KRATKA ANGLEKA SLOVNICA

ASI, GLAGOLI, SESTAVA STAVKA

VERB BE-present time Trdilna oblika I AM YOU ARE HE IS SHE IS IT IS WE ARE YOU ARE THEY ARE Vpra alna oblika AM I ARE YOU IS HE IS SHE IS IT ARE WE ARE YOU ARE THEY LE! "T#E ARTI$LE% Angleina pozna dva lena: ! THE" doloni len# $po%a&l'a(o ga za v)e *%i )pole in la+,o )*o'i p%ed )a(o)*alni,i v ednini in (no-ini! .! A# AN / nedoloni len i(a dve o&li,i: " A $po%a&l'a(o p%ed )a(o)*alni,i# ,i )e zaen'a'o ) )ogla)ni,o(# " AN $po%a&l'a(o p%ed )a(o)*alni,i# ,i )e zaen'a'o ) )a(ogla)ni,o( ali ne(i( + (glede na izgovo%'avo# ne pi)avo)! Upo%a&l'a(o ga za v)e *%i )pole# )*o'i pa le p%ed *evni(i )a(o)*alni,i v ednini! T#E 0oloni len *+e $po%a&l'a(o: ! p%ed )a(o)*alni,i# ,i ozna$'e'o edini p%i(e%e, )vo'e v%)*e / *+e ea%*+# *+e )ea# *+e ),12 .! p%ed )a(o)*alni,i# ,i 'i+ pozna(o iz pop%e'n'ega p%ipovedovan'a / I &o$g+* a 3a%! T+e 3a% i) %ed! 4! p%ed p%e)e-ni,i in v%)*ilni(i *evni,i / Yo$`%e *+e &e)*! He 5a) *+e )e3ond! A, A! Nedoloni len 'e na)*al iz *evni,a ONE# za*o ga $po%a&l'a(o le p%ed *evni(i )a(o)*alni,i v ednini / a +o$)e# a 3a*# a dog2 !ikalna oblika I AM NOT (I`M NOT) YOU ARE NOT (YOU AREN`T) HE IS NOT (HE ISN`T) SHE IS NOT (SHE ISN`T) IT IS NOT (IT ISN`T) WE ARE NOT (WE AREN`T) YOU ARE NOT (YOU AREN`T) THEY ARE NOT (THEY AREN`T)

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE Trdilna oblika I 5o%, 1o$ 5o%, +e 5o%,) )+e 5o%,) i* 5o%,) eve%1 da1 5e 5o%, 1o$ 5o%, *+e1 5o%, &poraba' ! iz%a-a de'an'e# ,i )e ponavl'a .! navade 4! $go*ovi*ve in *%di*ve 6! )plono vel'avne %e)ni3e 7! $po%a&l'a(o ga *$di za iz%a-an'e p%i+odno)*i ( za napovedovan'e $%adni+ o&i),ov)! ,onni3a ES )e doda: ! ,o izgovo%i(o glagol na i(ni, v nedoloni,$: (a*3+ES 5a)+ES &%$)+ES .! e )e glagol ,ona z S ali 8: (i))ES (i9ES :i9ES 4! e )e glagol ,ona na O: goES doES e 'e na ,on3$ )ogla)ni, in Y )e )p%e(eni: 3a%%1 / 3a%%ie) *%1 " *%ie) e 'e pa ,o(&in&a3i'a )a(ogla)ni,a in Y )e ne )p%e(eni: pla1 / pla1) ; )*av,$ ne (o%e &i*i dva,%a* S: S+e doeS no* 5al,S! p%avilno 'e S+e doeS no* 5al,! Vpra alna oblika 0o I 0o 1o$ 0oe) +e 0oe) )+e 0oe) i* 0o 5e 0o 1o$ 0o *+e1 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, !ikalna oblika I do no* (don`*) Yo$ do no* (don`*) He doe) no* (doe)n`*) S+e doe) no* (doe)n`*) I* doe) no* (doe)n`*) We do no* (don`*) Yo$ do no* (don`*) T+e1 do no* (don`*) 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%, 5o%,

