 50 km. He then turned and drove due west to C, which
is 72 km from B. Find the bearing of C from A.
Solution
tan =
= tan
1
= 55 1319.81
Bearing = 360 55
= 305
1 i Find the compass bearings from P of the points X, Y and Z.
ii Find the true bearings from P of the points X, Y and Z.
a b c
d e f
2 Use a pair of alternate angles to find the true bearing of J from K, given that the bearing of
K from J is:
a 126 b 057 c 339 d 228
e 023 f 352 g 205 h 144
E
G
+
S
W
C B
A
E
N
S
50 km
72 km
72
50
------
72
50
------

Exercise 12.9
W
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P
X
Z
E
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40
70
10
S
W
X
P
Y
Z
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15
34
78
S
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X
P
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Z
E
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73
9
46
S
W
X
P
Y
Z
E
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14 70
68
S
W
X
P
Y
Z
E
N
65
17
54
S
W
Z
P
X
Y
E
N
83
15 49
S
3 In each of the following, find the size of ABC given that:
a i the bearing of B from A is 028 b i the bearing of C from A is 150
ii the bearing of B from C is 016 ii the bearing of B from C is 305
c i the bearing of C from B is 105 d i the bearing of B from A is 250
ii the bearing of B from A is 327 ii the bearing of B from C is 232
e i the bearing of B from C is 241 f i the bearing of B from C is 210
ii the bearing of A from B is 316 ii the bearing of A from B is 320
Consolidation
4 For each of the following, draw a neat diagram, then find the required distance, correct to
1 decimal place.
a Lou drove for 72 km on a bearing of 051. How far did she drive:
i north? ii east?
A
C
B
N
N N
A
C
B
N
N
A
C
B
N
N
N
A
C
B
N
N
N
A
C
B
N
N
N
A
C
B
N
N
N
b Annabel jogged for 13 km on a bearing of 122. How far did she jog:
i east? ii south?
c Erin cycled for 37 km on a bearing of 254. How far did she cycle:
i south? ii west?
d Michael sailed for 115 km on a bearing of 343. How far did he sail:
i west? ii north?
5 Answer each of the following, correct to 4 significant figures.
a A ship leaves port and sails 25 km due east from A to B, then turns and sails due north
to C. If the bearing of C from A is 036, find the distance BC.
b A car travels 148 km due south from P to Q, then turns and travels due east to R. If the
bearing of R from P is 143, find the distance QR.
c A helicopter flew due west from X to Y, then changed course and flew 86 km due south
to Z. If Z is on a bearing of 205 from X, find the distance between X and Y.
d A yacht sailed due north from F to G, then changed course and sailed 52 km due west
to H. If H is on a bearing of 337 from F, find the distance between F and G.
6 Answer each of the following, correct to the nearest km.
a Moonee is 73 km due east of Lewisville. Newdale is due north of Moonee and on a
bearing of N43E from Lewisville. Find the distance between Newdale and Lewisville.
b Ulladatta is due south of Tarramoora. Vineyard is 53 km due west of Ulladatta and on
a bearing of S15W from Tarramoora. Find the distance between Tarramoora and
Vineyard.
c Benning is due west of Ascot. Cartwright is 126 km due north of Benning and on a
bearing of N28W from Ascot. Find the distance between Ascot and Cartwright.
d Frankston is 78 km due south of Eaglevale. Glenmore is due east of Frankston and on
a bearing of S17E from Eaglevale. Find the distance between Eaglevale and
Glenmore.
7 Answer each of the following, correct to the nearest degree.
a A catamaran sailed 11 km due south from P to Q, then sailed 16 km due east to R.
Find the true bearing of:
i R from P ii P from R
b Zachary rode due north from A to B, then rode 15 km due west to C, which is 33 km
from A. Find the true bearing of:
i C from A ii A from C
c Ellen drove 107 km due south from V to W, then drove due west to X, which is 135 km
from V. Find the true bearing of:
i X from V ii V from X
d A park ranger flew his helicopter 76 km due east from C to D, then flew 210 km due
south to E. Find the true bearing of:
i E from C ii C from E
8 a Martin walked from home (H) to the local store (S) on a bearing of 035. He then
walked on a bearing of 125 to the park (P), which is 450 m due east of his home.
i Show that HSP = 90.
ii Find the distance between Martin's home and the store, correct to 1 decimal place.
b Walter sailed his new boat from the marina (M) to a buoy (B) on a bearing of 243. He
then sailed on a bearing of 333 to a small wharf (W), which is 14 km due west of the
marina to pick up a friend.
i Show that MBW = 90.
ii Find the distance between the buoy and the wharf, correct to 3 significant figures.
c Tamsin ran 7 km from home (H) to the beach (B) on a bearing of 104. She then ran on
a bearing of 194 to the gym (G), which is due south of her home.
i Show that HBG = 90.
ii How far is Tamsins home from the gym, correct to the nearest km?
9 In each of the following:
i Copy the diagram provided and mark
on it all of the given information.
ii Show that the triangle is right-angled.
iii Find the required bearing, correct to
the nearest degree.
a A homing pigeon flew 7 km from its home
on a bearing of 037. After a short rest, the
pigeon flew 16 km to its destination on a
bearing of 127. Find the bearing of the
pigeon from its home.
b While participating in an orienteering
activity, a group of children walked from
the starting position on a bearing of 212
until they reached a waterhole. They then
walked on a bearing of 302 for 4 km to a
waterfall, which is 5.5 km from the
starting position. Find the bearing of the
waterfall from the starting position.
W E
N
S
W E
N
S
c The captain of a ship at sea sights a
lighthouse 5 nautical miles away on a
bearing of 341. At the same time, the
lighthouse supervisor sights a yacht on a
bearing of 251. The distance between the
yacht and the ship is 30 nautical miles.
Find the bearing of the ship from the
yacht.
10 Jeff and Erica leave home at 7 pm. Jeff drove due north at 80 km/h while Erica drove due
east at 60 km/h. Find the distance and bearing of Erica from Jeff at 8:15 pm.
11 Anita and Barbara set out at the same time. Anita walked NE at 4 km/h while Barbara
walked SE at 6 km/h. Find the distance and bearing of Anita from Barbara after 2 hours.
12 A submarine sailed 30 nautical miles from X to Y on a course of 040. It then sailed
55 nautical miles due east to Z. Find the distance and bearing of Z from X.
13 A fire observation tower T in a national park is 10 km from ranger headquarters R on a
bearing of N52W. A second tower M is 24 km from headquarters on a bearing of N38E.
a Find the distance between the towers.
b Find the bearing of:
i M from T ii T from M
iii R from T iv R from M
14 The bearing of a ship F from a lighthouse L is 320, while the bearing of a second ship G
from the same lighthouse is 285. Both ships are due north of an oil rig H, which is 15.2
nautical miles due west of the lighthouse. Calculate the distance between the ships, correct
to the nearest nautical mile.
W E
N
S
The sine rule
ABC is a non-right-
angled triangle with
altitude BD.
a Show that h = c sin A
b Show that h = a sin C
c Hence, show that =
This is known as the sine rule and it can be used to find the length of a side in a
non-right-angled triangle. Use this rule to find the value of a in this triangle,
D
A C
B
c
h
a
a
sin A
--------------
c
sin C
--------------
A
25 cm
73 52
a cm
B
C
TRY THIS
Chapt er 12: Trigonometry
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479
FINDING YOUR LATITUDE FROM THE SUN
Introduction
The latitude of a place on the Earths surface is a measure of how far the place is north or south
of the equator. It is measured in degrees. For example, Australia stretches between 10 South
and 40 South of the equator. These days, the global positioning system (GPS) lets us read our
position from a satellite very accurately. For example, GPS receivers are regularly installed on
boats and aeroplanes as a safety device. Bushwalkers carry them for the same reason.
The early mariners were able to find their latitude from the Sun by day and from the stars by
night. In this activity we will find out how to measure latitude by measuring the angle of the
Suns rays at its highest point in the sky. This angle is called the zenith angle.
At noon on about 21 March and 22 September (the time and date varies slightly each year), the
Sun is overhead at the equator. On these days (called the equinox, meaning equal day and equal
night), we can get a direct measure of our latitude. However, we can do the calculation on any
day of the year if we make an appropriate adjustment.
Materials needed: a 1 m rule, string, a measuring tape and a calculator and a sunny day.
1 Write down the date on which you are taking this measurement, at the top of your page.
This is especially important if the date is different from 21 March or 22 September.
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
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2 If you can, set up the shadow stick (1 m rule) so that the measurements can be taken just
before and just after noon. Twenty minutes before and after at 10-minute intervals would
be suitable. The idea is to measure the length of the shadow when the Sun is at its highest
point in the sky, that is when the shadow of the stick is shortest. Make sure the stick is
vertical.
3 Choose the shortest shadow. The angle x in the diagram is the latitude of your city or town
(strictly speaking, wherever you took the measurement). Use the tangent ratio to
calculate x. Check using an atlas.
Equator
Latitude of S
S
T
O E
P
S T
x
x
x
21 March
and
22 September
Shadow stick, 1 m
Shadow
P
The latitude of a point S measured by a shadow stick at noon on 21 March
or 22 September (diagram not to scale).
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481
CHAL L ENGE
Because of the tilt of the Earth to the plane of its orbit (23.5) the Sun appears to move across
the sky so that it is overhead no further north than 23.5 (Tropic of Cancer), and no further south
than 23.5 (Tropic of Capricorn). Globes (models of the Earth) are tilted at this angle to show
this clearly.
The diagram below illustrates this idea.
1 It takes 3 months from 21 March to 21 June (92 days) for the Sun to move from the equator
and be overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. During this time it moves through 23.5. The Sun
then begins the journey back, reaching the equator on 21 September. It is overhead at the
Tropic of Capricorn on 21 December. Make a copy of the diagram in your book.
8
Axis
23.5
to
plane of
the orbit
2
1

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c
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m
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s
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h
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2
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S
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p
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b
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(
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q
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x
)
2
3
.
5
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a
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n 2
3
.
5
23.5
O
21 June
Summer solstice in
northern hemisphere
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2 If a measurement of the latitude of S is taken on a day other than 21 March or 21 September,
you can use the following model to make your own calculations. The calculation below is
for 21 April at 12 noon.
The number of days from 21 March to 21 April is 31. So, by 21 April, the Sun has moved a
fraction of of 23.5 north across the sky. By using a calculator, a value close to
7.9 degrees is obtained. The Sun is now overhead at A.
Suppose the observed latitude of Sydney (S) at noon on 21 April was 42.
By using alternate angles we see that x, the true latitude of Sydney, is given by
x = 42 7.9 = 34.1
3 If a measurement is taken between 21 September and 21 December, the adjustment will
have to be added. Draw a new diagram to show the position of the Sun on 11 October.
Calculate the number of degrees it is south of the equator and then find your latitude.
O
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T
21 April
21 April
Shadow stick
E
2
1
M
a
rc
h
S
7.9
42
Observed latitude
x
31
92
------
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483
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Make a poster to illustrate what you have learned about calculating latitude from the position
of the Sun in the sky when it is overhead at the equator. Include information about the tilt of
the Earth, the days of the equinox, and the days of the solstice and the movement of the Sun
across the sky through the year.
REFL ECTI NG
The early mariners of the Mediterranean, such as the Greeks and Phoenicians in the fourth
century BC, experienced the sight of land rising as their ships approached land. Similarly, a
ships mast appeared to sink below the horizon when sailing out of port. It was also noticed that
noon shadows always point north above the tropics, but within the tropics they will point north
at some seasons and south in others.
In learning to navigate by latitude, the early mariners came to an inescapable conclusion. What
was it?
E
%
1 Use each of the following in a simple
sentence:
a angle of depression
b the tangent ratio
c the bearing of Q from P
d latitude of Sydney
entry for equinox:
equinox noun either of two times of the year when
the sun is directly over the earths equator, making
night and day all over the earth of equal length,
occurring about 21 March and 22 September.
Many other words in mathematics contain the
prefix equi-, for example, equilateral (equal
sides). Can you think of others?
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1 Name the hypotenuse, opposite side and
adjacent side in each triangle.
a
b
2 Find values for sin , cos and tan for
each triangle.
a
b
3 a Find the lengths WX and YZ.
b Hence, find in simplest form, the
value of:
i sin WYX ii cos WZX
iii tan XWZ iv sin XWY
v cos XYW vi tan XZW
of these.
a
b
5 Evaluate each of the following, correct to
1 decimal place.
a 24 cos 37 b
c
a tan = 4.0108 b cos = 0.0773
c sin = 0.1246
7 If tan = 2.0503, find, correct to
2 decimal places, the value of:
a sin b cos
8 Find the value of , correct to
3 decimal places.
9 Find the value of each pronumeral,
a
b
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37
35
60
61
11
30
25
7
X
W
Y
Z
12
c
sin =
1
4
---
10
y
tan =
2
3
---
75
tan 52
-----------------
sin 28 tan 49 +
5 cos 32
-------------------------------------------
YZ
XY
-------
X Y
Z
38
17 cm
t cm
43
53.1 cm
z cm
69
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10 Find the value of k in each of these,
correct to 2 decimal places.
a
b
11 In DEF, F = 90, E = 17 and
DF = 42 cm. Find, correct to 2 decimal
places, the length of:
a EF b DE
12 A ladder 5.2 m long leans against a wall
and makes an angle of 61 with the
ground. Find how far the ladder reaches
up the wall, correct to 1 decimal place.
13 A tree of height 18.5 m casts a shadow on
the ground. Find the length of the shadow
when the sun has an altitude of 32.
14 a In the isosceles FGH,
FG = GH = 28 cm and FHG = 67.
Find the length of FH, correct to
1 decimal place.
b In the isosceles UVW, UW = VW,
UV = 13 cm and UWV = 102.
Find the length of UW, correct to
a
b
c
16 In XYZ, Z = 90, XZ = 25 m and
XY = 83 m. Find the size of ZXY,
correct to the nearest degree.
17 A rectangle has a length of 9.4 cm and a
perimeter of 34.2 cm.
a Find the width of the rectangle.
b Calculate, to the nearest degree, the
angle between the diagonal and the
width.
18 After a strong storm, a tree of height 34 m
broke in two, with the top section resting
on the tree stump. If the stump has a
height of 4.2 m, find to the nearest degree,
the angle between the tree and the
ground.
19 a In the isosceles PQR, PQ = QR.
S is a point on PR such that QS is
perpendicular to PR. If QS = 54 mm
and PR = 90 mm, find the size of
P, correct to the nearest degree.
9.2 cm
b cm
55
18 mm
k mm
21
93.4 mm
k mm
60
25
15
33
29.3
50.6
8.7
4.2 m

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b In the isosceles triangle IJK,
IJ = JK = 35 mm and IK = 44 mm.
Find the size of IJK, correct to the
nearest degree.
20 a From a boat 452 m out to sea, the
angle of elevation of the top of a cliff
is 54. Find the height of the cliff,
b The angle of depression of a point E
on the ground from the top of a 150 m
high tower is 26. Find the distance
between E and the foot of the tower,
21 Calculate the angle of depression of a
small fountain from the top of a telegraph
pole if the pole is 15 m tall and the
fountain is 21 m from the base of the pole.
Give your answer correct to the nearest
degree.
22 Clem is standing at a point A, 38 m away
from the front door of a building. From
this point, the angle of elevation of the top
of the building is 75.
a Find the height of the building,
correct to the nearest centimetre.
b Clem walks 52 m further away from
the building to a point B such that B,
A and the front door of the building
are in a straight line. Find the angle of
elevation of the top of the building
then. Answer correct to the nearest
degree.
23 a Find the compass bearings from P of
the points X, Y, Z.
b Find the true bearings from P of the
points X, Y, Z.
24 The bearing of R from Q is 043, the
bearing of R from S is 288, and the
bearing of S from Q is 068. Find the
size of:
a RQS b QRS c RSQ
25 A ship leaves port and sails due north for
115 km, then turns and sails 175 km due
west. Find the distance and bearing of the
ship from port.
26 Tatum drove 74 km on a bearing of 138.
How far east did she drive, correct to
1 decimal place?
27 Ochre Hill is due south of Eastern Valley.
Jackville is 107 km due west of Eastern
Valley and on a bearing of N13W from
Ochre Hill. Find, correct to 4 significant
figures, the distance between Ochre Hill
and Jackville.
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Y
Z
E
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36
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28 A pilot flew his light plane 240 km due
east from F to G, then flew 475 km due
north to H. Find as a true bearing the
bearing of:
a H from F b F from H
29 Soo Ji walked on a bearing of 295 from
home (H) to the local park (P) to meet her
sister. Together they walked on a bearing
of 205 to the beach (B), which is 380 m
due west of their home.
a Show that HPB = 90.
b Find, correct to the nearest metre, the
distance between Soo Jis house and
the park.
30 A surveyor standing at X sights a tower T,
840 m away on a bearing of 037.
A second surveyor standing at B, 365 m
from X, measures the bearing of X from
his position as 307.
a Show that TXB = 90.
b Find the bearing of the tower from B.
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488
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
solve simultaneous equations by informal methods
solve a pair of simultaneous equations by graphing two lines and finding their
point of intersection
recognise that equations of parallel lines cannot be solved simultaneously
solve a pair of simultaneous equations using the substitution method
solve a pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method, by direct
addition or subtraction
solve a pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method, where one
or both equations must first be multiplied by a constant
solve word problems, geometric problems and measurement problems using
simultaneous equations.
13
Simultaneous
equations
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Chapt er 13: Simultaneous equations 489
A linear equation that contains only a single pronumeral must have a unique solution. For
example, the only solution to the equation 2x + 1 = 7 is x = 3, as 3 is the only number that can
be doubled and then increased by 1 to give 7. However, equations that contain more than one
pronumeral, such as x + y = 6, have an infinite number of solutions. Some possible solutions
for this equation are:
x = 6, y = 0 or x = 5, y = 1 or x = 3, y = 3 or x = 7, y = 1 or x = 3 , y = 2 or x = 4.8, y = 1.2.
A unique solution can be obtained only if the number of equations being solved is equal to the
number of different pronumerals involved. In these situations, the given equations are solved
simultaneously (i.e. at the same time). For example, it is possible to solve the equations
x + y = 6 and y = 2x simultaneously and obtain a unique solution because there are two
unknowns (x and y) and there are two equations. By inspection, the solution is x = 2, y = 4
because 2 + 4 = 6 and 4 = 2 2.
In this section, we will concentrate on solving simultaneous equations by informal methods.
This may involve a guess and check approach, forming a table of values or using a spreadsheet.
1 State whether it is possible to find unique solutions for each of these problems.
a The sum of two numbers is 7. Find the numbers.
b The product of two numbers is 12. Find the numbers.
c The sum of two numbers is 7 and their product is 12. Find the numbers.
d The total cost of a drink and a sandwich is $3.50. Find the cost of the drink.
e The product of two consecutive positive integers is 20. Find the integers.
f Jan is 8 years younger than her sister Harriet. How old is Jan?
g A straight line passes through the point (3, 1). Find its equation.
h Peter has saved twice as much money as Darren, and together they have saved $36.
How much money has each boy saved?
Example 1
Form a table of values to find
two positive integers x and y,
which simultaneously satisfy
the equations x + y = 9 and
2x + 3y = 23.
Solution
Therefore, the solution is x = 4, y = 5.
13.1 Equations with two unknowns
1
2
---
1
2
---
E
G
+
S
x y x + y 2x + 3y
0 9 9 27
1 8 9 26
2 7 9 25
3 6 9 24
4 5 9 23
Exercise 13.1
2 Why is it that some of the problems in Q1 have unique solutions while others do not?
3 Write down three pairs of integers a and b that satisfy each of the following equations.
a a + b = 9 b 3a b = 11 c 2a + 4b = 20 d 3a 3b = 12
4 Is it possible to find values for x and y such that x + y = 5 and x + y = 9? Explain your answer.
5 Determine by substitution whether the given values satisfy each pair of simultaneous
equations.
a x + y = 5 x = 2, y = 3 b x y = 3 x = 7, y = 4
x + 3y = 11 x 2y = 1
c 2x + 3y = 4 x = 1, y = 2 d x 2y = 9 x = 5, y = 2
4x + 5y = 14 2x + y = 8
Consolidation
6 Find the value of each pronumeral by using a guess and check approach.
a x + y = 13 b p + q = 45
x y = 3 p = 2q
c a + 2b = 17 d 3m + 2n = 11
2a + b = 13 4m + 3m = 16
7 Complete this table of values to find integers x and y which satisfy the equations y = x + 8
and y = 2x + 5.
8 Find integers x and y, x > 0, which satisfy both equations, by completing a table of values
similar to that in Q7.
a y = 2x b y = 22 x c y = x + 6
y = 3x 5 y = 4x + 7
y = x + 9
x x + 8 2x + 5
0
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
---
9 Complete this table of values to find integers x and y which satisfy the equations x + y = 7
and 2x + 5y = 23.
10 Find integers x and y, x > 0, which satisfy each pair of equations, by completing a table of
values similar to that in Q9.
a x + y = 14 b x + y = 10 c x y = 8
3x y = 10 2x + 3y = 27 x 5y = 12
11 Solve the following problems by using a guess and check approach or by completing a table
of values.
a Sharon is three times as old as Julian and the sum of their ages is 52 years. How old is
each person?
b Dylan is 15 cm taller than Yuri and the sum of their heights is 345 cm. How tall is each
boy?
c Tina paid $1.60 for eight apples while Eloise paid the same amount for two apples and
three pears. Find the cost of each piece of fruit.
d The length of a rectangle is 12 cm more than the width and the perimeter is 42 cm. Find
the dimensions of the rectangle.
Many pairs of simultaneous equations can be solved by using a spreadsheet. For example, to
solve the equations x + y = 8 and 3x + 5y = 26, set up the spreadsheet as follows.
Now, use the Fill Down command to fill the cells down to line 10.
x y x + y 2x + 5y
0 7
1 6
2 5
3 4
4 3
A B C D
1 X Y X + Y 3X + 5Y
2 0 = 8 A2 = A2 + B2 = (3*A2) + (5*B2)
3 = A2 + 1
The spreadsheet should now look like this.
The solutions to the simultaneous equations can be found on line 9, i.e. x = 7, y = 1.
12 Use a spreadsheet to solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. (Start the x values
at 5).
a x + y = 10 b x y = 6 c x y = 5
3x + 4y = 33 5x + 6y = 25 4x 9y = 30
Equations such as y = 4 x and y = 3x are called linear equations because they result in straight
line graphs when graphed on a number plane. The solution to a pair of simultaneous linear
equations is given by the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of their straight line graphs.
If the lines are parallel, then they have no point of intersection. In this case, there would be no
solutions to the simultaneous equations.
NOTE: The solutions to simultaneous equations are not always integers. In some questions,
therefore, it is necessary to estimate the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs.
The approximate solution to the simultaneous equations is then written using either fractions
or decimals.
A B C D
1 X Y X + Y 3X + 5Y
2 0 8 8 40
3 1 7 8 38
4 2 6 8 36
5 3 5 8 34
.
.
.
9 7 1 8 26
10 8 0 8 24
13.2 The graphical method
To solve a pair of simultaneous linear equations graphically:
graph the straight lines on the same number plane
find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection
write the solution that corresponds to this point.
Example
Solve graphically the simultaneous equations y = 3x and y = 4 x.
Solution
y = 3x
y = 4 x
The lines intersect at (1, 3). Therefore, the solution is
x = 1, y = 3.
1 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations by using the graphs below.
a y = x + 2, y = 2x + 7 b y = 3x 8, y = 3x 2
x 0 1 2
y 0 3 6
x 0 1 2
y 4 3 2
E
G
+
S
y
y

=
4

x
y

=
3
x
x 1 1
(1,3)
0 2 3 4 2 3 4
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
Exercise 13.2
1
2
---
y
x 0 2 2 4
6
8
4
2
2
4
4
y
=

1
x
+

2
2
y
=
2
x
+

7
y
2
4
4
2
6
8
x 0 2 2 4 4
y
=

3
x

8
y
=
3
x

2
2 Use the given graphs to solve each pair of
simultaneous equations.
a y = x + 3
y = 15 3x
b x + 7y = 5
y = x + 3
c y = 15 3x
x + 7y = 5
3 The equations y = x + 2 and y = x 3 have been
graphed on the same number plane. Is it possible
to find values for x and y that satisfy both
equations? Explain your answer.
Consolidation
4 Graph each pair of equations on the same number plane and find their point of intersection.
Hence, write down the solution to each pair of simultaneous equations.
a y = x + 3 b y = x c y = 2x
y = 2x + 1 y = x + 6 y = 3 x
d x + y = 5 e y = 3x f x y = 6
x y = 1 2x + y = 5 y = 2x
g 4p + q = 9 h a + b = 1 i m 2n = 2
p q = 1 2a + 3b = 6 n = m 2
5 a Graph the equations y = x + 1 and x 2y = 2 on the same number plane.
b Will solutions be obtained if the equations y = x + 1 and x 2y = 2 are solved
simultaneously? Why?
y
4
6
2
2
x 0 2 2 4 4 6
y
=
x
+

3
x
+ 7y
= 5
y
=

1
5

3
x
y
4
6
2
4
2
x 0 2 2 4 4 6
y
=
x
+

2
y
=
x

3
1
2
---
1
2
---
6 On some occasions, it may be necessary to estimate the co-ordinates of the point of
intersection of two straight lines. This estimate can then be refined by substituting into
both equations.
Use this method to solve the equations y = 5x + 200 and y = 15x + 75 simultaneously.
7 The school wishes to hire buses to transport students on excursions. It is estimated that
shorter excursions will be about a 40 km return trip while longer excursions may be up to
200 km return.
Ollys Owner-Driver offers buses at a charge of $4.80 per km, and its rival Trip O Your
Life Bus Company charges $80 up front to cover insurance plus $4 per km.
a Write down an equation that represents each offer.
b On graph paper, make an accurate copy of the graph provided and label each line with
the name of the company.
c Over what distance would the fee charged by both companies be the same?
d Over what distances will Ollys Owner-Driver be cheaper?
y
200
300
100
x 0 10 10 20 20
y
=

5
x
+

2
0
0
y
=

1
5
x
+

7
5
400
600
Ollys Owner-Driver
Trip OYour Life Bus Company
800
1000
200
D
C
0
0 40 80 120 160 200
Distance in km
C
o
s
t

i
n

d
o
l
l
a
r
s
8 A certain factory produces products A and B.
Product A makes a profit only after 500 items
have been sold, after which a steady profit is
made. Product B makes a profit of $10 on the
sale of each item.
a What profit is made on the sale of 1500
items of:
i product A? ii product B?
b How many items of each product are sold
if the profits from each are equal?
c How many items of each product must be
sold to make a profit of $8000?
The graphical method of solution for simultaneous equations is quite time-consuming and it is
not sufficiently accurate when the solutions are not integers. Simultaneous equations can be
solved more quickly and with greater accuracy by using an algebraic approach. In this exercise,
we look at one such methodthe substitution method.
Example 1
Solve the equations y = 2x 11 and x + 4y = 19 simultaneously, by using the substitution
method.
Solution
y = 2x 11 (1)
x + 4y = 19 (2)
i Substitute 2x 11 for y in equation (2). ii Substitute x = 7 into equation (1).
x + 4(2x 11) = 19 y = 2(7) 11
x + 8x 44 = 19 = 14 11
9x 44 = 19 = 3
9x = 63
x = 7 The solution is x = 7, y = 3
10
15
20
25
5
N
A
B
P
0
0 500 1000
Number of items
P
r
o
f
i
t

i
n

t
h
o
u
s
a
n
d
s

o
f

d
o
l
l
a
r
s
1500
13.3 The substitution method
To solve a pair of simultaneous equations using the substitution method:
number the equations
make one of the pronumerals the subject of one equation
substitute this expression into the other equation
solve the resulting equation
substitute this solution into either of the original equations to find the value of the
other pronumeral.
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Solve the simultaneous equations 2x + 3y = 12 and 5x 2y = 15 using the substitution method.
Solution
2x + 3y = 12 (1)
5x 2y = 15 (2)
1 Use the fact that if a = c and b = c, then a = b to solve the following pairs of simultaneous
equations.
a y = 4x 7 b y = x 11 c y = 6 2x
y = 2x + 1 y = 3x 21 y = x 15
2 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations using the substitution method.
a x + y = 5 b y = x + 3 c x y = 8 d y = 3 x
y = 3 x = 4 y = 5 x = 1
e x + y = 6 f x + 3y = 14 g 2x y = 12 h 3x 2y = 18
y = x y = 2x y = x y = 3x
Consolidation
3 Solve each pair of equations using the substitution method.
a x + y = 7 b x + y = 6 c 4x + y = 13
y = x + 3 x = y 10 y = 2x 11
d x + 2y = 8 e 2x + 3y = 16 f 3x + 11y = 12
y = x + 1 x = y + 3 y = x 4
g 2x + 5y = 30 h 3x + y = 19 i 5x + 2y = 24
x = 2y 3 x = 3y + 13 y = 14 2x
i Make x the subject of
equation (1).
2x + 3y = 12
2x = 12 3y
x =
ii Substitute for
x in equation (2).
2y = 15
2 2
5(12 3y) 4y = 30
60 15y 4y = 30
60 19y = 30
19y = 30
y =
iii Substitute y = into (2).
5x = 15
5x = 15
5x =
5x =
x =
The solution is
x = , y = .
E
G
+
S
12 3y
2
------------------
12 3y
2
------------------
5
12 3y
2
------------------

30
19
------
30
19
------
2
30
19
------

60
19
------
60
19
------
285
19
---------
345
19
---------
69
19
------
69
19
------
30
19
------
Exercise 13.3
4 Solve the following simultaneous equations using the substitution method.
a x y = 1 b x y = 4 c x y = 3
y = 9 x y = 6 x y = x 11
d 2x y = 4 e 3x y = 11 f 5x y = 4
y = x 3 y = x + 7 y = x 16
g x 2y = 5 h 3x 5y = 2 i x 4y = 17
y = x 1 y = x 2 y = 3 x
j 2x 3y = 19 k 4x 7y = 26 l 3x 5y = 14
y = 2x 13 y = 13 5x y = 6x + 8
5 Make either x or y the subject of one equation, then substitute it into the other equation to
solve these simultaneous equations.
a x + y = 7 b 3x + y = 2 c 2x + 7y = 1
x + 7y = 19 2x + 3y = 20 x + 2y = 2
d x y = 14 e 2x y = 6 f x 5y = 22
2x + 3y = 3 3x + 4y = 46 2x + 9y = 6
g 4x + y = 8 h x 3y = 3 i 2x y = 4
5x 3y = 10 2x 7y = 5 3x 8y = 32
6 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. [The solutions contain fractions].
a a + 6b = 7 b 9p + q = 5 c 4m + 8n = 11
3a + 2b = 13 15p 2q = 12 3m + n = 2
d u + 4v = 5 e 8c 4d = 9 f 6g h = 8
3u 8v = 50 c + 2d = 3 4g + 4h = 3
7 Solve these simultaneous equations using the substitution method.
a 2x + 3y = 8 b 2x + 5y = 23 c 3x 4y = 1
3x + 2y = 7 7x 4y = 16 4x 7y = 2
8 Solve the equations + = 5 and + = 13.
9 Find values for x, y, z in each of these using the substitution method.
a x + y + z = 9 b x y + z = 13 c x + y + z = 11
y = 5x 6 y = 6 x x y + z = 15
z = 2y 5 z = 4y + 9 x + y z = 7
x
2
---
y
4
---
4x
3
------
5y
8
------
Find the values
1 You are given that x + y = 42, y + z = 67 and z + x = 55.
a Find x + y + z.
b Hence, find values for x, y, z.
2 You are given that xy = 117, yz = 286 and zx = 198. Find values for x, y, z.
TRY THIS
The second algebraic method of solution is the elimination method. It involves the addition or
subtraction of corresponding terms in each equation to eliminate or remove one of the
pronumerals. In some questions, it may be necessary to first multiply by a constant either one
or both of the equations in order to eliminate a pronumeral.
Example 1
Solve each pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method.
a 7x + 2y = 24 b 6x + 5y = 19
3x + 2y = 16 3x 5y = 17
Solutions
a i 7x + 2y = 24 (1) b i 6x + 5y = 19 (1)
3x + 2y = 16 (2) 3x 5y = 17 (2)
Subtract equation (2) from Add equations (1) and (2).
equation (1). 9x = 36
4x = 8 x = 4
x = 2
ii Substitute x = 2 into equation (2). ii Substitute x = 4 into equation (2).
3(2) + 2y = 16 6(4) + 5y = 19
6 + 2y = 16 24 + 5y = 19
2y = 10 5y = 5
y = 5
The solution is x = 2, y = 5. The solution is x = 4, y = 1.
13.4 The elimination method
To solve a pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method:
number the equations
add the corresponding terms if two like pronumerals have co-efficients which are
numerically equal but opposite in sign, or
subtract the corresponding terms if two like pronumerals have co-efficients
which are numerically equal and have the same sign, or
multiply one or both equations by a constant such that two like pronumerals will
have numerically equal co-efficients, then add or subtract the corresponding
terms in each equation
solve the resulting equation
substitute this solution into either one of the original equations to find the value
of the other pronumeral.
E
G
+
S
Example 2
Solve the equations 4x 3y = 9 and 3x 2y = 5 simultaneously using the elimination method.
Solution
i 4x 3y = 9 (1) ii Substitute x = 3 into equation (2).
3x 2y = 5 (2) 3(3) 2y = 5
Multiply equation (1) by 2 and 9 2y = 5
equation (2) by 3. 2y = 14
8x 6y = 18 (3) y = 7
9x 6y = 15 (4) The solution is x = 3, y = 7.
Subtract (4) from (3).
x = 3
x = 3
1 Add these expressions vertically.
a 2x + y b x y c 4x 3y d x + 2y
x + y 3x + y 9x + 3y x + 7y
e 5x 3y f 10x 9y g 3x y h x 5y
x + 6y 4x + y x y 2x y
2 Subtract these expressions vertically.
a 3x + 5y b 6x + 3y c 4x y d 3x 4y
3x + y 2x + 3y x + 6y 5x + y
e 3x + y f 5x y g 7x 8y h 6x 2y
5x 6y 4x y 3x 5y 4x 11y
3 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method by adding the
equations.
a x + y = 5 b x y = 7 c 3x + y = 14
x y = 1 x + y = 5 x y = 2
d x + y = 9 e 5x + y = 3 f 4x + 2y = 14
x + y = 3 5x + 3y = 29 4x + 5y = 35
g x + 3y = 17 h x + 11y = 4 i 3x 5y = 23
x 3y = 5 x + 2y = 4 4x + 5y = 19
j 7x 2y = 37 k x + y = 5 l 7x + 4y = 29
3x + 2y = 13 x + 2y = 16 7x + 5y = 11
E
G
+
S
Exercise 13.4
4 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method by subtracting the
equations.
a 2x + y = 13 b 4x + y = 2 c 5x + y = 22
x + y = 8 x + y = 5 3x + y = 16
d x + 5y = 21 e x + 9y = 3 f 2x + 3y = 12
x + y = 1 x + 12y = 0 2x + 7y = 36
g 2x y = 8 h 3x y = 20 i 11x 2y = 30
x y = 3 x y = 8 3x 2y = 2
j x 5y = 22 k 2x y = 5 l 3x 9y = 48
x y = 6 2x 7y = 59 3x 4y = 33
Consolidation
5 Solve each pair of simultaneous equations using the elimination method.
a x + y = 11 b 2x + y = 20 c 3x y = 19
x y = 5 x + y = 8 x y = 5
d x + y = 4 e x + 4y = 3 f 3x 5y = 46
x 2y = 13 x + y = 6 2x + 5y = 14
g 7x 2y = 27 h 2x + 7y = 73 i 3x + y = 7
3x 2y = 7 2x + 3y = 29 8x y = 37
j x + 3y = 33 k 5x 2y = 1 l 6x 7y = 31
5x + 3y = 45 5x 6y = 13 3x + 7y = 19
m x 3y = 4 n x 3y = 14 o 5x 2y = 37
x 2y = 14 x 9y = 2 5x + 8y = 13
6 Multiply either one or both equations by a suitable constant, then add or subtract to find x, y.
a x + y = 8 b x + 3y = 10 c 3x + 4y = 22
3x + 2y = 21 3x + y = 14 2x + y = 3
d x 4y = 29 e 2x y = 3 f x + 2y = 1
4x + 3y = 2 5x + 2y = 15 6x 5y = 23
g x y = 5 h 4x 3y = 10 i 5x 2y = 8
3x 4y = 12 8x 4y = 16 7x 8y = 20
j 2x + 5y = 24 k 3x + 4y = 29 l 2x 3y = 6
3x + 2y = 14 2x 6y = 2 3x 2y = 19
m 4x + 3y = 5 n 6x 13y = 1 o 2x 4y = 20
7x 4y = 19 5x + 2y = 12 7x 9y = 55
p 3x 7y = 13 q 2x + 5y = 7 r 2x 9y = 8
4x + 5y = 3 3x + 2y = 6 5x 6y = 37
7 Solve the following pairs of simultaneous equations. [The solutions contain fractions].
a 7p + q = 6 b 5a + 3b = 1 c 6m 9n = 5
9p + 5q = 22 13a 9b = 4 8m 7n = 10
8 Solve each pair of equations simultaneously using the elimination method.
a + y = 9 b + = 16 c = 6
+ 2y = 2 = 2 + = 8
9 Solve for x, y, z using the elimination method.
a x + y + z = 11 b x y + z = 5 c x + 2y + 3z = 10
x + y z = 7 x + y + z = 9 2x y 3z = 9
x y + z = 1 x + y z = 15 5x + 4y + 3z = 32
d 2x + y z = 0 e 2x + 3y z = 18 f x + 2y + 3z = 4
3x y + 4z = 10 3x + 2y + 2z = 6 2x + 3y 5z = 65
x + 2y z = 6 5x + y 4z = 1 4x y 4z = 31
We have already seen that a single equation that contains two pronumerals will not have a
unique solution. We need to solve a pair of equations simultaneously in order to find unique
values for the two unknowns. Similarly, in real-life or for other practical problems, a single
statement relating two unknown quantities may not provide sufficient information to enable us
to solve the problem. However, if two statements are given relating the quantities, then we can
use simultaneous equations to find a unique solution.
x
4
---
x
4
---
y
3
---
10 x
3
--------------
y
4
---
x
6
---
x
8
---
y
12
------
3x
4
------
9 y
5
-----------
A Pythagorean problem
Form a pair of simultaneous equations, then solve them to find
values for x, y.
4
13
15
x
y
Solving problems using
simultaneous equations
13.5
TRY THIS
Example 1
The cost of 1 banana and 3 tomatoes is $0.76, while 2 bananas and 5 tomatoes cost $1.34.
Find the cost of each.
Solution
Let the cost of 1 banana be x cents and the cost of 1 tomato be y cents.
i x + 3y = 76 (1) ii Substitute y = 18 into equation (1).
2x + 5y = 134 (2) x + 3(18) = 76
Multiply equation (1) by 2. x + 54 = 76
2x + 6y = 152 x = 22
2x + 5y = 134
Subtract equation (2) from equation (1). The cost of a banana is 22c and
y = 18 the cost of a tomato is 18c.
Example 2
A jar contains 25 coins made up of only 5c and 20c coins. The total amount of money in the
jar is $2.90. How many of each coin are there?
Solution
Let the number of 5-cent coins be x and the number of 20-cent coins be y.
The total number of coins is given by the equation x + y = 25 (1).
If there are x 5-cent coins, then the amount of money in 5-cent coins is 5x cents.
If there are y 20-cent coins, then the amount of money in 20-cent coins is 20y cents.
The total amount of money, in cents, is given by the equation 5x + 20y = 290 (2).
i x + y = 25 (1) ii Substitute y = 11 into equation (1).
5x + 20y = 290 (2) x + 11 = 25
Multiply equation (1) by 5. x = 14
5x + 5y = 125 (3) There are 14 5c coins and 11 20c coins.
5x + 20y = 290 (2)
Subtract equation (2) from equation (3).
15y = 165
y = 11
To solve a problem using simultaneous equations:
use pronumerals (x and y) to represent the quantities that are to be found
form a pair of equations that show the relationship between the pronumerals
solve the equations simultaneously
use the algebraic solutions for x and y to answer the problem.
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
1 For each of the following, form a pair of simultaneous equations, then solve them to find
the numbers. [Let the numbers be x and y.]
a The sum of two numbers is 22 and their difference is 12.
b The difference between two numbers is 27 and one number is four times the other.
c The sum of two numbers is 38 and one number is 8 less than the other.
d The sum of two numbers is 14. The smaller number plus five times the larger number
is 54.
e The first number plus twice the second number is equal to 27, while twice the first
number plus the second number is equal to 24.
f Find two numbers which differ by 3 such that three times the larger number plus twice
the smaller number is equal to 54.
Consolidation
2 Form a pair of simultaneous equations and solve them to answer each of the following
problems.
a A man is five times the age of his son and the sum of their ages is 42 years. How old is
each person?
b A drink and three ice-creams cost $3.60, while three drinks and two ice-creams cost
$5.20. Find the cost of each.
c Two apples and three peaches cost $1.35, while four apples and nine peaches cost
$3.75. Find the cost of each.
d The total weight of three tables and ten chairs is 1850 kg while two tables and twelve
chairs weigh 1660 kg. Find the weight of each.
e In a game of legball, the Rhinos scored three tries and four goals for a total of 27 points,
while the Dingoes scored two tries and five goals for a total of 25 points. How many
points are scored for each try and goal?
f Tammys piggy bank contains only five-cent and ten-cent coins. If it contains 48 coins
with a total value of $3.45, find the number of each type of coin.
g In the HSC, Craigs exam result for mathematics exceeded his school assessment result
by 8 marks. The total of the two results was 166 marks. Find Craigs exam result and
his school assessment result.
h A small community theatre charges admission prices of $15 for adults and $8 for
children. If 85 tickets were sold on opening night and the total takings were $1114, find
the number of adults and children who attended.
i Last weekend a corner store sold 40 bottles of Coola and 55 bottles of Melonade, which
contributed $108 to their total takings for the week. One customer bought a bottle of
each drink and paid $2.25. Find the cost of each drink.
j A rectangle is three times as long as it is wide and the total perimeter is 112 cm. Find
the dimensions of the rectangle.
k The adjacent sides in a parallelogram are in the ratio 3 : 2 and the total perimeter is
150 cm. Find the length of the sides.
Exercise 13.5
l At a childrens birthday party, the children are aged either 12 years or 13 years. If there
are 14 children at the party and the total of their ages is 176 years, find the number of
children in each age group.
3 Form a pair of simultaneous equations by using a geometric property, then solve for x, y.
(All measurements are in cm.)
a b c
d e f
g h i
4 a When the numerator and denominator of a certain fraction are each increased by 1, the
value of the fraction is then . However, when the numerator and denominator are each
decreased by 5, the value of the fraction is then . Find the original fraction.
(Hint: Let the fraction be .)
b After a bill was debated in parliament, the members of the House of Representatives
voted in favour of the bill by a majority of 39. If there were 97 politicians present, find
the number who voted in favour of the bill.
c The straight line with equation y = mx + b passes through the points (2, 10) and
(3, 25). Find values for m and b and hence find the equation of the line.
d Three times the sum of two numbers exceeds seven times their difference by 14, while
half the difference of the numbers is equal to 12 less than their sum. Find the numbers.
e The diagonals of a rhombus are such that one diagonal is 14 cm longer than the other,
while the sum of their lengths is 46 cm. Find the lengths of the diagonals and hence
determine the perimeter of the rhombus.
17
y x 1
2x + y
19 y
4x + 3y
15x 9
x + y
3(x y)
13 2y
5x + 6
15 5y 3x + 9
6x + 4y
60 60
60
(2x y) (3y + 20)
20
2x + y
6y
O
4
x