<e )*ave, na I= po*e( g%e za *a a): p%i)lovi ,a*e%i )o pogo)*i v *e( a)$: al5a1)# $)$all1# o:*en# no%(all1# %eg$la%l1# )o(e*i(e)# eve%1 da1# neve%

(RESE!T TE!SE $O!TI!&O&S Trdilna oblika Vpra alna oblika I a( Yo$ a%e He i) S+e i) 5o%, > in) no5! I* i) We a%e Yo$ a%e T+e1 a%e To 'e opi)ni )edan'i,! &poraba' A( I A%e 1o$ I) +e I) )+e 5o%, > in) no5? I) i* A%e 5e A%e 1o$ A%e *+e1

!ikalna oblika I a( no* Yo$ a%e no* He i) no* S+e i) no* I* i) no* We a%e no* Yo$ a%e no* T+e1 a%e no* (I`( no*) (1o$ a%en`*) (+e i)n`*) ()+e i)n`*) 5o%, > in) no5! (i* i)n`*) (5e a%en`*) (1o$ a%en`*) (*+e1 a%en`*)

! iz%a-a de'an'e# ,i )e doga'a v *%en$*,$ govo%'en'a .! de'an'e# ,i *%a'a v )edan'o)*i# ep%av (ogoe ne v *%en$*,$# ,o govo%i(o 4! $po%a&l'a(o ga *$di za iz%a-an'e p%i+odno)*i (na(en z glagoli p%e(i,an'a)! He i) 3o(ing +o(e *+i) Sa*$%da1! We a%e going *o *+e (ovie *onig+*! *!AIL!OST *A VSE $O!TI!&O&S ASE' ! <E @E AON<NIBA e: +ave " +aving (a,e " (a,ing .! e 'e ,%a*e, )a(ogla)ni, in )o ,%a*,i glagoli )e )ogla)ni, podvo'i: ge* " ge**ing plan " planning )5i( " )5i((ing *%avel " *%avelling 4! e 'e dolg )a(ogla)ni, ali dva )a(ogla)ni,a )e ne )p%e(eni: ea* " ea*ing leave " leaving 6! Y )e ne )p%e(in'a: *%1 " *%1ing 7! lie " l1ing die d1ing *ie " *1ing p%i(e%'ava (ed C%e)en* 3on*in$o$) in C%e)en* )i(ple: (resent +ontin,o,s (resent simple I a( d%in,ing (1 *ea no5! No%(all1 I d%in, 3o::e :o% &%ea,:a)*! Ca$l i) d%iving *o 5o%, a* *+e (o(en*! He o:*en 'og) 5+en +e +a) *i(e! I a( )i**ing a* (1 de), :o% *+e *i(e &eing! Eve%1 a:*e%noon I 5o%, a* (1 de),! @a(e) i) pla1ing *enni) %ig+* no5! He al5a1) pla1) *enni) on Sa*$%da1)! ; *e( a)$ ni na)ledn'i+ glagolov: &elieve# &e# 3o)*# depend# +ave# +ea%# (a**e%# )(ell# )$ppo)e# *a)*e# *+in,# $nde%)*and 2! Da+,o 'e: I a( +aving &%ea,:a)*! ('e() ne )(e &i*i I a( +aving 3a% (i(e*i)!

(AST TE!SE SI-(LE Trdilna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 Vpra alna oblika I Yo$ .id S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 !ikalna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 &poraba' ! Ca)* )i(ple *en)e iz%a-a ne,o doga'an'e# ,i )e 'e zgodilo v doloene( a)$ v p%e*e,lo)*i in 'e zda' ,onano! e!g! I %ead a &oo, 1e)*e%da1! A* *+e *i(e# +e +ad a poo%l1 paid 'o& in *+e lo3al )+op! .! Ca)* )i(ple $po%a&l'a(o p%i p%ipovedovan'$ zgod&! e!g! T+e%e 5a) on3e a (an 5+o lived in a )(all +o$)e in *+e 3o$n*%1! One da1 +e le:* +i) +o$)e and 5en*2! 6! C%i navada+: M1 0ad )(o,ed :o% (o)* o: +i) li:e! I2ra2i, ki 3i4 po)osto ,porabl3amo s tem 5asom' la)* 1ea%# la)* (on*+# *5o 1ea%) ago# 1e)*e%da1# 1e)*e%da1 (o%ning# in E76# in )$((e%# 5+en i 5a) 1o$ng# :%o( 2 *o! Kako t/orimo )la)ole / preteklem 5as,6 ! o)novni o&li,i glagola doda(o ,onni3o / ed WORA / WORA > E. .! e )e glagol ,ona na"e# doda(o )a(o 7d FAAE / FAAE > . DIAE / DIAE > . 4! )ogla)ni, )e podvo'i p%i ,%a*,i+ glagoli+: STOC / STOC(E. 6! C%i glagoli+# ,i )e ,ona'o z )ogla)ni,o( in 1# )e 8 )p%e(eni v i, na*o doda(o /ed1 BARRY " BARRIE. Co(o-ni glagoli )o: didn`* ali did no*!

5o%,ed +a%d! doda )e ,onni3a " E. "ali dr,)a oblika nepra/ilne)a )la)ola%

5o%, +a%d? "ali pr/a oblika nepra/ilne)a )la)ola%

didn0t 5o%, +a%d! ,onni3a E0 odpade! "ali pr/a oblika nepr1 )l1%

(AST TE!SE $O!TI!&O&S Trdilna oblika I Yo$ 5e%e S+e# +e# i* Yo$ We T+e1 9as 9as 5e%e 5e%e 5e%e goin) +o(e! Vpra alna oblika :as We%e :as We%e We%e We%e I 1o$ )+e# +e# i* goin) +o(e? 5e 1o$ *+e1 !ikalna oblika I 9asn0t Yo$ 5e%en`* S+e# +e# i* 9asn0t goin) +o(e! Yo$ 5e%en`* We 5e%en`* T+e1 5e%en`*

&poraba' Ao* p%i d%$gi+ 3on*in$o$) a)i+ 'e *$di *$,a' ide'a po(e(&no *%a'an'e ne,e de'avno)*i oz! a,*ivno)*i ez ne,o a)ovno o&do&'e! T$ g%e za nedov%eno de'an'e (&%ala )e() ! Iz%a-a ne,o a,*ivno)*# ,i )e 'e doga'ala v doloene( a)$ v p%e*e,lo)*i! e!g! W+a* 5e%e 1o$ doing a* G o`3lo3, la)* nig+*? I 5a) 5a*3+ing T;! e!g! I 5a) 5a*3+ing *elevi)ion 5+en *+e p+one %ang! .! Upo%a&l'a(o ga za opi)ovan'e e!g! T+i) (o%ning 5a) %eal1 &ea$*i:$l! T+e )$n 5a) )+ining# *+e &i%d) ve%e )inging and eve%1&od1 in *+e )*%ee*) 5e%e )(iling2! 4! Ao g%e za dvo'e de'an' ,a*e%a )e doga'a*a +,%a*i# ali pa ,o 'e eno z(o*eno z d%$go! e!g! W+en 5e a%%ived# )+e 5a) (a,ing 3o::e! I 5a) 5ai*ing +e%e 5+ile 1o$ 5e%e pla1ing :oo*&al! ! de'an'e (3on*!) .! de'an'e (3on*!)