1
6
3x 4
23 5y
4x + 2
2(x + y + 2)
3
x
+
1
0
y

+
1
0
3
x

+
7
1
1
x

2
y
(3x + y)
(4x + 2y) (2y + 20)
5
6
---
3
4
---
x
y
--
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
506
f The linear equation F = Ca + b links the temperature in degrees Celsius (C) and
degrees Fahrenheit (F). If 10C is equivalent to 50F and 30C is equivalent to 86F,
find values for a and b. Hence, express the boiling point of water in degrees Fahrenheit.
5 a Six years ago, Lydia was three times as old as Keiko. In three years time, Lydia will be
twice as old as Keiko. What are their present ages?
b In a certain two-digit number, twice the tens digit is equal to one less than five times
the units digit. If the digits are reversed and this number is subtracted from the original
number, the result is equal to 14 less than five times the sum of the digits. Find the
number.
c A man paddles his canoe 60 km downstream (i.e. with the current) for 5 hours. Later
that day, he paddles 48 km back upstream (i.e. against the current) for 6 hours. The
mans rowing speed is constant at x km/h and the water is flowing at a constant speed
of y km/h.
i Explain why x + y = 12 and x y = 8
ii Hence, find the mans rowing speed in still water and the speed of the river current.
EXPLORING FOR WATER, OIL AND GAS
THE DENSITY OF AIR-FILLED POROUS ROCK
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
FO C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M A T H E M A T I C A L L Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
Introduction
In 20022003, NSW was devastated by drought, which caused enormous hardship. Water is
crucial for survival in the outback and many farmers, especially those in dry regions, sink bores
on their properties to gain access to sufficient water. The geology of the rocks on the property
informs the farmer of where water might be found.
The density of different types of rock is an important clue to where water may be found.
Sedimentary rocks such as sandstone are much more porous than igneous rocks such as granite.
Inside porous rocks are tiny holes (pores). These pores may trap water, oil or gas under great
pressure deep underground, and so are very important in geological exploration. In this activity,
we will see how simultaneous equations may turn up in the solution of such scientific problems.
The density D of a material is a measure of its mass M per unit volume V. We can express this
mathematically using the equation:
D = (1)
As you would expect, the density of air-filled porous rock is less than the density of the grains
making up the rock. The formula that links the total density D of air-filled rock to the density
of the rock grains themselves D
r
is
D = D
r
(2)
In this formula, V
p
is the volume occupied by the pore space and V is the total volume of the
rock.
1 The simultaneous equations (1) and (2) can be used to determine the density D and volume
V of a porous air-filled rock. Write down the other variables which we must know in order
to do this.
2 Examine equation (1). For a given M, what is the shape of the graph of D against V?
3 Examine equation (2). Is V
p
always less than V? What happens in the special case when
V
p
= V? Is this possible?
4 Use an algebraic method to solve the simultaneous equations (1) and (2) for D and V, for
an air-filled porous rock, given that the mass M is 12 kg, the volume of the pore space V
p
is 3 m
3
and the density of the rock grains D
r
is 1 kg/m
3
.
CHAL L ENGE
1 For this problem, why is the graph of equation (2) appropriate only in the first quadrant?
What happens at V = 3? What happens to D as V tends to infinity?
2 Check your solution above by drawing the graphs and finding the point of intersection.
Draw up a table of values for each graph and choose your scales carefully.
M
V
-----
1
V
p
V
------

2
8
F
O
C
U
S

O
N

W
O
R
K
I
N
G

M
A
T
H
E
M
A
T
I
C
A
L
L
Y
3 Eliminate D from equations (1) and (2) to obtain an expression for V. Substitute the given
values for M, D
r
and V
p
and hence find V. Does it agree with your answer above?
4 Eliminate V from equations (1) and (2) to obtain an expression for D. Substitute the values
for M, D
r
and V
p
and hence find D. Does it agree with your answer above?
5 Comment on the power of the different methods you have used to solve the simultaneous
equations. What does each one reveal that the others do not?
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Write a summary of what you have learned in this chapter about techniques for solving
simultaneous equations. What do you have to be careful about? What particular skills do you
need? What are the advantages and disadvantages of different methods? Discuss this with your
teacher.
REFL ECTI NG
In most of the examples in this chapter, the equations to be solved simultaneously were straight
lines. Straight lines can intersect in, at most, one point, so there was only ever the possibility of
one solution. What might happen when one or more of the equations are not straight lines?
What does this indicate about the possible strengths and weaknesses of solving two
simultaneous equations by drawing their graphs?
E
%
1 Explain each of the following in a single
sentence and give an example.
a variable
b simultaneous equations
c linear equations
d coefficient of x.
entry for simultaneous:
simultaneous adjective happening at the same time
Word family: simultaneously adverb
In what way is the mathematical meaning
similar to the idea of happening at the same
time?
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
1 State whether it is possible to find unique
solutions to these problems.
a The difference between two numbers
is 5. Find the numbers.
b Ryan is 11 years younger than his
sister Mary-Jane. How old is each
person?
c Brittany spent three times as much
time on her Commerce assignment as
she did on her Maths assignment.
Altogether, she spent 6 hours on the
two assignments. How long did she
spend on each?
2 Find three pairs of integers p, q that
satisfy the equation 5p 2q = 13.
3 Determine by substitution whether the
solution to each pair of simultaneous
equations is x = 3, y = 1.
a 2x + y = 5 b 4x + 3y = 9
x y = 2 2x 5y = 11
4 Complete this table and hence solve the
simultaneous equations x + y = 8 and
2x y = 7.
5 Use the graphs provided to solve each
pair of simultaneous equations.
a y = x + 8 b x 10y + 26 = 0
5x + 4y = 32 y = x + 8
c 5x + 4y = 32
x 10y + 26 = 0
6 Graph the equations 2x y = 1 and
y = 2x + 3 on the same number plane. Is
there a solution for these simultaneous
equations? Explain.
7 Solve for x, y:
y = 5 3x
y = x 7
8 Solve these simultaneous equations using
the substitution method.
a x + y = 12 b 2x + y = 5
y = x 2 x = y 5
c 3x + 4y = 13 d x y = 2
x = 3 2y y = 3x 8
e 4x y = 10 f x 3y = 9
y = 4 3x y = 2x + 7
9 Make either x or y the subject of one
equation, then solve for x, y using the
substitution method.
a 2x 3y = 4 b 5x y = 1
x + 2y = 9 7x 2y = 5
c 4x + y = 5 d 6x y = 18
8x 5y = 4 9x + 5y = 14
the elimination method.
a 3x + y = 13 b 2x + 5y = 8
x y = 7 2x + y = 4
x y x + y 2x y
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
6 8
y
4
6
8
2
x 0 2 2 4 6 4
y
=
x
+

8
x 10y + 26 = 0
5
x

+

4
y
=

3
2
C
H A P T E R R
E V I E W
C
H
A
P
T
E
R

R
E
V
I
E
W
c 7x + y = 25 d 3x + 11y = 5
4x + y = 16 3x + 4y = 2
e 2x y = 10 f 6x 7y = 9
x y = 5 8x 7y = 5
11 Multiply one or both equations by a
suitable constant, then solve for x, y using
a x + 2y = 7 b 3x 2y = 1
3x + 5y = 19 5x 8y = 11
c 3x + 2y = 4 d 2x y = 12
2x + 5y = 21 4x + 5y = 18
e 6x + 5y = 7 f 5x 3y = 17
4x 3y = 11 2x 7y = 26
a 2e + 6f = 5 b 24u 6v = 31
18e 12f = 1 36u 24v = 19
13 Solve simultaneously to find for m, n:
= 4
+ = 12
14 Form a pair of simultaneous equations
and solve them to answer each of the
following problems.
a The sum of two numbers is 39 and
one number is 7 more than the other.
Find the numbers.
b Three bananas and two rockmelons
cost $3.05 while four bananas and
one rockmelon cost $1.90. Find the
cost of each.
c Bronyas piggy bank contains only
10-cent and 20-cent coins. If there are
60 coins with a total value of $7.50,
find the number of 10-cent and
20-cent coins.
15 Form a pair of simultaneous equations,
then solve them to find x, y.
a
Perimeter = 54 cm
b
m
3
----
n
2
---
5m
2
-------
3n
4
------
(7x 2y) cm
(3x y) cm
(x + 3y) cm 10 cm
(4x + 5y) (8y + 19)
30
511
C
o
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o
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d
i
n
a
t
e

g
e
o
m
e
t
r
y
Co-ordinate
geometry
14
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
find the distance between two points on a number plane using
Pythagoras theorem
find the distance between two points using the distance formula
find the midpoint of an interval
find one of the end points of an interval given the other end point and the
midpoint
find the gradient of an interval using the ratio of the vertical rise and
horizontal run
find the gradient of an interval using the gradient formula
rearrange the equation of a line from the general form to the gradient-intercept form
and vice versa
solve problems that involve distance, midpoint, gradient and the equation of a line
find the equation of a line given its gradient and one point on the line
find the equation of a line passing through two points
determine whether two lines are parallel or perpendicular by considering
gradients
find the equation of a line that is parallel or perpendicular to a given line
solve problems that involve parallel and perpendicular lines
graph inequalities on the number plane
write an inequality that describes a given region in the number plane
shade the region that represents the intersection of two or more
inequalities
use co-ordinate geometry to classify triangles and quadrilaterals and
establish their properties
use co-ordinate geometry and deductive reasoning to solve general
problems.
Distance using Pythagoras theorem
Pythagoras theorem can be used to find the distance between two points, or length of an
interval, on a number plane. Distances that are not an integral may be given either as a decimal
or as a surd (i.e. in the form ).
In ABC, c
2
= a
2
+ b
2
, where c is the length of the hypotenuse and
a, b are the lengths of the shorter sides.
The distance formula
Pythagoras theorem can be used to derive a formula for the distance between two points
A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
). The formula lets us calculate distance without the need to draw a diagram.
Proof:
Consider the interval AB with A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
)
and the distance between these points d units.
Construct ABC on AB such that AC is perpendicular
to BC.
Now, the length of AC is (x
2
x
1
) units, and the length
of BC is (y
2
y
1
) units.
By Pythagoras theorem,
AB
2
= AC
2
+ BC
2
d
2
= (x
2
x
1
)
2
+ (y
2
y
1
)
2
d =
The distance between two
points
14.1
n
B C
A
b
a
c
To find the distance between two points:
form a right-angled triangle with the interval as the hypotenuse
find the lengths of the vertical and horizontal sides by counting units
use Pythagoras theorem to find the required distance.
The distance between the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) is given by:
d = x
2
x
1
( )
2
y
2
y
1
( )
2
+
y
x
0
B(x
2
, y
2
)
(y
2
y
1
)
(x
2
x
1
) A
(x
1
, y
1
)
C
d
y
2
y
1
x
1
x
2
x
2
x
1
( )
2
y
2
y
1
( )
2
+
Chapt er 14: Co-ordinate geometry 513
Example 1
Use Pythagoras theorem to find the distance between P(2, 1) and Q(3, 4). Give your answer
in surd form.
Solution
Example 3
LMN has vertices L(2, 5), M(4, 5) and N(1 ,8). Show that LMN is isosceles.
Solution
The points P and Q are joined and the point R is
chosen so that the right-angled triangle PQR is
formed with PQ as hypotenuse.
PR = 3 (2)
= 5 units
QR = 4 1
= 3 units
PQ
2
= PR
2
+ QR
2
= 5
2
+ 3
2
= 25 + 9
= 34
PQ = units
Example 2
Use the distance formula to
find the distance between
the points P(2, 3) and
Q(6, 9).
Solution
Let P(2, 3) be (x
1
, y
1
) and Q(6, 9) be (x
2
, y
2
).
x
1
= 2, y
1
= 3, x
2
= 6 and y
2
= 9
d =
=
=
=
=
= 10 units
i LM = 4 (2)
= 6 units
ii MN =
=
=
=
= units
iii NL =
=
=
=
= units
iv MN = NL = units,
LMN is isosceles.
E
G
+
S
y
x
4
P(2, 1)
Q(3, 4)
R
0 2 3
3
5
34
E
G
+
S
x
2
x
1
( )
2
y
2
y
1
( )
2
+
6 2 ( )
2
9 3 ( )
2
+
8
2
6
2
+
64 36 +
100
E
G
+
S
1 4 ( )
2
8 5 ( )
2
+
3 ( )
2
3
2
+
9 9 +
18
3 2
1 2 ( )
2
8 5 ( )
2
+
3
2
3
2
+
9 9 +
18
3 2
3 2
1 Use Pythagoras theorem to find the length of the interval AB. Give your answers correct
to 1 decimal place where necessary.
a b c
2 Use Pythagoras theorem to find the length of each interval. Give your answers in
simplest surd form where necessary.
a b c
d e f
3 ABC is isosceles with AB = BC = 10 units and apex B(1, 8).
The base AC is parallel to the x-axis. D(1, 2) is a point on AC
such that BD is perpendicular to AC.
a Find the co-ordinates of A and C.
b Find the area of ABC.
4 Use the distance formula to calculate the distance between
each pair of points. Answer correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
a (5, 2) and (8, 6) b (0, 1) and (12, 6) c (2, 3) and (10, 9)
Exercise 14.1
y
x 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
A
B
5
4
3
2
1
1
x
A
B
y
4 3 2 1 0 1
5
4
3
2
1
1
y
x
A
B
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
Q(5, 9)
P(1, 6)
y
x
0
P(2, 15)
Q(10, 9)
y
x
0
Q(8, 6)
P(4, 1)
y
x
0
Q(1, 2)
P(2, 1)
y
x 0
Q(4, 8)
P(3, 7)
y
x
0
Q(2, 4)
P(2, 6)
y
x
0
B(1, 8)
10 10
D(1, 2) C A
y
x
0
d (3, 4) and (5, 7) e (4, 1) and (3, 3) f (7, 5) and (5, 3)
g (2, 9) and (0, 3) h (2, 1) and (2, 1) i (3, 5) and (2, 3)
j (4, 2) and (1, 5) k (6, 0) and (2, 4) l (7, 6) and (2, 11)
m (8, 9) and (2, 12) n (1, 3) and (3, 2) o (2, 3) and (2, 7)
Consolidation
5 a Which point is closer to the originG(1, 6) or H(3, 5)?
b Which point is further from N(1, 2)L(3, 5) or M(5, 3)?
6 Show that the points Q(8, 2) and R(1, 7) are equidistant from S(3, 2).
7 Show that LMN with vertices L(3, 4), M(7, 1) and N(10, 5) is isosceles.
8 ABC has vertices A(3, 2), B(1, 8) and C(7, 4).
a Show that ABC is isosceles.
b Use Pythagoras theorem to determine whether the triangle is also right angled.
9 Find the perimeter of the trapezium with vertices A(7, 2), B(1, 6), C(3, 6) and D(18, 2).
10 The points T(4, 1), U(8, 8) and V(16, 14) are collinear.
a Find the distance between T and U.
b Find the distance between U and V.
c In what ratio does U divide TV?
11 A circle with centre (7, 6) passes through the point (1, 2).
a Find the length of the radius.
b Find the exact circumference of the circle.
12 WXYZ is a parallelogram. Find XZ:WY, the
ratio of the lengths of the diagonals.
13 Show that PQR with vertices P(2, 5), Q(4, 5) and R(1, 5 3 ) is equilateral.
14 A quadrilateral EFGH has vertices E(4, 6), F(7, 1), G(2, 2) and H(1, 3).
a Find the lengths of the sides.
b Find the lengths of the diagonals.
c What kind of quadrilateral is EFGH? Why?
15 The vertices of a quadrilateral KLMN are K(6, 4), L(4, 8), M(8, 6) and N(9, 3).
b What kind of quadrilateral is KLMN? Why?
y
x
0
Y(11, 12)
Z(3, 4)
X(5, 10)
W(13, 2)
3
16 P(1, 7), Q(2, 3), R(2, 2) and S(1, 2) are the vertices of a quadrilateral.
a Find the length of each side.
c What kind of quadrilateral is PQRS? Why?
17 The distance between the points C(5, 1) and D(7, p) is 15 units. Show with the use of a
diagram that there are two possible values for p. Hence, find the possible co-ordinates of D.
The point that lies halfway between the two
end points of an interval is called the
midpoint of the interval.
To find the number that lies halfway
between two numbers, we add those
numbers and divide by 2. That is, we take
their average. In the midpoint of an interval:
the x-value lies halfway between the
x-values of the two end points,
i.e. x = .
the y-value lies halfway between the
y-values of the two end points,
i.e. y = .
For example, in this diagram, the x-value
halfway between x = 2 and x = 10 is
x = , i.e. x = 6.
The y-value halfway between y = 1 and
y = 7 is y = , i.e. y = 4.
The midpoint of A(2, 1) and B(10, 7) is
M(6, 4).
14.2 The midpoint of an interval
y
x
0
B(x
2
, y
2
)
A(x
1
, y
1
)
M
y
2
y
1
x
1
x
2
y
1
+ y
2
2
x
1
+ x
2
2
x
1
x
2
+
2
----------------
y
1
y
2
+
2
----------------
y
x
0
B(10, 7)
A(2, 1)
M(6, 4)
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1
2 10 +
2
---------------
1 7 +
2
------------
The midpoint M(x, y) of the interval AB where A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) is given by:
M(x, y) =
x
1
x
2
+
2
-----------------
y
1
y
2
+
2
----------------- ,

Example 2
Find the co-ordinates of R if Q is the midpoint of PR and P(5, 2), Q(1, 5).
Solution
1 Find the co-ordinates of the midpoint of the interval joining each pair of points.
a (0, 5) and (2, 9) b (1, 6) and (5, 8) c (4, 11) and (10, 17)
d (7, 3) and (7, 13) e (2, 3) and (2, 5) f (1, 2) and (5, 6)
g (4, 1) and (12, 7) h (6, 3) and (8, 11) i (2, 9) and (10, 1)
j (2, 0) and (8, 2) k (5, 4) and (5, 4) l (12, 2) and (8, 4)
m (1, 1) and (1, 13) n (7, 4) and (9, 14) o (2, 6) and (6, 2)
p (15, 8) and (9, 4) q (0, 5) and (14, 11) r (3, 13) and (19, 7)
Example 1
Find the co-ordinates of M,
the midpoint of the interval
joining A(3, 2) and B(7, 6).
Solution
Let A(3, 2) be (x
1
, y
1
) and B(7, 6) be (x
2
, y
2
).
x
1
= 3, y
1
= 2, x
2
= 7 and y
2
= 6
M(x, y) =
=
= (2, 4)
i The x-value of Q is equal to the average
of the x-values of P and R.
= 1
= 1
2 2
x 5 = 2
+5 +5
x = 7
ii The y-value of Q is equal to the average
of the y-values of P and R.
= 5
2 2
y + 2 = 10
2 2
y = 8
The co-ordinates of R are (7, 8).
E
G
+
S
x
1
x
2
+
2
----------------
y
1
y
2
+
2
---------------- ,

3 7 +
2
----------------
2 6 +
2
------------ ,

E
G
+
S
y
x
0
R(x, y)
Q(1, 5)
P(5, 2)
x 5 ( ) +
2
--------------------
x 5
2
-----------
y 2 +
2
------------
Exercise 14.2
2 Find the co-ordinates of M, the midpoint of the interval LN with:
a L(1, 3), N(2, 5) b L(4, 0), N(7, 3) c L(6, 7), N(1, 10)
d L(8, 3), N(3, 1) e L(2, 5), N(3, 3) f L(9, 8), N(2, 13)
g L(0, 1), N(9, 10) h L(4, 3), N(4, 2) i L(2, 11), N(13, 6)
Consolidation
3 Find the co-ordinates of B, given that M is the midpoint of AB.
a b c
d e f
4 a Find the co-ordinates of D where E(3, 1), F(7, 5) and D the midpoint of EF.
b Find the co-ordinates of D where E(1, 4), F(8, 1) and E the midpoint of DF.
5 a The points P, Q, R, S, T are equidistant. Find the
co-ordinates of Q, R and S given P(4, 2) and
T(8, 10).
b The points A, B, C, D, E are equidistant. Find the
co-ordinates of C, A and E.
M(3, 7)
B(x, y)
A(1, 3)
y
x
0
M(2, 4)
B(x, y)
A(1, 6)
y
x
0
M(2, 1)
B(x, y)
A(3, 5)
y
x
0
M
B(x, y)
A(6, 3)
y
x
0
2
M
B(x, y)
A(7, 3)
y
x
0
M(1, 4)
B(x, y)
A(3, 8) y
x
0
Q
R
S
T
P
y
x
0
D
10
14
E
C
B
A
y
x 0
6 The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are A(7, 0), B(3, 0), C(7, 2) and D(3, 2).
a Find the midpoint of AC.
b Find the midpoint of BD.
c What kind of quadrilateral is ABCD? Why?
7 The intervals PQ and RS bisect each other at T.
a Find the co-ordinates of T.
b Find the co-ordinates of S.
c What type of quadrilateral is PRQS? Why?
8 The vertices of TUV are T(9, 4), U(1, 2) and V(7, 4). The midpoints of TU and UV are
P and Q respectively.
a Find the co-ordinates of P and Q.
b Show that the line joining these midpoints is half the length of the third side of the
triangle.
9 The midpoint of an interval is (1, 4). What could the co-ordinates of the end points be?
10 A median is a line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side.
The vertices of XYZ are X(1, 5), Y(5, 3) and Z(7, 4).
a Find the co-ordinates of W, the midpoint of XY.
b Find the length of the median ZW.
11 The end points of the diameter of a circle are (2, 2) and (8, 10).
a Find the co-ordinates of the centre of the circle.
b Find the length of the radius.
12 A circle with centre C(4, 1) passes through the point P(9, 13). Find the co-ordinates of Q,
the other end point of the diameter PQ.
13 Find the co-ordinates of V, the midpoint of the interval joining the points:
a U(2a, 3b) and W(6a, 9b) b U(a, 10b) and W(7a, 0)
c U(3a, 11b) and W(5a, 3b)
14 In each of the following, form an equation and solve it to find the values of the pronumerals,
given that M is the midpoint of the interval EF.
a E(1, 7), M(p + 3, 2q), F(11, 17) b E(m 4, n + 2), M(1, 6), F(3, 1)
c E(9, 7), M( , 4), F(5, 2b 11)
Q
(11, 9) T
S
R
(4, 13)
P
(7, 1)
y
x
0
2a
3
------
Gradient
The gradient or slope of a line is a measure of how steep it is. In exercise 11.4 we defined the
gradient of a line as the vertical rise divided by the horizontal run. Gradient is represented by
the pronumeral m.
The definition above can be used to derive a formula for the gradient of a line that passes
through the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
). This formula can then be used to calculate the gradient
of a line without the need to draw a diagram.
If a line slopes to the right, its gradient is
positive.
If a line slopes to the left, its gradient is
negative.
The gradient of a horizontal line is 0. The gradient of a vertical line is undefined.
14.3 The gradient formula
Gradient (m) =
vertical rise
horizontal run
------------------------------------- Vertical
rise
Horizontal run
m 0
m 0
m = 0 m =
The gradient of the line that passes through the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
)
is given by:
m =
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
-----------------
Proof:
Consider the line l, which passes through the points A(x
1
, y
1
) and B(x
2
, y
2
) and has gradient m.
Construct ABC on the interval AB such that AC is perpendicular to BC.
Now, the length of AC is (x
2
x
1
) units, and the length of BC is (y
2
y
1
) units.
By definition, m =
m =
m =
NOTE:
When the denition m = was used to nd the gradient of a line, we had to consider
whether the gradient was positive or negative according to whether the line sloped to the
right or to the left. When the gradient formula m = is used, this is not necessary as
the correct sign is determined automatically by the algebra.
Any two points on a line can be used to nd the gradient.
Angle of inclination
The gradient of a line is related to the tangent ratio in trigonometry. In fact, the gradient of a
line can be calculated by finding the tangent of the angle at which the line is inclined to the
positive direction of the x-axis.
y
x
l
0
B(x
2
, y
2
)
C A
(x
1
, y
1
)
y
2
y
1
x
1
(y
2
y
1
)
(x
2
x
1
)
x
2
vertical rise
horizontal run
---------------------------------
BC
AC
--------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
rise
run
--------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
If a line l is inclined to the positive direction of the x-axis at an angle , then its
gradient is given by:
m = tan
Proof:
Consider the line l with equation y = mx + b, which
makes an angle with the x-axis as shown.
Choose P(x
1
, y
1
) on the x-axis for convenience and
Q(x
2
, y
2
) as any other point on the line. The co-ordinates
of R are then (x
2
, y
1
).
Now, the length of PR is (x
2
x
1
) units and the length
of QR is (y
2
y
1
) units.
By trigonometry in PQR, tan =
=
=
tan = m
PQ
That is, the gradient of the line is equal to the tangent of the angle of inclination to the x-axis.
Example 1
Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points:
a C(3, 2) and D(11, 8) b U(4, 6) and V(1, 4)
Solutions
Example 2
a Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the gradient of a line which meets the x-axis at an angle
of 58.
b Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle of inclination to the x-axis of a line whose
gradient is .
a Let C(3, 2) be (x
1
, y
1
)
and D(11, 8) be (x
2
, y
2
).
x
1
= 3, y
1
= 2, x
2
= 11 and y
2
= 8
m =
=
=
=
b Let U(4, 6) be (x
1
, y
1
)
and V(1, 4) be (x
2
, y
2
).
x
1
= 4, y
1
= 6, x
2
= 1 and y
2
= 4
m =
=
=
= 2
y
x
l
0
P(x
1
, y
1
) R(x
2
, y
1
)
Q(x
2
, y
2
)
y

=

m
x
+
b
y
2
y
1
(y
2
y
1
)
(x
2
x
1
)
x
2
x
1
opposite
adjacent
--------------------
QR
PR
--------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
E
G
+
S
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
8 2
11 3
---------------
6
8
---
3
4
---
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
4 6 ( )
1 4
--------------------
10
5
------
E
G
+
S
3
7
---
Solutions
1 Find the gradient of each line, using m = .
a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
2 Find the gradient of the line which passes through the given points, using m = .
a (1, 3) and (5, 7) b (6, 2) and (12, 5) c (1, 1) and (2, 6)
d (4, 3) and (0, 6) e (1, 3) and (1, 3) f (4, 2) and (4, 3)
g (3, 5) and (7, 11) h (4, 0) and (8, 2) i (4, 6) and (1, 2)
j (2, 4) and (6, 10) k (2, 7) and (11, 13) l (7, 5) and (1, 3)
m (2, 3) and (5, 4) n (3, 7) and (4, 2) o (1, 2) and (7, 3)
p (5, 3) and (2, 11) q (7, 6) and (3, 14) r (0, 2) and (5, 2)
a m = tan
m = tan 58
1.6
b m = tan
= tan
= tan
1
23
3
7
---
3
7
---

Exercise 14.3
rise
run
--------
6
3
y
x
0
12
4
y
x
0
8
2
y
x
0
1
6
y
x
0
7
3
y
x
0
9
15
y
x
0
(6, 5)
y
x
0
2
(1, 5)
y
x
0
3
(4, 7)
y
x
0
(4, 2)
(2, 1)
y
x
0
(9, 4)
2
y
x
0
(5, 7)
(4, 5)
y
x
0
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
Consolidation
3 A straight line passes through the points A(1, 6), B(0, 4) and C(1, 2). Find the gradient
of the line using the points:
a A and B b B and C c C and A
4 The gradient of a line passing through the points:
a (1, 2) and (k, 10) is 2. Find the value of k.
b (14, 5) and (11, t) is 4. Find the value of t.
c (6, c) and (24, 25) is Find the value of c.
5 If P is the midpoint of K(1, 2) and L(5, 8) and Q is the midpoint of M(4, 6) and N(10, 20),
find the gradient of the line passing through the points P and Q.
6 ABCD is a rectangle with A(2, 3) and C(4, 1). Find:
a the co-ordinates of B and D
b the slope of each diagonal
7 V(3, 6) is the midpoint of U(2, 4) and W(x, y). Find the co-ordinates of W and the gradient
of the line that passes through W and T(6, 3).
8 Consider the points F(2, 3), G(0, 7) and H(3, 13).
a Find the gradient of FG.
b Find the gradient of GH.
c What can you say about F, G and H?
9 The lines x = 2 and y = 9 intersect at R while the lines x = 1 and y = 3 intersect at S. Find
the gradient of the line RS.
10 a Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points (1, 2) and (3, 2). What can
you say about the line?
b Find the gradient of the line that passes through the points (5, 1) and (5, 7). What can
you say about the line?
11 ABCD is a parallelogram with vertices as
shown.
a Find the gradient of AB and DC.
b Find the gradient of AD and BC.
c Copy and complete this statement:
Parallel lines have the same _________.
3
5
---.
y
x
A
D
B
C
0
y
x
C(2, 5)
B(5, 10)
A(1, 6)
D(4, 1)
0
12 The vertices of LMN are L(2, 1), M(4, 9) and N(6, 7). The midpoints of LM and LN are
P and Q respectively. Show that the line passing through the points P and Q is parallel to
MN.
13 Find, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary, the gradient of a line that meets the x-axis
at an angle of:
a 10 b 20 c 25 d 30 e 37
f 45 g 51 h 60 i 75 j 89
14 What happens to the gradient of a line as the angle of inclination increases?
15 Find, correct to the nearest degree, the angle of inclination to the x-axis of the line whose
gradient is:
a b c d e
f 1 g 2 h 3.4 i 7.8 j 25
In exercise 11.5 we saw that the equation of a straight line can be written as y = mx + b, where
m is the gradient and b is the y-intercept. When the equation is written in this way, it is said to
be in the gradientintercept form. In some questions, however, it is easier to write the
equation as ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers and a 0. When the equation is written
in this way it is said to be in the general form.
NOTE: If the equation of a line is written in the general form, we must rewrite it in the gradient
intercept form to find the gradient.
1
10
------
1
5
---
1
4
---
1
3
---
1
2
---
A line with no integer co-ordinates
The straight line with equation 2x + 6y = 7 does not pass through any points on
the number plane in which both the x- and y-values are integers. Why is this?
TRY THIS
General form of the equation
of a line
14.4
The equation of a straight line in general form is:
ax + by + c = 0, where a, b and c are integers and a > 0.
Example 1
a Express the equation 3x 2y + 10 = 0 in the gradientintercept form.
b Find the gradient and y-intercept.
Solutions
Example 2
Express each equation in the general form.
a y = 4x 9 b y = 7
Solutions
Example 3
Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line 2x + 3y 12 = 0, then sketch the line.
Solution
iii
a 3x 2y + 10 = 0
+2y +2y
3x + 10 = 2y
2 2
y = + 5
b The equation y = + 5 is in the form
y = mx + b, where m is the gradient and
b is the y-intercept.
m = and b = 5.
a y = 4x 9
y y
0 = 4x y 9
i.e. 4x y 9 = 0
b y = 7
2 2
2y = x 14
2y 2y
0 = x 2y 14
i.e. x 2y 14 = 0
i To find the x-intercept, let y = 0.
2x + 3(0) 12 = 0
2x 12 = 0
+12 +12
2x = 12
2 2
x = 6
ii To find the y-intercept, let x = 0.
2(0) + 3y 12 = 0
3y 12 = 0
+12 +12
3y = 12
3 3
y = 4
E
G
+
S
3
2
--- x
3
2
--- x
3
2
---
E
G
+
S
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
E
G
+
S
y
x
0
6
4
2
2
2 2 4 6
1 Write down the gradient and y-intercept of each line.
a y = 3x + 2 b y = 5x 1 c y = 4x + 3
d y = 6 5x e y = 2x 4 f y = 7x
g y = x h y = 8 x i y = + 9
j y = 2 k y = 6 l y =
2 Write each of these equations in the general form.
a y = x + 6 b y = 4x + 1 c y = 3x 2
d y = 5 x e y = x + 3 f y = 2x 6
g y = x h y = 5x i x + y = 1
j x y = 3 k 4x + y = 7 l 7x y = 12
m x + 2y = 5 n 3x + 4y = 8 o x = 3y + 10
p 3x = 2y + 6 q y = r y =
s y = + 4 t y = 3 u y = 1
v y = 7 w y = 5 x y = 2
3 Write each equation in the gradientintercept form.
a x y + 2 = 0 b x y 4 = 0 c 2x y + 1 = 0
d x + y + 5 = 0 e x + y 1 = 0 f 3x + y 7 = 0
g 2x y 9 = 0 h 4x + y + 6 = 0 i 5x y + 2 = 0
j x 2y + 6 = 0 k x + 3y 12 = 0 l x + 2y = 0
m 4x + 4y 3 = 0 n 6x 3y + 1 = 0 o 3x 7y = 0
p 2x 3y + 3 = 0 q 3x 2y + 8 = 0 r 5x + 6y 12 = 0
s 3x 4y + 5 = 0 t 2x + 7y 1 = 0 u x 8y 10 = 0
v x 9y 6 = 0 w 3x + 5y 10 = 0 x 4x + 6y + 6 = 0
Consolidation
4 By substitution into the equation y = mx + b, find the value of b and hence write down the
equation of the line that passes through the point A with gradient m. Give each equation in
the general form.
a A(2, 7) m = 3 b A(4, 1) m = 2 c A(5, 3) m = 1
d A(1, 6) m = 4 e A(8, 0) m = f A(12, 5) m =
5 A straight line passes through the point (1, 4) with a gradient of 2.
a Find the equation of the line in the form y = mx + b.
b Express this equation in the general form.
c Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line.
d Draw a neat sketch of the line, showing the intercepts with the axes.
Exercise 14.4
1
2
--- x
3
4
--- x
2
3
--- x
3
5
---
1
7
--- x
1
3
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
5
--- x
2
3
--- x
1
2
--- x
3
4
--- x
5
6
--- x
1
2
---
2
3
---
6 Which line is steeper, 2x 3y + 7 = 0 or 3x 4y 2 = 0? Why?
7 Match each of these equations with one of the graphs below.
a y = 3x 7 b y = 7 3x c y = 3x 7 d y = 3x + 7
A B C D
8 Match each of these equations with one of the graphs below.
a 6x y 2 = 0 b 6x y + 2 = 0 c 6x + y + 2 = 0 d 6x + y 2 = 0
A B C D
9 Find the equation of each line in the general form.
a b c
d e f
10 a Find the gradient of this line.
b Find the equation of the line, giving your answer in the
general form.
11 A straight line cuts the y-axis at 3 and passes through the point (7, 2).
a Find the gradient of the line.
b Find the equation of the line in the general form.
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
x
0
y
0
y
x
0
2
1
y
x 0 4
12
y
x
0
8
2
y
x
0
1
2
y
x
0
3
2
6
8
y
x
0
y
x
0
5
(3, 9)
12 a Express the equation 2x + y 4 = 0 in the gradientintercept form, then sketch the line.
b Determine whether the point (15, 26) lies on the line.
13 The point (2, 4) lies on the line kx 4y 22 = 0. Find the value of k and hence find the
gradient of the line.
14 Find, by inspection, the equation of the line that passes through all of the points in each
table. Give the equations in the general form.
15 Find the gradient and y-intercept of the line that passes through each pair of points. Hence,
find the equation of each line, giving your answers in the general form.
a (1, 7) and (3, 11) b (1, 4) and (2, 1) c (6, 11) and (2, 9)
16 Find, in the general form, the equation of the line that passes through the origin and the
midpoint of (1, 13) and (11, 5).
17 a Show that tan 34 and tan 37 .
b Hence, find the equation of each line below in the general form.
i ii
18 Find the angle at which each line is inclined to the x-axis, correct to the nearest degree.
a x 2y + 6 = 0 b 2x 5y 20 = 0 c 4x 3y + 21 = 0
a x 0 1 2 3 b x 0 1 2 3
y 5 6 7 8 y 3 2 1 0
c x 0 1 2 3 d x 3 4 5 6
y 0 4 8 12 y 9 11 13 15
e x 0 1 2 3 f x 0 1 2 3
y 1 2 5 8 y 8 7 6 5
g x 0 2 4 6 h x 0 3 6 9
y 0 1 2 3 y 2 4 6 8
2
3
---
3
4
---
y
x
0
7
34
y
x 0
37
There are an infinite number of lines that pass
through any given point. What distinguishes
between these lines, however, is that each has a
different gradient. The equation of any straight
line can therefore be specified exactly if we know
the gradient of the line and the co-ordinates of
one point through which it passes. There are two
standard methods that can be used to find the
equation.
The gradientintercept form of the equation
The given point and gradient can be used to find the y-intercept of the line so that its equation
can then be found.
The pointgradient formula
The pointgradient formula can be used to find the equation of a line without first having to
find the y-intercept.
Proof:
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line l which has gradient
m and passes through the fixed point Q(x
1
, y
1
).
Using the gradient formula, m =
This can be re-written as y y
1
= m(x x
1
).
The equation of a line given
the gradient and a point
14.5
y
x
m = 1
m = 2
(2, 3)
m =
1
4
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5
4
3
2
1
1
m =
1
2
To find the equation of the line that passes through the point (x
1
, y
1
) with gradient m:
substitute the point and gradient into the equation y = mx + b to find the value of b
rewrite the equation y = mx + b using the values for m and b.
The equation of the straight line that passes through the point (x
1
, y
1
) with gradient
m is given by:
y y
1
= m(x x
1
).
Q(x
1
, y
1
)
y y
1
x x
1
P(x, y)
l
y
x
0
y y
1
x x
1
--------------
Example 1
By substituting into the equation y = mx + b, find the equation of the line that has a gradient
of 4 and passes through the point (2, 7).
Solution
Substituting x = 2, y = 7, m = 4 into y = mx + b gives 7 = 4(2) + b
7 = 8 + b
b = 15
The equation of the line is y = 4x + 15.
1 By substituting into y = mx + b, find the equation of the line that passes through the given
point with the given gradient. Give the answers for eh in the general form.
a (1, 5), m = 2 b (2, 4), m = 3 c (1, 7), m = 1 d (5, 4), m = 2
e (6, 0), m = f (4, 3), m = g (12, 5), m = h (8, 9), m =
2 Use the pointgradient formula to find the equation of the line that passes through the given
point with the given gradient. Give your answers in the gradientintercept form.
a (3, 5), m = 1 b (1, 2), m = 3 c (3, 4), m = 2
d (2, 0), m = 6 e (4, 2), m = 1 f (0, 7) m = 4
g (5, 6), m = 3 h (1, 4), m = 2 i , m = 2
j , m = 8 k , m = 6 l , m = 0
Example 2
Use the pointgradient
formula to find the equation
of the line that has a gradient
of 3 and passes through the
point (2, 4).
Solution
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 4 = 3(x 2)
y + 4 = 3x + 6
y = 3x + 2
Example 3
Use the pointgradient
formula to find the equation
of the line that has a gradient
of and passes through the
point (5, 1). Give your
answer in the general form.
Solution
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
y 1 = (x 5)
3 3
3y 3 = 2(x 5)
3y 3 = 2x 10
2x 3y 7 = 0
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
2
3
---
2
3
---
Exercise 14.5
1
3
---
1
2
---
2
3
---
3
4
---
1
2
--- 7 ,

3
4
--- 5 ,

2
3
--- 9 ,

4
7
--- 1 ,

Consolidation
3 Use the pointgradient formula to find, in the general form, the equation of the line which
has a gradient of:
a and passes through (3, 4) b and passes through (5, 2)
c and passes through (1, 2) d and passes through (3, 7)
e and cuts the x-axis at 4 f and cuts the y-axis at 2
4 The point (7, 6) lies on a line whose gradient is 3. Find the equation of the line.
5 a Find the equation of the line which passes through (4, 9) and has a gradient of 2.
b Does the point (8, 15) lie on this line ?
6 Find the equation of the line which has a gradient of and passes through the midpoint of
(2, 6) and (4, 10). Give your answer in the general form.
7 a A circle with centre C(5, 10) has a diameter with end points B(1, 14) and D(x, y).
Find the co-ordinates of D.
b Find, in the general form, the equation of the line passing through D that has a slope
of
8 Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line that passes through the point (6, 8) and has a
gradient of 4.
9 a Find the co-ordinates of E, the x-intercept of the line with equation 2x + y + 10 = 0.
b Hence, find the equation of the line passing through E which has a gradient of .
Give your answer in the general form.
10 a Find the co-ordinates of G, the point of intersection of the lines 2x + 3y = 10 and
5x + 2y = 3.
b Hence, find the equation of the line with a gradient of 5 which passes through G.
Give your answer in the gradientintercept form.
11 a Find the value of tan 45.
b Hence, find the equation of the line that is inclined to the x-axis at an angle of 45 and
passes through (2, 11). Give your answer in the gradientintercept form.
1
2
---
2
3
---
1
3
---
3
4
---
1
5
--- 1
5
6
---
1
4
---
3
5
---.
2
7
---
12 a Show that tan 3652 is approximately equal to
b Hence, find in the general form, the equation of the line that passes through (3, 1) and
is inclined to the x-axis at an angle of 3652.
There is only one straight line that can be drawn through any two points on a plane surface.
If we know the co-ordinates of two points that lie on a line, then we can find its equation.
In the previous chapter, we found the equation of a line given two points, using simultaneous
equations. This involved substituting each pair of co-ordinates into the equation y = mx + b,
giving two equations in terms of m and b. These equations were then solved simultaneously to
find m and b and thus the equation of the line. In this exercise, we will look at the two standard
methods for finding the equation of a line given two points.
The gradient and pointgradient formulae
The equation of the line can be determined using the gradient and pointgradient formulae that
have already been covered.
The two-point formula
The two-point formula is simply another version of the pointgradient formula. It combines the
two steps above into a single formula.
3
4
--- .
The equation of a line given
two points
14.6
To find the equation of the line that passes through the points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
):
find the gradient of the line using the gradient formula m =
substitute the gradient and one point into the pointgradient formula
y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
give the equation in the required form.
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
-----------------
The equation of the straight line that passes through the points (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
) is
given by:
=
y y
1
x x
1
--------------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
-----------------
Proof:
Let P(x, y) be any point on the line l which also passes
through the points Q(x
1
, y
1
) and R(x
2
, y
2
).
Now, m
PQ
= and m
QR
=
But, the points P, Q, and R are collinear, m
PQ
= m
QR
.
=
Example 1
Find the gradient of the line
that passes through the
points (3, 1) and (5, 9).
Hence, find the equation of
the line.
Solution
Let (3, 1) be (x
1
, y
1
) and (5, 9) be (x
2
, y
2
).
i m = ii y y
1
= m(x x
1
)
= y 1 = 4(x 3)
= y 1 = 4x 12
= 4 y = 4x 11
Example 2
Use the two-point formula
to find the equation of the
line that passes through the
points (2, 5) and (4, 1).
Solution
Let (2, 5) be (x
1
, y
1
) and (4, 1) be (x
2
, y
2
).
=
=
=
= 1
y 5 = 1(x + 2)
y 5 = x 2
y = x + 3
Q(x
1
, y
1
)
y y
1
y
2
y
1
x x
1
x
2
x
1
P(x, y)
R(x
2
, y
2
)
l
y
x
0
y
2
y
1
y
x
1
x x
2
y y
1
x x
1
--------------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
y y
1
x x
1
--------------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
E
G
+
S
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
9 1
5 3
------------
8
2
---
E
G
+
S
y y
1
x x
1
--------------
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
y 5
x 2 ( )
-------------------
1 5
4 2 ( )
--------------------
y 5
x 2 +
------------
6
6
------
y 5
x 2 +
------------
i find the gradient of the line that passes through the given points
ii find the equation of the line by substituting the gradient and one point into
y = mx + b.
a (2, 5) and (6, 9) b (1, 4) and (2, 13) c (10, 3) and (2, 1)
i find the gradient of the line that passes through the given points
ii find the equation of the line by substituting the gradient and one point into
y y
1
= m(x x
1
).
a (1, 7) and (2, 10) b (1, 6) and (3, 14) c (3, 11) and (7, 19)
3 Use the two-point formula to find the equation of the line that passes through each pair of
points. Give your answers in the general form for gl.
a (3, 5) and (6, 8) b (1, 3) and (3, 11) c (1, 5) and (2, 4)
d (3, 4) and (1, 0) e (0, 3) and (1, 2) f (1, 9) and (3, 1)
g (3, 1) and (5, 2) h (1, 5) and (2, 3) i (8, 4) and (6, 5)
j (5, 16) and (3, 10) k (8, 9) and (4, 0) l (3, 1) and (6, 14)
Consolidation
4 Find the equation of the line that passes through P(7, 20) and Q, the midpoint of R(3, 5)
and S(5, 11).
5 a Determine, in the general form, the equation of the line that passes through the points
L(3, 12) and M(9, 20).
b Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line.
6 a Find the equation of the line passing through the points A(3, 3) and B(5, 13).
b Show that C(2, 1) lies on the line AB.
c What can you thus say about the points A, B and C?
7 Show that the points X(4, 2), Y(10, 7) and Z are collinear.
8 Find the value of t given that the points U(2, 7), V(1, 11) and W are collinear.
9 a Find the co-ordinates of E, the point of intersection of the lines y = 2x 3 and 4x y = 5.
b Hence, find the equation of the line that passes through E and the point F(1, 9).
Exercise 14.6
3 3
1
2
--- ,