W+a* 5e%e 1o$ doing 5+en *+e ($%de% *oo, pla3e? ! de'! (3on*in$o$)) .! de'an'e ()i(ple)

6! Iz%a-a la+,o *$di nedo,onano)*# ,o ga p%i(e%'a(o z Ca)* Si(ple e!g! I %ead a &oo, 1e)*e%da1 (and :ini)+ed i*)! I 5a) %eading a &oo, 1e)*e%da1 (and i`ll :ini)+ i* *oda1)! 7! Iz%a-a *$di navado ,a*e%a )e ne odvi'a ve ()a(o p%i $po%a&i USE0 TO): W+en I 5a) a 3+ild! I $)ed *o pla1 in *+e pa%,! C%i)lovi: 5+ile# '$)* a)# a* *+e )a(e *i(e a)# 5+en Kako t/orimo )la)ole / preteklem 5as,6 ! o)novni o&li,i glagola doda(o ,onni3o / ed WORA / WORA > E. .! e )e glagol ,ona na"e# doda(o )a(o 7d FAAE / FAAE > . DIAE / DIAE > . 4! )ogla)ni, )e podvo'i p%i ,%a*,i+ glagoli+: STOC / STOC(E. 6! C%i glagoli+# ,i )e ,ona'o z )ogla)ni,o( in 1# )e 8 )p%e(eni v i, na*o doda(o /ed1 BARRY " BARRIE.

(AST (ER;E$T TE!SE SI-(LE Trdilna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 Vpra alna oblika I #ad Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 )one +o(e? 4! o&li,a nep%avilni+ glagolov (ali 7ed pri pra/ilni4 )la)oli4%

4ad )one +o(e! 4! o&li,a nep%avilni+ glagolov (ali 7ed pri pra/ilni4 )la)oli4%

!ikalna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1 &poraba' ! Ca)* pe%:e3* *en)e $po%a&l'a(o za iz%a-an'e ne,ega de'an'a# ,i )e 'e zgodilo p%ed ne,i( d%$gi( p%e*e,li( de'an'e(! e!g! I a%%ived a* *+e pa%*1! W+en I a%%ived a* *+e pa%*1# To( +ad al%ead1 gone +o(e! S+e +ad le:* *+e +o$)e &e:o%e i a%%ived! Hgodne'e de'an'e 'e Ca)* Ce%:e3*# ,a)ne'e pa 'e Ca)* Si(ple! Fe:o%e )+e +ad )igned *+e do3$(en*# *+e poli3e %$)+ed *%o$g+* *+e doo%! A) )oon a) +e +ad )een *+e poli3e(an# +e &egan *o ge* ne%vo$)! I +ad ,no5n *+e an)5e% &e:o%e )+e *old (e! C%i)lovi: a:*e%# &e:o%e# a) )oon a)# 5+en

4adn0t "4ad not% )one +o(e! 4! o&li,a nep%avilni+ glagolov (ali 7ed pri pra/ilni4 )la)oli4%

(AST (ER;E$T $O!TI!&O&S Trdilna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1

4ad been )*andin) > e ena in:o%(a3i'a (*+e%e all (o%ning) ali <1 oblika pri nepra/ilni4 )la)oli4

Vpra alna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1

Had

been )*andin) > e ena in:o%(a3i'a (*+e%e all (o%ning) ali <1 oblika pri nepra/ilni4 )la)oli4

!ikalna oblika I Yo$ S+e# +e# i* We Yo$ T+e1

4ad not "4adn0t% been )*andin) > e ena in:o%(a3i'a (*+e%e all (o%ning) ali <1 oblika pri nepra/ilni4 )la)oli4

Upo%a&a: ! ,o g%e za dvo'e de'an' v p%e*e,lo)*i ,o )e p%vo nadal'$'e ep%av )e 'e d%$go zaelo! Ho5 long 4ad 1o$ been standin) in :%on* o: *+e &an, 5+en 1o$ +ea%d *+e ala%( &ell? I 4ad been standin) *+e%e :o% a&o$* :ive (in$*e) 5+en I 4eard *+e ala%( &ell! ;eino(a la+,o $po%a&l'a(o *$di v *a,i+ p%i(e%i+ Ca)* Ce%:e3* na(e)*o Ca)* pe%:e3* Bon*in$o$)!