2
3
--- t ,

10 Find, in the general form, the equation of the line that passes through the points S
and T
11 Consider the points A(5, 20), B(3, 4), C(3, 5) and D(5, 9). Find the co-ordinates of P,
the point of intersection of the lines AB and CD.
Proof:
Let l
1
and l
2
be parallel lines.
Now, m
1
=
m
1
= tan ABC
and m
2
=
m
2
= tan DEF
But, ABC = DEF (corresponding angles, l
1
|| l
2
)
tan ABC = tan DEF
m
1
= m
2
That is, if two lines are parallel, then their gradients are
equal.
1
4
--- 3 ,

1
3
4
--- 1
1
2
--- ,

Car hire
The cost of renting cars at two hiring companies is $70 per
day or $30 per day plus $0.50 per kilometre. Write each
cost as an equation and draw graphs to decide which option
is the best.
14.7 Parallel lines
If the line l
1
has gradient m
1
and the line l
2
has gradient m
2
, then the lines l
1
and
l
2
are parallel if:
m
1
= m
2
y
x
0
C
A
F
E
B
l
1
l
2
D
AC
BC
--------
DF
EF
--------
TRY THIS
Example 1
Find the equation of the line that is parallel to y = 2x + 5 and cuts the y-axis at 1.
Solution
Let the line y = 2x + 5 be of the form y = m
1
x + b
1
and
the line parallel to this be of the form y = m
2
x + b
2
.
The line y = 2x + 5 has gradient, m
1
= 2, so the
parallel line has gradient m
2
= 2, as m
1
= m
2
for
parallel lines.
If the parallel line cuts the y-axis at 1, then b
2
= 1.
The equation of the parallel line is y = 2x + 1.
Example 3
Show, by considering gradients, that the lines y = 3x, y = 4 2x, y = 3x 5 and y = 2x 1
enclose a parallelogram.
Solution
For the line y = 3x, m
1
= 3 For the line y = 4 2x, m
2
= 2
For the line y = 3x 5, m
3
= 3 For the line y = 2x 1, m
4
= 2
Now, m
1
= m
3
y = 3x is parallel to y = 3x 5
Also, m
2
= m
4
y = 4 2x is parallel to y = 2x 1
The figure is a parallelogram (two pairs of opposite sides are parallel).
Example 2
Find the equation of the
line which is parallel to
5x y + 7 = 0 and passes
through (2, 4).
Solution
i In order to find the gradient of the
given line, we need to re-arrange
the equation into the form
y = mx + b.
5x y + 7 = 0
y = 5x + 7
ii The line 5x y + 7 = 0 has gradient
m
1
= 5, so the line parallel to this
has gradient m
2
= 5, as m
1
= m
2
for
parallel lines. We now use the
pointgradient formula to find the
equation of the line through the
point (2, 4) with gradient 5.
y 4 = 5(x 2)
y 4 = 5x 10
y = 5x 6
E
G
+
S
y
x
0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
y

=

2
x
+

1
y

=

2
x
+

5
E
G
+
S
E
G
+
S
1 Write down the equation of the line that is parallel to:
a the x-axis and passes through P(4, 3) b the y-axis and passes through L(1, 6)
c the x-axis and passes through T(7, 9) d the y-axis and passes through C(5, 2)
e the line x = 3 and passes through J(2, 8)
f the line y = 4 and passes through R(10, 1)
g the line y = 2 and passes through Z(6, 2)
h the line x = 6 and passes through S(9, 4)
2 State whether or not these lines are parallel.
a y = 4x + 9 and y = 4x + 7 b y = 3x + 5 and y = 5x + 3
c y = 6 2x and y = 2x + 1 d y = 3x and y = 3x + 7
e y = x + 7 and y = x 2 f y = x 4 and y = 5 x
g y = 5 7x and y = 5 + 7x h y = 2x + 7 and y = 4 + 2x
i y = 4 and y = 6 + j y = + 5 and y = 2 +
3 Choose the parallel lines from each set.
a y = 3x 2, y = 4 3x, y = 3x + 10 b y = 2 x, y = x, y = x + 2
4 Find the equation of the line that is parallel to:
a y = 2x + 5 and cuts the y-axis at 1 b y = 4x 1 and cuts the y-axis at 3
c y = 3x and has a y-intercept of 6 d y = x and has a y-intercept of 4
e y = + 4 and meets the y-axis at 2 f y = 7 and passes through the origin
5 Consider the line with equation y = x 2. What would be the equation of this line if it was
shifted:
a up by 5 units? b down by 1 unit? c up by 9 units? d down by 4 units?
Consolidation
6 Express each equation in the gradientintercept form, then determine whether the lines are
parallel.
a 2x + y 8 = 0 and y = 2x + 1 b 3x + y + 7 = 0 and 3x + y 1 = 0
c x + 4y 4 = 0 and y = 5 4x d 5x = 2y 6 and 5x 2y + 9 = 0
e y = 2x 3 and 6x 3y + 7 = 0 f y = 2 and 3x 4y = 10
7 Find, in the general form, the equation of the line that is parallel to:
a y = x 2 and passes through P(2, 5) b y = 4x + 1 and passes through Q(1, 3)
c y = 2 and passes through C(3, 4) d y = 6 + and passes through S(2, 0)
e 2x + 3y 15 = 10 and passes through T(4, 1)
f 3x 8y = 32 and passes through L(3, 2)
Exercise 14.7
2
3
--- x
3
2
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
2
--- x
4
3
--- x
3
4
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
5
--- x
8 A(5, 8), B(3, 1), C(4, 3) and D(2, 4) are four points.
a Find the gradient of:
i AB ii BC iii CD iv DA
b Which lines are parallel?
c What kind of quadrilateral is ABCD? Why?
9 Show by considering gradients that the lines l
1
: 3x 2y + 8 = 0, l
2
: x 4y 3 = 0,
l
3
: 6x 4y 5 = 0 and l
4
: 3x 12y + 1 = 0 enclose a parallelogram.
10 EFGH is a quadrilateral with vertices E(1, 5), F(6, 7), G(8, 3), H(2, 1).
a Find the gradient of each side.
b What kind of quadrilateral is EFGH? Why?
11 a Write down the equation of the line l which is parallel to y = 4 3x and cuts the y-axis
at 6.
b Show that l passes through the point P(4, 6).
12 Find the equation of the line that:
a cuts the y-axis at 2 and is parallel to the line joining the points L(1, 4) and M(5, 7)
b passes through the origin and is parallel to the line that passes through the points
X(2, 3) and Y(5, 6).
13 a Find the co-ordinates of G, the point where the line 3x + 4y + 24 = 0 cuts the y-axis.
b Find the equation of the line that passes through G and is parallel to y = x.
14 A is the midpoint of PQ with P(3, 1) and Q(7, 5). B is the midpoint of RS with
R(10, 4) and S(2, 2). Find the equation of the line that is parallel to AB and cuts the
y-axis at 13.
15 Find the gradient of each line and hence determine the value of k given that:
a y = 2kx 9 is parallel to y = 1 10x
b y = 5x + 7 and kx 3y + 1 = 0 are parallel lines
c 4x ky + 8 = 0 is parallel to 2x 3y 12 = 0
16 This question outlines an alternate method for finding the equation of a line that passes
through a given point and is parallel to a given line. It is often referred to as the k-method
for parallel lines.
a Show that the lines ax + by + c = 0 and ax + by + k = 0 are parallel.
b Write down the equation of the line l with constant term k that is parallel to
3x + 2y + 8 = 0.
c If l passes through (1, 4), find the value of k.
d Hence, find in the general form the equation of l, the line that is parallel to
3x + 2y + 8 = 0 and passes through (1, 4).
1
2
---
17 Use the k-method outlined in Q16 to find, in the general form, the equation of the line which
passes through the point:
a (2, 1) and is parallel to the line x 3y + 6 = 0
b (3, 4) and is parallel to the line 2x + y 5 = 0
c (5, 2) and is parallel to the line 3x + 7y + 9 = 0
d (1, 7) and is parallel to the line 5x 4y 11 = 0
Proof:
Consider the perpendicular lines l
1
and l
2
which intersect at
the origin. Construct POQ as shown, with OQ = a units
and PQ = b units. Rotate this triangle 90 anticlockwise
about O to produce the image POQ in which P lies on
the line l
2
, OQ = a units and PQ = b units.
Let m
1
be the gradient of the line l
1
and m
2
be the gradient
of the line l
2
.
Now, m
1
= and m
2
= .
(NOTE: m
2
is negative because the line l
2
leans to the left.)
Now, m
1
m
2
=
= 1
If two lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is 1.
Temperature rising
Wendy has three thermometers with different linear scales (T
1
, T
2
, T
3
). When T
1
reads 18 and 34, T
2
reads 20 and 38, respectively. When T
2
reads 24 and
32, T
3
reads 46 snd 64. If the temperature on T
1
s scale rises 14, how many
degrees does it rise on T
3
s scale?
14.8 Perpendicular lines
If the line l
1
has gradient m
1
and the line l
2
has gradient m
2
, then the lines l
1
and l
2
are perpendicular if:
m
1
m
2
= 1
y
b
l
1
l
2
Q
P
Q
P
b
a
a
x
O
b
a
---
a
b
---
b
a
---
a
b
---
TRY THIS
Example 1
Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to y = 3x 2 and cuts the y-axis at 4.
Solution
Let the line y = 3x 2 be of the form y = m
1
x + b
1
and the
line perpendicular to this be of the form y = m
2
x + b
2
.
The line y = 3x 2 has gradient m
1
= 3, so the
perpendicular line has gradient m
2
= , since
3 = 1.
If the perpendicular line cuts the y-axis at 4, then b
2
= 4.
The equation of the perpendicular line is y = x + 4.
Example 3
Show by considering gradients that the lines y = 2x + 1, y = 5 x, y = 2x 4 and
y = x 3 enclose a rectangle.
Solution
For the line y = 2x + 1, m
1
= 2 For the line y = 5 m
2
=
For the line y = 2x 4, m
3
= 2 For the line y = 3, m
4
=
Now, m
1
m
2
= 2 = 1, y = 2x + 1 is perpendicular to y = 5
Similarly, m
2
m
3
= 1, y = 5 is perpendicular to y = 2x 4
m
3
m
4
= 1, y = 2x 4 is perpendicular to y = x 3
m
4
m
1
= 1, y = 3 is perpendicular to y = 2x + 1
The figure is a rectangle (all adjacent sides are perpendicular).
Example 2
Find the equation of the line
that is perpendicular to
y = + 2 and passes
through (1, 5).
Solution
i The line y = + 2 has gradient
m
1
= so any line perpendicular to it
has gradient m
2
= 4, as 4 = 1.
y 5 = 4(x + 1)
y 5 = 4x 4
y = 4x + 1
ii We now use the pointgradient
formula to find the equation of the
line through the point (1, 5) with
gradient 4.
E
G
+
S
y
y
=
3
x

2
x
0
4
2
y
=
1
x
+

4
3
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
3
---
E
G
+
S
1
4
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
4
---,
1
4
---
E
G
+
S
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
--- x,
1
2
---
1
2
--- x
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
2
---
1
2
--- x
1 Write down the equation of the line that is perpendicular to:
a the x-axis and passes through A(1, 3)
b the y-axis and passes through V(2, 5)
c the x-axis and passes through G(4, 1)
d the y-axis and passes through Z(7, 3)
2 State whether or not these lines are perpendicular.
a y = x + 3 and y = 2 x b y = 2x + 5 and y = + 1
c y = 3x + 2 and y = 4 3x d y = 5x and y = 3
e y = 4x 7 and y = + 6 f y = x + 2 and y = x 2
g y = + 8 and y = 3x + 1 h y = 5 7x and y = 2
i y = + 2 and y = 4 j y = and y = + 9
3 Choose the perpendicular lines from each set.
a y = 3x 6, y = 3x 1, y = 2 b y = 4, y = y = + 7
4 Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to:
a y = x + 4 and cuts the y-axis at 2 b y = 2x 1 and cuts the y-axis at 3
c y = + 2 and has a y-intercept of 1 d y = 4 and has a y-intercept of 8
e y = + 3 and meets the y-axis at 6 f y = 7 and meets the y-axis at 4
Consolidation
5 Express each equation in the gradientintercept form, then determine whether the lines are
perpendicular.
a y = + 3 and 2x + y + 4 = 0 b 3x y + 1 = 0 and x + 3y 12 = 0
c x + y + 4 = 0 and y = x d 5x = 6y 2 and 6y = 5x + 3
e y = 7 and 8x 6y + 11 = 0 f 4x 6y = 3 and 6x + 9y + 2 = 0
Exercise 14.8
1
2
--- x
1
5
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
3
--- x
1
7
--- x
2
3
--- x
2
3
--- x
5
4
--- x
4
5
--- x
1
3
--- x
2
5
--- x
5
2
--- x,
2
5
--- x
1
6
--- x
1
5
--- x
2
7
--- x
5
12
------ x
1
2
--- x
3
4
--- x
6 Find, in the general form, the equation of the line that is perpendicular to the line:
a y = x + 6 and passes through A(5, 2)
b y = 1 7x and passes through N(2, 3)
c y = 5 and passes through H(3, 4)
d y = + 4 and passes through K(1, 0)
e x 3y 1 = 0 and passes through C(2, 0)
f 4x + 2y 5 = 0 and passes through J(8, 9)
7 P(5, 11), Q(9, 5), R(3, 3) and S(7, 3) are four points.
a Find the gradient of:
i PQ ii QR iii RS iv SP
b Show that PQRS is a parallelogram.
c Is the figure a rectangle? Why?
8 Show by considering gradients that the lines 5x + 3y 2 = 0, 3x 5y + 1 = 0,
10x + 6y + 7 = 0 and 9x 15y 4 = 0 enclose a rectangle.
9 KLMN is a quadrilateral with vertices K(1, 2), L(4, 6), M(8, 3) and N(5, 1).
a Find the gradient of each side.
b Find the gradients of the diagonals.
c What kind of quadrilateral is KLMN? Why?
10 a Write down the equation of the line that is perpendicular to y = 5x 6 and cuts the
y-axis at 3.
b Show that this line passes through the point A(10, 1).
11 Find the equation of the line which:
a cuts the y-axis at 1 and is perpendicular to the line joining the points U(1, 13) and
V(4, 7)
b passes through the origin and is perpendicular to the line that passes through the points
E(2, 1) and F(4, 9).
12 a Find the co-ordinates of S, the point where the line 3x 2y + 14 = 0 cuts the y-axis.
b Hence, find the equation of the line that passes through S and is perpendicular to the
line 5x 4y 1 = 0.
13 Find the gradient of each line and, hence, determine the value(s) of k given that the line:
a y = (k 7)x + 1 is perpendicular to y = + 6
b y = 3 is perpendicular to 6x ky + 9 = 0
c kx + 4y 2 = 0 is perpendicular to kx 9y + 7 = 0
1
4
--- x
5
8
--- x
1
4
--- x
1
2
--- x
14 This question outlines an alternate method for finding the equation of a line that passes
through a given point and is perpendicular to a given line. It is often referred to as the
k-method for perpendicular lines.
a Show that the lines ax + by + c = 0 and bx ay + k = 0 are perpendicular.
b Write down the equation of the line l with constant term k that is perpendicular to
4x + 5y + 7 = 0.
c If l passes through (2, 3), find the value of k.
d Hence, find in the general form the equation of l, the line that is perpendicular to
4x + 5y + 7 = 0 and passes through (2, 3).
15 Use the k-method outlined in Q14 to find in the general form the equation of the line that
passes through the point:
a (4, 5) and is perpendicular to the line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0
b (7, 2) and is perpendicular to the line 4x y + 2 = 0
c (1, 8) and is perpendicular to the line 2x + 5y 8 = 0
d (6, 3) and is perpendicular to the line x 3y 12 = 0
When a linear equation is graphed on the number plane, the result is a straight line. When a
linear inequation is graphed, the result is a region or half-plane. A region is a set of points in
the number plane that have something in common. For example, one region is the set of all
points in which the x-values are greater than or equal to zero. It can be represented by shading
the area to the right of the y-axis. The region here includes the points that lie on the y-axis, as
well as those that lie in the shaded area.
The line which divides the number plane into two regions or half-planes is called the boundary
line. In the example above, the boundary line is the y-axis.
14.9 Regions in the number plane
y
x
1 2 3 0
1
2
3
3
2
1
3 2 1
When an inequation is graphed on a number line, a closed dot is used if we want to include a
particular number in the solution set, while an open dot is used if we want to exclude it.
Similarly, if we want to include the points that lie on the boundary line in our region, we draw
the boundary line as a continuous line. If we do not wish to include these points, then we draw
the boundary line as a discontinuous or broken line. That is, the boundary line may or may not
be a part of a particular region.
For example, the regions represented by the inequalities y 2 and y < 2 are shown below. The
first region includes all of the points that lie on or below the line y = 2, while the second region
does not include any points that lie on the line.
y 2 y < 2
NOTE: A simpler method for determining the correct region is to solve the inequation for y.
Then, if the inequality sign is either > or , shade the half-plane above the line. If the inequality
sign is either < or , shade the half-plane below the line.
Example
Sketch each region on a separate number plane.
a y 2x + 4 b y > 3 x
y
y = 2
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
2
3
4
2
1
1
y
y = 2
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
2
3
4
2
1
1
To shade the region represented by a linear inequation:
determine whether the boundary line is continuous or discontinuous and
sketch it
choose a point that does not lie on the boundary line and substitute its
co-ordinates into the inequation
if the co-ordinates satisfy the inequation, shade the half-plane in which that
point lies
if the co-ordinates do not satisfy the inequation, shade the half-plane in which the
point does not lie.
E
G
+
S
Solutions
a The inequality sign is , so the boundary line is
continuous. Choose the origin as the test-point, as it does
not lie on the boundary line.
y 2x + 4
Substitute (0, 0): 0 2(0) + 4
0 4
Now, 0 4 is a true statement, therefore we shade the half-
plane that contains the test-point (0, 0).
b The inequality sign is >, so the boundary line is
discontinuous. Choose the origin as the test-point, as
it does not lie on the boundary line.
y > 3 x
Substitute (0, 0) 0 > 3 0
0 > 3
Now, 0 > 3 is not a true statement, therefore we shade the
half-plane that does not contain the test-point (0, 0).
1 Write down the inequation that describes each of these regions.
a b c
d e f
y
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
4
5
6
1
2
3
y
x
1 2 4 3 2 0
2
1
3
4
2
1
1
Exercise 14.9
y
x
1 2 4 3 2 0
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
y
x
1 2 4 3 2 0
3
1
1
2
4
5
1
y
x
1 2 4 3 2 0 1
2
1
1
2
4
3
y
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
1
2
3
3
2
1
y
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
1
2
3
3
2
1
y
x
1 2 3 4 2 1 0
1
2
3
3
2
1
2 Sketch each region on a separate number plane.
a x 1 b y < 4 c x > 2 d y 1
3 In each of the following, name the points that lie within the given region.
a y > 2; A(3, 1), B(0, 4), C(1, 2), D(2, 3)
b x 1; A(0, 0), B(2, 1), C(1, 3), D(3, 5)
c y x; A(2, 2), B(4, 3), C(4, 5), D(5, 7)
d y < x + 3; A(0, 7), B(3, 4), C(1, 1), D(2, 0)
e y > 2x 1; A(5, 8), B(3, 5), C(4, 6), D(2, 3)
f y 2 3x; A(0, 2), B(2, 6), C(1, 2), D(4, 15)
Consolidation
4 Write down the inequation that describes each of these regions.
a b c
d e f
g h i
y
y

=

x

+

2
x
1 2 3 3 2 1 0
2
3
4
1
y
y

=
3
3
x
x
1 2 4 3 2 0
3
1
1
2
4
5
1
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1 0
1
1
2
3
3
2
y

=
1

x

1
2

y
x
1 3 3 2 1 0
1
1
5
4
2
y = 2x 4
3
2
y
x
1 3 3 1 0
4
6
5
1
3
y

=
6

3
x
2
2 2
y
x
3 2 1 4 2 1 0
1
2
3
3
2
y

=
1

x

+
1
3
1
y
x
1 1 5 4 3 0
1
2
1
2
3
3
2
x

2
y

=
4
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1 0
1
1
2
3
3
2
2
x

+
3
y

=
6
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1 0
1
1
2
3
3
2
y

=
3
x
5 Sketch the following regions on separate number planes.
a y x b y > x + 3 c y < 4 x d y 2x + 1
e y 2x f y < 3x 6 g y x 5 h y > 2 2x
6 Sketch each of the following regions on a separate number plane.
a 2x + y 4 b x 3y > 3 c 3x 2y 12
7 Shade the region on the number plane where both of these inequations hold.
a x > 0 and y > 0 b x < 0 and y < 0 c x < 0 and y > 0 d x > 0 and y < 0
8 Shade the region on the number plane enclosed by each set of lines, then find its area.
a y = 0, y = 2x, x + y = 6 b x = 1, y = x 5, y = 7 x
c x = 2, x = 3, y = 0, y = 2x + 10 d x = 0, y = 0, y = + 3, y = 5
9 Write down inequations which completely describe the shaded region.
a b c
d e f
10 a Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the lines y = 2x 3 and y = x + 1.
b Sketch the region where the inequations y x + 1 and y 2x 3 hold simultaneously.
11 Shade the region where both inequations hold simultaneously.
a y 2 and y > 1 b x < 0 and y > 1
c y < x and x > 0 d y > 3 and y 2x
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
y
x
1 0
2
y = 2
x

=

1
y
x
3 3 0
x

=

3
x

=

3
y
x
0
3
y = 3
y

=

x
y
x
0
y

=

2
x
y

=

2
x
2
2
2 2
y
x
0
3
3
x

=

3
y

=

x

+
3
y
x
y = 2
1
x
2
y

=

x

1
1 2 3 4 2 1 0
1
2
3
2
1
e y x + 1 and y 2 f x + y < 3 and y > 4x
g x + y < 5 and x 2y 6 h 2x y < 3 and 3x + 2y < 6
Co-ordinate geometry problems usually take several steps to solve and often require the use of
a number of different formulae. The original purpose of co-ordinate geometry was to prove
various geometric properties of triangles and quadrilaterals by using algebraic techniques. For
example, to prove that the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, we could show that
the diagonals have the same midpoint. To show that a triangle is right-angled, we could show
that the product of the gradients of two sides is 1.
The following terms are used frequently in co-ordinate geometry problems.
Example 1
Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the interval AB, where A(2, 4) and
B(6, 10). Give your answer in the general form.
Solution
i Find the midpoint of AB.
midpoint =
= (2, 3)
1
2
--- x
Co-ordinate geometry
problems
14.10
Median: A median of a triangle is an interval drawn from one vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side.
Altitude: An altitude of a triangle is a perpendicular drawn from one vertex to
the opposite side.
Concurrent lines: Concurrent lines are three or more lines that intersect at a
single point.
Collinear points: Collinear points are three or more points that lie in the same
straight line.
Perpendicular bisector: The perpendicular bisector of an interval is the line that
passes through the midpoint of the interval and is at right angles to it.
E
G
+
S
y
B(6, 10)
(2, 3)
perpendicular
bisector
A(2, 4)
x
0
2 6 +
2
----------------
4 10 +
2
------------------- ,

Example 2
How far is the point (1, 8) from the point of intersection of the lines y = 1 x and x + 2y = 5?
Solution
i To find the point of intersection of the lines, we solve the
equations simultaneously.
y = 1 x (1)
x + 2y = 5 (2)
Substitute (1) into (2).
x + 2(1 x) = 5
x + 2 2x = 5
2 x = 5
x = 3
x = 3
Substitute x = 3 into (1).
y = 1 3
y = 4
The point of intersection of the lines is (3, 4).
ii Find the distance between the points (3, 4) and (1, 8).
Let (x
1
, y
1
) = (3, 4) and (x
2
, y
2
) = (1, 8)
d =
=
=
=
= units
ii Find m
1
, the gradient of
AB.
m
1
=
=
=
=
iii Find m
2
, the gradient of
the perpendicular
bisector.
m
1
m
2
= 1 for lines
m
2
= 1
m
2
=
iv Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector
using (2, 3) and m = .
y 3 = (x 2)
7y 21 = 4(x 2)
7y 21 = 4x + 8
4x + 7y 29 = 0
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------
10 4
6 2
------------------
14
8
------
7
4
---
7
4
---
4
7
---
4
7
---
4
7
---
E
G
+
S
y
d
x

+

2
y

=
5
y

=
1

x
1
(3, 4)
(1, 8)
x
0
x
2
x
1
( )
2
y
2
y
1
( )
2
+
1 3 ( )
2
8 4 ( )
2
+
16 16 +
32
4 2
1 The line 2x + ky 18 = 0 passes through the point (3, 4).
a Find the value of k and, hence, find the gradient of the line.
b Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line.
2 Find in simplest surd form the length of the interval cut off on the co-ordinate axes by the
line y = x + 4.
3 Find the equation of the line that passes through the point (4, 6) and the x-intercept of
3x 2y + 9 = 0.
4 The interval RS has end points R(9, 14) and S(11, 2).
a Find the midpoint of RS.
b Find the co-ordinates of P, the point which divides RS in the ratio 3: 1.
5 A circle with centre (3, 5) passes through the point (7, 2).
a Find the length of the radius.
b Does this circle also pass through the point (0, 1)? Why?
6 DEF has vertices D(3, 4), E(0, 2), F(5, 12).
a Find the co-ordinates of G, the midpoint of DF.
b Hence, find the equation of the median EG.
7 OPQ is a semicircle with diameter OQ. Show that OP PQ.
8 At what distance from the point (9, 2) do the lines y = x 4 and y = 3x + 2 intersect?
9 a The lines px 2y + 7 = 0 and 3x y 4 = 0 are parallel. Find the value of p.
b The lines 8x + qy + 6 = 0 and 3x 4y + 4 = 0 are perpendicular. Find the value of q.
Consolidation
10 Prove that ABC is both isosceles and right-angled if A(1, 2), B(3, 4) and C(5, 0).
11 A quadrilateral PQRS has vertices P(2, 4), Q(1, 6), R(3, 3) and S(1, 4).
a Show that the diagonals are perpendicular.
b Show that QS bisects PR.
c Find the lengths of the sides.
d What kind of quadrilateral is PQRS? Why?
12 For what value of r will the line y = x + r bisect the interval which joins the points (3, 5)
and (1, 7)?
Exercise 14.10
1
3
---
y
Q
6
P(4, 2 2 )
x
O
1
2
---
13 The vertices of FGH are F(2, 3), G(2, 5), H(6, 3).
a Show that the triangle is right-angled and name the hypotenuse.
b Find the co-ordinates of E, the midpoint of the hypotenuse.
c Show that E is equidistant from each of the vertices.
14 The XYZ has vertices X(3, 6), Y(3, 4) and Z(3 5 1). Show that XYZ is equilateral.
15 The vertices of LMN are L(7, 2), M(1, 6) and N(5, 2). The sides LM and LN have
midpoints P and Q, respectively. Show that the line joining these midpoints is parallel to
the third side MN and half its length.
16 The points (2, 1), (1, 4), (5, 2) are three vertices of a parallelogram. Find the three
possible pairs of co-ordinates of the fourth vertex.
17 a Find the point of intersection of the lines x + 2y = 13 and y = 3x 11.
b Hence, show that the lines x + 2y = 13, y = 3x 11 and 2x 5y + 10 = 0 are concurrent.
18 Show that the lines y = 2x + 7, x + y = 1 and 3x + 4y 6 = 0 are concurrent.
19 Consider the points I(3, 5), J(1, 7), K(2, 10).
a Find the gradient of the interval IJ.
b Find the gradient of the interval JK.
c What can you thus say about the points I, J, K? Why?
20 a Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (1, 11) and (6, 3).
b Hence, show that the points (1, 11), (6, 3) and (2, 5) are collinear.
21 Show that the points (2, 2), (6, 0), (8, 7) are collinear.
22 Find the equation of the line that is perpendicular to x 2y + 7 = 0 and passes through the
point of intersection of the lines y = x 3 and 4x + 3y + 2 = 0.
23 Show that the lines y = 3x 4, x 3y = 3, 3x + y = 8 and x 3y + 15 = 0 enclose a rectangle.
24 A quadrilateral WXYZ has vertices W(2, 6), X(7, 4), Y(10, 3), Z(5, 1).
a Show that WX = YZ and WX || YZ.
b What kind of quadrilateral is WXYZ? Why?
25 The vertices of a parallelogram are P(9, 5), Q(3, 3), R(7, 3), S(5, 1). The midpoints of
the sides PQ, QR, RS, SP are T, U, V, W, respectively.
a Find the co-ordinates of the midpoints.
b Show that the intervals PR and QS bisect each other.
c What kind of quadrilateral is TUVW? Why?
26 The quadrilateral CDEF has vertices C(3, 5), D(5, 1), E(1, 1), F(1, 3).
a Show that the diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
c What kind of quadrilateral is CDEF? Why?
d Find the length of one side.
e Find the area of the quadrilateral.
3,
27 The vertices of ABC are A(2, 2), B(0, 8), C(4, 5).
D is a point on AC such that BD AC.
a Find the length of AC.
b Find the gradient of AC.
c Find the equation of AC. Answer in the general form.
d What is the gradient of BD?
e Find the equation of BD.
f Find the co-ordinates of D.
g Find the distance BD.
h Find the area of ABC.
28 a Find the equation of the line that passes through the points G(2, 4) and H(7, 1).
b Find the point of intersection of GH and the line y = x 2.
c In what ratio does the line y = x 2 divide the interval GH?
29 An interval PQ has end points P(5, 8) and Q(1, 2).
a Find the co-ordinates of M, the midpoint of PQ.
b Find the gradient of PQ.
c Write down the gradient of a line that is perpendicular to PQ.
d Hence, find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of PQ.
30 Find, in the general form, the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the interval YZ,
where Y(1, 2) and Z(3, 6).
31 The perpendicular bisector of the interval CD has equation
4x 3y + 16 = 0. If C has co-ordinates (9, 10), find the
co-ordinates of D.
32 R(e, 5) lies on the perpendicular bisector of the points P(4, 3) and Q(2, 7). Find the value
of e.
33 Find the co-ordinates of the point on the line y = x 9 which is equidistant from the points
(1, 4) and (5, 2).
34 The points A(1, 2), B(3, 6), C(7, 5) are vertices of ABC. The midpoints of AB, BC, CA
are L, M, N, respectively.
a Find the co-ordinates of L, M, N.
b Find the equations of the three medians AM, BN, CL.
y
B(0, 8)
A(2, 2)
C(4, 5)
D
x 0
y
C(9, 10)
D
x
0
4
x

3
y

+
1
6
=
0
F
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N

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c Find the co-ordinates of P, the point of intersection of AM and BN. This point is called
the centroid of the triangle.
d Hence, show that the three medians of the triangle are concurrent.
35 The points A(3, 0), B(1, 8), C(7, 0) are vertices of ABC. The points L, M, N are points on
the sides AB, BC, CA, respectively, such that CL AB, AM BC, BN CA.
a Find co-ordinates of P, the points of intersection of AM and BN. This point is called the
orthocentre of the triangle.
b Hence, show that the three altitudes of the triangle are concurrent.
36 The points A(2, 3), B(2, 7), C(8, 3) are vertices of ABC. The midpoints of AB, BC, CA
are L, M, N, respectively.
a Find the co-ordinates of L, M, N.
b Find the gradient of each side of the triangle.
c Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of each side.
d Find the co-ordinates of P, the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of
AB and CA. This point is called the circumcentre of the triangle.
e Hence, show that the three perpendicular bisectors are concurrent.
FINDING THE GRADIENT OF A SKI RUN
FO C U S O N W
O R K I N G
M
0
Chapt er 14: Co-ordinate geometry
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Introduction
A contour map is used to show the shape of an area of land, its height above sea level and the
steepness of its slopes. On the map, contour lines join places of equal height above sea level.
The contour interval is the difference in height between two adjacent contour lines. On a given
map, this difference is always kept the same.
With practice, you can easily learn to visualise the three-dimensional shape of features of the
map by looking carefully at the patterns of the contour lines. For example, areas of land where
contour lines are close together have steep slopes. Areas of land where there are only a few
contour lines that are widely spaced are flat. Evenly spaced contours indicate a uniform slope.
Mountains and hills are indicated by sets of contour loops that get smaller and smaller as you
get nearer to the top.
In this activity, we study a contour map and use our knowledge of co-ordinate geometry to find
the average slope (or gradient) of a ski run.
How do you find the gradient of a ski run from a contour map? In the following map, what is
the average slope of the ski run from P to Q?
Materials needed: A sheet of A4 paper creased to form a sharp edge, a ruler and a workbook.
Study the contour map below.
1 Can you visualise the shape of the land? Draw it roughly in your workbook. Write down
the scale of the map and the contour interval.
2
M
N
Q
T
P
1600
N
1650
1700
1750
1800
0 1 2 3 4 5 km
Contour map
Contour interval 50 m.
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2 Now, look carefully at the figure below, which shows how to draw a cross-section of the
map along the line MN. Place the straight edge of your piece of paper along the line MN.
Mark M and N on the edge. Then, starting from M, make a mark where the edge of your
paper cuts each contour line.
3 Draw the axes for your cross-section in your workbook. The horizontal axis must be equal
to the length of the line MN. For the vertical axis, which shows the height above sea level,
choose a scale to suit your needs. It should look like the figure below.
1600
1650
1700
1750
1800
Paper
M
1
6
0
0
1
6
5
0
1
7
0
0 1
7
5
0
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
8
5
0
1
8
0
0
1
7
5
0
1
7
0
0
1
6
5
0
1
6
0
0
T
N
Q
P
Marking the paper
P
a
p
e
r
M
1
6
0
0
1
6
5
0
1
7
0
0
1
7
5
0
1
8
0
0
1
8
5
0
1
8
5
0
1
8
0
0
1
7
5
0
1
7
0
0
1
6
5
0
1
6
0
0
N
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
1650
1600
1900
1850
1800
1750
1700
1650
1600
Horizontal axis
M
e
t
r
e
s

a
b
o
v
e

s
e
a

l
e
v
e
l
M
e
t
r
e
s

a
b
o
v
e

s
e
a

l
e
v
e
l

Preparation of grid for the cross-sectional drawing
Chapt er 14: Co-ordinate geometry
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4 Place your sheet of paper along the horizontal axis and plot the contour points and heights
to make a line graph. Several points have been plotted for you. Join the points with a single
smooth, curved line and shade with a coloured pencil the area beneath the graph to highlight
the shape.
5 Mark the points P and Q on your graph. What information do you now need to find the
gradient of the ski run? The scale on the contour map shows the horizontal distance between
points on the map.
6 What is the gradient of the ski run, PQ? Make sure you use the same units for vertical rise
and horizontal run. Finally, express your answer as a ratio in the form 1 : x, where x is
rounded off to the nearest whole number.
Average slope of PQ =
CHAL L ENGE
1 Estimate the height above sea level of the mountain (point T) in the contour map. On a map,
such a height is called a spot height. Major spot heights on prominent features are often
shown as trig stations. You may have been at the top of a mountain and seen a trig station
marked with a brass plate.
2 In the Northern Hemisphere, ski slopes are always preferred on the eastern or southern
sides of a mountain. In the Southern Hemisphere, preferred ski slopes are on the eastern or
northern sides of a mountain. Why is this?
3 Where are the ski slopes in Australia located? Can you say whether the mountain in this
activity might be located in Australia? Look again at the maps for evidence. If you like, use
the Internet to check the heights of Australian ski resorts.
4 List as many examples as you can of the use of contours in other contexts, for example, in
weather maps. What are lines of equal pressure on a weather map called?
LET S COMMUNI CATE
Write a set of clear instructions for calculating the average gradient between two points on a
contour map. Explain why the method can only give you the average gradient.
vertical rise
horizontal run
---------------------------------
8
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REFL ECTI NG
Gradients are very important in many different situations. The following are all concerned with
safety issues:
A gradient sign on a steep descent (say 1 : 5) with a warning that trucks and buses must
use low gears. Have you seen such a road sign?
The need to know the gradient of a ski slope. Beginners and professionals need different
slopes. Olympic competitions are especially important.
When building a house, local council rules govern the slope of the driveway you wish to
put in.
Train lines in Europe built for high-speed trains with operating speeds of 300 km/h, such
as the Train Grand Vitesse (TGV) in France, generally have a maximum gradient of 25 in
1000.
People may use different methods of calculation depending on the practical context, but the
basic mathematical knowledge required is the same. That is what makes mathematics such a
powerful tool in our daily living.
%
1 Explain the difference between a number
line and a number plane.
2 What are co-ordinates?
3 Use the term linear relationship in a
simple sentence.
4 What are co-ordinate axes?
entry for gradient:
gradient noun 1. Specialised the amount of slope or
steepness in a road, railway or path. 2. a sloping
surface
Write a precise mathematical definition for
gradient from what you have learned in this
chapter.
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1 Use the distance formula to find the
distance between the points R and S.
Answer in surd form.
a R(2, 4), S(6, 9)
b R(2, 5), S(1, 3)
2 Show that IJK is isosceles with I(3, 5),
J(1, 3) and K(1, 7).
3 The vertices of UVW are U(2, 1),
V(8, 7) and W(5, 12).
a Find the lengths of the sides in surd
form.
b Use Pythagoras theorem to
determine whether the triangle is
right angled.
4 The vertices of a quadrilateral ABCD are
A(1, 1), B(3, 2), C(4, 4) and D(2, 7).
b What kind of quadrilateral is ABCD?
Why?
5 Find the co-ordinates of M, the midpoint
of the interval CD with:
a C(5, 4), D(11, 6)
b C(2, 3), D(6, 1)
c C(4, 0), D(7, 5).
6 Find the co-ordinates of H, given that M
is the midpoint of the interval GH.
7 The points P, Q, R, S, T are equidistant
with P(1, 10) and T(13, 18). Find the
co-ordinates of Q, R and S.
8 The vertices of a quadrilateral TUVW are
T(4, 6), U(3, 4), V(2, 2), W(5, 0).
a Find the midpoint of each diagonal.
b What kind of quadrilateral is TUVW?
Why?
9 Find values for e and f given that
M(e 3, 2f 9) is the midpoint of
L(3, 2) and N(5, 8).
10 Find the gradient of each line.
a b
11 Use the gradient formula to find the slope
of a line that passes through the points:
a A(2, 7), B(4, 13)
b J(1, 3), K(9, 5)
c Y(4, 3), Z(0, 9)
12 Find the value of the pronumeral if the
gradient of the line passing through:
a Q(g, 4) and R(2, 5) is 3
b D(7, 5) and E(t, 3) is
13 IJKL is a quadrilateral with vertices
I(6, 7), J(4, 2), K(3, 2) and L(1, 3).
Find the gradient of each side and hence
show that IJKL is a parallelogram.
14 For each of the following equations:
i write down the gradient and
y-intercept
ii sketch the line on a number plane
a y = 2x + 5 b y = x 4
c y = x 1 d y = 3x
y
x
0
G(4, 3)
M(1, 5)
H(x, y)
y
x
0
8
2
y
x
0
6
9
2
3
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1
2
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15 Write down the equation of the line:
a whose gradient is 1 and y-intercept
is 6
b that has a slope of and cuts the
y-axis at 2
c that passes through the origin and has
a gradient of
16 Write each of these equations in the
general form.
a y = 5x 2 b y = 3x + 4
c y = + 7 d y = 6
17 Write each of these equations in the
gradientintercept form, then state the
gradient.
a x y + 3 = 0 b 3x + y 7 = 0
c x 2y 10 = 0 d 6x + 9y + 4 = 0
18 By substitution into the equation
y = mx + b, find in the general form, the
equation of the line that passes through:
a (1, 5) and has a gradient of 2
b (6, 11) and has a slope of
19 a Find the x- and y-intercepts of the line
4x + 3y 24 = 0.
b Sketch the line.
c Use your sketch to find the gradient
of the line.
20 Match each of these equations with one
of the graphs below.
y = 5x + 4 y = 5x + 4
y = 5x 4 y = 5x 4
a b
c d
21 Determine, by substitution, whether each
point lies on the line 9x 2y + 5 = 0.
a (3, 16) b (1, 7)
22 a Find the value of k given that the
point (4, 3) lies on the line
2x + ky 7 = 0.
b Hence, find the gradient of the line.
23 Find the equation of this line in the
gradientintercept form.
24 Find, by inspection, the equation of the
line that passes through each set of points.
3
4
---
5
2
---
1
4
--- x
2
5
--- x
2
3
---
y
x
0
y
x
0
a x 2 1 0 1 2
y 5 4 3 2 1
b x 2 1 0 1 2
y 1 3 5 7 9
c x 1 0 1 2 3
y 8 7 6 5 4
d x 3 2 1 0 1
y 3 1 1 3 5
e x 2 0 2 4 6
y 0 1 2 3 4
y
x
0
y
x 0
y
x
0
3
7
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25 Find, correct to 1 decimal place, the
gradient of a line that is inclined to the
x-axis at an angle of:
a 36 b 50 c 72
26 Find, correct to the nearest degree, the
angle at which a line is inclined to the
x-axis if it has a gradient of:
a b c 5.4
27 Write down the equation of the line that is
parallel to the line:
a x = 2 and passes through (3, 5)
b y = 1 and passes through (1, 4)
28 Find, in the general form, the equation of
the line that passes through the point:
a (1, 5) and has a gradient of 3
b (7, 4) and has a slope of
c (3, 2) and has a gradient of
29 Find, in the general form, the equation of
the line that passes through the points:
a (1, 6) and (5, 14)
b (11, 1) and (3, 5)
c (4, 2) and (2, 3)
30 Show that the lines:
a y = x 2 and x 3y + 5 = 0 are
parallel.
b 6x 4y 3 = 0 and 2x + 3y = 7 are
perpendicular.
a parallel to y = x + 3 and cuts the
y-axis at 2
b parallel to y = 5 4x and passes
through (2, 5)
c perpendicular to y = x 1 and passes
through the origin
d perpendicular to y = + 2 and
passes through (3, 4)
32 Find the value of k if the lines:
a y = x 7 and 6x 2y + 9 = 0 are
parallel
b 3x 4y = 10 and 5x + ky 1 = 0 are
perpendicular.
33 Sketch the following regions on separate
number planes.
a x > 3 b y 2
c y x + 1 d y < 2x 3
e y > 6 2x f 3x + 2y 6
34 On a number plane, shade the region
where the inequalities x + y < 8 and
y 2x 1 hold simultaneously.
35 Shade the region of the number plane
enclosed by the lines x = 0, y = x 3,
x + y = 5, then find its area.
36 Find the co-ordinates of D, the fourth
vertex of the parallelogram ABCD given
that A(6, 3), B(1, 8), C(3, 2) and D is
a point in the second quadrant.
37 Find the equation of the perpendicular
bisector of the interval AB, where
A(3, 2) and B(5, 8). Give your answer in
the general form.
38 Show that the points L(2, 13), M(3, 2),
N(7, 14) are collinear.
39 Show that the lines y = 2x 7,
5x + 2y = 4, 4x 3y 17 = 0 are
concurrent.
40 Show that W(4, 8), X(7, 2), Y(1, 1),
Z(2, 5) are the vertices of a square.
1
6
---
3
2
---
1
2
---
5
4
---
1
3
---
1
2
---
3
4
---
1
6
--- x
k
2
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41 A triangle has vertices P(-3, 2), Q(1, 9)
and R(5, 6). S is a point on PR such that
QS PR.
a Find the gradient of PR.
b Find, in the general form, the
equation of PR.
c Write down the gradient of QS.
d Find, in the gradient-intercept form,
the equation of QS.
e Find the co-ordinates of S.
f Find the distance PR, in the simplest
form.
g Find the distance QS, in the simplest
form.
h Hence, find the area of PQR.
y
Q(1, 9)
P(3, 2)
R(5, 6)
S(3, 5)
x 0
Answers
563
A
n
s
w
e
r
s
1 a 2, b 4, c 3, d 6, e 3, f 4, g 4, h 5 2 a 3, b 4, c 3, d 6, e 1, f 1, g 3, h 4, i 4, j 5, k 6, l 3, m 3, n 2,
o 5, p 4, q 4, r 6, s 8, t 7 3 a 80, b 30, c 70, d 90, e 100, f 400, g 300, h 4000, i 9000, j 30 000,
k 500 000, l 900 000 4 a 130, b 170, c 230, d 680, e 1500, f 4000, g 8400, h 12 000, i 46 000, j 76 000,
k 290 000, l 640 000 5 a 4, b 0.5, c 0.073, d 6.209, e 12, f 0.30, g 25.2, h 49.066, i 91.0, j 140, k 7.386,
l 11, m 2020, n 3700, o 4002.1, p 9187.55 6 a i 100, ii 99, iii 99.4, b i 200, ii 190, iii 195, c i 1000, ii 1000,
iii 999, d i 500, ii 500, iii 500
1 a 105.472, b 99.44, c 105.655, 105.5307, 105.46855, d The answer is less accurate. 2 a 0.47, b 4.98,
c 12.14 3 a 254, b 94, c 13 4 a 60.84, b 161.3, c 23.77 5 a 4.8, b 93.5, c 156.1, d 4.1, e 1.6, f 15.7
6 a 274.6, b 191.5, c 1130.6, d 137.8, e 318.9, f 5987.9 7 a 1.82, b 2.33, c 2.15, d 31.14, e 1.84, f 1.64
8 a 0.143, b 4.08, c 237, d 0.577, e 0.269, f 0.0651 9 a 19.96, b 21.99, c 14.14, d 9.87, e 0.32, f 1.26
10 a 13.4, b 6.5, c 65.2, d 2.6, e 22.5, f 3.9 11 a 941.41, b 1.82, c 3.80, d 17.75, e 12.52, f 12.08, g 5.45,
h 3.46, i 602.28, j 1.97, k 3.82, l 0.58, m 9.54, n 6.41, o 6.04, p 35.65, q 0.03, r 1.36, s 547.26, t 25.83,
u 627.01, v 1.42, w 1.98, x 116.22 12 a 20.8, b 1.3, c 9276.5, d 4.1, e 1.7, f 3.7, g 1.6, h 9444.8, i 1.1,
j 52.9, k 14.1, l 2.2 13 a 3.3, b 4.1, c 76.6, d 9.3, e 26.4, f 3.7
1 a 1500, b 4000, c 7000, d 200 000, e 4, f 30, g 100, h 400, i 10 000, j 50, k 12 000, l 25
Many answers are possible for Q2Q7 2 a 40, b 85, c 480, d 100, e 4, f 13, g 480, h 72, i 140 3 a 6,
b 1000, c 5 4 a 40, b 177, c 105, d 1600 5 a 8, b 11, c 21, d 10 6 a 5, b 9, c 3, d 5 7 a 15, b 225,
c 10, d 0.2 8 120 000 9 a $120, b $30 10 a 35 m
2
, b 4, c 140, d $1600 11 a 2, 3, 2.2, 2.6, b 10, 11, 10.5,
10.2, 10.7 12 b 3.585 13 a 4.322, b 3.262, c 2.861
1 a b c d e f g h i j k l
m n o p 2 a b c d e f g h
i j k l 3 a b yes 4 a b c
d 5 a b c 1 6 a b c d e f g h i
j k l m 2 n 1 o 7 p 3 7 a b 8 a = =
9 a b
1 Rational numbers
Exercise 1.1
Exercise 1.2
Exercise 1.3
Exercise 1.4
0.2
, 0.7
, 0.64
, 0.35
, 0.2
, 0.9
, 0.4
, 0.0
, 0.1
46
, 0.0
29
, 0.1
52
, 0.6
98
,
1.6
, 3.8
, 8.2
74
, 13.95
0.3
, 0.1
, 0.6
, 0.4
, 0.0
, 0.2
, 0.16
, 0.13
,
0.416
, 0.31
, 0.83
, 0.916
1.6
, 0.1
42 857
, 0.7
14 285
, 0.0
76 923
,
0.3
07 692
0.1
, 0.2
, 0.5
, 0.7
, 0.8
,
2
9
---,
7
9
---,
1
3
---,
2
3
---,
19
99
------,
35
99
------,
3
11
------,
25
33
------,
7
45
------,
22
45
------,
11
15
------,
17
18
------,
1
9
---,
20
33
------,
5
6
---,
5
12
------ 0.3
, 0.03
, 0.003
11
30
------ 0.36
,
1
6
--- 0.16
0.6
, 0.06
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Ma t h s c a p e 9Ex t e n s i o n 564
1 a 10 m/s, b 40 km/h, c 9 L/min, d 6 kg/m
2
, e 8 g/s, f 25 trees/h, g 12 km/L, h $45/h, i 18c/min, j $1.50/kg,
k 3.5 runs/over, l 37.5 crates/day, m 96 beats/min, n 48 kL/h, o 10.4 km/L 2 a 180 cm/min, b 300 g/h,
c $2300/t, d 180 L/day, e 54 km/h, f 4000 kg/ha 3 a 2000 mL/min, b 900 cm/s, c 38 mm/s, d 115c/g,
e 14 600 kg/day, f 23 500 m
2
/week 4 a 7 cm/s, b 8.5 m/min, c 4.9 L/day, d $0.24/min, e 0.025 kg/m
3
,
f 59.6 kL/year 5 a 45 m/min, b $80/kg, c 9 km/L, d 3.6 t/day, e 1.95 L/day, f 8.52 km/h 6 a 90 km/h,
b 144 L/h, c 99 kg/h, d 7.2 m/day, e 1.152 km/day, f $24/m, g 20 m/s, h 8.5 kg/min 7 a 1%, b 0.5%, c 1.5%,
d 0.35% 8 a 9% pa, b 10.8% pa, c 15% pa 9 0.042% 10 a $1040/month, b $624/fortnight, c $36.40/quarter,
d $6.80/fortnight 11 a $500/m
2
, b 60 000 L/km
2
, c 1.2 t/m
3
12 2.5 c/cm
3
1 a 18, b 45, c $40.91, d 8.64 L, e 1.2 t 2 a 37, b 25 min, c 4.86 runs/over, d $80/h, e 2 h 3 a 36 km, b 25,
c 400, d 15, e 18 4 a $8.75, b 65 min, c 26.5 L, d 1 h, e 1200, f $0.98 5 a US$12.15, b 28.18 euro,
c NZ$190.52, d 140.90 euro, e NZ$653.22, f US$2733.75 6 a A$27.56, b A$156.38, c A$195.17,
d A$183.71, e A$930.04, f A$1387.51, g A$1285.94, h A$3914.40 7 a 70 km/h, b 280 km/h, c 12 km,
d 1050 km, e 4 h, f 3 h 8 a 397.5 km, b 51 km/h, c 3 h 25 min 9 a 1.852 km/h, b 22.5 h, c 8445.12 km
10 a C = b 9.2 L/100 km, c $1344
Chapt er 1 Revi ew
1 a 3, b 5, c 2, d 6 2 a 80, b 200, c 4000, d 900 000 3 a 340, b 730, c 15 000, d 370 000 4 a 200,
b 4000, c 20 000, d 570, e 2200, f 37 000 5 a 5, b 0.072, c 3.47, d 22.0, e 110, f 9000 6 a 3.97, b 7.59,
c 34.11, d 11.68, e 4.50, f 146.17, g 2.16, h 9.35, i 8.38 7 a 79.90, b 46.81, c 0.36, d 408.66, e 0.96,
f 16.32 8 a 170, b 20, c 1000 9 a b c d 10 a b c
11 a b c 12 a b 13 a 8 m/s, b $5/min, c 24 L/h, d 43 runs/wicket 14 a 42 L,
b 93.75 kg 15 a 420 mm/h b 1800 km/day, c 1350 mL/m
2
, d 820 cm/s 16 a 2.4 km/h b 6 L/day, c 135 kg/ha,
d 18 km/h 17 a 800 km/h, b 4.8 h, c 340 km 18 a 82.6 km/h
1 a b c d
2 They are the same. 3 a y = 4x, b y = x + 6, c y = 2x + 3, d q = 3p 1, e q = 5p + 4, f q = 7p 2,
g b = 2a + 9, h b = 4a + 3, i b = 6a, j t = 5s 8, k t = 7s + 6, l t = 12s 5
4 a 5 a
b t = 5p, c 45 b c = 2s + 2, c 42
6 a 7 a
b d = 3c + 1, c 46 b d = 2r 2, c 78
Exercise 1.5
Exercise 1.6
1
4
---
1
2
---
L
K
----,
0.3
, 0.2
, 0.3
46
, 5.91
0.7
, 0.3
, 1.583
2
9
---,
8
11
------,
2
15
------ 0.016
, 0.0016
2 Algebra
Exercise 2.1
x 1 2 3 4
y 4 5 6 7
x 0 1 2 3
y 5 7 9 11
x 5 6 7 8
y 11 14 17 20
x 2 3 4 5
y 3 8 13 18
Number of pentagons (p) 1 2 3
Number of triangles (t) 5 10 15
Number of dots (d) 4 7 10
Number of rhombuses (r) 1 2 3
A
N
S
W
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S
Answer s 565
8 a 9 a
b d = 4s + 3 b d = 5r 1
10 a 11 a
b d = 4c + 8 b d = 5c + 4
12 a y = 7x, b y = x + 5, c y = 2x + 9, d y = 3x + 20, e y = x + 6, f y = 3x + 7
13 a 14 a
b d = c 81 b c = c 55
1 a 12, b 3, c 8, d 15, e 43, f 37, g 10, h 25, i 125, j 75, k 40, l 5, m 8, n o 3, p 4 2 a 12, b 13, c 39,
d 29, e 11, f 8, g 28, h 56, i 19, j 1, k 40, l 36, m 111, n 29, o 63, p 42, q 50, r 120, s 108, t 336, u 6,
v 8, w 3, x 8 3 a 4, b 5, c 9, d 17, e 7, f 3, g 7, h 15, i 5, j 31, k 26, l 56, m 32, n 10,
o 162, p 89, q 9, r 54, s 100, t 510 4 a 5, b 14, c 9, d 11, e 11, f 1, g 17, h 17, i 22, j 19,
k 21, l 69, m 72, n 66, o 12, p 36, q 22, r 72, s 192, t 12, u 10, v 4, w 5, x 5
1 a 10x 2 a 7n, 7n, b Yes, c No 3 a 2s, 2s, b No, c Yes 4 a 9y, b 4n, c 3c, d 6k, e 0, f b, g 7a
2
, h 8g
2
,
i 11pq, j 7xy, k 8abc, l 19m
2
n, m 4t, n 10u, o 9p, p 15j, q 6pq, r yz, s 10e
2
, t 2rs
2
5 a 9a, b 6b,
c 10k, d 7m, e 8p, f 7r, g 13x, h 12c, i 13e
2
, j 0, k 3ab, l 4pq 6 a 7q + 2, b 5g + 17, c 8u 3,
d 13 + t, e 18c + d, f 11j 4k, g 7 2a, h 12 6n, i x
2
+ 5x, j m
2
2m, k 5w
2
+ w, l 4a
2
b + 3ab
2
7 a 2k + 5,
b 12c + 5, c 9p + 10q, d 9m + n, e 3t + 16, f 5u + 8v, g 14g + 3h, h 7p 4q, i 5b 3c, j 22, k 10y,
l 6m 2n, m 3x 6y, n a + 12b, o 10j 16k, p 3x
2
+ 9x, q 8a
2
3a, r 12u 5u
2
, s 6z
2
5z, t d
2
+ 3d + 5,
u mn + 5m 9n 8 a 20k, b 28n, c 4m + 12, d x + 11, e 4y + 14, f 7c + 7 9 a 4x
2
+ 6x 14, b 4a
2
+ 2a + 14,
c 2p
2
p, d 3k
2
+ 9k 4, e t
2
7t + 7
1 a 6ab 2 a 20n
2
3 a 6 4 a 15xy, 15xy, b Yes, c No 5 a b No, c Yes 6 a 15n, b 24c, c 63w,
d 88g, e 5uv, f 9mn, g 14ab, h 40xy, i 36cd, j 70rs, k 60pq, l 81vw, m a
2
, n 2e
2
, o 12k
2
, p 30h
2
, q m
2
np,
r 42c
2
d, s 20fg
2
h, t 32vw
2
x, u 7a, v 4mn, w 18pqr, x 10c
2
d 7 a 5b, b 3z, c 6k, d 8m, e 6, f 8, g a, h q,
i 10g, j 7n, k 10x, l 6e, m t, n 13v, o u, p 3a, q 8m, r 9e, s ab, t 5s 8 a 21y, b 40x, c 48gh, d 10bc,
e j
2
, f 27v
2
, g 35ab
2
, h 96xy
2
z 9 a 4c, b 7n, c 3, d 9f, e 7n, f 9k, g 5t, h 12u 10 a 6abc, b 28mnp,
c 2ef, d 2, e 4, f 5, g 21q
2
, h 4n, i 8a, j 9yz, k 60c
2
d
2
, l 2, m 42xy, n 5q, o 20s
2
11 a 6, b 7j, c 4, d 30t,
e 4y, f 3q, g 5f, h 42mk, i 3a, j 5w
2
, k 8h, l 12c, m 8q, n 5h, o 27x
2
12 a b c d e
f g h i j k l
1 a 18n, b 3q, c 26j, d 4x, e 24t
2
, f 32s
2
, g 60pq, h 20cd, i 3, j 4y, k 7, l 5c, m 48f, n 10, o 4a
2 a 25t, b 7y, c 20g, d 10c, e 15n, f 4, g 15r, h 45f
2
, i 19k 3 a 11k, b 13z, c 15n
2
, d v
2
, e 7ab,
f 13q, g 14ef, h 12y, i 4s, j 11a, k 33ab, l 10x, m 27g, n 9x, o 9k 4 a 5, b 4, c 4q, d 3
5 a 4 (2s + 3s) = 20s, b 40pq (5p 2q) = 4, c 16a (4a + 2a) 7a = 3a, d (24e
2
6e
2
) 6e = 3e,
e (8 4n) (5n 3) = 17n, f 8w + (9w
2
6 3w) = 26w
Number of rectangles (r) 3 4 5
Number of cans in base (b) 1 2 3
Total number of cans (c) 1 3 6
s 1 + ( )
2
,
b b 1 + ( )
2
--------------------,
Exercise 2.2
1
3
--- ,
Exercise 2.3
Exercise 2.4
p
2
---,
2
p
---,
c
2
---,
1
k
---,
3h
2
------,
b
3
---,
3m
5
-------,
2
3v
------,
5c
7e
------,
6s
7
-----,
2u
3v
------,
7x
12y
---------,
9a
11d
---------,
9e
7 f
------
Exercise 2.5
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a 3a + 12, b 5p 10, c 7m + 7, d 40 8k, e 20h + 28, f 12y 18, g 15m + 35n, h 18y 20z, i ab + ac,
j pq pr, k 2ef + eg, l 4km 11kn, m 3tu + 3tv, n 18km 24k, o 20fg 28fh, p 36rs + 60rt, q x
2
+ xy,
r b b
2
, s 14n
2
49n, t 27v
2
w 72vw
2
2 a 2n 14, b 3b + 18, c 9k + 9, d 88 11u, e 10j 45,
f 42 + 60y, g xy xz, h 3tu + tv, i 5cd 2ce, j 2np 2nq, k 45rs + 27r, l 24hi + 66hj, m s
2
+ st,
n j j
2
, o 30y
2
+ 72y, p 8m
2
n 20mn
2
3 a 6x + 30, b 7j 14, c km + 8m, d 8p + 12, e cd d
2
,
f 15ac + 35bc, g 20s
2
8st, h 6m
2
n + 16mn
2
4 a 5n + 41, b 7c + 20, c 6q + 13, d 36 + 7t, e 3m + 4,
f 14n + 16, g 6a + 24, h 4 + 12x, i 10q 30, j 20m 88, k 15 2x, l 29c 6, m 11m + 60, n 5k + 1,
o 6x + 27, p 25t + 6, q 7y + 29, r w + 3 5 a 8n + 22, b 10z + 22, c 15p + 10, d 7w, e x + 27, f 4n + 11,
g 16a + 33, h 10s + 26, i 25b + 18, j 33c 44, k 11y + 9, l 132, m x
2
+ 8x + 27, n y
2
+ 4y 42,
o 5a
2
+ 26a, p 2g
2
+ 24g, q 13u
2
51u, r 35cd + 30ce 6 a True, b False, c False, d False, e True, f True
7 a 15a + 20, b 22m
2
n 8mn
2
, c 3k
2
+ 24k, d 14vw 35v
1 a n + 3, b p 5, c y + 1, d 2g + 5, e 4a 3, f 3k 5m, g x + y, h p r, i s 1, j m + 3, k 4 r, l a + b,
m d + 2, n 4p 7, o 5z + 4y 2 a 2(c + 4), b 5(y + 2), c 3(6 + q), d 7(5 + p), e 2(h 7), f 6(t 5), g 3(11 r),
h 4(12 n), i 5(c + d), j 3(x 2y), k 7(3g + h), l 8(m 5n), m a(b + c), n u(v w), o f(e g), p r(s 1),
q b(b + c), r k(k 8), s n(11 + n), t a(1 a) 3 a 3(2n +3), b 5(2b + 5), c 2(5y + 6), d 4(3k 2), e 7(3w 5),
f 3(6s 7), g 8(2a + 3), h 6(3t 5), i 3(10p + 9), j 7(2c + 7), k 10(3r 8), l 11(2e 9), m 5(7 11h),
n 9(10 + 7v), o 13(3 + 2z), p 12(2 5j) 4 a 3b(a + 3c), b 2x(y + 4z), c 4q(p 5r), d 7h(g 2i), e 2u(2v + 3w),
f 4f(2e + 5g), g 11r(3s 7q), h 4m(6n 5p), i 7c(c + 3), j 6w(4w 1), k 2g(5g 11), l 5y(3 + 8y),
m mn(p + q), n rt(s u), o ab(a + b), p de(f e), q jk(j km), r 3u(4t + 5uv), s 2ab(2b + 5ac), t 7xy(7xy 6z)
5 a 3(a + b + c), b p(q + r s), c a(a b c), d 5(r + 2s + 5), e 2x(2x 5 + 4y), f 6(1 + 4u 3u
2
),
g 7(6k
2
2k + 3), h m(3n 1 + n
2
), i 2x(x + y 3), j 5t(6 3u + 2t), k 4c(d + 7c 5e), l 7f(3 10g 8f),
m ab(a + b + 1), n pq(8 p + q), o uvw(u v w) 6 a HCF is 4, not 2, b p
2
= p p, not p 2,
c e = e 1, not e 0, d b is a common factor also, e 14u has not been divided by 7u,
f 3 is a common factor of 15 also 7 a 2(p + 6), b 3(x + 7), c 5(3g + 4), d 7(2u + 7), e 2(t 1),
f 8(w 3), g 4(3k 4), h 3(3r 10), i 3(8 + 5m), j 9(2 5q), k 12(3 2y), l 7(9 + 11c), m b(a c),
n m(n + k), o x(x + 2), p e(4 e), q 3k(3k 4), r 4a(5 + 7a), s 5b(5 11c), t 12y(4x
2
+ 5y)
8 a (b + c)(a + 5), b (x y)(m + n), c (p + 3)(p + 4), d (a + 1)(x 2), e (m 7)(3 n), f (p + q)(a
2
6),
g (c + 4)(5c + 2), h (1 k)(8 3m), i (2s + 3)(y z), j (3w 5)(4g + 9h), k (x 7)(x + 1), l (7b + 2c)(1 3d)
1 a b c d e f g c, h i 2b, j k l 2 a b c d
e f g h i j k l 3 a b c d e f g h
i j k l m n o p 5 a b c d e f
g h i j k l 6 a b c d e
f g h i
1 a b c d e f g h 2 a b c d e f
g h 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l 4 a
Exercise 2.6
Exercise 2.7
Exercise 2.8
5a
7
------,
4m
9
-------,
h
13
------,
x
2
---,
3n
4
------,
2k
3
------,
6d
5
------,
2w
3
-------,
5e
12
------,
11s
8
--------
7
x
---,
1
p
---,
14
3y
------,
9
7q
------,
1
n
---,
2
c
---,
4
g
---,
3
4k
------,
4a
5r
------,
2m
5b
-------,
3e
4v
------,
t
4z
-----
3n
4
------,
2a
9
------,
5k
12
------,
2d
15
------,
7y
10
------,
t
12
------,
3b
28
------,
17h
60
---------,
7c
10
------,
m
12
------,
29r
15
--------,
9u
14
------,
13w
12
----------,
17x
18
---------,
37 f
40
---------,
s
36
------
5
2x
------,
5
6a
------,
9
20e
---------,
5
12p
---------,
13
6u
------,
1
20 f
---------,
2
21t
--------,
52
45h
---------,
37c
12 j
---------,
7m
24z
--------,
3a
20g
---------,
31k
24n
---------
4n 7 +
6
---------------,
11b 37 +
28
---------------------,
8x 14 +
15
------------------,
13m 15 +
42
-----------------------,
5w 8
12
----------------,
33s 53
45
--------------------,
x 11 +
4
---------------,
7c 55 +
20
------------------,
5e 37 +
24
------------------
Exercise 2.9
ab
6
------,
u
2
12
------,
ac
bd
------,
1
pq
------,
1
4x
2
--------,
4cd
15
---------,
27mn
28
--------------,
35
48x
2
-----------
xy
20
------,
v
2
12
------,
tw
uv
------,
h
g
---,
1
2s
2
--------,
18e
35 f
---------,
40a
33b
---------,
52
15h
2
-----------
2
3
--- ,
2a
b
------,
d
5c
------,
6
7
--- ,
ad
e
------,
1
6
--- ,
3d
ce
------,
1
6
--- ,
1
4v
------,
2x
5y
------,
7
8 j
-----,
8
63qs
------------
3
5
--- ,
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 567
b c d e f g h i j k l 6 a pq, b c
d e f g h 7 a b c d e f 8 a 2, b
c d e f g h i
1 a x + 3, b t 5, c p + q, d m n, e x + y + 7, f 4m, g 9n, h 2ab, i j k l m n k
2
, o y
3
,
p 2 a 4 more than n, b 6 less than q, c the sum of c and d, d the difference between x and y,
e the product of 8 and u, f the product of 5, e and f, g one-third of h h three-quarters of v,
i the quotient of m and n, j the square of a, k the cube of g, l the square root of d 3 a 2x + 3, b 5y 1,
c pq + 7, d 4 u
2
, e f g h i j k 3(a + 12), l 9(p 3), m 4(c + d),
n 10(r s), o 2y
2
, p 8x
3
, q r 4 a 7 more than the product of 5 and x, b 3 less than the product of
2 and n, c 4 more than the product of g and h, d the difference between 9 and the product of p and q, e one-quarter
of 3 more than a, f 8 more than one-sixth of b, g one-seventh of the difference between m and n, h the difference
between u and the quotient of v and w, i the product of 5 and 2 more than e, j two-thirds of the difference between
c and d, k 3 times the square of r, l 9 less than twice the cube of s 5 a t + 7, b p + 9, c 3k 10, d 7y + 2
6 a 3, 4, 5, b a, a + 1, a + 2, c x
2
, x
2
+ 1, x
2
+ 2, d t + 5, t + 6, t + 7, e p 11, p 10, p 9, f k 1, k,
k + 1, g 2n 2, 2n 1, 2n, h 2 u, 3 u, 4 u 7 a 6, 8, 10, b n, n + 2, n + 4, c p + 8, p + 10, p + 12, d x 5,
x 3, x 1, e g 2, g, g + 2 8 a 3, 5, 7, b k, k + 2, k + 4, c y + 7, y + 9, y + 11, d c 12, c 10, c 8, e s 3,
s 1, s +1 9 a m 1, m, m + 1, b w 2, w 1, w 10 a k + 3, b $(d 4), c 10c, d $ 11 a $
b $ 12 13 a (180 p q), b (360 a b c) 14 a (9 + t) years old, b (16 j) years old
15 a (x + y) years, b i (w x) years, ii (w x y) years 16 a 3f cm, b 4n cm 17 a 10x mm, b 100y cm,
c 1000p m, d m, e km, f cm, g 100d cents, h $ i 60k min, j min, k 1000r mL,
l kg 18 a 50 + v, b 1000x + 150, c 60a + b, d 100w + p 19 (500 12z) cm 20 a (50 2y) m,
b (50y 2y
2
) m
2
21 $(7c + 3d) 22 23 a km/h, b bh km, c h 24 a Jit, b $
25 cm 26 a $ b $ c kg
1 a + 1, a + 2, a + 3 2 a x + 2, x + 4, x + 6, b x + 2, x + 4, x + 6, c x + 3, x + 6, x + 9, d x + 7, x + 14, x + 21
3 a even, b odd, c even, d even, e odd, f odd 6 no, she needs to state that m > n. 8 no, 12 4 is not even
9 c no, d no 11 a 1, 2, 5, b 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 12 a yes, b yes, c no, d no 13 a the numbers are relatively prime,
that is they have no common divisor (apart from 1), b they are relatively prime
1 a 2 a
b the minimum number of lines is equal b c = 2
f
1, c 127
to double the number of rows of squares
plus two, c l = 2n + 2, d 62
3m
n
-------,
v
4u
------,
18
11s
--------,
fi
g
----,
8k
m
------,
1
28
------ ,
1
12
------ ,
1
15q
---------,
5a
12b
---------,
33
35 f
---------,
72w
77z
----------
5
6mp
-----------,
14a
15b
---------,
b
p
---,
rv
u
-----,
5
9ef
--------,
9cx
35ay
------------,
10ux
9vt
------------
f
g
---,
3p
8q
------,
t
8u
------,
6x
35
------,
11ae
36
------------,
10pq
21
-------------
m 6 +
3
-------------,
10m
9
----------,
u 4 +
u
------------,
c 2 +
6
------------,
2a
15
------,
10a
21b
---------,
1
3
--- ,
b 5 +
b 5
------------
Exercise 2.10
k
2
---,
z
4
---,
2w
3
-------,
u
v
---,
4
j
---,
g
c
2
--- 6 + ,
w
5
---- 9 ,
e
f
--- 2, +
7r
10
------ 4,
b 1 +
3
------------,
g h
2
------------,
5
j
2
----,
b
3
2
----- 1 +
x
6
---
pq
100
---------

,
p
pq
100
---------

u v +
2
------------
a
100
---------
q
1000
------------
t
10
------
b
100
---------,
m
60
------
e
1000
------------
$
26
25
------t