(RESE!T (ER;E$T TE!SE SI-(LE Trdilna oblika I +ave (I`ve) Yo$ +ave (1o$`ve) He 4as (+e`)) S+e 4as I* 4as We +ave Yo$ +ave T+e1 +ave Vpra alna oblika Have I Have 1o$ #as +e# )+e# i* Have 5e Have 1o$ Have *+e1 !ikalna oblika I +ave no* Yo$ +ave no* He# )+e# i* 4as no* We +ave no* Yo$ +ave no* T+e1 +ave no* Fe / +ave &een I +ave / I`ve He +a) / +e`) &poraba' ! iz%a-a de'an'e# ,i )e 'e zgodilo v nedoloene( p%e*e,le( o&do&'$! Ne5 ve(o na*anno ,da'# 'e pa -e ,onano! e!g! S+e +a) %ead *+a* &oo,! I +ave %ead *+e &oo,! .! de'an'e ,a*e%ega po)ledi3e la+,o )ega'o v )edan'o)* e!g! W+o +a) 3lo)ed *+e 5indo5? S+e +a) lo)* +e% ,e1! ()eda' ga ni(a)! 4! T$di nedo,onano de'an'e# ,i )e 'e zaelo v p%e*e,lo)*i in )e e nadal'$'e! C%i *e( )i po(aga(o ) a)ovni(a p%i)lovo(a `)in3e` in `:o%`! Sin3e iz%a-a od ,da' ne,o de'an'e *%a'a# :o% pa ,oli,o a)a de'an'e *%a'a! e!g! I +ave &een +e%e )in3e Ma1! We +ave ,no5n ea3+ o*+e% :o% )even 1ea%)! J! iz,$n'a iz p%e*e,lo)*i e!g! Have 1o$ eve% &een *o A:%i3a? S C%e)en* Ce%:e3* Ten)e )i(ple pogo)*o $po%a&l'a(o na)ledn'e a)ovne p%i)love: o:*en# %a%el1# )o(e*i(e)# eve%# 1e*# no* 1e*# on3e# )eve%al *i(e)#neve%# eve%#'$)*#al%ead1#:o%# la*el12 Ra2lika med present per=e+t in past simple 3e, da se 3e de3an3e, ki )a opis,3e present per=e+t, 2)odilo neda/no, / nedolo5eni preteklosti in 3e po/e2ano s sedan3ost3o, de3an3e, ki )a opis,3e past simple, pa se 3e 2)odilo in 2akl3,5ilo / preteklosti, tore3 ni po/e2ano s sedan3ost3o1 (+aven`*) I (+a)n`*) 5o%, > ed "ali <1 obl1 )1% a lo*! (+aven`*) I I

5o%, > ed "ali <1 obl1 )l1%

a lo*!

5o%, > ed "ali <1 obl1 )l1% a lo*?

(RESE!T (ER;E$T $O!TI!&O&S Trdilna oblika I Yo$ He S+e I* We Yo$ T+e1 +ave +ave +a) +a) &een +a) +ave +ave +ave

5o%,in) > ,da' ()in3e 1e)*e%da1# :o% *en +o$%))

Vpra alna oblika Have I Have Yo$ Ha) He Ha) S+e &een Ha) I* Have We Have Yo$ Have T+e1 !ikalna oblika I +ave Yo$ +ave He +a) S+e +a) no* &een (+a)n`* &een) 5o%, in) I* +a) We +ave Yo$ +ave T+e1 +ave

5o%,in)