m
n
----
p
s
---
bc
a b +
------------
6 x
2
-----------

ck
3
-----,
9m
k
-------,
5w
v
-------
Exercise 2.11
Exercise 2.12
n 1 2 3 4
l 4 6 8 10
f 1 2 3 4
c 1 3 7 15
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
3 a x
2
, b if x is even, if x is odd, c 1250 4 a t
2
, b c 45
5 a b the total number of squares equals the sum of all square numbers up to and
including x
2
, c N = 1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ + x
2
, d 204
6 a 7 a b 56
c n
2
, d e 300
8 a 1, 9, 25, 49, , b (2n 1)
2
, c 361, d 1330 9 if n is even T = if n is odd and n + 1 is divisible by 4,
T = if n is odd and n 1 is divisible by 4, T =
10 a 68, b if n is even, S = 4(n 1) + if n is odd, S = 4(n 1) +
1 a x
2
+ 7x + 10, b a
2
+ 7a + 12, c n
2
+ 13n + 42 2 x
2
+ 4x 12 3 a xy + 2x + 3y + 6, b pq + 4p + 7q + 28,
c gh + 6g + h + 6, d mn 2m + 5n 10, e uv + 6u 10v 60, f jk 4j 3k + 12, g 2xy + 14x + 3y + 21,
h 3pq 12p + q 4, i 5ab 15a 6b + 18, j 6mn + 27m+ 4n + 18, k 12jk 18j + 10k 15, l 24uv 40u 27v + 45
4 a x
2
+ 5x + 6, b x
2
+ 9x + 20, c x
2
+ 4x 60, d x
2
+ 3x 40, e x
2
8x 9, f x
2
x 12, g x
2
10x + 24,
h x
2
7x + 10, i x
2
49 5 a a
2
+ 6a + 8, b y
2
+ 8y + 15, c m
2
+ 8m + 7, d p
2
+ 2p 35, e t
2
+ 7t 18,
f w
2
+ 2w 24, g k
2
2k 8, h u
2
6u 7, i j
2
4j 60, j z
2
3z + 2, k n
2
11n + 28, l q
2
19q + 88
6 a 2x
2
+ 5x + 3, b 3a
2
+ 10a + 8, c 4p
2
+ 29p + 7, d 8m
2
+ 22m + 15, e 10k
2
+ 43k + 28, f 6w
2
+ 31w + 18,
g 5t
2
+ 8t 4, h 2y
2
+ 13y 24, i 3h
2
19h + 20, j 6u
2
17u 3, k 7b
2
30b + 8, l 2n
2
+ 5n 33,
m 8s
2
+ 18s + 7, n 12j
2
+ 47j + 40, o 15q
2
34q + 15, p 5x
2
+ 23x + 12, q 48 + 22r 5r
2
, r 60e
2
92e + 35,
s 18c
2
19c 12, t 10 9k 36k
2
, u 9 + 16g 4g
2
8 a x
2
+ 5x + 4, b x
2
+ 8x + 15, c x
2
+ 6x + 8,
d x
2
+ 7x + 10, e x
2
+ 9x + 18, f x
2
+ 12x + 20, g x
2
4x + 3, h x
2
9x + 20, i x
2
9x + 14, j x
2
12x + 27,
k x
2
14x + 40, l x
2
13x + 42, m x
2
+ 3x 10, n x
2
4x 21, o x
2
4x 12, p x
2
2x 15, q x
2
4x 32,
r x
2
7x 30, s x
2
+ 9x 22, t x
2
+ 4x 45, u x
2
3x 108 9 a 2c
2
+ 10c + 12, b 3z
2
+ 6z 24,
c 4y
2
24y + 20, d 42 + 8v 2v
2
, e 2ab
2
9ab + 10a, f 6x
3
+ 13x
2
28x 10 b (5 2z)(z 7) 11 a 156, b 323,
c 252 12 x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 2x 13 x
2
+ 10x + 25 14 a x
3
+ 4x
2
+ 8x + 5, b a
3
+ 2a + 12, c s
3
7s
2
+ 3s + 35,
d 2g
3
+ 7g
2
+ 7g + 12, e 2e
3
+ 3e
2
25e + 24, f 24k
3
32k
2
+ 4k + 5 15 a a
3
+ 6a
2
+ 11a + 6,
b n
3
+ 2n
2
29n + 42, c 8t
3
38t
2
+ 47t 15 16 a n + 7, b x 7, c d + 4, d p 4
2 a p
2
+ 2pq + q
2
, b m
2
+ 2mn + n
2
, c x
2
2xy + y
2
, d c
2
2cd + d
2
3 a x
2
+ 6x + 9, b m
2
+ 10m + 25
c k
2
4k + 4, d y
2
14y + 49, e u
2
+ 8u + 16, f t
2
2t + 1, g c
2
22c + 121, h b
2
+ 18b + 81, i e
2
12e + 36,
j p
2
+ 20p + 100, k w
2
+ 16w + 64, l n
2
24n + 144 4 a 25 + 10a + a
2
, b 9 6j + j
2
, c 121 + 22y + y
2
,
d 1 2h + h
2
5 a a
2
+ 26a + 169, b q
2
34q + 289, c 484 + 44r + r
2
, d 324 36v + v
2
6 a y
2
+ 0.4y + 0.04,
b f
2
1.4f + 0.49, c s
2
+ s + 0.25, d p
2
2.4p + 1.44 7 a 4x
2
+ 12x + 9, b 9a
2
+ 30a + 25, c 16k
2
8k + 1,
d 25h
2
20h + 4, e 9u
2
+ 24u + 16, f 36d
2
84d + 49, g 4c
2
44c + 121, h 16w
2
+ 72w + 81, i 64g
2
16g + 1,
j 49p
2
+ 28p + 4, k 100y
2
+ 60y + 9, l 144f
2
120f + 25, m 36 + 60e + 25e
2
, n 81 36v + 4v
2
, o 25 80b + 64b
2
,
p 49 + 168q + 144q
2
8 a a
2
b
2
+ 2abc + c
2
, b p
2
2pqr + q
2
r
2
, c r
2
s
2
+ 2rs
2
t + s
2
t
2
, d 9e
2
f
2
24efgh + 16g
2
h
2
9 a 2p
2
+ 20p + 50, b 3a
2
+ 24a 48, c 4x
3
+ 28x
2
+ 49x, d 45t
3
60t
2
u + 20tu
2
10 a (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 6x + 9,
b (m 5)
2
= m
2
10m + 25, c (c + 4)
2
= c
2
+ 8c + 16, d (w 7)
2
= w
2
14w + 49, e (k + 6)
2
= k
2
+ 12k + 36,
f (y 10)
2
= y
2
20y + 100, g (u 2)
2
= u
2
4u + 4, h (a + 9)
2
= a
2
+ 18a + 81, i (n + 1)
2
= n
2
+ 2n + 1,
j (t + 12)
2
= t
2
+ 24t + 144, k (p 8)
2
= p
2
16p + 64, l (z 11)
2
= z
2
22z + 121
x
2
2
-----
x
2
1 +
2
--------------
t t 1 + ( )
2
------------------,
x 1 2 3 4
N 1 5 14 30
Number of rows (n) 1 2 3 4
Number of cubes in bottom layer 1 3 6 10
Number of cubes in second layer 0 1 3 6
Total number of cubes 1 4 9 16
Number of lines (l) 1 2 3 4
Number of regions (r) 2 4 7 11
n n 1 ( )
2
--------------------,
n
2
2n +
2
------------------;
n 1 + ( )
2
2
-------------------;
n 1 ( )
2
2
-------------------
n 2 ( )
2
2
-------------------;
n 2 ( )
2
1
2
----------------------------
Exercise 2.13
Exercise 2.14
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 569
11 a (3m + 4)
2
= 9m
2
+ 24m + 16, b (2e 7)
2
= 4e
2
28e + 49, c (2q + 3)
2
= 4q
2
+ 12q + 9,
d (3h 8)
2
= 9h
2
48h + 64, e (5s + 1)
2
= 25s
2
+ 10s + 1, f (4k + 5)
2
= 16k
2
+ 40k + 25,
g (2g + 11)
2
= 4g
2
+ 44g + 121, h (6a 5)
2
= 36a
2
60a + 25, i (4j 9)
2
= 16j
2
72j + 81,
j (11r + 12)
2
= 121r
2
+ 264r + 144, k (9b + 2)
2
= 81b
2
+ 36b + 4, l (7y 3)
2
= 49y
2
42y + 9 12 a no, b yes,
c yes, d no, e no, f no, g yes, h yes, i no, j no, k yes, l yes 13 a z
2
+ b c
2
c m
2
+ 5m + d w
2
e a
2
+ 2 + f t
2
2 + g 4h
2
+ 12 + h 2 +
14 a y + 10, b g 8, c 3j 7 15 a 10 201, b 9801 16 a 1225, b 11 449, c 2401, d 784
17 x
2
+ 2 + 18 b i p
2
+ q
2
+ 9 + 2pq + 6p + 6q, ii x
2
+ y
2
+ 16 2xy 8x + 8y,
iii 4f
2
+ 9g
2
+ 16h
2
+ 12fg + 16fh + 24gh 19 a (3c + 5)
2
= 9c
2
+ 30c + 25, b (7w + 4)
2
= 49w
2
+ 56w + 16,
c (5t 11)
2
= 25t
2
110t + 121, d (12r 7)
2
= 144r
2
168r + 49
2 a p
2
q
2
, b x
2
y
2
, c e
2
f
2
, d m
2
n
2
3 a x
2
9, b p
2
4, c y
2
25, d h
2
16, e 1 b
2
, f 64 m
2
,
g 49 c
2
, h 36 w
2
, i k
2
121, j 81 j
2
, k u
2
100, l 144 d
2
4 a t
2
169, b z
2
289, c 441 q
2
,
d 256 s
2
5 a 4a
2
9, b 25t
2
4, c 16k
2
1, d 9p
2
49, e 64y
2
25, f 4n
2
81, g 49 100x
2
, h 16 25e
2
,
i 1 36g
2
6 a 16b
2
c
2
, b j
2
4k
2
, c 64m
2
n
2
, d 9p
2
4q
2
, e 16x
2
49y
2
, f 81c
2
25d
2
, g 36g
2
121h
2
,
h 100u
2
9v
2
, i 25r
2
144s
2
, j 49j
2
36k
2
, k 16e
2
81f
2
, l 121m
2
100n
2
7 a 5a
2
20, b 36 4y
2
,
c 10c
2
+ 490, d ab
2
ac
2
, e 24p
2
54q
2
, f 2u
3
v 2uv
3
8 a p
2
q
2
r
2
, b f
2
g
2
h
2
, c a
2
b
2
c
2
d
2
9 a x
2
b k
2
c m
2
d y
2
e 9s
2
f 10 a 91, b 399, c 875 11 a m
3
+ 6m
2
m 6,
b n
3
7n
2
9n + 63, c y
3
2y
2
25y + 50, d 108 + 36p 3p
2
p
3
, e 16a
3
16a
2
b 49ab
2
+ 49b
3
,
f 12u
3
+ 16u
2
v 75uv
2
100v
3
12 a a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
c
2
, b a
2
2ab + b
2
c
2
1 a a
2
+ 8a + 15, b m
2
+ 12m + 36, c k
2
16, d 2x
2
+ 13x + 21, e u
2
25, f n
2
7n 18, g b
2
14b + 49,
h 3c
2
22c 16, i z
2
18z + 80, j 12j
2
20j + 3, k 9e
2
6ef + f
2
, l 1 l
2
, m 16p
2
+ 56pq + 49q
2
, n 4g
2
25h
2
,
o ac + ad + bc + bd, p 4v
2
44vw + 121w
2
, q b
2
c
2
64, r 6m
2
+ 7m 20 2 a 8n + 10, b x
2
+ 10x + 29,
c t
2
19, d g
2
+ 9g 3, e 3k
2
+ 10k + 25, f 16 3 a y
2
+ 10y + 22, b e
2
+ 15e + 38, c 2x
2
+ 12x + 14,
d 2c
2
+ 26c + 89, e 2d
2
+ 18d + 34, f 8h
2
+ 38h + 4, g b
2
+ 10b 9, h 4j
2
+ 7j 2, i 2z
2
16, j 4r
2
+ 24r + 29,
k 8f
2
+ 12fg, l 28t
2
11t 8 4 a 2x + 15, b 3p
2
27p, c k
2
5k + 4, d n
2
12n + 1, e 12a + 72, f 2b 10,
g 4u + 36, h 4pq, i 2b
2
2ab, j 2c
2
+ 6c + 27, k 24v + 22, l 6k
2
+ 43k + 191, m 60q 74, n ac + bd ab cd
5 a 3a
2
+ 12a + 14, b 3n
2
14, c 3x
2
+ 7x 12, d h
2
+ 4h 1, e 1, f x
3
+ 4x
2
y + 5xy
2
+ 2y
3
x
2
2xy y
2
,
g 2e
3
+ 27e + 9, h 2b
3
6 a a
3
+ 3a
2
b + 3ab
2
+ b
3
, b a
3
3a
2
b + 3ab
2
b
3
, c 2a
3
+ 6ab
2
7 a x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 12x + 8,
b t
3
15t
2
+ 75t 125, c 8p
3
+ 36p
2
+ 54p + 27, d 64x
3
144x
2
y + 108xy
2
27y
3
8 a
4
+ 4a
3
b + 6a
2
b
2
+ 4ab
3
+ b
4
Chapt er 2 Revi ew
1 a d = c + 1, b c = 3p + 1, c d = 2r + 2 2 a y = 2x + 9, b y = 5x 2, c y = 9x 5 3 a 7p + 5, b cd 2, c 8 + xyz,
d e f 7c
3
, g h 2(e 9), i j (v w)
2
4 a y + 6, b k 9 5 a t, t + 1, t + 2,
b e + 8, e + 9, e + 10, c 2c 5, 2c 4, 2c 3, d d 1, d, d + 1 6 a x, x + 2, x + 4, b n + 7, n + 9, n + 11,
c a 2, a, a + 2 7 a b, b + 2, b + 4, b v + 4, v + 6, v + 8, c z 3, z 1, z + 1 8 a 1000p m, b cm,
c 100k c, d h 9 a 300 + q, b 60a + b 10 a 20, b 16, c 48, d 5, e 54, f 48, g 88, h 4 11 a 7, b 1,
c 8, d 9, e 9, f 144, g 39, h 42, i 61, j 8 12 a 17ef, b 10u
2
, c 5a
2
, d 4a
2
b, e 3d, f 12v, g 8c, h 4r
13 a 10h, b 0 14 a 2a + 11, b 8c + 9d, c 23p + 3q, d 7g + 2h, e 3m, f 19a 2b, g 3x 5y, h 2a
2
5a
15 a 24t, b 10x + 8 16 a 24k, b 6mn, c 35cd, d n
2
, e 36g
2
, f ab
2
c, g 6pq, h 6rs
2
t, i 15e, j 32uv, k 24abc,
2z
3
-----
1
9
---, +
8c
5
------
16
25
------, +
25
4
------,
7w
3
-------
49
36
------, +
1
a
2
-----,
1
t
2
----,
9
h
2
-----,
c
2
25
------
25
c
2
------
1
x
2
-----, 6
1
4
--- , 11
1
9
---
Exercise 2.15
1
4
--- ,
9
25
------ ,
121
16
--------- ,
1
y
2
-----,
4
s
2
----,
a
2
b
2
-----
b
2
a
2
-----
Exercise 2.16
n
4
--- 3 + , r
s
2
--- ,
h 4 +
6
------------,
a
3
---
2b
5
------ + ,
b
10
------
f
60
------
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
l 42pq
2
r 17 a 3w, b 2, c f, d 6, e 7b, f 6n, g b, h 3s, i 10u, j 5, k 12y, l 4d 18 a 9b, b 6x, c 12v
19 a 35b, b 4d, c 5, d 35wz 20 a b c d 21 a 30h, b 10, c 60t
2
, d 48g, e 14w, f 10x
2
22 a 4, b 6v 23 a 19n, b 22j, c 34e 24 a 12n + 32, b 28a 35b, c 2fg + 22fh, d x
2
6x, e 15c
2
50c,
f p
2
q + pq
2
, g 3ab 27ac, h 36rs + 48r
2
25 a 5u + 22, b 3t 14, c 9p 7, d 14x + 48, e 12n 10,
f 7 + m, g 16k 13 26 a 5(r 4), b b(a c), c y(x + 1), d e(e + 11), e uv(t w), f 3(6p 7), g 5m(4k + 3n),
h 6s(4r 5s), i cd(d + c), j 7(2a 7), k 3e(5f + 8g), l 11w(7w 12) 27 a (b + 7)(a + 5), b (m n)(m 4),
c (y + 2z)(x + 1) 28 a b c 2k, d e f g h 29 a b c d
e f g h 30 a y
2
+ 9y + 20, b m
2
10m + 21, c t
2
+ 6t 16, d a
2
7a 44, e n
2
12n + 27,
f k
2
+ 10k 24, g e
2
+ 13e + 42, h s
2
12s 13 31 a 2b
2
+ 11b + 15, b 6p
2
25p + 24, c 35n
2
9n 18,
d 8 2r 3r
2
32 a p
2
+ 6p + 9, b m
2
14m + 49, c 4c
2
+ 20c + 25, d 16y
2
24y + 9, e 9a
2
+ 24ab + 16b
2
,
f 49j
2
84jk + 36k
2
, g x
2
+ 3x + h 9t
2
48 + 33 162x
3
72x
2
y + 8xy
2
34 a (a 6)
2
= a
2
12a + 36,
b (d + 4)
2
= d
2
+ 8d + 16, c (t + 11)
2
= t
2
+ 22t + 121, d (n 9)
2
= n
2
18n + 81, e (3x + 5)
2
= 9x
2
+ 30x + 25,
f (4u 11)
2
= 16u
2
88u + 121 35 a no, b no, c yes, d no, e no, f yes 36 a x
2
25, b k
2
64, c 144 m
2
,
d 4t
2
49, e 9a
2
121b
2
, f a
2
b
2
36c
2
37 a a
3
+ 8a
2
+ 19a + 12, b 12n
3
11n
2
19n + 14, c y
3
+ 9y
2
4y 36,
d 10k
3
39k
2
7k + 12 38 a 2x
2
10x + 9, b 10n
2
16n + 28, c 14a 149, d u
2
2u 18
1 a $540, b $1080, c $2340 2 a $25 896, b $35 425, c $53 087.04 3 a $463.60, b $532.95 4 a 37, b 36.5
5 a $32 970, b $3135.60 6 a $43 111.20, b $2499.79 7 $6270 8 $8024.40 9 Pharmacists assistant by
$6.55 10 $428.40 11 $2195.92 12 $32 000 per annum 13 $1726.15 14 $925.21 15 $31.59
16 $59 975.11 17 $879.23 18 $18 418.40 19 Bart, $516.80 per week; Kristina, 38 hours worked;
Marta, $14.80 per hour 20 $1083.75 21 $1.60 22 $127.40 23 $165.60 24 a $352, b $9.24 per hour,
c $17.60 25 8% 26 4.5% 27 a $30 420, $28 899, b Decrease by 5% 28 $27 000, $34 000, $42 800,
$57 000, $64 100, $84 750 29 $577.50 30 $2667.60
1 a $600, b $259.66, c $212.64 2 $280.80 3 $567 4 $469.70 5 35 6 Bill, by $22.69 7 $4425
8 $590 9 $443.52 10 $1290.50 11 a $5250, b $7060 12 $18 775 13 $245 14 $985.50 15 $385
16 8 17 $830 18 a $565, b $124.30 19 $15 540 20 $267 21 $3516.30 22 $402.80
23 a $4875, b 1106 km, c $1060.88 24 a $40 800, b $622 25 $195 26 2% 27 $745 000
1 a $18, b $24 2 a $72, b $128 3 a 10, b 6 4 a $688, b $938.25, c $784.75, d $817.80, e $766.85
5 $950.60 6 $945 7 a $492, b $565.80, c $707.25 8 $931.50 9 $652.50 10 $1164 11 a 3, b 7,
c 8 12 43 13 a $15.10, b $24.50, c $16.90 14 a $705.60, b $44.10 15 a $634.80, b 46 16 $1521
17 $728 18 a $448, b $387.10, c $504, d $650.73 19 $2902.25 20 $7453.12 21 $2800 22 $1560
1 $364 2 $515 3 $352.45 4 a $739.50, b $491.05, c $1842.03 5 a $626.31, b $200.20, c $426.11
6 $334.80 7 $686.35 8 a 28%, b 39% 9 $1824.33 10 a $425.52, b 35% 11 a $38.19, b $458.21
12 a $667, b $43.50, c $427.85 13 $37 440 14 $19.09
k
5
---,
4b
5
------,
7
9m
-------,
2u
3v
------
2c
3
------,
4u
3
------,
7
10s
--------,
3a
10
------,
4m
21
-------,
11w
12
----------,
a
3b
------
bc
40
------,
3
4
--- ,
8n
27
------,
6xz
49
--------,
ab
4
------,
4
5
--- ,
16w
35u
----------,
5bd
6a
---------
9
4
--- ,
64
t
2
------
3 Consumer arithmetic
Exercise 3.1
Exercise 3.2
Exercise 3.3
Exercise 3.4
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 571
1 a Nil, b $1190, c $6805, d $12 784.90, e $20 872.20, f $10 438.90, g $15 058.36, h $68 459.70
2 a $53 720, b $12 942.40 3 a $42 861, b $9238.30 4 a $14 820, b $14 076, c $1372.92 5 a $79 075,
b $74 723, c $22 499.81 6 a $41 875.08, b $8942.50, c Yes, $1057.10 7 a $56 529.46, b $56 144,
c $13 960.48, d Must pay $2136.40. Tax payable is greater than tax paid. 8 a $24 724.96, b $24 312,
c $3673.60, d $404.83 9 $1835.04 10 a $716.42, b $774.52, c $58.09 11 a $42 131.25, b $8665.60,
c $82.36 12 a $38 154.80, b $37 564, c $7649.20 13 a $984, b $14 915.56 14 $8191 15 a $2933.40,
b $42 066, c $8999.80 16 a $13 672, b $11 080, c $49.85 17 a $40 192.55, b $7547.80, c $627.78
18 a Nil, b $315, c $90.60 19 a Yes, b $2385, c Yes, $279 20 a $10 918, b $726.90, c $9620,
d Needs to pay $2024.90 21 a $78 785, b $24 408.95, c $1181.78, d Yes, $1880.88 22 a $15 400, b $28 300,
c $54 710, d $94 612 23 a $56 620, b $1415.50, c $33.19
1 a $52, b $410, c 18% 2 a $65, b $9620, c 5% 3 a i $80, ii $10, b $320, c d $15 4 a $350,
b Entertainment = $50; University expenses = $40, c 72, d $66 5 a Food = 60; Transport = 30, b c $540,
d No, as no savings are made 6 Weekly budget: Health insurance = $17.50, Petrol = $37, Food = $80,
Rent = $240, Car insurance = $18, Savings = $103.75, Other = $28.75. Total $525 7 Weekly budget:
Rent = $177, Food = $110, Petrol = $48, Bills = $30, Car insurance = $18, Superannuation = $30,
Savings = $181. Total $594 8 a $21 300, b $3859.80, c $74.23, d $40 599
1 a B, b C, c B 2 a A, b B, c C, d D 3 a 30 mL for $2.10, b 85 cm for $5.19, c 12 kg for $50.28,
d 75 g for $10.16 4 1.25 L bottle 5 1.75 kg for $5.90 6 100 g for $1.75 7 The single purchase is the better
option as only one screen door is needed 8 Gary should purchase two tins at $9.50 each, as only two tins are
needed, not four 9 a 1 kg bag, b $19 10 $3.78
1 75% 2 a $145, b $52, c $72 3 a $1012, b $763, c $884 4 a $134.15, b $114.03 5 $699.80
6 $123.50 7 $274.55 8 $5.65 9 20% 10 22% 11 13% 12 28.2% 13 $5800 14 $570
15 $95 16 $62 17 $73.50 18 a No, b 40%, c $486 19 $57 20 $680 21
1 a $870, b $2030 2 a $1400, b $4900 3 $13 875 4 a 25%, b 20% 5 30% 6 31% 7 83% 8 55%
9 Cost price is half the selling price 10 4 : 1 11 Profit = $90.40 12 $600.20 13 a $1190, b 5.2%
14 $175 000 15 $18 889 16 $2178 17 a Ball = $16; Bat = $232, b Ball = $13.91; Bat = $165.71,
c $140.94 18 $400 19 a $1350, b 4320, c $5080, d $1.37
Chapt er 3 Revi ew
1 a $973.08, b $1946.15, c $4216.67 2 $527.40 3 $3431.75 4 $2123.33 5 76 6 6.5% 7 $590.20
8 $251 9 a $10 450, b $3553 10 2320 11 17 12 $893.80 13 a $499.40, b 44 14 $2138.50
15 $1049.48 16 $1077.17 17 $2292.29 18 a Nil, b $2113.10, c $11 260, d $21 311.65 19 a $38 235,
b $7850.50, c $1277.29 20 a $10 735, b PAYG tax = $11 778 Refund due ($1043) 21 a $318.56, b $82.50
22 a $140, b $18.46, c $91.54, d 6.7%, e 60, f Entertainment = $72 (extra $12), Savings = $115.54 (extra $24)
23 B 24 D 25 $65.60 26 $88 27 a 12.5%, b 16% 28 $744 29 7.4% 30 $34.80 31 $4025
32 35% 33 a $17 000, b $620
Exercise 3.5
Exercise 3.6
3
16
------ ,
1
12
------ ,
Exercise 3.7
Exercise 3.8
100x
x y +
------------
Exercise 3.9
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a x = 6, b p = 8, c t = 4, d m = 30, e n = 4, f k = 8, g h = 3, h y = 7 2 a Incorrect, b Correct, c Incorrect,
d Incorrect, e Correct, f Incorrect 3 a a = 5, b p = 17, c y = 5, d q = 1, e w = 6, f r = 8, g b = 30, h f = 63
4 a u = b e = 3 c a = d c = e d = f t = 1 g k = h w = 1 i x = 1 j y = 3 k m =
l q = 1 m n = n v = o t = p h = q e = r r = s w = 4 t k = 8 u c = 0.8, v g = 2,
w b = 3, x v = 0.56 5 a k = 3, b y = 6, c t = 5, d z = 1, e h = 3, f r = 7, g c = 23, h a = 13, i w = 19
6 a x = 4, b p = 7, c e = 3, d a = 1, e g = 8, f s = 7, g c = 2, h f = 2, i d = 1, j y = 0, k m = 4, l p = 3,
m z = 8, n t = 6, o u = 1 7 a p = b m = c h = 1 d r = e k = 2 f x = g n = h k = 2
i w = 8 a x = 5 b Inverse operations 9 a x = 2, b x = 3, c x = 7, d x = 10, e x = 1, f x = 2,
g x = 4, h x = 6, i x = j x = k x = 3 l x = 1 10 a x = 2.2, b x = 3.5, c x = 4.5, d x = 2.6
1 a m = 7, b k = 2, c y = 3 2 a Correct, b Correct, c Incorrect, d Correct 3 a k = 3, b m = 4,
c s = 7, d p = 5, e x = 5, f b = 7, g r = 11, h m = 6, i u = 2, j g = 12, k c = 8, l k = 8 4 a y = 4
5 a x = 3, b p = 8, c a = 5, d m = 12, e y = 4, f t = 3, g k = 3, h w = 6, i q = 0, j b = 5, k s = 9, l e = 13,
m u = 4, n x = 4, o n = 1, p t = 5, q k = 4, r h = 2 6 a m = 4 b k = c c = d u = e y = 1
f p = 1 g t = 2 h z = 5 i a = 3 j e = 2 k g = l k = 3 8 a p = 1, q = 4 b x = 2, y = 17
1 a m = 5, b k = 8, c c = 3, d n = 8, e t = 3, f x = 1, g y = 1, h a = 5, i w = 2, j p = 4, k c = 3, l m = 4
2 a n = 5, b p = 8, c y = 4, d m = 6, e t = 7, f a = 11, g k = 4, h r = 2, i d = 5 3 a a = 1 b m = 5
c k = d y = e p = f z = 1 g h = 10 h v = 2 i c = 4 a x = 2 5 a p = 28, b n = 18,
c e = 8, d s = 5, e b = 2, f y = 11, g u = 8, h z = 3, i t = 2 6 a x = 6, b n = 17, c y = 26, d g = 21,
e a = 4, f r = 8, g z = 7, h p = 3, i w = 12, j c = 11, k e = 3, l m = 2 7 a x = 5, b x = 7, c x = 2, d x = 7,
e x = 13, f x = 8, g x = 14, h x = 3, i x = 1, j x = 4
1 a d = 12, b k = 35, c y = 18, d w = 24, e x = 12, f a = 10, g m = 4, h k = 9, i w = 6, j c = 14, k s = 18,
l u = 9 2 a m = 32 3 a n = 15, b k = 16, c c = 42, d a = 63, e z = 16, f h = 20, g p = 18, h x = 60, i j = 48,
j u = 22, k s = 36, l d = 42, m a = 6, n e = 18, o h = 24, p z = 8 4 a m = 1, b k = 22, c s = 15, d t = 7,
e x = 9, f c = 12, g d = 1, h b = 2, i z = 8, j r = 7, k f = 8, l q = 12 5 a m = 7, b x = 17, c w = 11,
d b = 10, e u = 5, f t = 9, g a = 22, h k = 5, i c = 3 6 a x = 2 b x = 7, c x = d x = e x = 4
f x = 5 g x = 3 h x = 14 i x = 6
1 a x = 6, b a = 10, c t = 30, d k = 24, e n = 72, f y = 21, g u = 20, h m = 12, i c = 16, j h = 42, k w = 36,
l e = 80 2 a c = 5 3 a a = 1, b n = 9, c y = 4, d c = 2, e b = 5, f t = 3, g x = 6, h m = 9 4 a y = 15,
b a = 60, c e = 36, d x = 24, e t = 40, f u = 20 5 a m = 1, b x = 9, c k = 10, d d = 1, e n = 26, f t = 2,
g z = 3, h h = 0, i h = 3 6 a x = 11, b f = 6, c b = 7, d n = 19, e q = 13, f m = 2, g x = 5, h x = 6,
i x = 4, j x = 1 k a = 1 l t = 6 7 a a = b x = 7 c x = 2, d a = 2, e x = 16 f x = 10, g x = 6,
h a = i a = 8 a a = 1 b c = 3, c y = 8, d a = e x = 6, f y = 12, g x = 12, h y = 7, i u = 1
Equations, inequations and
formulae
4
Exercise 4.1
2
3
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
4
5
---,
3
4
---,
1
2
---,
7
9
---,
2
3
---,
1
2
---,
1
4
---,
1
6
---,
3
4
---,
1
12
------,
3
10
------,
1
3
---,
11
15
------,
2
7
---,
12
13
------,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
3
4
---,
5
7
---,
4
5
---,
3
4
---,
1
2
---,
1
3
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
5
7
---
2
5
---
2
3
---,
4
7
---,
1
3
---,
1
3
---
Exercise 4.2
1
2
---,
2
3
---,
1
4
---,
5
6
---,
2
7
---,
1
2
---,
2
3
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
6
7
---,
3
7
---,
3
4
---
Exercise 4.3
2
3
---,
3
4
---,
3
5
---,
3
4
---,
9
11
------,
5
6
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
7
10
------
Exercise 4.4
2
3
---,
2
5
---,
5
6
---,
5
7
---,
1
2
---,
9
16
------,
1
2
---,
Exercise 4.5
1
2
---,
1
5
---,
1
2
---
2
3
--- ,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
1
20
------ ,
1
10
------
1
3
---,
1
5
--- ,
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 573
1 a x = 5, 6, 7, , b x = 4, 3, 2, , c x = 1, 2, 3, , d x = 11, 10, 9, , e x = 7, 6, 5, ,
f x = 16, 17, 18, , g x = 7, 8, 9, , h x = 10, 9, 8, , i x = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, j x = 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
k x = 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, l x = 11 2 a x < 3, b x 2, c x > 8, d x 3, e x > 13, f x 6, g 2 x 6,
h 3 < x 0, i x < 4 or x > 6, j x 1 or x > 2
3 a , b ,
c , d ,
e , f ,
g , h
i j
k
l
4 a x < 6 , b a 5 ,
c y 15 , d k > 3 ,
e w 7 , f n > 5 ,
g b , h u 1 ,
i m 28 , j d < 12 ,
k h > 24 , l p 10
5 a y < 3, b c 4, c z > 5, d g 18, e p > 4, f q 5, g m < 2, h t 7, i v 24, j s > 16, k b 27,
l r < 60 6 a x 2, b k < 5, c t > 7, d g 3, e m < 4, f w 8, g q > 2, h y < 3, i p 9, j z > 5, k a 9,
l e < 5, m u > 7, n f 15, o a 3 p d > q c 2 r n < 7 a a < 8, b m 5, c h < 3, d x 7,
e p > 5, f e < 19 8 a x > 12, b m < 15, c k 14, d t 14, e n > 6, f u 8 9 a x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
b x = 5, 6, 7, 8, , c x = 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, d x = 3, 2, 1 10 a a > 5, b y 2, c n 4, d d < 9,
e m < 2, f c 4, g k > 30, h w 30, i x 18, j e < 12, k d < 8, l s > 5, m g 8, n t 35, o z < 18,
p f 54 11 a c > 2, b s < 6, c p 5, d h 2, e t > 4, f g < 1, g v 6, h d < 4, i q 8, j n > 2, k r > 4,
l j < m t 1 n n o s < 1 12 a x > 12, b x 45, c x 9, d x > 11, e x < 3 f x 2 g x < 8
h x 7 i x > 1 13 a x = 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, b 8 < x < 20, c 2, 3, 4; 3, 4, 5; 4, 5, 6, d 8 < x < 12,
e Between 6 and 16 cm 14 a T, b F, c T, d F, e T, f T, g T, h F 15
16 a 7 < x < 12, b 3 x 5, c 2 x < 14, d 2 < x 5, e 16 < x < 32, f 18 x < 24
17 x 5 or x 8
Exercise 4.6
3 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12
0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 1 0 1 2 8 7 6 5 9
2 1 3 4 5 6 3 2 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 5
2 1 0 1 2 3
0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 5 6 7 8 3 4 5 6 7
13 14 15 16 17 2 1 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 4 3 5 6 7
1
2
---
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
---
2 1
1
2
2
1
2
1
27 26 28 29 30 10 11 12 13 14
26 25 24 23 22 12 11 10 9 8
1
2
---,
11
12
------,
1
2
---,
2
9
---
1
7
---,
5
6
---,
2
5
---,
1
3
---
7
11
------,
9
16
------,
2
3
---,
1
5
---,
1
2
---
1 2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a 3, b 7, c 12, d 11, e 8 2 a 1, b 11, c 24 3 a 26, b 49, c 27, d 52 4 a 11, b 14, c 19 5 a 22, b 6,
c 2, d 3 6 a 75, 76, b 17, 18, 19, c 23, 24, 25, 26 7 a 32, 34, 36, b 9, 11, 13, 15, c 26, 28, d 37, 39, 41
8 a x = 14, b x = 12, c x = 7 9 a 11 men, 18 women, b Kris has $25, Annika has $16, c 17 cm, 11 cm,
d Retread tyre = $75, New tyre = $110, e 8 cm, 13 cm, f 55 cm, 85 cm, 110 cm, g Raymond is 26 years,
Father is 52 years 10 a $2.40, b Bettina is 12 years, Darren is 36 years, Jonathan is 72 years, c 11 pears,
3 tomatoes, d n = 7, e $4, f 23 days 11 a Son is 24 years, Daughter is 18 years, Woman is 36 years,
b 11 years, c Frank is 10 years, Anita is 40 years, d Thao is 36 years, Wendy is 66 years 12 344 13 70 500 kg
1 a A = 35, b F = 19.55, c A = 29.025 2 a S = 18, b M = 7.5, c I = 56 3 a i P = 26, ii P = 34.2, b i y = 15,
ii y = 22, c i v = 23, ii v = 28 4 a A = 64, b V = 1728, c y = 8 5 a V = 7, b v = 5, c T = 8 6 a A = 96,
b S = 119, c C = 30 7 a E = 0.42, b A = 43.2, c F = 37.5, d S = 60, e h = 0.25, f y = 22, g s = 676
8 a D = 72, b m = 3, c S = 9, d T = 4.5 9 a A = 95.0, b V = 22.6, c V = 167.1, d A = 213.6, e S = 21.9
10 a S = 108, b A = 45.6, c T = 24.5, d S = 95 11 a R = 3, b v = 24, c T = 11.4, d v = 14, e E = 0.8
12 a A = 13.45, b T = 0.125, c A = 6090.13, d E = 0.33
1 a m = 1.5, b b = 5 2 a L = 10, b B = 9.5 3 a D = 90, b D = 88.9, c T = 7, d T = 8.24 4 K = 108
5 a u = 20, b u = 110, c a = 12.25, d t = 1.6 6 a n = 16, b l = 11, c a = 5 7 a g = 10, b R = 7.2
8 a g = 8, b k = 9 a m = 3, b v = 1.5 10 a m = 16, b v = 3.5, c r = 64 11 a v = 11, b u = 8.6
12 a u = 5, b a = 6 13 a y
2
= 17, b y
1
= 8, c x
2
= 24, d x
1
= 5 14 a h = 8, b r = 8.3 15 a r = 6,
b r = 2.9 16 a a = 22.5, b a = 80, c r = d r = 17 a R = 7, b R = 8.2, c r = 6, d r = 5.9 18 a a = 7,
b d = 19 a a = 7, b r = 2, c n = 4 20 a m
1
= 13 b m
2
= 1
1 a x = y a, b x = p + q, c x = m n, d x = e x = f x = cy, g x = h x = i x = a(y z),
j x = k x = l x = 2 a a = b a = c a = d a = e a =
f a = 3 a n = b n = c n = d n = e n =
f n = 4 a t = b t = c t = d t = e t = f t =
g t = h t = 5 a c = j
2
, b c = c c = y
2
+ 4, d c = 9p
2
, e c = f c = (L K)
2
, g c =
h c = 6 a x = b x = c x = d x = e x = f x = g x =
h x = i x = 7 x = 1 8 a M = DV, b a = c L = d S = e x = 2A y,
f P = g A = h v = i R = j s = k R = l h = m n =
n a = o C = p F = q r = r u = s a = t r =
u u = v l = w R = x R = 9 3 cm 10 8.32 cm 11 128 m
Exercise 4.7
Exercise 4.8
Exercise 4.9
1
3
---
2
3
---,
1
2
---
5
7
------
2
3
---,
3
13
------
Exercise 4.10
k
2
---,
c e
d
-----------,
q
p
---,
vw
u
-------,
cd
be
------,
mp
n
-------,
k
g h +
------------
c 3b
3
---------------,
y 14 +
2
---------------,
w mc
m
-----------------,
k p
k
------------,
10y z
5y
-----------------,
2r A
2
-------------------
3 m p + ( )
k
----------------------,
10 2k
5
------------------,
ka kb
b
------------------,
21k
10
---------,
3a 2b 2c + +
3
-------------------------------,
9h 7m
4
--------------------
b
a
---, n m , u k , a
2
b
2
, rs,
vh
u
------,
6
a
---,
ab
4
----------
a
2
d
-----,
M
2
n
2
a
2
-------------,
a b
d
------------

2
,
p N
q
-------------

2
p q +
2
------------,
p
m n
-------------,
2d
c 1
-----------,
1
a 1 +
------------,
y
1 y
-----------,
3t
t 1
----------,
g 1 +
g 1
------------,
a av
1 v +
---------------,
a bc +
b c +
---------------
v u
t
-----------,
P 2B
2
----------------,
D
T
----,
100I
RN
-----------,
3V
h
-------,
2E
m
-------, T
2 3
,
v
2
u
2
2a
----------------,
V
2
2g
------,
A 2r
2
2r
---------------------,
2S
a l +
-----------,
2A bh
h
-------------------,
5F 160
9
----------------------,
9C 160 +
5
----------------------,
3V
4
------- 3 , v
2
2s ,
v
2
n
2
----- x
2
+ ,
S a
S
------------,
2s at
2
2t
-------------------,
gT
2
4
2
---------,
A r
2
+
------------------,
R
1
R
2
R
1
R
2
+
------------------
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 575
12 6 cm 13 a i none, ii x = iii b 0, b i none, ii x = iii 0 and a 0, c i q 0, s 0,
ii r = iii q 0, d i none, ii b = iii a 0, 9, e i nu
2
1, ii u =
iii k 0, n 0, 0, f i t 2, ii t = iii z 1 14 m
1
= 15 a r = b r = 100
Chapt er 4 Revi ew
1 a j = 8, b b = 10, c x = 8, d c = 14 2 a p = 8, b k = 6, c y = 3, d m = 6 3 a h = 8, b d = 6, c y = 11,
d s = 5 4 a r = 7, b b = 9, c u = 9 5 a a = 3, b f = 4 6 a x = 4, b p = 6, c r = 12 7 a x = 5, b x = 9,
c x = 1 8 a g = b x = 4 c u = 4 d w = 3 e h = 3 f s = 9 a x = 8, b z = 12, c t = 99, d a = 6,
e u = 20, f n = 17, g w = 5, h r = 6, i e = 38, j h = 2 10 a x = 40, b m = 30, c a = 14, d u = 2, e z = 1
f w = 20 11 a x = 6, 5, 4, 3, , b x = 5, 6, 7, 8, , c x = 9, 8, 7, 6, , d x = 0, 1, 2, 3, ,
e x = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, f x = 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, g x = 1, 0, 1, 2, or x = 5, 6, 7, 8, ,
h x = 5, 6, 7, 8, or x = 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 a x 3, b x < 2, c 3 x < 1, d x < 0 or x 2
13 a y < 8, b k > 3, c m 5, d t 27, e u < 19, f c 4, g z 4, h w < 13, i a 21, j b 24
14 a m > 7, b c 7, c r 4, d n < 32, e 8, f t > 11 15 a 15, b 9, c 10, d 11, e 9, f 16
16 a 16, 17, 18, 19, b 27, 29, 31 17 a James has $165, Samantha has $118, b Ham sandwich costs $2.20,
Salad sandwich costs $2.60 18 a x = 7, 8, 9, b 8 and 20, c Between 5 cm and 21 cm 19 a v = 70, b v = 33.9,
c E = 129.6, d S = 248, e S = 378 20 a L = 8, b m = c K = 162, d a = 15, e x
1
= 2 21 a x =
b x = c x = d x = e x = f x = g x = h x =
22 a x y, b x = + y, c w 0
1 a mm, b cm, c m, d km, e cm, f m, g mm, h km 2 a g, b mg, c t, d kg, e mg, f g, g kg, h t, i g
3 a mL, b L, c kL, d kL, e L, f mL, g mL, h L, i kL 4 a 6000 m, b 3 m, c 90 mm, d 2.5 km, e 46 cm,
f 0.4 cm, g 0.178 km, h 23 mm, i 800 m, j 10 cm, k 2000 mm, l 0.016 km, m 3000 cm, n 0.007 cm, o 0.02 m,
p 0.0003 km 5 a 5000, b 200 000, c 4, d 9, e 3 800 000, f 1.65 6 a 4000, b 8, c 1500, d 14.5, e 2.79,
f 70, g 12 400, h 1820, i 0.375, j 0.14, k 870, l 46, m 0.02, n 0.006, o 5.47 7 a 4000, b 3, c 8000, d 7.5,
e 2400, f 1.95, g 3.61, h 5070, i 730, j 0.195, k 0.011, l 6.8 8 a 60, b 60, c 24, d 180, e 48, f 300, g 30,
h 45, i 16, j 90, k 78, l 170, m 3, n 3, o 7, p 1 q 1 r 1 9 b 1 h 15 min 10 a 1 min 6 s, b 2 min 24 s,
c 3 min 15 s, d 4 min 45 s 11 a 1 h 54 min, b 21 min, c 3 h 27 min, d 2 h 48 min 12 a 1.4 h, b 2.7 h,
c 4.75 h, d 0.6 h 13 a 02:00, b 19:00, c 0:00, d 12:00, e 04:30, f 13:45, g 23:59, h 00:24 14 a 4 am,
b 7:30 am, c 1 pm, d 3:20 pm, e 8:15 am, f 4:35 pm, g 8 pm, h 11:47 pm 15 a 1.379 m, b 5.895 m,
c 12 783.54 m, d 1455.38 m 16 a 15.8 m, 0.85 m, b 20, c 4.32 m, d 25, e 664 mm, f 3.61 km, g 34.15 m
17 a 12.84 kg, b 950 kg, c 1.35 kg, d 6.7 g, e 53, f 580.5 kg, g 3.4 kg, h 2.66 t 18 a 20 mL, b i 80, ii 66,
c 8, d 1485 kL, e 8 300 000 L, f 1.375 L, g i 11.52 L, ii 2.5 mL 19 a 6 h 15 min, b 5 h 45 min, c 10 h 49 min
20 a 6 h 45 min, b 1 d 2 h 48 min, 21 a 10:23 am, b 4:55 pm 22 a 500 g, b 1500 g, c 500 g, d 3500 g
a c
b
-----------,
y
a
---,
y
a
---
ps
q
------,
c
2
a
2
----- 9 ,
c
2
a
2
-----
m k
kn
-------------,
m k
kn
-------------
2z
z 1
-----------,
T m
2
+
1 Tm
2
-------------------
A
P
--- n ,
A
P
--- n 1

3
5
---,
2
3
---,
1
6
---,
3
4
---,
1
2
---,
4
5
---
8
27
------,
2
3
---,
bc
ad
------,
e
f g
------------,
m 6a
2a
----------------, v u ,
p q
r
------------

2
,
10z 2y
5
--------------------,
a b +
2
------------,
y 2 +
y 1
------------
z
2
w
2
------
5 Measurement
Exercise 5.1
1
2
---,
1
4
---,
1
3
---
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a 0.5 mm, b 10 km/h, c 0.5 cm, d 0.5 m, e 0.5 h, f 25 cm, g 1C, h 0.5 cm, i 0.5 kg, j 625 m
2 a 3.5 cm, b 4.5 cm 3 a 63.5 cm and 64.5 cm, b 64.5 cm 4 a 1.5 kg and 2.5 kg, b 8.5 kg and 9.5 kg,
c 13.5 kg and 14.5 kg, d 47.5 kg and 48.5 kg 5 a 25 cm and 35 cm, b 45 cm and 55 cm, c 115 cm and 125 cm,
d 255 cm and 265 cm 6 a 250 and 350, b 275 and 325, c 295 and 305 7 150 AD and 250 AD
8 8650 L and 8750 L 9 a 135 cm and 145 cm, b 3 h 40 min and 4 h, c 1475 kL and 1525 kL,
d 83.5 kg and 84.5 kg, e 11.5 mm and 12.5 mm, f 45.5 t and 46.5 t, g 15.5 cm and 16.5 cm,
h 134.5 m and 135.5 m 10 a 0.1 g, b No 11 a 6.5 mm and 7.5 mm, b 1.5 cm and 2.5 cm, c 7.5 km and 8.5 km,
d 14.5 m and 15.5 m, e 1.55 cm and 1.65 cm, f 4.25 km and 4.35 km, g 6.75 m and 6.85 m,
h 12.05 mm and 12.15 mm, i 2.75 m and 2.85 m, j 17.25 mm and 17.35 mm, k 23.55 cm and 23.65 cm,
l 29.95 km and 30.05 km 12 a 5.5 kg and 6.5 kg, b 6.45 L and 6.55 L, c 22.355 t and 22.365 t,
d 24.5C and 25.5C, e 5.05 mL and 5.15 mL, f 0.75 kL and 0.85 kL, g 160.35 cm and 160.45 cm,
h 11.65 g and 11.75 g, i 9.95 L and 10.05 L, j 102.5 dB and 103.5 dB, k 4.85 kg and 4.95 kg,
l 0.045 Hz and 0.055 Hz 13 a 72.5 cm, 85.5 cm, b 71.5 cm, 84.5 cm, c Between 6041.75 cm
2
and 6198.75 cm
2
1 a i q
2
= p
2
+ r
2
, ii PR
2
= PQ
2
+ QR
2
, b i e
2
= f
2
+ g
2
, ii FG
2
= EF
2
+ EG
2
2 a True, b False, c True,
d False, e False, f True 3 a No, b Yes, RT, 4 a Yes, b No, c Yes, d No 5 6
2
2
2
+ 3
2
6 a x = 12.1,
b p = 9.7, c z = 16.0, d a = 77.8 7 a x = 31.1, b x = 7.1 8 a 45.49 km, b 63 cm 9 13.1 m or 15.6 m
10 a 7.87 m, b 4.3 m 11 a 15.2 km, b 45.6 km 12 358 m 13 a 65 cm, b 144 mm 14 a d = 12,
b d = 13.7 15 3 cm 16 a a = 10.5, b = 13.4, b x = 7.5, y = 10, c u = 8, v = 11.6 17 PR
2
= PQ
2
+ QR
2
18 w = 16.5 19 54 cm 20 67.9 cm 21 a 120 mm, b 36 mm 24 1223 km 25 a 3900 m, b 1500 m
1 a 32 cm, b 35.4 cm, c 31.2 cm, d 57.2 cm, e 114.8 cm, f 81.45 cm, g 46 cm, h 40.9 cm, i 59.8 cm
2 a 59.2 mm, b 33 cm, c 56.8 m, d 66.5 cm 3 a 13 mm, b 8.75 mm, c 9.8 cm, d 9 m 4 a 9 cm, b 8.5 cm,
c 32 cm 5 a 49.4 mm, b 84 mm, c 115 mm, d 76.8 mm, e 92.4 mm, f 73.2 mm 6 5.25 km 7 154 cm
8 $2040.88 9 a 13.9 m, b 4, c $67.20 10 600 m 11 a p = 24, q = 32, perimeter 168 cm,
b p = 9, q = 5.4, perimeter 28.8 cm 12 a 19.5 mm, b 4.2 m 13 a 200 mm, b 53.6 m, c 34 km 14 12 cm
15 86.6 mm 16 144 mm 17 2 cm 18 8 cm 19 length = 120 cm, perimeter = 384 cm
20 42 cm, 56 cm, 70 cm
1 a 18.8 cm, b 34.6 cm, c 103.0 cm, d 149.2 cm 2 a 25.1 mm, b 106.8 mm, c 147.7 mm, d 252.6 mm
3 a 30.2 cm, b 42.3 m, c 143 mm, d 325 cm 4 a 6.4 m, b 11.3 m, c 13.6 m 5 3.84 cm 6 a 7 cm,
b 13 cm, c 20 cm, d 62 cm 7 a d = 8 mm, r = 4 mm, b d = 22 mm, r = 11 mm, c d = 36 mm, r = 18 mm,
d d = 50 mm, r = 25 mm 8 66 km 9 510 10 a 377 m, b 100 11 45.55 m 12 20.4 cm 13 96 cm
14 a 82.3 m, b 191.8 m, c 42.8 m, d 19.2 m, e 34.4 m, f 26.1 m, g 89.6 m, h 194.7 m, i 374.6 m
15 a 84.3 cm, b 45.7 cm, c 33.2 cm, d 33.1 cm, e 121.5 cm, f 25.7 cm, g 64.9 cm, h 125.8 cm, i 150.8 cm,
j 57.8 cm, k 58.3 cm, l 50.0 cm 16 a 246.5 m, b 93.7 m, c 86.4 m 17 36 cm 18 a 44.4 cm, b 27.1 cm,
c 58.6 cm
1 a 100, b 10 000, c 1 000 000, d 0.01, e 0.0001, f 0.000 001 2 a 30 000 cm
2
, b 7 000 000 m
2
, c 600 mm
2
,
d 1 240 000 m
2
, e 45 000 cm
2
, f 970 mm
2
, g 25 600 cm
2
, h 1875 mm
2
, i 160 000 m
2
, j 40 mm
2
, k 57 000 m
2
,
l 13 cm
2
3 a 4 cm
2
, b 9 m
2
, c 5 km
2
, d 2.8 m
2
, e 6.5 cm
2
, f 7.4 km
2
, g 1.98 cm
2
, h 3.28 km
2
, i 4.339 m
2
,
j 0.7 m
2
, k 0.15 cm
2
, l 1.0956 km
2
4 a 500, b 7, c 80 000, d 6.4, e 15, f 9 000 000, g 567 000, h 0.37, i 90,
j 0.816, k 200, l 45 000, m 0.003, n 0.0006, o 0.078 5 a 10 000, b 40 000, c 95 000, d 2, e 7.5, f 36,
g 5000, h 0.6, i 0.09, j 12 600, k 0.0003, l 200 6 a 3 000 000 mm
2
, b 500 mm
2
, c 0.169 m
2
, d 0.75 m
2
,
e 0.002 17 km
2
, f 744 000 mm
2
7 a 475 000 cm
2
, b 0.0012 ha
Exercise 5.2
Exercise 5.3
Exercise 5.4
Exercise 5.5
Exercise 5.6
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 577
1 a 27, b 43 2 a 64 cm
2
, b 31.36 cm
2
, c 65 cm
2
, d 48.16 cm
2
3 a 45 m
2
, b 72 m
2
, c 37.8 m
2
4 a 280 cm
2
, b 66 cm
2
, c 51.24 cm
2
, d 60 cm
2
, e 23.2 cm
2
, f 74.8 cm
2
5 a 44 m
2
, b 99 m
2
, c 33.215 m
2
,
d 27 m
2
, e 27.54 m
2
, f 63.51 m
2
6 a 32 mm
2
, b 202.5 mm
2
, c 169.6 mm
2
, d 30 mm
2
, e 104.8 mm
2
,
f 108.33 mm
2
7 a 88 cm
2
, b 96.75 cm
2
, c 80.34 cm
2
, d 24 cm
2
, e 60.68 cm
2
, f 241.25 cm
2
8 a 72.25 m
2
,
b 161.5 cm
2
, c 182.4 mm
2
, d 168 m
2
, e 73.45 m
2
, f 199.5 cm
2
, g 83.85 mm
2
9 0.48 m
2
10 a b 33 cm
2
,
c 48 cm
2
11 a 289 m
2
, b 56 m, c 12 m 12 a 8 m, b 96 m
2
, c 62 m 13 a It is a quadrilateral with opposite
sides parallel, b 52 cm
2
14 180 mm
2
15 240 mm
2
16 a 40 cm, b 1680 cm
2
17 a x = 12, b 150 cm
2
18 56 cm
2
19 a 54 mm, b 1944 mm
2
20 a 32 mm, b 80 mm 21 a 112.5 ha, b 18.7 ha, c 5.4 ha
22 a 9y
2
, b 10a
2
+ 15a, c 4n
2
+ 40n, d 12p
2
+ 21p, e 24x
2
+ 30x, f 5cd + 15d 23 a t = 19, b y = 18, c p = 15,
d k = 7, e m = 11, f u = 9 24 960 cm
2
25 b 30 cm
2
26 a 17.3 mm
2
, b 47.9 mm
2
, c 56.7 mm
2
1 a 201.1 cm
2
, b 530.9 cm
2
, c 176.7 cm
2
, d 408.3 cm
2
, e 1017.9 cm
2
, f 490.9 cm
2
, g 2091.2 cm
2
,
h 10 806.5 cm
2
2 a 113.1 cm
2
, b 28 532.2 mm
2
, c 1385.4 cm
2
, d 301.7 m
2
3 a 7 mm, b 12 mm, c 37 mm
4 47 cm 5 a 9 cm
2
, b 49 mm
2
, c 361 m
2
6 a 16 m
2
, b 81 cm
2
, c 256 mm
2
7 a 3 cm, b 16 cm
8 a 25 cm
2
, b 64 cm
2
, c 169 cm
2
9 a 12 cm, b 22 cm, c 34 cm 10 a 157.1 m
2
, b 88.4 m
2
,
c 50.3 m
2
, d 163.6 m
2
, e 320.9 m
2
, f 11.6 m
2
, g 3094.3 m
2
, h 143.4 m
2
, i 240.8 m
2
11 a 4.5 cm, b 15.2 cm
12 semicircle 13 a 10 cm, b 78.5 cm
2
14 340 cm
2
15 a 75.4 cm
2
, b 23.6 cm
2
, c 141.4 cm
2
16 12 cm
1 a 66 cm
2
, b 191 cm
2
, c 96 cm
2
, d 95 cm
2
, e 91 cm
2
, f 268 cm
2
2 a 105 cm
2
, b 447 mm
2
3 a 117 cm
2
,
b 38 cm
2
, c 44 cm
2
, d 88 cm
2
, e 82.5 cm
2
, f 260 cm
2
4 a 109 m
2
, b 73.5 m
2
, c 33.07 m
2
, d 51 m
2
, e 44.71 m
2
,
f 7.5 m
2
, g 219 m
2
, h 80 m
2
, i 41.45 m
2
5 a 263.9 mm
2
, b 42.1 mm
2
, c 308.5 mm
2
, d 34.8 mm
2
, e 343.5 mm
2
,
f 214.0 mm
2
, g 647.9 mm
2
, h 230.7 mm
2
, i 11.6 mm
2
, j 1093.1 mm
2
, k 33.9 mm
2
, l 27.1 mm
2
6 776.6 mm
2
7 24 cm
2
1 2 73.9 m
2
3 1350 cm
2
4 63 m
2
5 3850 cm
2
6 160 m
2
7 a 3.1 m
2
, b $967.20 8 a 48.69 m
2
,
b 10 L 9 a 4, b 240 m
2
, c $2880 10 6.1 mm 11 2084 m
2
12 a 78.42 m
2
, b $1764.45 13 a 576 ha,
b $806 400 14 48.3 m
2
15 16 128 cm
2
Chapt er 5 Revi ew
1 a min, b km, c g, d mm, e mL, f kg, g h, h L 2 a 4.1 m, b 2300 m, c 10.6 cm, d 0.52 m, e 0.075 km,
f 0.6 mm, g 34.8 m, h 2 cm 3 a 3900 mm, b 56 000 cm 4 a 3.64 t, b 1800 mg, c 900 kg, d 0.31 kg,
e 86 000 mg, f 3 kg 5 a 1.67 L, b 1400 L, c 0.42 kL, d 5671 mL, e 8.7 L, f 0.059 L 6 a 600, b 39 000,
c 5.8, d 4000, e 7.2, f 0.041 7 a 80 000 m
2
, b 4.5 ha, c 6400 m
2
, d 0.731 ha 8 a 5 km/h, b 0.5 cm,
c 500 m 9 a 75 g and 85 g, b 2750 and 2850 years, c 35.5 mm and 36.5 mm 10 a 8.5 mm and 9.5 mm,
b 205.5 L and 206.5 L, c 1.75 g and 1.85 g, d 17.05 m and 17.15 m 11 a 240 s, b 40 h, c 1.5 h, d 36 min,
e 1.25 min, f 9 days 12 a 2.395 h, b 7 h 12 min 18 s 13 a 2 h 45 min, b 3 min 45 s 14 a 05:00 h,
b 21:00 h, c 01:50 h, d 23:26 h 15 a 8:00 am, b 2:00 pm, c 6:20 am, d 10:38 pm 16 6 h 45 min 17 4400
18 76.26 kg 19 71 20 2 h 40 min 21 1.26 L 22 84.6 mm 23 7.2 m 24 34.4 m 25 B 26 a k = 39,
b t = 61.5 27 a 32.31 mm, b 82.9 mm 28 x = 1.6, y = 2 29 a 266 cm, b 80 cm 30 a 50.3 cm, b 320.4 cm
31 a 17.19 cm, b 9.71 cm 32 1384 33 a 56.6 mm, b 20.4 mm, c 54.9 mm, d 80.8 mm 34 a 108 m
2
,
b 193.2 m
2
, c 230 m
2
, d 42 m
2
, e 111 m
2
, f 262.2 m
2
35 a 361 cm
2
, b 52 cm 36 a 40 cm, b 292.5 cm
2
37 29.4 m
2
38 a k = 18, b y = 11 39 a 380.13 cm
2
, b 132.73 cm
2
40 a 49 cm
2
, b 10 cm
41 a 99.63 m
2
, b 164.74 m
2
42 a 251.3 cm
2
, b 378.3 cm
2
, c 32.0 cm
2
43 a 146.67 m
2
, b $3138.74
Exercise 5.7
1
2
--- ,
Exercise 5.8
Exercise 5.9
Exercise 5.10
1
15
------
11
24
------
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a Big Mac, b Cheeseburger, c Fillet of fish, d 120, e 18 f 4 burgers per minute 2 a Penelope,
b French, c History, d Art, e 7, f History 3 b 8, c 11, d Diane, e Dave by 1 hour, f Diane on Wednesday.
4 a Black, b i Black, ii Blue, c 2, d Black, e Yellow, f 6 a 3, b Rugby league, c 90, d e 5%
8 a Picture graph, b i 140 000, ii 100000, c 40 000, d 2001, 2002, e 2000 and 2003, f 1998 9 a 16 L,
b Tank was filled with petrol, c 32 L, d 9 am, 1 pm, e 17 L, f 18 L, g 0 L, Car is stationary,
h 4 pm, 5 pm, Greatest use of petrol
10 11 a Pie chart, b i Western suburbs, ii Southern suburbs,
c 2, d 9, e 20%, f
12
13 a 25, b Max, c Janine sold 35, d Nerida sold 18,
e 13
1 a b 2 a
b 24, c 10, 2, d 6, e 29% 3 a 10, b 19, c 53, d
4 a 5, b 2, c 6, d 38%
5 a
6 Data representation and analysis
Exercise 6.1
1
3
--- %,
5
7
---
3
25
------,
S
t
o
r
e
y
s

c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
d
Construction progress
52
48
44
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Time (months)
1
5
---
French
Spanish
Japanese
126
114
87
33
Cantonese
Exercise 6.2
12 III 3
13 5
14 IIII 4
15 III 8
16 II 7
17 II 2
Total: 29
IIII
IIII
IIII
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
10
8
6
4
2
0
12 13 14 15 16 17
Score
2 I 1
3 II 2
4 II 2
5 II 2
6 II 7
7 III 3
8 III 3
9 III 3
10 I 1
Total: 24
IIII
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Score 20 21 22 23 24 25
Frequency 2 3 2 6 4 3
Score
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 579
b c
6 a b 50 7 a i Yes, around 5, ii Yes, 1, b i Yes, around 96, ii Yes, 100
8 9 a 25, b 68, c 52, d 48%
10 a 22, b 11, c Winter
11 , b 15 year olds, c 14.8 years
1 a 6.7, b 15.9, c 57, d 23.9, e 46.2, f 0.5 2 a 20, b 6, c 132, d 14.8, e 6, f 43, g 5.5, h 13.8 3 a 8,
b 11, c 39, 42, d 106, 110 4 a 8, b 17, c 7.9, d 18 5 a mean = 33.7, median = 34, mode = 30, range = 8,
b mean = 241.4, median = 240, mode = 251, range = 94, c mean = 12.1, median = 10.6, mode = 5.9, range = 14.7,
d mean = 1.3, median = 1.5, mode = none, range = 139 6 a 3.24, b 12.71, c 49.99, d 97.16 7 a median = 3,
mode = 4, range = 4, b median = 13, mode = 16, range = 5, c median = 50, mode = 48, range = 4, d median = 96,
mode = 95, range = 5 8 a 33, b 46, c 25, d 78
9 a b
mode = 14, mean = 13, mode = 58, mean = 56.7
10 a b 1.7, c 1, d 1, e 19% 11 a mean = 4.2, median = 5, mode = 6,
range = 5, b mean = 3.8, median = 5, mode = 5, range = 5
12 a mean = 16.4, mode = 15, b The two scores of 11,
c 16.8 13 a 38, b 42, c 36, d 36.6, e 60
14 a b 114 cm, 125 cm,
c 24 cm, d 114 cm
11
20
------, 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 21 22 23 24 25
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Score
47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55
Stem Leaf
10 3 4 6 9
11 1 2 4 7 7 8
12 0 1 2 3 5 6 8 8 9
13 0 1 2 4 6 7 7
14 0 1 4 5 6 9
Age 12 13 14 15 16 17
Number of students 3 5 9 18 10 5
Exercise 6.3
x Tally f fx
10 III 3 30
11 5 55
12 II 7 84
13 IIII 4 52
14 10 140
15 III 8 120
Totals: 37 481
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
x Tally f fx
54 10 540
55 IIII 4 220
56 II 7 392
57 III 3 171
58 IIII 14 812
59 IIII 9 531
Totals: 47 2666
IIII IIII
IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
x Tally f fx
0 II 7 0
1 III 13 13
2 II 7 14
3 5 15
4 II 2 8
5 II 2 10
Totals: 36 60
IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
IIII
Stem Leaf
10
(0)
1 4
10
(5)
5 6 6 7 8 9
11
(0)
0 2 2 3 4 4 4
11
(5)
6 7 7 8 8 9
12
(0)
0 0 1 2 3
12
(5)
5 5 5
Number of matches
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
15 a b 36, c 36 17
16 a Anything but 4C or 5C,
b 2C or 8C,
c 4C or less,
d 0C
1 a 6, b 39, c 29.2 2 a 36, b 1254, c 448 3 a 4, b 36, c 60 4 a 10, b 16 5 a 25.5, b 23.6, c 24
6 a increase, b decrease, c stay the same 7 a 15.1, b 16.2, c 16 8 a decrease, b increase, c stay the same
9 752 kg 10 88 11 25 12 73 13 a It will lower the class average, b 71.8%, c It will increase the average,
d 73.7% 14 a 27, b 63 15 a 67, b 9 16 84% 17 $457 500
1 a b i 9, ii 17, iii 8, iv 11, v 43, vi 32, vii 3, viii 50, ix 47
2 a b
median = 5, median = 102.5
Stem Leaf
2
(0)
4
2
(5)
7 8 8
3
(0)
1 2 2 3 3 4
3
(5)
5 5 6 6 6 7 8
4
(0)
0 1 2 3 4
4
(5)
5 6 7 7 8
10
8
6
4
2
0
N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
7 8 9 10 11
Age (years)
Students (ages)
Exercise 6.4
Exercise 6.5
Number
of tails
Tally f cf
2 III 3 3
3 5 8
4 IIII 9 17
5 15 32
6 I 11 43
7 IIII 4 47
8 III 3 50
f = 50
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII IIII
IIII IIII
x Tally f cf
1 II 7 7
2 III 3 10
3 II 7 17
4 I 6 23
5 10 33
6 10 43
7 I 6 49
f = 49
IIII
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
x Tally f cf
100 II 7 7
101 IIII 9 16
102 II 17 33
103 15 48
104 III 8 56
105 I 6 62
106 IIII 4 66
f = 66
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII IIII
IIII IIII IIII
IIII
IIII
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 581
3 a b i 6, ii 35, iii 16, iv 28, c median = 22
4 a b 30, c i ii
iii d 80%,
e 9.5 min
5 a b 5, c 10 6 a b
7 8 a 3, b 10, c 22.5, d 4, e 19, f 51 9 9
10 median = 5
x Tally f cf
18 III 3 3
19 III 3 6
20 I 6 12
21 IIII 4 16
22 III 8 24
23 I 11 35
24 III 3 38
25 II 2 40
f = 40
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII
x Tally f cf
7 III 3 3
8 II 7 10
9 5 15
10 IIII 4 19
11 III 3 22
12 II 2 24
13 III 3 27
14 I 1 28
15 II 2 30
f = 30
IIII
IIII
2
15
------,
1
3
---,
11
15
------,
x f cf
1 2 2
2 4 6
3 3 9
4 3 12
5 1 13
6 4 17
7 6 23
8 2 25
f = 25
x f cf
1 2 2
2 1 3
3 3 6
4 2 8
5 1 9
6 3 12
f = 12
x f cf
13 3 3
14 2 5
15 1 6
16 1 7
17 4 11
18 1 12
f = 12
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Score
x f cf fx
1 3 3 3
2 4 7 8
3 4 11 12
4 9 20 36
5 7 27 35
6 10 37 60
7 5 42 35
f = 42 fx = 189
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a 6, b 12, c 23.5, d 32.5
2 a 3 a
b f = no. of scores, (f cc) = approx. sum of scores b 3539, c 30, d 34.7
4 a b
c 170174, d 176.3 cm 5 a 182, b 4, 11, 18, 25, 32, 39, c i 3 437 000, ii 18 885 6 a Too many different scores,
b , c 27.5, d 3039, e 2029 7 a 2024, 2529, 3034, 3539, 4044,
4549, b 49, c 3539, d 34 8 a 16, b 19.5
9 a b c 139.5
Exercise 6.6
Class cc Tally f f cc
15 3 III 3 9
610 8 5 40
1115 13 IIII 9 117
1620 18 I 16 288
2125 23 II 12 276
2630 28 II 7 196
Totals: 52 926
IIII
IIII
IIII IIII IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
2024 22 5 110
2529 27 III 3 81
3034 32 I 6 192
3539 37 II 7 259
4044 42 5 210
4549 47 IIII 4 188
Totals: 30 1040
IIII
IIII
IIII
IIII
160164 162 5 810
165169 167 III 3 501
170174 172 II 12 2064
175179 177 10 1770
180184 182 I 6 1092
185189 187 I 6 1122
190194 192 III 3 576
Totals: 45 7935
IIII
IIII IIII
IIII IIII
IIII
IIII
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
162 167 172 177 182 187 192
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Height (cm) (Class centre)
Class cc f f cc
09 4.5 3 13.5
1019 14.5 8 116
2029 24.5 10 245
3039 34.5 12 414
4049 44.5 7 311.5
Totals: 40 1100
Class cc Tally f cf
120124 122 III 3 3
125129 127 III 3 6
130134 132 IIII 4 10
135139 137 IIII 4 14
140144 142 III 3 17
145149 147 II 7 24
150154 152 III 3 27
155159 157 I 1 28
f = 28
IIII
28
24
20
16
14
12
8
4
0
122 127 132 137 142 147 152 157
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Number of calls (class centre)
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 583
10 a b 85.5 11 Too large.
12 a 38.82,
b i
ii
iii
c i 4049, 5059 ii 2534, 4554, iii 1519, 2529, 3034, 4044, 4549, 5054, 5559,
d i 38.79, ii 39.5, iii 39.14, e iii, the classes are smaller
Chapt er 6 Revi ew
1 a NSW, b Vic., c 19 600 000, d No, total of angles is less than angle representing Qld, e 28, f 3% 2 a 17,
b 4, c Jewish women, d 20%, e 1, f Anglican, Jewish 3 a mean = 10.2, median = 9, no mode, range = 9,
b mean = 24, median = 23.5, mode = 26, range = 10, c mean = 21, median = 19, mode = 11, 26, range = 29
4 a b
c 47, d 51, e 11, f 50.2
5 fx = 160, mean = 4
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
72 77 82 87 92 97
C
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
Noise level (dB) (class centre)
14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5
(Class centre)
8
4
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5
(Class centre)
8
4
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
8
4
17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(Class centre)
x Tally f cf fx
47 III 3 3 141
48 5 8 240
49 III 3 11 147
50 III 3 14 150
51 III 8 22 408
52 III 3 25 156
53 5 30 265
30 1507
IIII
IIII
IIII
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
47 48 49 50 51 52 53
Score
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
6 a 64, b 61, c 7, d 1689, e 60.3, f No g
7 a 36, b 32, c 21.5, d 16 and 18, e
8 a mean = 9.7, median = 9, mode = 8, range = 4, b mean = 4.1, median = 4.5, mode = 5, range = 5 9 a 135,
b 22 10 13 11 a 40.1, b 42.6 12 a Late night shopping, b 15 13 a i stay the same, ii decrease,
iii increase, b stay the same, ii increase, iii decrease 14 a 39, b 19 15 a 61, b 2228, c 49, d 43%,
e 27 16 a 95, b 33.5
17 a b 11.511.9, c 17, d 11.25 s,
e f 11.3 s
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
57 58 59
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
60
Number of papers sold
61 62 63 64
Stem Leaf
0
(5)
7 7 8 9
1
(0)
3 4 4
1
(5)
5 6 6 6 8 8 8 9
2
(0)
0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4
2
(5)
5 7 7 8 9
3
(0)
1 1 2 3 4 4
3
(5)
6 9
Class cc Tally f cf f cc
10.010.4 10.2 IIII 4 4 40.8
10.510.9 10.7 II 7 11 74.9
11.011.4 11.2 I 6 17 67.2
11.511.9 11.7 III 8 25 93.6
12.012.4 12.2 5 30 61
Totals: 30 337.5
IIII
IIII
IIII
IIII
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
10.2 10.7 11.2 11.7 12.2
C
u
m
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a
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v
e