10

;&T&RE TE!SE SI-(LE ":ILL% Trdilna oblika I 5ill (I`ll) Yo$ 5ill He 5ill (+e`ll) S+e 5ill I* 5ill We 5ill Yo$ 5ill T+e1 5ill Vpra alna oblika Will I Will 1o$ Will +e Will )+e Will i* Will 5e Will 1o$ Will *+e1 !ikalna oblika I 5ill no* (5on`*) Yo$ 5ill no* He 5ill no* (5on`*) S+e 5ill no* I* 5ill no* We 5ill no* Yo$ 5ill no* T+e1 5ill no* &poraba' " iz%a-a(o i)*o p%i+odno)* ! p%edv)e( ne,a' na ,a% ne (o%e(o vpliva*i e!g! To(o%%o5 5ill &e S$nda1! .! ,ada% )e za ne,o p%i+odn'e de'an'e v *%en$*,$ odloi(o e!g! A: I +ave *o go *o *+e )+op! F: I 5ill go 5i*+ 1o$K 4! *e% za iz%a-an'e de'an'# ,i )e &odo v p%i+odno)*i &%-,one zgodila# ne da &i za *o ,a%,oli na%edili! e!g! I *+in, *+e 5ea*+e% 5ill ge* &e**e%!

5o%, *o(o%%o5! (ali ! o&l! nep%! gl)

5o%, *o(o%%o5! (ali ! o&l! nep%! gl!)

5o%, *o(o%%o5! (ali ! o&l! gl!)

11

OBLIKA GOI!G TO > I!;I!ITIVE Trdilna oblika I a( Yo$ a%e He i) S+e i) I* i) We a%e Yo$ a%e T+e1 a%e Vpra alna oblika A( I A%e 1o$ I) +e I) )+e I) i* A%e 5e A%e 1o$ A%e *+e1

)oin) to > 9ork "ali ?1 obl1 nepr1 )l1%

on Sa*$%da1!

)oin) to > 9ork "ali ?1 obl1 nepr1 )l1%

on Sa*$%da1!

!ikalna oblika I a( no* (I`( no*) Yo$ a%e no* (1o$ a%en`*) He i) no* ( +e i)n`*) S+e i) no* I* i) no* We a%e no* Yo$ a%e no* T+e1 a%e no* &poraba' ! za iz%a-an'e p%i+odno)*i# ,ada% ne,a' na(e%ava(o )*o%i*i# ,ada% g%e *o%e' za p%e(il'eno de'an'e ali za na(e%o v &li-n'i p%i+odno)*i in )e &o de'an'e ),o%a' zago*ovo zgodilo! e!g! @ane )a1) *+e1 a%e going *o &$1 a ne5 :la* ne9* 1ea%!

)oin) to > 9ork "ali ?1 obl1 nepr1 )l1%

on Sa*$%da1!

12

(RESE!T TE!SE $O!TI!&O&S A!. (RESE!T TE!SE SI-(LE ;OR ;&T&RE (resent tense +ontin,o,s ),$pa' ) a)ovni(i p%i)lovi iz%a-a de'an'e# ,i )e &o v p%i+odno)*i zago*ovo zgodilo# )a' )(o nap%avili v)e# da &o %e) *a,o! 0e'an'e 'e p%e(il'eno in dogovo%'eno! e!g! I`( (ee*ing (1 &$)ine)) pa%*ne% a* *+%ee p!(! *o(o%%o5! (resent tense simple ),$pa' ) a)ovni(i p%i)lovi za p%i+odno)* iz%a-a: " de'an'e# ,i ga na%*$'e(o za p%i+odno)*: e!g! @o+n leave) on S$nda1! " de'an'e# na ,a*e%o ne (o%e(o vpliva*i ali ga )p%e(eni*i e!g! To(o%%o5 i) =%ida1! " v pogo'ni+ )*av,i+ iz%a-a pogo' v p%i+odno)*i: e!g! I: i* %ain) *o(o%%o5# 5e`ll )*a1 a* +o(e!