f
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c
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Sprint times (s) (class centres)
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 585
2 a blue, green, yellow, b No, c i not very likely, ii very likely, iii impossible, iv certain 3 3 red, 1 green, 1 blue
4 a i 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ii Yes, b i 17, 18, 19, ii Yes, c i friend 1, friend 2, friend 3, ii No, d i 0, 5, 7, 9, ii No,
e i 0, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, ii No 10 a Yes, b No, c No 11 a No, b No, c No, d Yes, e Yes
12 a i 24, ii No, b i Yes, ii No
2 a Varia Thanh Seeza Roger Leigh Lee-Ann Greg
3 a No, b i 0.12, ii 0.36, iii 0.38, iv 0.14 4 a A B C D E F G H I J
b A 0.75, B 0.68, C 0.8, D 0.83, E 0.7, F 0.82, G 0.8, H 0.68, I 0.85, J 0.67, c Player I
1 a b c 2 a b c d e f 3 a Mrs Alix: Mr Steptoe: Mr Naba:
Mrs Naba: Dr Georgiou: b Mrs Alix, d Mrs Alix: 400, Mr Steptoe: 300, Mr Naba: 50, Mrs Naba: 50,
Dr Georgiou: 200 4 40, No 5 a b c d e 0, f 1 6 a Red = 3 faces, Yellow = 2 faces,
White = 1 face, b i Red = 30, Yellow = 20, White = 10 7 a b c d 8 a 1, b 0, c d e
f 9 42. Not necessarily. 10 10 silver, 8 gold, 1 white, 1 black 11 3 red, 6 blue, 15 green 12 a b
c 13 15 a b c d 0 16 17 Alicia. Her probability of winning is
Chapt er 7 Revi ew
1 a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, b No, i 9 and 10, ii 20
4 a b Car 1, Holiday 1, TV 2, Dinner 6,
Concert 4, Spin 3, No prize 2
8 a P(G) = b P(R) = c P(B) =
d P(Y) = e P(W) = 9 a 1, b
c d 10 Crimson = 3, Aqua = 4,
Hyacinth = 1, Lemon = 2, White = 2,
Black = 0. Other answers are possible.
7 Probability
Exercise 7.1
Exercise 7.2
14
100
---------,
10
100
---------,
15
100
---------,
16
100
---------,
16
100
---------,
20
100
---------,
18
100
---------,
23
100
---------,
9
100
---------,
15
100
---------,
7
100
---------,
15
100
---------,
21
100
---------,
1
100
---------
60
80
------,
34
50
------,
48
60
------,
50
60
------,
49
70
------,
41
50
------,
72
90
------,
68
100
---------,
68
80
------,
50
75
------,
Exercise 7.4
1
2
---,
1
4
---,
1
8
---
1
52
------,
1
13
------,
1
4
---,
1
2
---,
3
13
------,
1
26
------
2
5
---,
3
10
------,
1
20
------,
1
20
------,
1
5
---,
1
4
---,
1
4
---,
3
4
---,
1
2
---,
1
8
---,
1
2
---,
5
8
---,
1
4
---
1
5
---,
3
20
------,
9
20
------,
9
10
------
1
4
---,
1
13
------,
1
52
------
7
26
------
1
12
------,
1
3
---,
1
6
---,
1
6
---
7
12
------.
Prize Tally Total
Experimental
probability
Car III 3
Holiday IIII 4
TV I 6
Dinner III 18
Concert IIII 14
Spin 10
No prize 5
1
20
------
1
15
------
IIII
1
10
------
IIII IIII IIII
3
10
------
IIII IIII
7
30
------
IIII IIII
1
6
---
IIII
1
12
------
1
4
---,
5
12
------,
1
6
---,
1
12
------,
1
12
------
1
4
---,
3
8
---,
1
4
---
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a yes, b no, c yes, d yes, e no, f yes, g no, h no, i yes, j yes, k yes, l no, m yes, n yes, o yes
2 a rational, b rational, c irrational, d rational, e rational, f irrational, g rational, h rational, i irrational,
j rational, k rational, l irrational, m rational, n irrational, o rational, p rational, q rational, r rational,
s irrational, t rational, u irrational, v irrational, w rational, x rational, y irrational 3 a rational, b rational,
c irrational, d irrational, e rational, f rational, g rational, h rational, i irrational, j rational, k irrational,
l rational, m rational, n irrational, o rational, p rational 4 a 2, 3, b 4, 5, c 8, 9, d 12, 13 5 a 2.6, b 2.4,
c 2.6, d 2.3, e 3.2, f 9.3, g 16.2, h 9.5, i 0.4, j 10.6, k 0.3, l 0.5, m 2.1, n 1.0, o 2.2, p 9.9
6 a 3.4, 3.7, b 9.15, 9.6, c 3.6, 4, d 7,
e f 10.1 9 a b units 10 a units,
b Roll the coin along the line through one complete revolution 11 a always, b always, c sometimes,
d sometimes, e sometimes, f sometimes
1 a b c d e f g h 2 a 2, b 3, c 7, d 11, e 8, f 48, g 50,
h 63, i 5, j 13, k 20, l 32 3 a b c d e f g h i
j k l m n o p q r s t u
v w x 4 a b c d e f g h
i j k l 5 a b c d e f g
h i j k l 6 a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o p q r s t
7 a k = 12, b a = 98, c m = 4, d y = 11 8 a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o p
q r s t 9 a b c d e f
g h
1 a Yes, b No, c No, d No 2 a b c d e f g h 0, i
j k l m n o 3 a b c d e
f g h i 4 a b c d
e f g h i j k
l 5 a b c d e f g h i j k
l m n o p q r s t u v
w x 6 a b c d e
f 7 a b c d 8 a b c
d e f g h i
1 a b c d e f g h i j k
l m 5, n 17, o 6, p 75, q r s t 2 a b c d e
8 Surds
Exercise 8.1
13, 15, 83, 96, 3 2, 90
3
, 3 5,
41
6
------ , 4 3,
2 6, 5, 26, 3 3, 12 11 , 4 5, 1 67 + , 7 11 7 ( )
Exercise 8.2
10, 21, 14, 15, 22, 39, 30, 55
2 2, 2 3, 3 2, 2 5, 2 6, 3 3, 2 7, 4 2, 2 10,
3 5, 4 3, 5 2, 3 6, 2 15, 3 7, 6 2, 5 3, 4 5, 2 21, 3 10, 4 6
3 11, 5 6, 10 2 10 3, 12 5, 6 3, 8 7, 24 5, 44 3, 50 2, 9 7,
24 2, 30 3, 6 22, 50 3 8 2, 4 10, 5 7, 11 2, 9 3, 7 5, 12 2,
6 11, 9 5, 8 7, 15 3, 12 5 8, 18, 20, 27, 32, 44, 45,
48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 63, 72, 75, 80, 88, 90, 96
3 a, 5 a, a a, a
2
a, a b, b a, a
2
b,
b
3
a, ab
2
a, a
4
b
2
b, a
2
b ab, a
4
b
3
ab, 2a a, 2a
2
3, 3a
2
2a, 3a 3b,
6b
2
a, 3ab 5a, 4a
2
b 3, 5a
3
b
5
2ab 49a, a
3
, a
9
, a
3
b
2
, 25ab, 8a,
48a
5
b, 45a
5
b
7
Exercise 8.3
7 2, 3 3, 9 5, 4 11, 3 7, 5 3, 2 5, 10,
17 11, 5 7, 14 2, 4 3 , 3 5 , 7 6 9 2, 6 3, 7 10, 3 6, 7,
9 5, 3 3, 7 11, 5 10 7 2 3 3 + , 12 5 10 3 + , 5 7 4 5 + , 9 6 6 2 + ,
14 3, 10 9 11 + , 7 7 4 3 , 8 5 5 2 + , 17 2 5 5 , 15 6 9 10 + , 2 3 8 7 ,
13 2 2 3 2, 3, 3 5, 5 3, 5, 2 2, 4 7, 8 2, 10, 7 5, 3 2,
15 2, 14 2, 6 7, 7 3, 5 5, 10 6, 11 7, 2 6 , 5 11, 10 13, 30 5,
3 2, 17 3 5 5 5 3 + , 7 4 2 + , 6 2 16 10 + , 12 3 2 6 , 2 3 5 ,
34 3 2 10 9 p 2 q + , 4 u 2 v , 11 x 7 y , n 7 a, 7 p, 3x,
4k k, 8m
2
m, t 2, y 3y, 3uv
3
v, 15cd
2
3c
Exercise 8.4
15, 22, 35, 30, 14 2, 12 5, 30 2, 16 3, 20 6, 27 21, 28 55,
45 39, 30, 105, 8 42, 48 70 5, 6, 7, 6, 5 3,
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 587
f g h i 2, j 5, k 3, l 4, m n o p q r s
t 3 a b c d e f g h i j k
l m n o p q r s t u
4 a b c d e f g 30, h 24, i 80, j k l
m n o 5 a b c d e f g 3, h 2, i 5, j
k l 6, m n 21, o 6 a b c d e f k
2
,
g h i 48a, j k l 7 a b c 5, d e
f a
3
, g h i
1 a b c d e f
g h i j k l m
n o p q r
2 a b c d
e f g h i
j k l m
n o p q
r s t 3 a
b c d e f g h i
j k l m n o p
q r 27, s t u 4 a 1, b 3, c 23, d 13, e 7, f 6, g 11,
h 8, i 11, j 14, k 22, l 88, m 11, n 1, o 43, p 11, q 30, r 4 5 a a = 70, b = 20, b x = 42, y = 24
6 a m = 3, n = 5, b m = 7, n = 6 7 a b c 9 a 8, b 10
1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o 2 a b c d e f g h i j k
l m n o p q r s t u v w
x y 3 a b c d e f
g h i j k l 4 a
b c d e f g h
i j k l 5 a b c d e
f g h i j k l
m n o p q r s t
6
3 2, 5 6, 8 11, 8 15, 3 13, 4 7, 9 7, 5 7, 6 11, 9 10,
8 13 2 3, 2 5, 3 2, 2 6, 2 7, 2 10, 3 5, 4 3, 5 2, 3 6, 6 2,
5 3, 8 3, 4 6, 10 10, 36 11, 28 14, 48 5, 24 10, 40 6, 60 11
6 3, 4 15, 6 6, 18 2, 9 35, 6 33, 4 21, 12 10, 168 3,
288 2, 540 10, 420 14 2 2, 2 3, 2 5, 2 6, 2 2, 3 2, 6 3,
12 2, 8 10, 20 2 ab, 15 mn, xyz, 30 pqr, 24 70abc,
ab ab, 15c d, 2 7pq, 54m 10, 240pq 3p
3
x, q, 8 u, 2 h,
q
2
p, 35a a, 10x 2x
Exercise 8.5
6 5 2 + , 35 2 7 , 22 6 11 + , 10 6 2 15 + , 8 10 4 22 , 18 35 27 30 ,
3 2 3 + , 6 5 5, + 7 14 , 6 15 2 + , 4 15 12, 120 10 30 , 2 3 8 2 + ,
3 5 3 2 , 4 3 6 2 , 35 3 10 6 + , 4 5 10 2 , 18 5 27 10
10 2 2 3 5 6, + + + 21 4 3 7 4 + , 15 6 5 2 3 12 + , 14 2 3 7 10 30, +
30 42 10 14 + + + , 10 55 6 + 33 , 16 7 6 + , 31 11 3 , 10 15 2 6, +
7 14 7 + 2 , 6 3 14 10 35 + + + , 10 21 15 2 14 6, + 20 2 15 2 55 33, +
26 8 10, 2 6 2 3 10 5 2, + + + 8 2 4 2 6 3, + + + 2 5 4 2 3 10 12, +
6 2 6 30 + 2 5, 30 3 36 30 2 12 6, + 12 10 50 2 48 40 5 + 3 2 2, +
7 4 3, 14 6 5, + 23 8 7, + 15 6 6, 27 10 2, 5 2 6, + 12 2 35, + 7 2 10,
17 12 2, 34 24 2, + 69 28 5, 30 12 6, + 130 40 10, 71 12 14, + 8 4 3, +
15 10 2, 28 12 5, 46 16 7, 168 72 5 +
7 5 2, + 97 56 3, 217 88 6 + 2 2 cm 2 6
Exercise 8.6
2
2
-------,
3
3
-------,
2 5
5
----------,
3 7
7
----------,
5 6
6
----------,
5
15
-------,
3
12
-------,
2 7
21
----------,
3 5
10
----------,
7 2
16
----------,
6
3
-------,
21
7
----------,
3 10
2
-------------,
66
33
----------,
5 6
6
---------- 2, 3, 3 2, 2 5, 4 3,
6
2
-------,
10
5
----------,
21
3
----------,
30
6
----------,
42
7
----------,
5
2
-------,
4 2
3
----------,
2 3
5
----------,
3 6
8
----------,
3 10
4
-------------,
6
4
-------,
15
2
----------,
3 42
4
-------------,
2 30
5
-------------,
3 110
25
----------------, 5,
7
7
-------,
2 3
3
----------,
3 3,
4 2
5
----------
2 2 +
2
----------------,
4 3 3
3
-------------------,
3 5 35 +
5
---------------------------,
30 2 6
6
--------------------------,
5 3 2 6 +
3
---------------------------,
7 10 2 30
10
---------------------------------,
3 10 4 5 +
10
------------------------------,
5 21 3 35
14
---------------------------------, 2 2 1, + 5 3 2,
3 2 4 10
2
------------------------------,
2 3 6
6
-----------------------
5 2 2 5 +
10
---------------------------,
7 3 3 7
21
---------------------------,
4 11 33 2 +
22
---------------------------------,
9 5 25 3 +
15
------------------------------,
12 2 6 +
3
---------------------------,
4 3 6
2
-----------------------,
3 10 5 21 +
15
---------------------------------,
3
6
-------,
3 2 3 +
6
------------------------,
16 5 15 2
40
---------------------------------,
7 3
18
----------,
7 6
10
---------- 2 1 ,
3 1 +
2
----------------,
5 2
3
--------------------,
7 3 +
4
--------------------,
3 3
3
----------------,
12 3 2 +
14
----------------------, 7 6 7 5, +
7 2 6
46
-----------------------,
2 3 1 +
11
-------------------,
3 5 2
41
-------------------,
2 15 10 +
20
------------------------------,
55 14 22 35
30
---------------------------------------,
6 5 5 3 +
7
---------------------------, 3 2 2 3 + ,
7
35
-------, 5 2 3 5, + 3 2 2, +
14 5 3
11
----------------------,
17 2 70 +
3
-------------------------, 5 2 6
2
7
---
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Chapt er 8 Revi ew
1 a rational, b irrational, c rational, d irrational, e rational, f rational, g irrational, h irrational, i rational
2 10, 11 3 8.6, 4 a b units 5 a 3, b c i units,
ii units, iii units 6 a 5, b 28, c 18, d 75 7 a b c d
e f g h 8 a b c d e f g
h 9 a m = 63, b z = 9 10 a b c d e f g h
11 a b c d 12 a b c d
e 13 a b c d e f 9, g h 2 14 a 10, b
c d e f g h 24 15 a b c
d e f g h i 7, j 58
16 a a = 37, b = 12, b m = 114, n = 24 17 a b c d e f
18 a b c d e f
1 a 5
2
, b 2
3
, c 3
4
, d a
3
, e p
5
, f y
4
, g a
2
b
2
, h m
3
n
2
, i g
2
h
4
, j 4e
2
, k 7q
4
, l 5u
2
v
3
, m a
2
+ b, n m
3
n
2
, o c
4
+ d
3
,
p 6y
2
z
2
, q 2r + 3s
2
, r 7e
3
8f
2
+ 4g
2
2 a 3 3, b 5 5 5, c 2 2 2 2 2, d 7 7 7 7, e n n n,
f y y y y y, g 3 m m, h 11 q q q q q q, i p q q, j p p q, k x x x y y y y,
l a a b c c c, m a a + b b, n m m m + 3 n, o p p p 2 q q,
p 3 a a a b b + 5 a a b 3 a 2
3
, b 3
2
, c k
4
, d 5
x
, e n
m
, f (3q)
2p
4 a 243, b 512, c 2401, d 4096,
e 64, f 145, g 156 250, h 13 312 5 a 2, b 3, c 4, d 3, e 6, f 2, g 4, h 5 6 a m = 2, n = 2, b a = 1, b = 2,
c p = 1, q = 3, d x = 4, y = 2, e u = 3, v = 2, f a = 3, b = 2, g e = 5, f = 7, h r = 5, s = 11, i a = 3, b = 2, c = 13
7 108 9 65 536 10 m = 3 11 k 12 x = 4.32 13 8
1 a 2
5
, b 3
7
, c 5
6
, d 7
5
3 a a
m
a
n
= a
m + n
4 a 3
4
, b 7
2
, c 2
3
, d 5
2
6 a
m
a
n
= a
m n
7 a 2
6
, b 5
6
,
c 7
9
, d 3
10
9 (a
m
)
n
= a
mn
10 a 2
8
, b 3
6
, c 7
11
, d 5
12
, e 3
4
, f 5
2
, g 2
8
, h 7
6
, i 5
12
, j 7
24
, k 3
20
, l 2
24
11 a 3
3
3
2
= 3
5
, b 5
4
5
2
= 5
6
, c 7
5
7
5
= 1, d 2
12
2
3
= 2
9
, e (5
4
)
2
= 5
8
, f (6
5
)
4
= 6
20
12 a 6
3
6 = 6
4
,
b 10
4
10 = 10
3
13 a By dividing by 2, b 2
0
= 1, c 3
4
= 3 3 3 3, 3
3
= 3 3 3, 3
2
= 3 3, 3
1
= 3, 3
0
= 1,
d 1, e 1 14 a 128, b 2048, c 512, d 4096, e 16, f 8, g 64, h 32, i 64, j 256, k 4096, l 1024
1 a n
5
, b a
9
, c y
8
, d t
4
, e e
10
, f x
7
, g m
9
, h d
10
, i p
13
, j r
8
, k b
10
, l z
12
, m c
10
, n k
15
, o w
11
2 a p
3
, b x
4
,
c q
2
, d y
8
, e t
7
, f b
2
, g n
3
, h m, i f
6
, j r
4
, k d
3
, l j
2
3 a a
6
, b p
8
, c x
15
, d b
12
, e m
9
, f y
20
, g t
18
, h n
16
, i q
22
,
j c
25
, k h
27
, l w
40
4 a 3a
6
, b 2n
8
, c 18k
7
, d 8y
7
, e 15c
8
, f 20t
9
, g 24d
10
, h 30n
11
, i 32u
12
, j 6n
9
, k 36p
10
,
l 42z
17
5 a 2n
4
, b 3b
2
, c 6c
3
, d 5m
2
, e 2y
6
, f 3k
6
, g 6z
5
, h 4p
8
, i 11x
2
, j 4m
5
, k 4s
8
, l 4e
8
6 a a
3
, b d
6
,
c n, d k
7
, e 2e
7
, f 5m, g 6u
3
, h 3h
4
, i 4s
2
, j 10z
7
, k 7r, l 9f
6
7 a 16a
6
, b 9m
10
, c 36g
8
, d 4k
18
, e 8n
15
,
f 27e
12
, g 16q
28
, h 49y
12
, i 1000b
12
, j 32w
40
, k 25g
12
, l 10 000x
20
, m 64c
30
, n 81f
4
, o 64v
6
, p 216s
21
8 a a
4
b
3
, b x
7
y
2
, c p
6
q
3
, d m
12
n
3
, e j
5
k
7
, f y
8
z
7
, g 12a
3
b
3
, h 10m
3
n
8
, i 24u
6
v
9
, j 21r
6
s
6
, k 36w
6
x
11
, l 30c
13
d
10
,
m 32f
6
h
17
, n 60s
11
t
16
, o 56i
9
j
16
9 a a
2
b
4
, b m
2
n
7
, c g
4
h
9
, d x
3
y
5
, e u
3
v
2
, f c
2
d
2
, g 2y
5
z
7
, h 3ab, i 8i
7
j
3
,
j 7mn
4
, k 6c
5
d
4
, l 11p
7
q
3
, m 5e
6
f
6
, n 7x
3
y
4
, o 12b
5
c
5
10 a x
4
y
8
, b p
10
q
6
, c c
3
d
12
, d u
8
v
12
, e r
20
s
15
, f a
32
b
4
,
g 25m
6
n
8
, h 81s
4
t
12
, i 8c
18
d
9
, j 16y
4
z
20
, k 27p
12
q
27
, l 32g
55
h
20
, m 125q
36
r
3
, n 64x
30
y
12
, o 10 000e
12
d
32
2 17, 700
3
, 83 10, 10 3 ( ) 17, 13 3 ( )
17 3 ( ) 17 13 ( ) 2 3, 4 2, 6 5, 12 7,
a a, y
2
y, 3 3p, 5xy
2
2x 28, 45, 48, 150, 9n, k
3
, c
7
,
24e
3
f 2 3, 14 2, 5 11, 7, 7 3, 3 6, 6 10, 9 5
11 3 6 2, + 5 2 5 5, + 8 7, 4 10 8 11 5 5, 5 2, 16 3, 13 5,
7 2 16 3 + 21, 20 3, 12 10, 66, 5, 5 6, 6 2,
24 5, 12 6, 3 2, 2 3, 14 6, 14 4 2, + 6 10 3, 14 5 28,
35 14 15 + 6, 4 10 6 15 4 3 + 9 2 , 21 8 5, + 21 12 3, 42 24 3,
7
7
-------,
2 5
15
----------,
10
2
----------,
5
15
-------,
3 6 +
3
----------------,
2 6 5 3 +
3
---------------------------
5 1
4
----------------,
11 3 +
2
-------------------,
6 2 +
4
--------------------,
24 4 3
11
----------------------,
5 3
3
----------, 19 6 10 +
9 Indices
Exercise 9.1
Exercise 9.2
Exercise 9.3
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 589
11 a a
2
, b p
5
, c s
6
, d m
6
, e 7n
4
, f 5t
3
, g 7b
3
, h 8x
7
, i 9h 12 a e
5
, b y
6
, c q
4
, d 3d
4
, e 20g
12
, f 5u
2
, g 100x
13
,
h 9k
4
, i 60j
16
13 a 3p
2
, b 5z
3
, c 8m
5
, d 10s
4
, e 2d
5
, f 3w
3
, g 2n
6
, h 3x
8
, i 2b
7
14 a a
4
b
3
, b p
5
q
7
, c y
6
z
8
,
d 5cd
3
, e 3m
2
n
4
, f 8u
5
v
9
15 a p
4
q
3
, b e
7
f
10
, c u
4
v, d 5x
6
y, e 55m
13
n
5
, f 42c
7
d
12
16 a 4x
2
y
5
, b 7m
4
n
6
,
c 12p
3
q
8
, d 2uv
6
, e 10e
2
f
7
, f 2c
4
d
11
17 a 6, b 12, c 96 18 a 15, b 45, c 405 19 a 40, b 20, c 5, d
20 a 200, b 40, c 8, d 21 a 9, b 27, c 81 22 a 100, b 1000, c 10 000
1 a y
8
, b m
5
, c t
12
, d b
6
, e a
15
, f k
14
, g z
18
, h d
11
, i p
7
, j e
32
, k v
12
, l c
13
2 a 4y
2
, b 35t
9
, c 36c
8
, d 36p
7
,
e 7s
16
, f 27f
21
, g 72w
12
, h 32k
40
, i 9b
10
, j 125r
36
, k 110g
19
, l 7m 3 a n
11
, b p
10
, c y
7
, d y
9
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11
, f x
4
, g n
20
,
h e
19
, i h
10
, j m
7
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8
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16
4 a e
18
, b v
21
, c m
30
, d d
10
, e n
12
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3
, g 10g
13
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4
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11
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15
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7
,
l 72a
24
, m 15b
9
, n 2c
8
, o 4u
6
5 a 30a
8
, b 20g
12
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8
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19
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7
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20
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3
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9
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2
6 a m
15
,
b t
36
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16
, d s
12
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24
, f h
26
7 a 2u
6
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5
q
9
8 a 2
a + b
, b k
m+ n
, c 5
x + 1
, d 3
2n
, e 2
6t
, f p
3q
, g 5
2m+ 4
, h a
10
,
i 3
u v
, j 4
y 3
, k 5
k
, l 11
w 1
, m 6
e
, n 25, o m
2q
, p x
2
, q 2
ab
, r n
5k
, s , t p
12q
, u 5
21u
, v 6
6ab
, w 2
xy + xz
,
x a
mk nk
9 a D 10 2
n 2
1 a b
2 a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1 3 a 1, b 1, c 1, d 1, e 2, f 3, g 7, h 6, i a, j q, k 1, l m
2
p 4 a 5, b 4, c 4, d 2, e 6,
f 45, g 5, h 7, i 11, j 3, k 1, l 11, m 8, n 7, o 7, p 42, q 9, r 17 5 0
0
is not defined
1 a b
2 a b c d 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r 4 a b c d e f 5 a a
1
, b x
1
, c c
2
, d u
3
, e p
5
,
f y
8
6 a 1, b 1, c 2, d 2, e 3, f 5, g 2, h 3, i 2, j 6, k 3, l 4 7 a b c d
5
8
---
8
25
------
Exercise 9.4
e
f
2
Exercise 9.5
2
5
2 2 2 2 2 32
2
4
2 2 2 2 16
2
3
2 2 2 8
2
2
2 2 4
2
1
2 2
2
0
1 1
3
5
3 3 3 3 3 243
3
4
3 3 3 3 81
3
3
3 3 3 27
3
2
3 3 9
3
1
3 3
3
0
1 1
Exercise 9.6
2
4
2 2 2 2 16
2
3
2 2 2 8
2
2
2 2 4
2
1
2 2
2
0
1 1
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
1
2
---
1
2
---
1
2 2
------------
1
4
---
1
2 2 2
---------------------
1
8
---
1
2 2 2 2
------------------------------
1
16
------
3
4
3 3 3 3 81
3
3
3 3 3 27
3
2
3 3 9
3
1
3 3
3
0
1 1
3
1
3
2
3
3
3
4
1
3
---
1
3
---
1
3 3
------------
1
9
---
1
3 3 3
---------------------
1
27
------
1
3 3 3 3
------------------------------
1
81
------
1
2
--- ,
1
4
--- ,
1
5
--- ,
1
10
------
1
3
--- ,
1
7
--- ,
1
8
--- ,
1
12
------ ,
1
16
------ ,
1
25
------ ,
1
49
------ ,
1
121
--------- ,
1
8
--- ,
1
27
------ ,
1
32
------ ,
1
81
------ ,
1
125
--------- ,
1
16
------ ,
1
1000
------------ ,
1
243
--------- ,
1
81
------ ,
1
64
------
1
m
----,
1
p
---,
1
h
2
-----,
1
n
3
-----,
1
e
6
-----,
1
y
4
-----
1
2m
-------,
1
7c
------,
1
5r
-----,
1
4q
------,
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
e f g h i j k l m n o p
q r s t u v w x 8 a 8 b 8 c
d 1 e f 17 g 5, h 5, i 6, j k 9, l 2, m 4, n 4, o 8, p 40, q r 9 a 2, b 3, c d 1 e
f g 1 h 2 i 3 j k l m n o p 10 a b c d e
f g h i j k l m n o p q r
s t
1 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
p q r s t u v w x y 2 a ab
1
, b x
3
y
1
, c pq
2
, d m
3
n
4
,
e e
2
f
4
, f c
4
d
5
, g j
10
k
6
, h g
7
h
9
, i y
6
z
1
, j u
3
v
10
, k 5n
1
, l 3p
2
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7
, n 4z
3
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5
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6
,
q r s t u v w x 3 a b c d
e f g h i j k l m n o p q
r s t 4 a p
2
q
4
r
1
, b ab
2
c
5
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6
v
2
w
4
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2
f
3
g
7
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4
n
1
p
3
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4
b
1
c
1
, g i
3
j
5
k
3
,
h c
6
d
8
e
11
, i x
1
y
1
z
1
, j mn
1
p
8
, k 5a
4
b
2
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5
v
4
, m 9e
3
f
4
, n 6m
7
n
5
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1
q
1
, p r
2
s
2
, q a
5
b
3
,
r s t 5 a m
2
, b c d 1, e 5a
5
, f 18z
7
, g h 14, i j k
l y, m n 4c
10
, o 5w
2
, p 8, q r s
8
, s t f
28
, u v w x 6 a b c
d e f g h i 7 a ab, b x
5
, c d 8 a b n
6
, c d b
6
, e f
1 a 2, b 3, c 7, d 9, e 2, f 3, g 5, h 10, i 6, j 4, k 11, l 10 2 a b c d e f g h
i 1 j 1 k 1 l 3 3 a b c d e f g h i j 2 k 1 l 4 a a
3
, b a
5
,
c a
11
, d a
2
, e a
4
, f a
10
5 a 3t
4
, b 5u
6
, c 2c
3
, d 5b
7
, e 4e
6
, f 13w
9
, g 4n
6
, h 3v
5
6 a 2, b 3, c 2, d 2
7 a 5, b 4, c 6, d 2, e 3, f 2, g 3, h 10 8 a a
6
, b p
7
, c k
4
, d y
12
9 a b c d e f
g h i j k l 10 a 8, b 4, c 64, d 9, e 8, f 125, g 16, h 27, i 1000, j 4, k 128,
l 32, m n o p q r s t 11 a b c d e
f g h i j k l 12 a b c d e f g
h i j k l m n o p 13 a b c
d 14 a b
1
9u
2
--------,
1
36g
2
-----------,
1
121t
2
-------------,
1
81k
2
-----------,
1
8p
3
---------,
1
125s
3
--------------,
1
81b
4
-----------,
1
32n
5
-----------,
1
7x
3
--------,
1
100y
10
----------------,
1
64w
8
------------,
1
8z
18
----------,
1
16c
24
-------------,
1
27a
12
-------------,
1
169v
14
----------------,
1
125y
36
----------------,
1
a
4
b
6
-----------,
1
p
12
q
20
---------------,
1
81e
2
f
12
-------------------,
1
27y
24
z
21
--------------------
1
2
---,
8
9
---,
3
4
---,
1
5
---,
6
7
---,
1
4
---,
1
6
---,
1
3
---,
1
2
---
2
5
--- ,
1
3
--- ,
4
9
--- ,
9
49
------ ,
9
16
------,
2
49
------,
3
8
---,
8
125
--------- ,
16
81
------ ,
81
10 000
---------------- ,
2
7
--- ,
16
81
------ ,
36
121
--------- ,
27
125
---------
6
n
---,
k
5
---,
b
a
---,
3n
2m
-------,
9
x
2
-----,
h
2
16
------,
8
y
3
-----,
d
4
16
------,
m
3
27
------,
32
e
5
------,
d
2
c
2
-----,
f
5
e
5
-----,
9
4a
2
--------,
64p
2
49
------------,
64n
3
27m
3
-------------,
625y
4
16x
4
--------------,
16
u
4
------,
8
a
3
b
3
-----------,
121p
24
100m
8
-----------------,
243c
20
32a
10
b
15
---------------------
Exercise 9.7
x
y
--,
q
p
---,
a
b
2
-----,
v
3
u
4
-----,
f
2
e
3
-----,
h
5
g
-----,
w
3
x
7
------,
b
6
c
-----,
s
9
r
4
----,
j
k
3
-----,
1
ab
------,
1
x
2
y
--------,
1
e
3
f
2
-----------,
1
p
4
q
6
-----------,
1
g
5
h
2
-----------,
3
a
---,
5
c
2
-----,
2
e
4
-----,
7
b
5
-----,
9
k
3
-----,
1
2u
------,
1
4p
2
---------,
2
3t
4
-------,
4
7w
9
---------,
3
5n
6
--------
1
3
--- m
1
,
1
5
--- k
1
,
1
4
--- g
2
,
1
12
------ a
3
,
2
7
--- t
1
,
3
4
--- r
2
,
5
8
--- y
6
,
9
11
------ f
4
a
2
b
3
c
-----------,
x
3
z
4
y
2
----------,
f
2
g
2
e
3
-----------,
k
3
i j
2
------,
u
2
v
2
w
5
-----------,
1
mn
3
p
2
----------------,
s
2
r
4
t
7
---------,
c
5
d
e
9
--------,
1
pqr
---------,
w
2
x
3
y
5
----------,
4b
3
a
2
--------,
3m
n
-------,
7
e
3
f
2
-----------,
5a
4
b
6
--------,
12
rs
------,
8y
7
x
4
--------,
d
5
3c
2
--------,
y
3
8z
4
--------,
5
6ab
---------,
3u
2
10v
8
-----------
2
3
---
4
5
---
9
10
------ g
1
h
4
,
5
12
------ v
4
w
9
,
8
9
--- y
5
z
10
,
1
k
3
-----,
1
y
8
-----,
24
t
9
------,
1
e
---,
1
j
11
------,
1
q
3
-----,
10
u
5
------,
1
d
6
-----,
1
z
18
------,
9
a
10
-------,
h
24
8
-------,
64
m
21
--------,
x
18
49
-------
1
a
3
-----,
1
n
4
-----,
1
q
5
-----,
5
w
5
------,
80
p
3
------,
14
y
4
------,
9
m
2
------,
6
7c
6
--------,
2
3x
3
--------
m
4
n
3
------,
x
7
y
-----
1
a
3
-----,
1
w
17
--------,
1
x
---,
1
u
---
Exercise 9.8
2
3
---,
2
3
---,
5
7
---,
3
5
---,
6
11
------,
4
9
---,
3
4
---,
9
10
------,
1
3
---,
1
2
---,
2
5
---,
2
3
---
1
4
---,
1
5
---,
1
2
---,
1
3
---,
1
6
---,
1
5
---,
1
11
------,
1
8
---,
1
4
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
3
10
------
a
3
2
---
, m
2
3
---
, e
5
2
---
, p
4
3
---
, y
3
4
---
, k
5
3
---
,
t
7
2
---
, h
6
5
---
, z
7
3
---
, u
5
8
---
, r
2
7
---
, w
10
9
------
1
27
------ ,
1
16
------ ,
8
125
--------- ,
9
25
------ ,
1
27
------ ,
1
25
------ ,
1
16
------ ,
1
343
--------- a
3
, m
2 3
, p
4 3
, n
3 5
, k
5 6
,
y
7
,
1
x
-------,
1
c
3
-------,
1
e
3
---------,
1
s
2 3
---------,
1
v
4 5
---------,
1
b
7 6
--------- x
3
2
---
, x
5
2
---
, x
4
3
---
, x
7
3
---
, x
6
5
---
, x
9
4
---
, x
7
2
---
,
x
29
7
------
, x
1
2
---
, x
1
3
---
, x
1
5
---
, x
1
7
---
, x
1
x
---
, x
4
3
---
, x
5
2
---
, x
7
3
---
a a, a
2
a, a a
3
,
a a
2 3
3
1
3
---
, 9
1
4
---
2
5
6
---
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 591
1 a 2 10
2
, b 5 10
3
, c 9 10
4
, d 7 10
5
, e 4 10, f 6 10
4
, g 3 10
3
, h 8 10
6
2 a 9 10
2
,
b 2 10
3
, c 4 10
4
, d 6 10
5
, e 3 10
1
, f 7 10
4
, g 8 10
2
, h 5 10
6
3 a 500, b 2000, c 80 000,
d 3 000 000, e 70 000, f 900, g 6000, h 400 000 4 a 0.2, b 0.05, c 0.009, d 0.000 03, e 0.07, f 0.0006, g 0.4,
h 0.000 008 5 a 1.4 10
3
, b 3.7 10
4
, c 1.2 10
5
, d 9.6 10
6
, e 1.2 10
2
, f 2.5 10
3
, g 9.3 10
4
,
h 8.1 10
5
, i 4.9 10, j 7.23 10
2
, k 2.466 10
3
, l 1.49 10
3
, m 5.67 10
4
, n 1.37 10
5
, o 9.99 10
3
,
p 6.52 10
6
, q 5.89 10, r 1.902 10
2
, s 3.03 10, t 1.5426 10
2
6 a 910, b 3200, c 84 000, d 2 600 000,
e 4300, f 59, g 650 000, h 71 000, i 29, j 4163, k 524, l 11 315, m 3850, n 89 200, o 268 500 p 9 003 000
7 a 7.1 10
1
, b 6.2 10
2
, c 9.4 10
3
, d 3.5 10
5
, e 5.4 10
1
, f 1.7 10
3
, g 3.6 10
2
, h 7.9 10
4
,
i 5.1 10
3
, j 9 10
2
, k 6.7 10
5
, l 8.8 10
2
, m 1.25 10
1
, n 3.52 10
2
, o 4 10
1
, p 6.63 10
4
,
q 7.54 10
3
, r 4.761 10
1
, s 3.924 10
3
, t 1.162 10
5
8 a 0.19, b 0.0086, c 0.064, d 0.000 058, e 0.031,
f 0.93, g 0.0048, h 0.000 007 2, i 0.842, j 0.0587, k 0.000 106, l 0.000 041 9, m 0.021 32, n 0.4076,
o 0.007 119, p 0.000 100 2 9 a 1.73 10
4
, b 2.07 10
3
, c 2.00 10
5
, d 1.53 10, e 9.03 10
2
, f 3.57 10
3
,
g 1.66 10
1
, h 2.26 10
2
, i 7.38 10
3
, j 1.07 10
4
, k 9.17 10
6
, l 5.56 10
2
10 a 8 10
9
, b 7.5 10
6
,
c 7.2 10
3
, d 7.5 10
7
, e 4.3 10
8
, f 4 10
5
, g 4 10
6
, h 9 10
4
1 a 230, b 5910, c 70 400, d 1 608 000, e 0.52, f .006 42, g 0.0927, h 0.000 389 9 2 a 4.7 10
6
, b 3.14 10
5
,
c 9.05 10
9
, d 1.782 10
12
, e 5.7 10
4
, f 6.22 10
7
, g 8.013 10
11
, h 2.637 10
18
3 a 4 10
3
, 4
03
,
b 4
3
= 4 4 4 4 a 1.455 10
8
, b 7.535 10
15
, c 4.274 10
6
, d 9.493 10
18
, e 1.098 10
12
,
f 1.785 10
38
, g 5.507 10
23
, h 8.968 10
13
, i 9.873 10
35
, j 9.198 10
2
, k 4.237 10
3
, l 6.464 10
4
,
m 5.747 10
4
, n 4.348 10
3
, o 5.047 10
3
5 a 5.022 10
15
, b 6.425 10
13
, c 7.647 10
16
, d 1.331 10
6
,
e 1.800 10
16
, f 2.075 10
17
, g 8.471 10
14
, h 1.009 10
24
6 3.94 10
12
, 3.959 10
12
, 8.41 10
9
,
6.7 10
5
, 1.5 10
6
, 5.2 10
8
7 a Jupiter by 1.194 10
27
kg b 200 times 8 3 10
4
km/h 9 5.916 10
9
km
10 8.3 min 11 a 6.375 10
3
km, b 40 055 km 12 a 3.67 times, b 109 13 a hydrogen, 1778 times,
b 6.25 10
17
million
Chapt er 9 Revi ew
1 a 3
4
, b a
5
, c 14p
2
q
2
2 a 7 7, b k k k k k k, c a a a b b b b,
d 5 e e + 3 f f f f 3 5
3
4 a x = 3, y = 2, b m = 3, n = 2 5 a 5
10
, b 2
4
, c 3
20
6 a n
7
, b 15p
6
,
c a
12
b
10
, d 4k
7
, e ab
2
c
2
d, f 40x
3
y
7
, g y
5
, h 7c
4
, i u
9
v
7
, j 6t
10
, k 8m
5
, l 6e
6
f
7
, m z
28
, n 27p
3
, o 16x
20
,
p r
5
s
5
, q a
48
b
24
, r 8j
12
k
27
7 a t
10
, b d
7
, c y
11
, d p
31
, e p
13
, f z
25
, g h
6
, h v
24
, i k
27
8 6d
8
9 a 10, b 20,
c 80 10 a 100, b 20, c 11 a 100, b 1000, c 3333 d 900 000 12 a b c d e
13 a m
1
, b k
2
, c a
5
, d r
9
, e x
11
14 a 1, b 2, c 4, d 3 15 a b c d e f
g h i j k l 16 a xy
1
, b m
3
n
5
, c p
2
q
4
, d a
4
b
5
c
7
, e m
6
k
1
n
5
, f 2x
3
y
1
z
8
,
g 5m
9
n
2
p
3
, h 17 a 4, b c d e f g h 18 a a
5
, b c c
7
, d
e f g h 7u
4
, i j k q
32
, l 19 a 6, b 8, c 11, d 2, e 3, f 5, g 3, h 2, i 10 20 a
b c d e f 21 a 6, b 7, c 4 22 a a
5
, b w
4
, c 2k
3
, d 7p
11
, e 2u
6
, f 3s
7
23 a 27, b 16,
c 8, d e f g h 1 24 a b c d e f 25 a b
c d e f g h 26 a 3 10
3
, b 1.9 10
5
, c 2.86 10
4
, d 1.734 10
2
, e 4 10
4
,
f 2.6 10
2
, g 1.98 10
3
, h 5.831 10
4
27 a 900, b 60 000 c 8700, d 104 000, e 0.3, f 0.007, g 0.019,
h 0.000 004 61 28 a 900 000, b 56 000, c 0.002, d 0.000 032 7 29 a 3.834 10
11
, b 1.220 10
28
,
c 1.155 10
14
, d 3.313 10
31
Exercise 9.9
Exercise 9.10
4
5
---
1
3
---,
1
4
---,
1
36
------,
1
81
------,
1
125
---------,
1
32
------
a
b
---,
q
p
---,
1
xy
-----,
c
3
d
2
-----,
1
m
4
n
5
------------,
u
2
v
3
w
7
----------,
r
4
st
6
------,
1
ab
2
c
3
--------------,
9
t
2
----,
7g
e f
5
--------,
3
4p
3
---------,
5m
2
9k
----------
2
3
--- e
4
f
1
2
3
--- ,
9
25
------ ,
8
125
--------- ,
t
6
---,
49
m
2
------,
q
3
8p
3
---------,
25d
14
64c
8
--------------
1
k
7
-----,
16
p
11
-------,
1
s
6
----,
1
x
8
-----,
1
r
5
----,
1
v
6
-----,
1
n
10
-------,
y
21
8
-------
1
3
---,
1
7
---,
1
2
---,
1
10
------,
1
2
---,
1
10
------
1
81
------,
1
64
------,
4
9
---,
27
1000
------------,
9
16
------ m
5
, k
2 3
, e
3 4
,
1
q
2 9
---------,
1
a
5 6
---------,
1
z
7 5
--------- a
3
2
---
, p
7
2
---
,
n
5
4
---
, t
7
3
---
, c
1
2
---
, y
1
4
---
, x
4
3
---
, b
5
2
---
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a Yes, b No; no common ray, c Yes, d No; no common vertex, e Yes, f No; no common ray, g No; no common
ray, h No; no common ray, i No; the angles dont lie on opposite sides of the common ray 2 a 40, b 120,
c 65, d 118 3 42 4 a 180, b 270, c 210 5 a x = 50, b k = 30, c p = 20, d m = 300, e c = 90,
f a = 105 6 a a = 45, b n = 60, c t = 75, d y = 120, e d = 45, f r = 30, g v = 33, h h = 72, i c = 36
7 a x = 20, b t = 30, u = 60, c p = 58, q = 32, d j = 65, k = 25, e a = 63, b = 63, f g = 31, g m = 71, n = 109,
h v = 85, w = 70, i c = 121, j b = 47, k s = 162, l f = 25 8 a m = 23, b t = 17, c x = 19, d k = 74, e u = 121,
f p = 30, g a = 292, h g = 115, i y = 20, j c = 16, k w = 27, l e = 33, m e = 35, n b = 21, o n = 156
9 a a = 23, b = 67, c = 23, b m = 42, n = 54, c x = 30, y = 150, z = 45, d p = 7, q = 131, e u = 18, v = 72, w = 82,
f q = 18, s = 24, r = 9, g d = 9, e = 58, h a = 20, b = 60, c = 120, i f = 44, g = 46, j x = 12, k x = 135, y = 225,
l x = 36, y = 34, z = 146 10 a x = 46, b x = 53, c x = 51, d x = 52, e x = 63, f x = 72
1 a corresponding, b co-interior, c alternate, d corresponding, e alternate, f co-interior, g alternate,
h corresponding, i co-interior 2 a equal, b equal, c supplementary 3 a a = 50, b t = 15, c c = 100, d y = 140,
e p = 105, f k = 85 4 a Yes (co-interior angles are supplementary), b No, c No 5 a a = 150, b = 30, c = 30,
b p = 70, q = 110, r = 70, c x = 55, y = 125, z = 55, d f = 66, g = 114, h = 114 6 a p = 78, q = 78, b s = 24, t = 156,
c x = 41, y = 49, d u = 76, e b = 59, c = 31, f v = 63, w = 63, g y = 47, z = 43, h e = 58, f = 122, i q = 59, r = 121,
j c = 56, d = 56, k m = 48, n = 9, l g = 76, h = 104, m f = 16, g = 16, n u = 114, v = 114, o r = 82, s = 98,
p x = 108, y = 109, z = 109, q a = 143, b = 37, c = 37, r d = 88, e = 77, f = 13 7 a x = 92, b c = 25, c a = 20
8 a m = 57, b j = 51, c h = 61, d b = 65, e t = 279, f e = 3 9 a x = 142, b x = 69, c x = 74, d x = 77, e x = 35,
f x = 43, g x = 85, h x = 29, i x = 51, j x = 109, k x = 105, l x = 73
1 a isosceles, b equilateral, c scalene 2 a right-angled, b acute-angled, c obtuse-angled 3 a i ACB,
ii ABC, b i FG, ii EG 4 a EF, FG, b LN, MN 5 a B and D; The third side must be shorter than the sum
of the other two sides. 6 a No, b No, c Yes, d Yes, e Yes, f No 7 a x = 50, b g = 60, c p = 140 8 a t = 60,
b a = 50, b = 80, c v = 72, w = 36 9 a h = 70, b k = 32, c b = 45 10 a a = 140, b z = 124, c d = 78, d r = 40
11 a u = 42, b n = 43, c x = 120 12 a j = 80, k = 80, b r = 35, s = 72, t = 73, c g = 49, h = 41, d d = 120, e = 36,
e p = 62, q = 43, r = 105, f a = 63, b = 63, c = 54, g x = 48, y = 51, h t = 43, u = 60, i m = 60, n = 30,
j e = 63, f = 43, k v = 130, w = 18, l a = 43, b = 57, m t = 46, u = 46, v = 44, n p = 60, q = 68, r = 52, s = 308,
o h = 80, i = 70, j = 150, p e = 27, f = 126, g = 126, q c = 55, d = 92, r b = 58, c = 161, s j = 43, k = 107,
t v = 47, w = 47, x = 57, u j = 38, k = 38, m = 71 13 a a = 30, b y = 40, c p = 35, d m = 19, e c = 78, f u = 22
14 a x = 24, b x = 41, c x = 58, d x = 34, e x = 54, f x = 74, g x = 24, h x = 50, i x = 82, j x = 22, k x = 38,
l x = 36, m x = 80, n x = 62, o x = 25
1 a a = 10, b p = 133, c t = 103, d m = 33, e e = 122, f g = 69 2 a x = 95, y = 95, b p = 60, q = 80, c c = 60,
d = 30, d r = 47, s = 60, e u = 198, v = 92, f w = 126, x = 54, g a = 40, b = 130, h y = 33, z = 146, i e = 65,
f = 72, j g = 68, h = 68, k m = 108, n = 79, l j = 96, k = 107 3 a x = 105, y = 70, b a = 53, b = 71, c p = 140,
q = 40, r = 69, d g = 70, h = 100, e u = 162, v = 18, f d = 236, e = 124, f = 83 4 a k = 40, b c = 44, c x = 70,
d y = 12, e a = 18, f t = 51 5 a x = 83, b x = 71, c x = 66, d x = 145, e x = 124, f x = 105, g x = 70, h x = 56,
i x = 117, j x = 127, k x = 25, l x = 42
10 Geometry
Exercise 10.1
Exercise 10.2
Exercise 10.3
Exercise 10.4
A
N
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R
S
Answer s 593
1
2 a 4, b 2, c 0, d 2, e 0, f 1 3 a True, b False, c True, d True, e False, f True, g True, h False, i False,
j True 4 a parallelogram, b rectangle, c kite, d parallelogram, e rhombus, f parallelogram, g trapezium,
h parallelogram, i rhombus, j parallelogram, k rectangle, l rhombus, m rhombus, n square, o parallelogram,
p kite, q rhombus, r square 5 a BD = 12 cm, BE = 6 cm, b TR = 10 cm, PR = 20 cm, c JN = 9 cm, KM = 22 cm
6 a parallelogram; p = 5, q = 9, r = 100, s = 80 b rectangle; x = 90, y = 7, z = 3, c square; a = 45, b = 90, c = 6,
d kite; e = 90, f = 60, g = 30, h = 20, e parallelogram; p = 20, q = 50, r = 50, f rectangle; x = 35, y = 55, z = 70,
g rhombus; t = 32, u = 32, v = 90, w = 10, h parallelogram; a = 55, b = 55, c = 20, d = 105, i rhombus; a = 8, b = 50,
c = 65 7 a a = 25, b = 155, c = 8, b t = 90, c p = 90, d e = 73, e u = 6, v = 8, f a = 90, b = 45 8 a a = 52,
b = 128, b y = 65, z = 130, c p = 63, q = 63, d m = 41, n = 41, e e = 57, f = 57, g = 33, f t = 70, u = 90, v = 20,
g g = 15, h = 15, i = 150, j = 30, h c = 90, d = 105, i x = 60, y = 60, z = 60 9 a a = 53, b = 53, b a = 66, b = 104,
c a = 75, b = 15, d a = 83, b = 45, e a = 16, b = 132, f a = 48, b = 58, g a = 60, b = 112, h a = 15, b = 80,
i a = 60, b = 124 10 a x = 35, b x = 120, c x = 71, d x = 45, e x = 72, f x = 23, g x = 83, h x = 57, i x = 65,
j x = 76, k x = 48, l x = 54
1 a triangle, b quadrilateral, c pentagon, d hexagon, e heptagon, f octagon, g nonagon, h decagon,
i undecagon, j dodecagon 2 a convex, b non-convex, c non-convex, d convex 4 No; it would need at
least four sides. 5 a regular pentagon, b irregular hexagon, c irregular nonagon, d regular heptagon
6 a equilateral triangle, b square 7 a i rhombus, ii rectangle, b No, c No, d No 8 b 3, c 540, d No
9 a 720, b 900, c 1080
10 a b n 2, c 180, d S = (n 2) 180
11 a 540, x = 108, b 720, x = 120, c 1080, x = 135
12 a 140, b 144, c 150 13 156 14 a x = 55,
b y = 14 15 a 72, b 45, c 36, d 60, e 40, f 30
16 24 17 a 15, b 165, c 3960 18 a 3, b 5,
c 12, d 30 19 a a = 30, b = 50, b a = 27, b = 7,
c a = 80, b = 19 20 a x = 108, y = 108, b x = 120, y = 60,
c x = 135, y = 135, d x = 140, y = 110, e x = 108, y = 22,
f x = 120, y = 70 21 a 12834, b 14716 22 2880
24 Equilateral triangle, square, hexagon; their interior
angles are factors of 360 25 108
Exercise 10.5
Square Rectangle Parallelogram Rhombus Trapezium Kite
All sides are equal
Opposite sides are equal
All angles are right angles
Opposite angles are equal
Opposite sides are parallel
Equal diagonals
Diagonals bisect each other
Diagonals are perpedicular
Diagonals bisect the angles at the vertices
Exercise 10.6
No. of sides No. of triangles angle sum
3 1 180
4 2 360
5 3 540
6 4 720
7 5 900
8 6 1080
A
N
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W
E
R
S
1 a SSS, b AAS, c SAS, d RHS 2 a yes, SSS, b no, c yes, RHS, d no, e yes, SAS f yes, AAS, g yes, SAS,
h no, i yes, AAS, j no, k yes, SSS, l yes, RHS 3 No, AAA is not a congruence test 4 a A, C, AAS,
b A, B, RHS, c B, C, SAS, d A, C, SSS 5 A, J, RHS; D, F, SAS; C, G, AAS; I, K, AAS; E, L, SAS; B, H, AAS
6 a yes, b no, c yes, d yes 7 a no, b yes, c no
1 a EF = EH (given)
FG = HG (given)
EG is a common side
EFG EHG (SSS)
b BC = CD (given)
ACB = ECD (vert. opp. s)
AC = CE (given)
ABC EDC (SAS)
2 a QPS = RPS (given)
PSQ = PSR = 90 (PS QR)
PS is a common side
PQS PRS (AAS)
b XZW = XZY = 90 (XZ WY)
XW = XY (given)
XZ is a common side
XWZ XYZ (RHS)
3 a CD = FE (given)
CDE = DEF = 90 (given)
DE is a common side
CDE FED (SAS)
b RST = TUV (given)
STR = UTV (vert. opp. s)
ST = UT (given)
RST VUT (AAS)
c QPR = RTS (alternate s, PQ || ST)
PQR = SRT (vert. opp. s)
SR = RQ (given)
PQR TSR (AAS)
d JK = ML (given)
JKM = KML (alternate s, JK || ML)
KM is a common side
MJK KLM (SAS)
e OML = OMN = 90 (given)
OL = ON (equal radii)
OM is a common side
OLM ONM (RHS)
f OE = OG (equal radii)
OF = OH (equal radii)
EF = GH (given)
EOF GOH (SSS)
4 a BD = DF (CE bisects BF)
CDB = EDF (vert. opp. s)
CD = DE (BF bisects CE)
BCD FED (SAS)
b KL = NM (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
KN = LM (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
LN is a common side
KLN MNL (SSS)
c XW = WY (ZW bisects XY)
XWZ = YWZ = 90 (ZW XY)
ZW is a common side
XWZ YWZ (SAS)
d FEH = FGH = 90 (FE EH, FG GH)
FH is a common side
EH = GH (given)
FEH FGH (RHS)
e QPS = QRS (given)
PQS = RQS (SQ bisects PQR)
SQ is a common side
QPS QRS (AAS)
f SW = XU (given)
VW = XT (given)
SV = TU (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
SVW UTX (SSS)
g MN = PK (given)
JMN = PKL (opp. s of a rhombus)
JM = KL (opp. sides of a rhombus)
JMN LKP (SAS)
h ADE = BCE = 90 (s in a square)
AE = BE (given)
AD = BC (opp. sides of a square)
ADE BCE (RHS)
i TUW = UWV (alternate s, TU || WV)
TWU = WUV (alternate s, TW || UV)
UW is a common side
UTW WVU (AAS)
j LKJ = MLN (corresp. s, KJ || LN)
KLJ = LMN (corresp. s, LJ || MN)
KL = LM (JL bisects KM)
KLJ LMN (AAS)
k AY = XC (given)
BAY = XCD (alternate s, AB || DC)
AB = DC (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
AYB CXD (SAS)
l DE = DG (given)
EH = HG (adj. sides of a rhombus)
DH is a common side
DEH DGH (SSS)
Exercise 10.7
Exercise 10.8
A
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Answer s 595
5 a LM = LN (given)
PM = PN (given)
LP is a common side
LMP LNP (SSS)
b JKN = MLN = 90 (s in a rectangle)
JN = MN (given)
JK = ML (opp. sides of a rectangle)
JKN MLN (RHS)
c AB = AC (given)
PB = QC (P, Q are midpoints of equal sides)
PBC = QCB (base s of isosceles , AB = AC)
BC is a common side
PBC QCB (SAS)
1 a ABC PQR (AAS), p = 10 b EFG UTV (SAS), u = 13
c LMN LZX (RHS), x = 7 d IJK ECD (AAS), e = 10
2 a QRS GHF (SSS), g = 83 b DEF YXZ (SAS), y = 11
c ABC KIJ (SAS), k = 9 d LMN VUT (RHS), u = 7
3 a ii AE = EB (CD bisects AB)
AEC = DEB (vertically opp. s)
DE = EC (AB bisects CD)
AEC BED (SAS)
iii AC = DB (matching sides of congruent s),
x = 12
b ii PS = SR (given)
PSQ = RSQ (QS bisects PSR)
QS is a common side
PQS RQS (SAS)
iii QRS = QPS (matching s of congruent s),
k = 100
c ii EFH = FHG = 90 (EF FH, GH FH)
EH = FG (given)
FH is a common side
EFH GHF (RHS)
iii GH = EF (matching sides of congruent s),
a = 14
d ii TUV = VWX (alternate s, TU || WX)
TVU = WVX (vert. opp. s)
TU = WX (given)
TVU XVW (AAS)
iii TV = VX (matching sides of congruent s),
y = 9
e ii CBD = EDF (corresp. s, BC || DE)
CDB = EFD (corresp. s, CD || EF)
BD = DF (given)
BCD DEF (AAS)
iii CD = EF (matching sides of congruent s),
x = 4
f ii CF = DE (given)
FCE = CED (alternate s, CF || DE)
CE is a common side
CFE EDC (SAS)
iii DCE = CEF (matching s of congruent s),
w = 11
4 a i PSQ = PSR = 90 (PS is an altitude)
PQ = PR (given)
PS is a common side
PQS PRS (RHS)
ii QS = SR (matching sides of congruent s)
PS bisects QR
b i PQ = PR (given)
QS = SR (PS is a median)
PS is a common side
PQS PRS (SSS)
ii QPS = RPS (matching s of congruent s)
PS bisects QPR
c i PQ = PR (given)
QPS = RPS (PS bisects QPR)
PS is a common side
PQS PRS (SAS)
ii QS = SR (matching sides of congruent s)
PS bisects QR
PSQ = PSR (matching s of congruent s)
PSQ + PSR = 180 (s on a straight line)
PSQ PSR = 90
PS is a perp. bisector of QR
5 a QPS = RPS (PS bisects P)
PS is a common side
PQS PRS (AAS)
PQ = PR (matching sides of congruent s)
PQR is isosceles
b PS is a common side
QS = SR (PS bisects QR)
PQS PRS (SAS)
PQ = PR (matching sides of congruent s)
PQR is isosceles
Exercise 10.9
A
N
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W
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Chapt er 10 Revi ew
1 a No, no common ray, b Yes, c No, no common vertex, d Yes 2 a straight angle, b acute angle, c revolution,
d obtuse angle, e right angle, f reflex angle 3 a equal, b 90, c 180, d 360 4 a d, f; c, e, b a, e; b, f; d, h; c, g,
c c, f; d, e 5 a No, corresponding angles are not equal, b Yes, co-interior angles are supplementary,
6 a EF = EH (given)
GF = GH (given)
EG is a common side
EFG EHG (SSS)
b FEG = HEG (matching s of congruent s)
EG bisects FEH
7 Let the parallelogram be STUV.
a In STV and UVT:
SVT = VTU (alternate s, SV || TU)
STV = TVU (alternate s, ST || VU)
TV is a common side
STV UVT (AAS)
SV = TU (matching sides of congruent s)
ST = VU (matching sides of congruent s)
the opp. sides of a parallelogram are equal
b In STV and UVT:
ST = VU (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
TV is a common side
STV UVT (SSS)
VST = VUT (matching s of congruent s)
In SVU and UTS:
ST = VU (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
SU is a common side
SVU UTS (SSS)
SVU = UTS (matching s of congruent s)
the opp. s of a parallelogram are equal
8 a AXD = BXC (vert. opp. s)
DAX = XCB (alternate s, AD || BC)
AD = BC (opp. sides of a parallelogram)
AXD CXB (AAS)
b AX = XC (matching sides of congruent s)
DX = XB (matching sides of congruent s)
the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
9 a WZ = XY (opp. sides of a rectangle)
WZY = XYZ = 90 (s in a rectangle)
ZY is a common side
WZY XYZ (SAS)
b WY = XZ (matching sides of congruent s)
the diagonals of a rectangle are equal
10 a QR = RS (adj. sides of a rhombus)
QX = XS (diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other)
RX is a common side
QRX SRX (SSS)
b RXQ = RXS (matching s of congruent s)
RXQ + RXS = 180 (s on a straight line)
RXQ = RXS = 90
the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular
11 a AC = CE (given)
ACB = DCE (vert. opp. s)
BC = CD (given)
ABC EDC (SAS)
b ABC = CDE (matching s of congruent s)
AB || DE (alternate s are equal)
12 a TU = WV (given)
UTV = TVW (alternate s, TU || WV)
TV is a common side
TUV VWT (SAS)
b WTV = TVU (matching s of congruent s)
TW || UV (alternate s are equal)
c TUVW is a parallelogram (both pairs of opp. sides
are parallel)
13 a AE = EC (BD bisects AC)
DE = EB (AC bisects DB)
AED = BEC (vert. opp. s)
AED CEB (SAS)
DAE = ECB (matching s of congruent s)
AD || BC (alternate s are equal)
b AE = EC (BD bisects AC)
DE = EB (AC bisects DB)
AEB = DEC (vert. opp. s)
AEB CED (SAS)
ABE = EDC (matching s of congruent s)
AB || DC (alternate s are equal)
c AD || BC || and AB || DC, ABCD is a
parallelogram
A
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Answer s 597
c Yes, alternate angles are equal 6 a equilateral, b scalene, c isosceles 7 a obtuse-angled, b right-angled
8 a shortest = BC; longest = AC, b smallest = Q, largest = R 9 No, the sum of any two sides must be greater
than the third side 10 a p = 35, b y = 107, c e = 52, d k = 275, e t = 116, f n = 145, g r = 68, h x = 45,
i b = 73, j m = 125, k q = 44, l a = 71 11 a u = 14, b a = 6, c k = 9, d m = 30 12 a v = 23, w = 23,
b p = 75, q = 55, c a = 36, b = 36, d p = 68, q = 112, e d = 73, e = 133, f x = 53, y = 64, z = 117, g u = 63, v = 117,
h e = 57, f = 33, i r = 101, s = 65, j j = 62, k = 66, k e = 59, f = 100, l x = 61, y = 61, z = 61, m w = 62, x = 100,
n u = 49, v = 79, o e = 102, f = 13 13 a A, opposite angles are equal, C, opposite sides are equal, D, diagonals
bisect each other, b A, diagonals are equal and bisect each other, D, all angles are right angles, c A, all sides are
equal, D, diagonals bisect each other at right angles, d B, diagonals are equal and bisect each other at right angles,
C, all sides are equal and one angle is a right angle 14 a True, b False, c True, d True
15 a f = 71, g = 71, h = 71, b a = 90, b = 21, c = 42, c r = 11, s = 45, t = 124, u = 124 16 a quadrilateral,
b pentagon, c hexagon, d octagon, e decagon, f dodecagon 18 No, because angles are not equal.
19 a 540, 108, b 1260, 140 20 a 36, b 30 21 interior = 162, exterior = 18 22 a 24, b 72
23 a PSQ RSQ, RHS, a = 15, b MKL MKN, SSS, r = 6, c FGE HGI, AAS, u = 6,
d WXV YXZ, SAS, x = 7
1 a A(1, 3), b B(3, 2), c C(2, 4), d D(2, 1), e E(4, 1), f F(2, 2), g G(1, 2), h H(4, 3), i I(3, 1),
j J(1, 2), k K(2, 4), l L(2, 3), m M(0, 1), n N(3, 0), o O(3, 3), p P(0, 4), q Q(2, 0), r R(3, 2), s S(2, 4),
t T(4, 4), u U(4, 3) 2 a 2nd, b 1st, c 4th, d 3rd, e 1st, f 3rd, g 2nd, h 4th, i 3rd, j 2nd, k 4th, l 1st
3 a 5, b 4, c 7, d 11, e 5, f 9 4 a (6, 5), b (7, 6), c (4, 3), d (7, 9) 5 a D (6, 3), b 24 units, c 32 units
2
6 a N (10, 4), b 84 units
2
7 b isosceles triangle, c 8 units
2
8 b 60 units
2
9 a Yes, b No
10 centre = (5, 6), radius = 4 units 11 a A(9, 0), B(9, 4), C(9, 4), b 8 units, c 16 units
2
12 A(5, 0), B(0, 5), C(5, 10), D(10, 5) 13 a C(3, 0), b 5 units, c P(0, 4), Q(0, 4), PQ = 8 units
14 a (4, 30), b (7, 80), c (5, 100), d (6, 180), e (6, 350), f (8, 130), g (2, 230), h (5, 330), i (7, 210),
j (3, 50), k (3, 260), l (8, 300)
1 a
24 a RTQ = RTS = 90 (RT QS)
QRT = SRT (TR bisects QRS)
TR is a common side
RQT RST (AAS)
b RQ = RS (matching sides of congruent s)
QRS is isosceles
25 a VWZ = VXY = 90 (s in a rectangle)
VZ = VY (given)
WZ = XY (opp. sides of a rectangle)
VWZ VXY (RHS)
b VW = VX (matching sides of congruent s)
V is the midpoint of WX
26 a DG = EF (given)
DGF = DFE (alternate s, DG || EF)
DF is a common side
DGF FED (SAS)
b EDF = DFG (matching s of congruent s)
DE || GF (alternate s are equal)
27 a AD = DB (CD bisects AB)
AC = CB (given)
CD is a common side
DCA DCB (SSS)
b ADC = BDC (matching s of congruent s)
ADC + BDC = 180 (s on a straight line)
ADC = BDC = 90
CD AB
11 The linear function
Exercise 11.1
Exercise 11.2
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
b c 2, d y = 2x, e f No, g Yes
2 a
b c 2, d y = 2x + 1, e
3 a
b c 3, d y = 3x + 2, e
4 a b c
y = x + 3 y = 3x y = 5 x
No. of circles (x) 1 2 3 4 5
No. of dots (y) 2 4 6 8 10
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5
y
x
No. of triangles (x) 1 2 3 4 5
No. of dots (y) 3 5 7 9 11
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5
y
x
No. of squares (x) 1 2 3 4 5
No. of dots (y) 5 8 11 14 17
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5
y
x
x 0 1 2
y 3 4 5
x 1 0 1
y 3 0 3
x 1 2 3
y 4 3 2
5
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
1
1
0
1
1
2 3 4
y
x
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 599
d e f
y = 2x 3 y = 3x + 1 x + y = 4
5 a b c
d e f
g h i
x 0 1 2
y 3 1 1
x 1 0 1
y 2 1 4
x 0 1 2
y 4 3 2
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1 2 3
y
x
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
1
2
3
5
4
3
2
1
1
0
1
1
2 3
y
x
2
1
1
2
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
y
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 2
x
1
2
3
4
2
1
1
2
1 1 2 2
y
x
0
y
1
1
0
1 2 2
x
5
4
3
2
1
y
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1 2 2 3
x
2
1
1
2
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
y
3
2
1
1
2
1
0
2 2
x
1
y
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
0
1 2 2 3
x
y
1
1
0
1 2 2
x
5
4
3
2
1
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
j k l
6 a b c
d e f
g h i
j k l
1
2
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
2
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 2 3
x
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
2 2
x
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 2 3
x
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
1
2
3
y
1
1
0
1 2 2 3 4
x
4
3
2
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 4
x
3
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 3 4 5
x
15
12
9
6
3
y
1
1 0 1
x
3 2
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
2
0
2 4 4 8 10
x
4
2
2
4
6
6
y
1
1 2 3
0
1
x
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
3
3
0
3 6 6 9
x
15
12
9
6
3
12
1
2
1
0
1 2 2
y
x
2
1
3
y
1
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
x
3
2
1
y
3
3
0
3 9 12
x
6
3
6
9
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 601
7 a b The larger the co-efficient, the steeper the line.
8 y = 2x is steeper because the co-efficient is larger.
9 a b Yes, c The constant term translates the line upward or downward.
10 a translate up 5 units, b translate down 3 units, c translate up 2 units,
d translate down 7 units 11 reflection in the y-axis
12 a translate up 3 units, b translate down 5 units, c translate up 4 units,
d translate down 1 unit 13 a y = x, b y = 2x, c y = d y =
e y = x + 1, f y = x 4, g y = 3x + 2, h y = 5 + 2x
14 a reflect in the y-axis then translate up 3 units, b reflect in the y-axis then
translate down 4 units, c reflect in the y-axis then translate down 7 units,
d reflect in the y-axis then translate down 3 units, e reflect in the y-axis then
translate up 3 units, f reflect in the y-axis then translate down 10 units
1 a x = 3, b y = 3, c x = 1, d y = 2 2 a x = 1, b y = 2, c y = 3,
d x = 2, e y = 4, f x = 5, g x = 4, h y = 6 3 a (3, 2), b (4, 1),
c (6, 3) 4 a (1, 0), b (0, 7) 5 a y = 0, b x = 0 6 a x = 5,
b y = 3 7 a y = 6, b x = 1, c x = 5, d y = 1 8 A, C, D, E, G
9 y = x + 5, y = 2x + 7, y = x + 1, x + 2y = 4, y = x 11 a r = 9,
b k = 7, c t = 18, d p = 8 12 a g = 0, b s = 20, c u = 10, d a = 9
13 a c = 7, b m = 4, c a = 3 14 a (2, 3), b (5, 5), c (3, 3),
d (1, 3), e (1, 3), f (2, 5), g (1, 2), h (2, 1) 15 a Yes, b Yes,
c The lines intersect at (2, 3) 16 a Yes, b No, c No, d Yes
17 The lines are parallel 18 a four legs for horses and two legs for
jockeys, 4x + 2y = 26 2x + y = 13, b (4, 5), c 4 horses and 5 jockeys
19 b (7, 13), c 7 five-cent coins and 13 ten-cent coins.
1 a positive, b negative, c zero, d undefined, e negative, f zero, g undefined, h positive 2 a 1, b c 1,
d 3, e f g h i j 2, k l 2, m n o p 1, q r 3 3 a b gradient
4 a 1, b 3, c d 5, e f g h i j k l 5 a 3, b 1, c d e f
6 a m
PQ
= m
SR
= Yes, PQ || SR, b m
QR
= m
PS
= Yes, QR || PS, c Parallelogram, because the opposite
sides are parallel, d gradient 7 a m
KL
= m
LM
= m
NM
= m
KN
= 2, b Trapezium, one pair of opposite sides
parallel 8 a m
AB
= m
CD
= 1, m
EF
= 1, m
GH
= b AB || GH, CD || EF 9 a (6, 5), b (3, 5), c (1, 6), d (4, 5),
10 a m = b i 4, ii iii 5
y
3
2
1
1
0
2 2
x
1
y
=
x
y = 2x
1
2
3
y = 3x
y
3
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
2 2
x
1
y
=
x
y = x 2
y = x + 2
1
2
--- x,
1
3
--- x,
Exercise 11.3
y
1
0
1 2 3 2
x
1
2
3
4
3
4
3
2
1
y = 3
y = 2
x = 3 x = 1
3
2
---
Exercise 11.4
1
2
---,
2
3
---,
3
2
---,
4
5
---,
1
6
---,
3
4
---,
3
7
---,
8
3
---,
3
4
---,
3
5
---,
1
4
---,
2
3
---,
1
2
---,
3
2
---,
2
5
---,
3
4
---,
7
3
---,
2
5
---,
1
2
---,
4
3
---,
3
5
---
5
4
---,
6
5
---,
1
2
---,
2
3
---
4
3
---,
4
3
---,
1
3
---,
1
3
---,
3
5
---,
1
4
---,
3
5
---,
5
6
---,
5
6
---,
y
2
y
1
x
2
x
1
----------------,
2
3
--- ,
A
N
S
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E
R
S
1 a m = 2, b = 3, b m = 3, b = 1, c m = 2, b = 5, d m = 4, b = 3, e m = 1, b = 4, f m = 1, b = 2, g m = 5, b = 3,
h m = 1, b = 6, i m = 2, b = 0, j m = 7, b = 0, k m = b = 4, l m = b = 5, m m = b = 1, n m = b = 8,
o m = b = 2, p m = 3, b = 6, q m = 8, b = 20, r m = 14, b = 10 2 a y = 4x + 2, b y = 3x + 5, c y = x 4,
d y = 7, e y = 5x, f y = x 3 a y = 3x + 3, b y = + 1, c y = 3x 6, d y = 5x + 10, e y = 2,
f y = x + 7, g y = 4x + 12, h y = + 2, i y = 4, j y = 3, k y = + 6, l y = + 12
4 a y = 2x + 5, b y = + 3, c y = x + 9, d y = 3x 2, e y = 5, f y = + 1 5 a y = 2x 1, b y = x + 1,
c y = 3x + 5, d y = 2x 8, e y = x + 5, f y = 3x + 4, g y = + 3, h y = + 3, i y = 3, j y = 2,
k y = + 2, l y = 15
6 a b c
d e f
g h i
Exercise 11.5
1
2
---,
1
3
---,
2
3
---,
3
4
---,
6
5
---,
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
4
--- x
2
5
--- x
2
3
--- x
3
7
--- x
2
3
--- x
6
5
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
4
--- x
2
5
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
3
--- x
2
3
--- x
5
4
--- x
3
2
--- x
y
1
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
x
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
1
y
1
2
1
0
1 3 2
x
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
2
1
2
y
2
3
0
1 2 3 2 3 4
x
2
1
1
1
1
y
1
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
x
1
1
5
4
3
2
1
y
1
2
3
1
0
1 2 2 3
x
1
3
5
4
3
2
1
y
1
2
3
4
1
0
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
x
3
1
2
1
y
1
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 2 3 4
x
1
4
4
3
2
1
y
1
2
3
1
0
1 2 3 2 3
x
1
4
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 3 4
x
2
1
6
5
4
3
2
1
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 603
j k l
7 a y = 2x 5, b y = 5 2x, c y = 2x + 5, d y = 2x 5 8 a y = 3x 7, b y = 3x 7, c y = 7 3x,
d y = 3x + 7 9 a y = b y = 2x, c y = d y = 2x 10 a x = 5, b y = 5x 1, c y = d y = 5x 1,
e y = 5x, f y = 5, g y = 5x + 1, h y = 5x, i x = 5, j y = 1 5x, k y = 5, l y = 11 a i Same gradient
(m = 2), ii Different y-intercepts, b i Same y-intercepts (b = 5), ii Different gradients, c i All pass through origin,
ii Different gradients, d i All horizontal lines, ii Different y-intercepts 12 a A, F, H, K, b B, E, H, I, K, c A, G,
d E, G, J, e D, I, L 13 a The line would be steeper, b The line would be reflected in the y-axis, c The line would
be translated down 4 units 14 a The line would be horizontal, b y = 2 15 a y = 3x + 4, b y = 2x + 9,
c y = 4 16 a y = 3x + 5, b y = + 6, c y = + 10 17 y = + q
Chapt er 11 Revi ew
1 a (2, 1), b (2, 3), c (2, 2), d (1, 2), e (1, 1), f (1, 3), g (3, 1), h (0, 0), i (0, 2), j (1, 0), k (3, 0),
l (0, 3) 2 a 4th, b 3rd, c 1st, d 2nd 3 a 7 units, b 2 units 4 a (4, 5), b (5, 3) 5 a C (2, 1),
D (2, 4), b 20 units 6 b 45 units
2
7 P (6, 1), R (0, 1), Q (6, 1)
8 a b
c 3, d y = 3x + 2, e 9 a b
y
1
2
1
0
1 2 3 2 3 4
x
3
2
4
4
3
2
1
y
1
1
0
1 2 2 3 4
x
3
2
4
3
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
0
1 2 3 2 3 4
x
3
4
4 5
3
2
1
y
1
2
--- x,
1
2
--- x,
1
5
--- x,
1
5
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
2
3
--- x
q
p
--- x
No. of pentagons (x) 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of dots (y) 5 8 11 14 17 20
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
x
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 3
y
x
1
2
3
4
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 3
y
x
1
2
3
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
c d 10 a reflect in the y-axis, then translate
down 2 units, b reflect in the y-axis, then
translate up 7 units, c reflect in the y-axis,
then translate up 5 units
11 a x = 3, y = 6, b x = 4, y = 6,
c x = 3, y = 1 12 A, C
13 C, D 14 a a = 6, b k = 5
15 16 (1, 6) 17 x-axis: y = 0, y-axis: x = 0 18 a x = 4, b y = 3 19 a 0,
b negative, c undefined, d positive 20 a 3, b c 1, d e 2,
f g h 21 gradient 22 a D (7, 9), b D (3, 1)
23 a m = 3, b = 8, b m = 4, b = 4, c m = 1, b = 7, d m = 2, b = 0,
e m = b = 11, f m = b = 1 24 a y = 2x 4, b y = 3x + 5,
c y = 25 a y = 4x + 4, b y = 3x + 6, c y = d y = 3x 9,
e y = 8, f y = 26 a y = 3x + 7, b y = 2x + 5, c y = 4
27 b c
d 28 a y = 7x + 4, b y = 7x + 4, c y = 7x 4, d y = 7x 4
29 (1, 2) 30 No
5
4
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 3 4 5
y
x
1
3
2
1
1
0
1 2 2 3
y
x
1
2
y
1
0
1 2 3 2
x
1
2
3
4
3 4 5
4
3
2
1
y = 1
y = 3
x = 4 x = 2
2
3
---,
1
2
---,
5
4
---,
10
7
------,
2
3
---
1
2
---,
4
3
---,
1
4
--- x
3
5
--- x,
4
3
--- x
3
2
--- x
2
3
--- x
y
1
1
0
1 2 3 2 3
x
1
1
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
y
2
1
0
1 2 2 3 4 5
x
3
2
1
1
y
1
2
1
0
1 2 3 2 3
x
1
3
6
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
y
1
2
3
1 1 2 3 2 3
x
3
2
1
0
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 605
1 a i XZ, ii ZY, iii XY, b i PR, ii PQ, iii QR, c i AB, ii BC, iii AC, d i MN, ii LN, iii LM, e i PQ, ii PO,
iii OQ, f i VW, ii VX, iii WX 2 a UV, b TU, c TU, d UV 3 a i ii iii b i ii iii
c i ii iii 4 a i AB = 24 mm, BC = 18 mm, AC = 30 mm, ii DE = 40 mm, EF = 30 mm, DF = 50 mm,
iii GH = 32 mm, HI = 24 mm, GI = 40 mm, b i A = D = G = 37, ii C = F = I = 53,
c Yes, the matching angles are equal, d i ii iii iv v vi vii viii ix e They are equal
5 a i ii iii b i ii iii c i ii iii 6 a i ii iii iv
b i Y, ii X, iii N, iv L
1 a opposite = EG, adjacent = EF, hypotenuse = GF, b opposite = QR, adjacent = SR, hypotenuse = QS,
c opposite = KJ, adjacent = IK, hypotenuse = IJ 2 a i ii iii b i ii iii c i ii
iii d i ii iii e i ii iii f i ii iii g i ii iii h i ii
iii i i ii iii 3 a i ii iii iv v vi b i ii iii iv v vi
4 a Z, b X, c Z, d X, e X, f Z 5 a b c d e f g h i j k l
6 a 17 cm, b sin = cos = tan = 7 sin = cos = tan = 8 1 9 a x = 3, b k = 14,
c w = 20, d t = 8, e a = 9, f c = 40 10 a tan P = tan R = 11 a b c 12 28 mm 13 a True,
b False, c False, d True, e False, f False, g False, h True, i True, j False, k False, l True
14 a sin
2
= cos
2
= b 1, c sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1 15 a cos = tan = b sin = tan =
1 a 19, b 26, c 36, d 8, e 41, f 50, g 13, h 64, i 102, j 126, k 143, l 167 2 a 0.57, b 1.38,
c 0.98, d 0.32, e 34.44, f 44.61, g 133.57, h 7.41, i 83.44, j 46.17, k 80.89, l 26.62, m 1.22, n 2.61, o 1.03,
p 0.04 3 a 3.03, b 0.55, c 40.91, d 0.10, e 1.05, f 0.15, g 5.74, h 15.84, i 0.69, j 1.40, k 1.54, l 0.34
4 a 16, b 25, c 77, d 65, e 38, f 42, g 62, h 72, i 52, j 28, k 56, l 86, m 1, n 16, o 80
5 a 65, b 21, c 6, d 34, e 63, f 19, g 81, h 67 6 a 0.743, b 0.191, c 0.577
7 a cos = 0.6692, tan = 1.1105, b sin = 0.8387, cos = 0.5446, c tan = 8.1423, sin = 0.9925
8 a 0.77, b 0.98, c 1.53, d 0.42, e 0.98, f 1.72
1 a a = 7.4, b y = 12.2, c p = 15.9, d k = 4.6, e w = 42.3, f b = 24.3 2 a e = 16.8, b g = 40.6, c s = 17.0,
d h = 49.7, e m = 55.0, f z = 45.1 3 a t = 5.5, b c = 18.3, c x = 193.0, d q = 31.0, e d = 17.2, f r = 317.6
4 a x = 6.38, b p = 15.65, c t = 39.60, d c = 11.11, e a = 11.52, f f = 11.85, g y = 10.14, h w = 4.07, i h = 52.66,
j b = 36.88, k g = 90.74, l m = 47.82, m v = 5.27, n d = 10.04, o s = 35.70, p z = 23.30, q e = 65.99, r u = 7.72
5 a 43.9 mm, b 39.7 mm, c 92.5 mm, d 8.8 mm, e 67.3 mm, f 20.0 mm, g 35.4 mm, h 19.9 mm, i 54.6 mm
6 a a = 27.1, b n = 15.1, c v = 19.6 7 a 15.7 cm, b 18.07 mm, c 190 m, d 35.370 km
12 Trigonometry
Exercise 12.1
20
21
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20
29
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21
29
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35
12
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35
37
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12
37
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24
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7
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24
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3
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3
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3
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---,
3
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3
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4
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4
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---,
CE
CD
--------,
CD
DE
--------,
CE
DE
--------,
YZ
XZ
-------,
XZ
XY
--------,
YZ
XY
--------,
QR
RS
--------,
RS
QS
-------,
QR
QS
--------
5
12
------ ,
3
4
--- ,
3
4
--- ,
5
12
------ ,
Exercise 12.2
3
5
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4
5
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3
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x
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--,
y
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--,
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y
--,
y
z
--,
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--,
y
x
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u
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t
v
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u
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t
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u
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u
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41
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40
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7
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3
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16
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Exercise 12.3
Exercise 12.4
A
N
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1 a 5.6 m, b 2.2 m, c 8.5 m 2 263 m 3 18.9 cm 4 a 98.3 cm, b 68.8 cm 5 73 m 6 308 m 7 a 24 cm,
b 24 cm 8 18 m 9 1.46 m 10 a 45, b 8.49 cm, c 8.49 cm 11 a 16 cm, b 9.4 cm 12 8 cm 13 13 m
14 26 m 15 9.9 m 16 46.9 m 17 13.7 m 18 b 10.2 cm 19 a 26.8 mm, b 91.0 mm, c 24.6 mm
20 10 565 m 21 81 m
1 a 56, b 45, c 46, d 44, e 25, f 27 2 a 46, b 56, c 14, d 47, e 46, f 73 3 a 30, b 72, c 43,
d 57, e 55, f 46 4 a 49, b 54, c 32, d 72, e 19, f 21, g 60, h 17, i 16, j 9, k 66, l 80
5 a 27, b 13, c 35, d 23, e 65, f 61, g 35, h 6, i 70 6 a 38, b 22, c 25 7 a 37, b 44, c 27
8 25
1 a 73, b 15 2 68 3 23 4 68 5 8 6 29 7 13 8 14 9 37 10 a 24.5 m, b 55 11 36
12 14 13 a 53, b 116, c 111 14 37 15 24 16 a 24 cm, b 106 17 106
1 a Elevation, b Depression, c Neither, d Neither, e Depression, f Neither, g Elevation, h Neither, i Depression,
j Elevation 2 h = 195 m 3 h = 3.5 m 4 26 5 22 6 21.73 m 7 284.6 m 8 33 m 9 257 m
10 17.5 m 11 37 12 186 m 13 68 14 29.9 m 15 10.8 m 16 220 m 17 985 m 18 71.63 m
1 a i X = N40E, Y = S10E, Z = S70W, ii X = 040, Y = 170, Z = 250, b i X = S78E, Y = S34W, Z = N15W,
ii X = 102, Y = 214, Z = 345, c i X = N9E, Y = S46E, Z = N73W, ii X = 009, Y = 134, Z = 287;
d i X = N20E, Y = S22E, Z = N76W, ii X = 020, Y = 158, Z = 284, e i X = N73E, Y = S36E, Z = S25W;
ii X = 073, Y = 144, Z = 205, f i X = S41E, Y = S75W, Z = N7W, ii X = 139, Y = 255, Z = 353
2 a 306, b 237, c 159, d 048, e 203, f 172, g 025, h 324 3 a 12, b 125, c 42, d 18, e 105,
f 70 4 a i 45.3 km, ii 56.0 km, b i 11.0 km, ii 6.9 km, c i 10.2 km, ii 35.6 km, d i 33.6 km, ii 110.0 km
5 a 34.41 km, b 111.5 km, c 40.10 km, d 122.5 km 6 a 107 km, b 205 km, c 143 km, d 82 km
7 a i 125, ii 305, b i 333, ii 153, c i 218, ii 038, d i 160, ii 340 8 a ii 258.1 m, b ii 6.36 km,
c ii 29 km 9 a iii 103, b iii 259, c iii 081 10 125 km, 143 11 14.4 km, 349 12 77.8 nm, 073
13 a 26 km, b i 061, ii 241, iii 128, iv 218 14 14 nautical miles
Chapt er 12 Revi ew
1 a hypotenuse = SU, opposite = ST, adjacent = TU, b hypotenuse = MN, opposite = LM, adjacent = LN
2 a sin = cos = tan = b sin = cos = tan = 3 a WX = 24, YZ = 11, b i
ii iii iv v vi 4 a c = 3, b y = 15 5 a 19.2, b 58.6, c 0.4 6 a 76, b 86, c 7 7 a 0.90,
b 0.44 8 0.781 9 a t = 11.6, b z = 19.0, c b = 13.1 10 a k = 19.28, b k = 107.85 11 a 137.38 cm,
b 143.65 cm 12 4.5 m 13 29.6 m 14 a 21.9 cm, b 8.36 cm 15 a 31, b 63, c 80 16 72
17 a 7.7 cm, b 51 18 8 19 a 50, b 78 20 a 622.1 m, b 307.5 m 21 36 22 a 141.82 m, b 58
23 a X = N54E, Y = S16W, Z = N68W, b X = 054, Y = 196, Z = 292 24 a 25, b 115, c 40
25 209.4 km, 303 26 49.5 km 27 475.7 km 28 a 027, b 207 29 b 344 m 30 b 014
Exercise 12.5
Exercise 12.6
Exercise 12.7
Exercise 12.8
Exercise 12.9
35
37
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12
37
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35
12
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11
61
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60
61
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11
60
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24
25
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5
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7
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A
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Answer s 607
1 a No, b No, c Yes; 3, 4, d No, e Yes; 4,5, f No, g No, h Yes; $12, $24 4 No 5 a Yes, b No, c No,
d Yes 6 a x = 8, y = 5, b p = 30, q = 15, c a = 3, b = 7, d m = 1, n = 4 7 x = 3, y = 11 8 a x = 5, y = 10,
b x = 3, y = 19, c x = 6, y = 12 9 x = 4, y = 3 10 a x = 6, y = 8, b x = 3, y = 7, c x = 7, y = 1
11 a Sharon is 39, Julian is 13, b Dylan is 180 cm, Yuri is 165 cm, c Apples are 20c each, pears are 40c each,
d length = 16.5 cm, width = 4.5 cm 12 a x = 7, y = 3, b x = 1, y = 5, c x = 3, y = 2
1 a x = 2, y = 3, b x = 1, y = 5 2 a x = 3, y = 6, b x = 2, y = 1, c x = 5, y = 0 3 No, the lines are parallel
4 a x = 2, y = 5, b x = 3, y = 3, c x = 1, y = 2, d x = 3, y = 2, e x = 1, y = 3, f x = 2, y = 4, g p = 2, q = 1,
h a = 3, b = 4, i m = 2, n = 0 5 b No, the lines are parallel 6 x = 12.5, y = 262.5 7 a Ollys Owner-Driver:
C = 4.8D; Trip O Your Life: C = 4D + 80, c 100 km, d less than 100 km 8 a i $20 000, ii $15 000, b 1000,
c Product A 900 items; Product B 800 items
1 a x = 4, y = 9, b x = 5, y = 6, c x = 7, y = 8 2 a x = 2, y = 3, b x = 4, y = 7, c x = 13, y = 5, d x = 1, y = 4,
e x = 3, y = 3, f x = 2, y = 4, g x = 4, y = 4, h x = 2, y = 6 3 a x = 2, y = 5, b x = 2, y = 8, c x = 4, y = 3,
d x = 2, y = 3, e x = 5, y = 2, f x = 4, y = 0, g x = 5, y = 4, h x = 7, y = 2, i x = 4, y = 22 4 a x = 5, y = 4,
b x = 5, y = 1, c x = 7, y = 4, d x = 1, y = 2, e x = 2, y = 5, f x = 3, y = 19, g x = 3, y = 4, h x = 4, y = 2,
i x = 1, y = 4, j x = 5, y = 3, k x = 3, y = 2, l x = 2, y = 4 5 a x = 5, y = 2, b x = 2, y = 8, c x = 4, y = 1,
d x = 9, y = 5, e x = 2, y = 10, f x = 12, y = 2, g x = 2, y = 0, h x = 6, y = 1, i x = 0, y = 4 6 a a = 4, b =
b p = q = 1, c m = n = 1 d u = 12, v = 1 e c = 1 d = f g = 1 h = 7 a x = 1, y = 2,
b x = 4, y = 3, c x = 3, y = 2 8 x = 6, y = 8 9 a x = 2, y = 4, z = 3, b x = 7, y = 1, z = 5, c x = 4, y = 2, z = 9
1 a 3x + 2y, b 4x, c 13x, d 9y, e 4x + 3y, f 6x 8y, g 4x 2y, h 3x 6y 2 a 4y, b 4x, c 3x 7y, d 2x 5y,
e 2x + 7y, f x, g 4x 3y, h 10x + 9y 3 a x = 3, y = 2, b x = 6, y = 1, c x = 4, y = 2, d x = 3, y = 6,
e x = 1, y = 8, f x = 0, y = 7, g x = 11, y = 2, h x = 4, y = 0, i x = 6, y = 1, j x = 5, y = 1, k x = 2, y = 7,
l x = 3, y = 2 4 a x = 5, y = 3, b x = 1, y = 6, c x = 3, y = 7, d x = 4, y = 5, e x = 12, y = 1, f x = 3, y = 6,
g x = 5, y = 2, h x = 6, y = 2, i x = 4, y = 7, j x = 2, y = 4, k x = 2, y = 9, l x = 7, y = 3 5 a x = 8, y = 3,
b x = 12, y = 4, c x = 7, y = 2, d x = 7, y = 3, e x = 7, y = 1, f x = 12, y = 2, g x = 5, y = 4, h x = 2, y = 11,
i x = 4, y = 5, j x = 3, y = 10, k x = 1, y = 3, l x = 4, y = 1, m x = 10, y = 2, n x = 20, y = 2, o x = 9, y = 4
6 a x = 5, y = 3, b x = 4, y = 2, c x = 2, y = 7, d x = 5, y = 6, e x = 1, y = 5, f x = 3, y = 1, g x = 8, y = 3,
h x = 1, y = 2, i x = 4, y = 6, j x = 2, y = 4, k x = 7, y = 2, l x = 9, y = 4, m x = 1, y = 3, n x = 2, y = 1,
o x = 4, y = 3, p x = 2, y = 1, q x = 4, y = 3, r x = 5, y = 2 7 a p = q = 3 b a = b =
c m = 1 n = 8 a x = 48, y = 3, b x = 32, y = 24, c x = 4, y = 16 9 a x = 4, y = 5, z = 2,
b x = 10, y = 2, z = 3, c x = 8, y = 5, z = 4, d x = 2, y = 4, z = 0, e x = 2, y = 7, z = 1, f x = 4, y = 9, z = 6
1 a 5, 17, b 36, 9, c 23, 15, d 4, 10, e 7, 10, f 12, 9 2 a man = 35 years, son = 7 years,
b ice cream 80c, drink $1.20, c apple 15 c, peach 35 c, d chair 80 kg, table 350 kg, e try 5, goal 3,
f 27 five-cent coins, 21 ten-cent coins, g exam 87%, assessment 79%, h 62 adults, 23 children,
i Coola $1.05, Melonade $1.20, j length = 42 cm, width = 14 cm, k 45 cm, 30 cm, l 6 aged 12 years, 8 aged 13 years
3 a x = 6, y = 5, b x = 3, y = 8, c x = 3, y = 4, d x = 7, y = 3, e x = 50, y = 20, f x = 10, y = 4, g x = 4, y = 3,
13 Simultaneous equations
Exercise 13.1
Exercise 13.2
Exercise 13.3
1
2
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2
3
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1
4
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1
4
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3
4
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2
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4
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1
4
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1
2
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Exercise 13.4
4
13
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11
13
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1
4
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1
12
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6
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3
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Exercise 13.5
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
h x = 2, y = 3, i x = 15, y = 25 4 a b 68, c y = 7x 4, d 5, 9, e diagonals = 16 cm, 30 cm,
perimeter = 68 cm, f a = b = 32, 212F 5 a Keiko is 15 years, Lydia is 33 years, b 73,
c mans rowing speed = 10 km/h, current speed = 2 km/h
Chapt er 13 Revi ew
1 a No, b No, c Yes 3 a No, b Yes 4 x = 5, y = 3 5 a x = 0, y = 8, b x = 6, y = 2, c x = 4, y = 3
6 no solution, lines are parallel 7 x = 3, y = 4 8 a x = 7, y = 5, b x = 0, y = 5, c x = 7, y = 2, d x = 3, y = 1,
e x = 2, y = 2, f x = 6, y = 5 9 a x = 5, y = 2, b x = 1, y = 6, c x = y = 2, d x = 2 y = 2
10 a x = 5, y = 2, b x = 1, y = 2, c x = 3, y = 4, d x = 2, y = 1, e x = 5, y = 0, f x = 2, y = 3 11 a x = 3, y =
2, b x = 1, y = 2, c x = 2, y = 5, d x = 3, y = 6, e x = 2, y = 1, f x = 1, y = 4 12 a e = f =
b u = 1 v = 1 13 m = 6, n = 4 14 a 23, 16, b bananas 15c, rockmelon $1.30,
c 15 twenty-cent coins, 45 ten-cent coins 15 a x = 4, y = 2, b x = 10, y = 7
1 a 5, b 3.6, c 10 2 a 5, b 10, c 13, d e f 3 a A(7, 2), C(9, 2), b 48 units
2
4 a 5,
b 13, c 10, d 3.6, e 2.2, f 2.8, g 6.3, h 4.5, i 5.4, j 7.6, k 8.9, l 7.1, m 6.7, n 6.4, o 5.7 5 a H, b M
6 QS = RS = 7 LM = MN = 5 LMN is isosceles 8 a AB = BC = ABC is isosceles,
b Yes 9 56 10 a 15, b 10, c 3 : 2 11 a 10, b 20 12 5 : 13 13 PQ = QR = RP = 6
14 a EF = FG= GH= HE = b EG= HF = c square, sides equal and diagonals
equal 15 a KL = LM = MN = NK = b kite, two pairs of adjacent sides equal
16 a PQ = 5, QR = 5, RS = 5, SP = 5, b PR = SQ = c rhombus, 4 sides equal and diagonals unequal
17 (7, 10), (7, 8)
1 a (1, 7), b (3, 7), c (7, 14), d (7, 8), e (0, 4), f (2, 2), g (8, 3), h (1, 4), i (6, 5), j (3, 1), k (0, 0),
l (10, 1), m (0, 6), n (8, 9), o (2, 2), p (12, 2), q (7, 8), r (11, 10) 2 a (1 4), b (5
c (3 d (5 2), e (2 1), f (3 g (4 h (0, i (7 3 a (5, 11), b (5, 2),
c (7, 3), d (6, 1), e (7, 3), f (5, 0) 4 a (2, 3), b (6, 9) 5 a Q(1, 4), R(2, 6), S(5, 8),
b A(7, 15), C(7, 5), E(21, 5) 6 a (0, 1), b (0, 1), c parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other.
7 a (2, 5), b (8, 3), c parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other 8 a P(5, 1), Q(3, 1),
b PQ = 8, TV = 16 PQ = 10 a W(3, 1), b 5 units 11 a (3, 4), b units 12 (1, 11)
13 a (4a, 6b), b (3a, 5b), c (a, 7b) 14 a p = 2, q = 6, b m = 1, n = 9, c a = 3, b = 5
1 a 2, b 3, c d 6, e f g h 3, i 1, j k l 2 a 1, b c d e 3, f g
h i j k l m 1, n 5, o p q 2, r 3 a 2, b 2, c 2 4 a k = 5, b t = 7, c c = 7
5 2 6 a B(4, 3), D(2, 1), b m
AC
= m
BD
= 7 W(8, 8), 8 a 2, b 2, c collinear points 9 4
10 a m = 0, horizontal, b m is undefined, vertical 11 a b c gradient
12 m
PQ
= m
MN
= 1, PQ || MN 13 a 0.2, b 0.4, c 0.5, d 0.6, e 0.8, f 1, g 1.2, h 1.7, i 3.7, j 57.3
14 the gradient increases 15 a 6, b 11, c 14, d 18, e 27, f 45, g 63, h 74, i 83, j 88
14
17
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9
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2
3
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1
2
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3
---,
3
4
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5
6
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14 Co-ordinate geometry
Exercise 14.1
3 2, 5 2, 2 5
41 52,
34, 34, 34, 34, 68, 68,
20, 20, 10, 10
90, 10,
Exercise 14.2
1
2
---,
1
2
---, 1
1
2
---),
1
2
---, 8
1
2
---),
1
2
---,
1
2
---,
1
2
---, 2
1
2
---),
1
2
---, 5
1
2
---),
1
2
---),
1
2
---, 2
1
2
---)
1
2
---TV 61
Exercise 14.3
1
4
---,
7
3
---,
3
5
---,
5
6
---,
1
2
---,
2
3
---,
4
3
---
1
2
---,
5
3
---,
9
4
---,
5
8
---,
3
5
---,
1
6
---,
4
3
---,
3
2
---,
2
3
---,
4
3
---,
1
6
---,
8
7
---,
4
5
---
2
3
---,
2
3
---
11
2
------
2
3
---,
2
3
---,
5
3
---,
5
3
---,
A
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Answer s 609
1 a m = 3, b = 2, b m = 5, b = 1, c m = 4, b = 3, d m = 5, b = 6, e m = 2, b = 4, f m = 7, b = 0, g m = 1,
b = 0, h m = 1, b = 8, i m = b = 9, j m = b = 2, k m = b = 6, l m = b = 2 a x y + 6 = 0,
b 4x y + 1 = 0, c 3x y 2 = 0, d x + y 5 = 0, e x + y 3 = 0, f 2x + y + 6 = 0, g x y = 0, h 5x + y = 0,
i x + y 1 = 0, j x y 3 = 0, k 4x + y 7 = 0, l 7x y 12 = 0, m x + 2y 5 = 0, n 3x + 4y 8 = 0,
o x 3y 10 = 0, p 3x 2y 6 = 0, q x 3y = 0, r x 4y = 0, s x 2y + 8 = 0, t x 5y 15 = 0,
u 2x 3y 3 = 0, v x + 2y 14 = 0, w 3x + 4y + 20 = 0, x 5x + 6y 12 = 0 3 a y = x + 2, b y = x 4,
c y = 2x + 1, d y = x 5, e y = x + 1, f y = 3x + 7, g y = 2x 9, h y = 4x 6, i y = 5x + 2, j y = + 3,
k y = + 4, l y = m y = x + n y = 2x + o y = p y = + 1, q y = + 4, r y = + 2,
s y = + t y = + u y = v y = w y = + 2, x y = 1 4 a 3x y + 1 = 0,
b 2x y + 9 = 0, c x + y 2 = 0, d 4x + y + 10 = 0, e x 2y 8 = 0, f 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 5 a y = 2x + 6,
b 2x y + 6 = 0, c x-intercept = 3, y-intercept = 6 6 3x 4y 2 = 0, it has the larger gradient 7 a D, b A,
c C, d B 8 a A, b D, c B, d C 9 a 2x y + 2 = 0, b 3x y 12 = 0, c 4x + y 8 = 0, d x 2y + 2 = 0,
e 2x + 3y 6 = 0, f 4x + 3y + 24 = 0 10 a b 4x 3y + 15 = 0 11 a b x 7y + 21 = 0 12 a y = 2x + 4,
b Yes 13 k = 3, m = 14 a x y + 5 = 0, b x y 3 = 0, c 4x y = 0, d 2x y + 3 = 0, e 3x y 1 = 0,
f x + y 8 = 0, g x 2y = 0, h 2x 3y + 6 = 0 15 a 2x y + 5 = 0, b x + y 3 = 0, c x + 2y 16 = 0
16 3x 2y = 0 17 a tan
1
34, tan
1
37, b i 2x 3y + 21 = 0, ii 3x 4y = 0 18 a 27,
b 22, c 53
1 a y = 2x 3, b y = 3x + 10, c y = x 6, d y = 2x 14, e x 3y 6 = 0, f x + 2y + 2 = 0, g 2x 3y + 39 = 0,
h 3x + 4y + 60 = 0 2 a y = x + 2, b y = 3x 1, c y = 2x + 10, d y = 6x + 12, e y = x + 6, f y = 4x + 7,
g y = 3x + 9, h y = 2x 6, i y = 2x + 6, j y = 8x + 11, k y = 6x 13, l y = 1 3 a x 2y + 5 = 0,
b 2x 3y 16 = 0, c x + 3y 5 = 0, d 3x + 4y 19 = 0, e x 5y 4 = 0, f 11x + 6y + 12 = 0 4 y = 3x 15
5 a y = 2x + 1, b yes 6 x 4y + 33 = 0 7 a D(9, 6), b 3x 5y + 3 = 0 8 x-int. = 8, y-int. = 32
9 a E(5, 0), b 2x + 7y + 10 = 0 10 a G(1, 4), b y = 5x 1 11 a 1, b y = x + 13 12 b 3x 4y + 13 = 0
1 a i 1, ii y = x + 3, b i 3, ii y = 3x + 7, c i ii y = 2 2 a i 3, ii y = 3x + 4, b i 5, ii y = 5x 1,
c i 2, ii y = 2x + 5 3 a y = x + 2, b y = 4x 1, c y = 3x + 2, d y = x + 1, e y = 5x + 3, f y = 2x 7,
g x 2y 1 = 0, h 2x 3y 13 = 0, i x + 2y 16 = 0, j 3x + 4y 49 = 0, k 3x 4y 12 = 0, l 5x + 3y + 12 = 0
4 y = 2x + 6 5 a 4x 3y + 24 = 0, b x-int. = 6, y-int. = 8 6 a y = 2x 3, c A, B, C are collinear points
7 m
XY
= m
YZ
= X, Y, Z are collinear. 8 t = 9 9 a E(1, 1), b y = 4x 5 10 12x 4y 15 = 0
11 P(1, 2)
1 a y = 3, b x = 1, c y = 9, d x = 5, e x = 2, f y = 1, g y = 2, h x = 9 2 a Yes, b No, c No, d Yes, e Yes,
f No, g No, h Yes, i No, j Yes 3 a y = 3x 2 and y = 3x + 10, b y = 2 x and y = x 4 a y = 2x + 1,
b y = 4x 3, c y = 3x + 6, d y = x 4, e y = + 2, f y = 5 a y = x + 3, b y = x 3, c y = x + 7,
d y = x 6 6 a y = 2x + 8, y = 2x + 1, no, b y = 3x 7, y = 3x + 1, yes, c y = + 1, y = 5 4x, no,
d y = + 3, y = + yes, e y = 2x 3, y = 2x + yes, f y = 2, y = no 7 a x y + 3 = 0,
b 4x + y + 1 = 0, c x 4y 19 = 0, d x 5y 2 = 0, e 2x + 3y 11 = 0, f 3x 8y 7 = 0 8 a i ii
iii iv b BC || DA, AB ||CD, c parallelogram, opposite sides are parallel 9 m
1
= m
3
= m
2
= m
4
=
l
1
|| l
3
, l
2
|| l
4
, the lines enclose a parallelogram 10 a m
EF
= m
FG
= 2, m
GH
= m
HE
= 2,
b EF || GH EFGH is a trapezium 11 a y = 3x + 6 12 a y = 2, b y = 3x 13 a (0, 6), b y = 6
14 y = + 13 15 a k = 5, b k = 15, c k = 6 16 a both have gradient b 3x + 2y + k = 0, c k = 5,
d 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 17 a x 3y + 1 = 0, b 2x + y 2 = 0, c 3x + 7y + 1 = 0, d 5x 4y 23 = 0
Exercise 14.4
1
2
---,
3
4
---,
2
3
---,
1
7
---,
3
5
---
1
2
--- x
1
3
--- x
1
2
--- x,
3
4
---,
1
3
---,
3
7
--- x,
2
3
--- x
3
2
--- x
5
6
--- x
3
4
--- x
5
4
---,
2
7
--- x
1
7
---,
1
8
--- x
5
4
---,
1
9
--- x
2
3
---,
3
5
--- x
2
3
--- x
4
3
---,
1
7
---,
3
4
---
(
2
3
---) (
3
4
---)
Exercise 14.5
Exercise 14.6
1
2
--- ,
1
2
--- x
3
2
--- ,
Exercise 14.7
1
2
--- x
4
3
--- x
1
4
--- x
5
2
--- x
5
2
--- x
9
2
---,
7
3
---,
3
4
--- x
3
4
--- x
5
2
---,
7
2
---,
4
7
---,
7
2
---,
4
7
---,
3
2
---,
1
4
---,
2
5
---,
2
5
---,
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
a
b
---,
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
1 a x = 1, b y = 5, c x = 4, d y = 3 2 a yes, b yes, c no, d no, e yes, f no, g yes, h yes, i no, j yes
3 a y = 3x 6 and y = 2, b y = 4 and y = 4 a y = x + 2, b y = 3, c y = 6x 1,
d y = 5x + 8, e y = + 6, f y = 4 5 a yes, b yes, c no, d no, e yes, f no 6 a x + y 7 = 0,
b x 7y + 23 = 0, c 4x + y + 16 = 0, d 8x 5y + 8 = 0, e 3x + y + 6 = 0, f x 2y 26 = 0 7 a i ii
iii iv b opposite sides are parallel, c yes, adjacent sides are perpendicular 8 gradients are
adjacent sides are perpendicular rectangle 9 a m
KL
= m
LM
= m
MN
= m
NL
= b m
KM
= m
NL
= 7,
c square, rectangle with diagonals perpendicular 10 a y = + 3 11 a y = 1, b y = 12 a (0, 7),
b y = + 7 13 a k = 3, b k = 3, c k = 6 14 a gradients are and = 1, b 5x 4y + k = 0,
c k = 2, d 5x 4y + 2 = 0 15 a 2x 3y + 7 = 0, b x + 4y 1 = 0, c 5x 2y 11 = 0, d 3x + y 15 = 0
1 a x > 2, b y 3, c y < 2, d x 1, e y 1, f x < 3
2 a b c
d 3 a B, D, b B, C, c A, D, d B, C, D, e C, D, f A, B
4 a y x + 2, b y > 3 3x, c y > 1, d y 2x 4,
e y 6 3x, f y > + 1, g y 2, h y > + 2, i y > 3x
5 a b c
Exercise 14.8
1
3
--- x
2
5
--- x
5
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
7
2
--- x
12
5
------ x
3
2
---,
2
3
---,
3
2
---,
2
3
---
5
3
--- ,
3
5
--- ,
5
3
--- ,
3
5
---
4
3
---,
3
4
---,
4
3
---,
3
4
---,
1
7
---,
1
5
--- x
1
4
--- x
3
4
--- x
4
5
--- x
a
b
---
b
a
---,
a
b
---
b
a
---
Exercise 14.9
y
x 0 1
y
x 0
4
x
y
0 2
y
x
0
1
1
2
--- x
1
3
--- x
1
2
--- x
2
3
--- x
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1 0
1
1
2
3
3
2
y
x
2 3 3 2 1
2
1 0
3
4
2
1
1
y
x
1 3 3 4 1 0
4
5
1
3
2
2 2
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 611
d e f
g h
6 a b c
7 a b
y
x
2 3 3 2 1 0
2
3
4
1
1
2
1
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1
1
1
2
3
3
2
0
y
x
1
2 3 3 0 1
2
1
1
4
5
6
3
2
y
x
1
2 3 4 0 1
2
1
1
3
2 5
4
5
6
y
x
2 1 3 3 2 1
1
1
2
3
2
0
3
y
x
1 2 3 3 1 0
2
3
4
1
2
y
x
2 1 3 3
1
2
3
2
0
3
2
1
1
y
x
4 6 6 0 2
2
2
4
2
4
4
6
8
10
y
x 0
y
x 0
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
c d
8 a b
c d
9 a x 1, y 2, b 3 < x < 3, c y x, y > 3, 10 a (4, 5) b
d y 2x, y 2x, e x < 3, y > x + 3,
f y x 1, y < 2
y
x 0
y
x 0
y
x
3 5 6 2 1 2 0
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
y

=

2
x
x

+

y
=

6
4 7 1
Area = 12 units
2
y = 0
y
x
3 5 6 2 1 0
10
8
6
4
2
2
4
6
x

=

1
y

=

7

x
y

=

x

5
4 7 1
Area = 25 units
2
y
x
3 5 2 1 2 0
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2
4 1
Area = 55 units
2
x

=

2
x

=

3
y

=

2
x

+

1
0
y = 0
y
x
6 10 12 4 2 0
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
8 2
Area = 23 units
2
1
2
y

=

5

x
1
2
y

=

x
+

3
y = 0
x

=

0
1
2
--- x
y
x
1 2 3 4 5 1 0
y

=

x
+

1
y

=

2
x

3
2 3 4
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 613
11 a b
c d
e f
y
x 1 2 3 1 0 2
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
y = 2
y = 1
y
x
1 2 1 0 2 3 4
5
4
3
2
1
1
y = 1
y
x
1 2 3 1 0
y

=

x
2 3
3
2
1
1
2
3
y
x
1 2 3 1
0
y

=

2
x
2 3
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
y = 3
y
x
1 2 3 4 1 0 3
y

=

x

+

1
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
1
2
y

=

2

x
y
x
1 2 3 1 0 2 3
5
4
3
2
1
1
y

=

4
x
x
+
y

=

3
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
g h
1 a k = 3, m = b x-int. = 9, y-int. = 6 2 3 6x + 7y + 18 = 0, 4 a (1, 8), b (6, 5) 5 a 5,
b yes, (0, 1) is 5 units from the centre 6 a G(1, 4), b y = 6x 2 7 m
OP
= m
PQ
= m
OP
m
PQ
= 1
8 13 units 9 a p = 6, b q = 6 10 AB = BC = m
AB
= m
BC
= 2, m
AB
m
BC
= 1 11 a m
PR
=
m
QS
= 5, m
PR
m
QS
= 1, b PR, QS have a common midpoint ( 3 c PQ = QR = RS =
SP = d kite, 2 pairs of adjacent sides equal 12 r = 13 a m
FG
= m
GH
= 2, m
FG
m
GH
= 1,
FH is the hypotenuse, b (2, 0), c EF = EG = EH = 5 14 a XY = YZ = ZX = 10 15 m
PQ
= m
MN
= 1, PQ =
MN = 16 (2, 3), (6, 1), (8, 7) 17 a (5, 4), b (5, 4) also satisfies 2x 5y + 10 = 0
18 The lines all intersect at (2, 3) 19 a 3, b 3, c I, J, K are collinear 20 a y = 2x + 9, b (2, 5) also satisfies
y = 2x + 9 21 m
AB
= m
BC
= 22 y = 2x 23 gradients are 3, 3, adj. sides are perpendicular
24 a WX = YZ = m
WX
= m
YZ
= b parallelogram, one pair of opp. sides equal and parallel
25 a T(3, 4), U (5, 0), V(1, 2), W(7, 2), b PR and QS have a common midpoint (1, 1), c parallelogram,
diagonals bisect each other 26 CE and DF have a common midpoint (2, 2), m
CE
= 3, m
DF
= m
CE
m
DF
= 1,
b CE = DF = c square, rhombus with equal diagonals d e 20 units
2
27 a b
c x 2y + 6 = 0, d 2, e y = 2x + 8, f (2, 4), g h 15 units
2
28 a y = x + 6, b (4, 2), c 2 : 3
29 a (2, 5), b 1, c 1, d y = x + 7 30 x 4y + 10 = 0 31 (7, 2) 32 e = 6 33 (4, 5) 34 a L(1, 4),
M(5, N (3, 1 b AM: x + 4y 7 = 0, BN: x = 3, CL: 3x + 2y 11 = 0, c (3, 1), d P also satisfies CL
35 a (1, 3), b P also satisfies BN 36 a L(0, 5), M(5, 5), N(3, 3), b m
AB
= 1, m
BC
= m
CA
= 0,
c perp. bisector of AB: y = x + 5, perp. bisector of BC: 3x 2y 5 = 0, perp. bisector of CA: x = 3, d (3, 2),
e the perp. bisector of BC also passes through P
Chapt er 14 Revi ew
1 a b 2 IJ = JK = 3 a UV = VW = UW = b yes, UW
2
= UV
2
+ VW
2
4 a AB = BC = CD = DA = b kite, two pairs of adjacent sides equal 5 a (8, 5), b (4, 1),
c (5 2 6 (6, 7) 7 Q(4, 3), R(7, 4), S(10, 11) 8 a (1, 2), b parallelogram, diagonals bisect each other
y
x
1 2 3 4 1 0
x

+

y

=

5
x

2
y

=

6
5 6
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
y
x
1 2 3 4 1 0 3 4
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
2
x
y

=

3
3
x

+

2
y

=

6
Exercise 14.10
2
3
---, 4 10
2
2
-------, 2 ,
2 5,
1
2
--- ,
1
5
--- ,
1
2
---,
1
2
---), 13, 13, 65,
65,
1
2
---
1
2
---,
2 2,
4 2
1
2
---
1
3
---,
1
3
---,
29,
2
5
--- ,
1
3
--- ,
2 10, 2 10, 2 5, 3 5,
1
2
---,
2 5,
1
2
---),
1
2
--- ),
2
3
--- ,
41, 73 2 5 136, 34, 170,
5, 5, 3 5, 3 5,
1
2
---,
1
2
---)
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
Answer s 615
9 e = 4, f = 7 10 a 4, b 11 a 3, b c 12 a g = 1, b t = 5 13 m
IJ
= , m
JK
= , m
KL
= ,
m
LI
= IJ || KL, JK || LI, two pairs of opposite sides parallel
14 a i m = 2, b = 5, b i m = 1, b = 4,
ii ii
c i m = , b = 1, d i m = 3, b = 0,
ii ii
15 a y = x + 6, b y = 2, c y = 16 a 5x y 2 = 0, b 3x + y 4 = 0, c x 4y + 28 = 0,
d 2x + 5y 30 = 0 17 a y = x + 3, m = 1, b y = 3x + 7, m = 3, c y = 5, m = d y = m =
18 a 2x + y 3 = 0, b 2x 3y + 21 = 0 19 a x-intercept = 6, y-intercept = 8, c 20 a y = 5x + 4,
b y = 5x 4, c y = 5x + 4, d y = 5x 4 21 a Yes, b No 22 a k = 5, b 23 y = + 3
24 a y = x 3, b y = 2x + 5, c y = x + 7, d y = 2x 3, e y = + 1 25 a 0.7, b 1.2, c 3.1 26 a 9, b 56,
c 80 27 a x = 3, b y = 4, c y = 3x + 1, d y = 2x 4 28 a 3x + y 8 = 0, b x 2y 15 = 0,
c 5x + 4y + 7 = 0 29 a 2x y + 4 = 0, b 3x 4y 29 = 0, c 5x + 2y + 16 = 0 30 a m
1
= m
2
=
b m
1
= m
2
= = 1, 31 a y = 2, b y = 4x 3, c y = d y = 6x + 14 32 a k = 6, b k =
34 a b
2
3
---
1
5
---,
3
2
---
5
2
---
4
7
---
5
2
---
4
7
---,
y
x
0
5
y
x
0
4
1
2
---
y
x
0
1
y
x
0
3
4
--- x
5
2
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
2
---,
2
3
--- x
4
9
---,
2
3
---
4
3
---
2
5
---
3
7
--- x
1
2
--- x
1
3
---,
3
2
---,
2
3
--- ,
3
2
---
2
3
--- ( )
1
2
--- x
4
3
--- x,
15
4
------
y
x
2 4 2 1
2
1
0
3
2
3
1
1
x

=

3
3
y
x 2 3 4 2 1
2
1 0
3
4
2
3
1
1
3
y = 2
A
N
S
W
E
R
S
c d
e f
34 35
36 D(4, 3) 37 4x + 3y 19 = 0 38 m
LM
= m
MN
= 3 39 lines intersect at (2, 3) 40 WX = XY = YZ = ZW =
units, m
WX
= 2, m
XY
= m
WX
m
XY
= 1 41 a b x 2y + 7 = 0 c 2 d y = 11 2x e (3, 5) f units
g units h 20 units
2
y
x 3 2 1
2
1 0
3
4
2
3
1
3
y

=

x

+

1
1
2
y
x 2 4 5 2 1
2
1 0
3
4
2
3
1
1
3
y

=

2
x

3
4
y
x 2 4 5 2 1
2
1 0
3
4
5
6
2
3
1
1
3
y

=

6

2
x
y
x 2 1 2
2
1 0
3
4
2
1
1
3
3
x

+

2
y

=

6
y
x
2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 1
2
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
3
2
0
x

+

y

=

8
y

=

2
x

1
y
x
4 5 6 2 1 2
2
1 0
3
4
6
2
3
1
1
3 7
4
Area = 16 units
2
x

+

y

=

5
y

=

x

3
x = 0
3 5
1
2
---,
1
2
---, 4 5
2 5

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First published 2004 by

---------------- 82.6 16.1

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 8

1 Expand each of the following.

x is the sum of the scores

f x is the sum of the scores

f is the number of scores

(f cc) represent in a grouped data frequency table?

The game of craps

9.8 The fraction index

9.9 Scientific notation

Complementary angles have a sum of 90.

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 346

Chapt er 10: Geometry 347

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 358

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 364

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 372

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 446

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 464

Problems involving finding

Chapt er 12: Trigonometry 467

Angles of elevation and

Chapt er 12: Trigonometry 469

Mat hscape 9Ext ensi on 486

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