STATE VERBS Cozna(o 7 ),$pin *!i! `)*a*e ve%&)`# ,i 'i+ ),o%a' ni,oli ne $po%a&l'a(o v C%e)en* Bon*in$o$)! ! Llagoli# ,i ozna$'e'o (i)elna doga'an'a Felieve# :o%ge*# g$e))# (ean# ,no5# $nde%)*and .! Llagoli# ,i ozna$'e'o $*na zaznavan'a =eel# +ea%# )ee# )(ell# *a)*e# *o$3+ 4! Llagoli# ,i iz%a-a'o $)*va Ha*e# love# 5i)+# 5an*# ado%e 6! Ne,a*e%i d%$gi glagoli Have# o5n# &elong# need# 3on*ain# depend Ne,a*e%e od *e+ glagolov la+,o $po%a&i(o v C%e)en* Bon*in$o$)# venda% )e )p%e(eni po(en! ?1 T#I!K *o *+in, / *o +ave an opinion W+a* do 1o$ *+in, o: 3la))i3al ($)i3? I *+in, i*`) &o%ing! *o *+in, / *o +ave in one`) *+o$g+*) Yo$ a%en`* li)*ening *o (e! W+a* a%e 'o$ *+in,ing a&o$*?

13

@1 #AVE *o +ave / po))e)) I +ave &la3, +ai%! *o +ave > no$n / a3*ivi*1 @o+n`) +aving a &a*+! <1 SEE and LOOK AT - #EAR and LISTE! TO SEE in HEAR ne (o%e(o $po%a&i*i v 3on*in$o$)$# loo, a* in li)*en *o pa la+,o! S+e`) loo,ing a* (1 +olida1 p+o*og%ap+)! 0on`* *$%n *+e ($)i3 o::! I`( li)*ening *o i*! :OR. OR.ER (p%ed(e*) S&BAE$T (o)e&e,) / VERB "(RE.I$ATE% (povede,) / OBAE$T "IO, .O% IO / Indi%e3* o&'e3* (5+o?) .O / di%e3* o&'e3* (5+a*?) I like s9immin)1

Mo)* A.VERBS (p%i)lov) :ollo5 *+e ve%& and *+e o&'e3* i: *+e%e i) one! I: 5e +ave )eve%al A.VERBS *+e $)$al o%de% i): -A!!ER (nain) (+o5?) (LA$E (5e%e?) TI-E (5+en?)

:OR. ;OR-ATIO! ?1A.AE$TIVES (p%idevni,) (,a,en# ,a*e%i# igav?) We :o%( ad'e3*ive) :%o( no$n)# ve%&) 5i*+ adding S&;;IBES (p%ipona): " a&le# " i&le# "al# "an# "ed# "en# ":$l# "le))# ")o(e# "on)# "l1# 2! We add (RE;IBES (p%edpona) *o ad'e3*ive): $n"# di)"# (i)"# ove%"# an*i"# 3o"# p%o"# )e(i"# 2 e!g! o33a)ional# 3o5a%dl1# in*e%na*ional# 2! @1 !O&!S ()a(o)*alni,i) We :o%( no$n) 5i*+ +elp o: S&;;IBES' "(en*# "a*ion# "an3e# 2! e!g! i(pea3+(en*# )*a%va*ion# 2

(RI-ERI' VERB (glagol) !O&! ()a(o)*alni,) 14

*o &e+ave *o a%%ange MEET A0;ISE *o di)3$)e =EED 0EAD *o a33ep* TIC *o ad(i%e !O&! =OREILNER SHOBA +ig+*) %e)pe3* 0I==IBUDTY RESER;E )*%ange% O==ENBE

FEHA;IOUR ARRANLEMENT (ee*ing advi3e 0ISBUSSION :eeling dealing ABBECTANBE a *ip A0MIRATION A.AE$TIVE (p%idevni,) :o%eign )+o3,ed HILH RESCEBT=UD di::i3$l* %e)e%ved STRANLE o::en)ive

!O&! ()a(o)*alni,) A.AE$TIVE (p%idevni,) VERB (glagol) BREATION &a)e BONBDUSION !O&! ag%ee(en* inven*ion 3o(plain* 0ISBO;ERY CRECARATION !O&! :a(e THEORY TRA0ITION po))i&ili*1 3%ea*ive FASIB 3on3l$)ive VERB TO ALREE TO IN;ENT TO BOMCDAIN *o di)3ove% *o p%epa%e A.AE$TIVE =AMOUS *+eo%e*i3al *%adi*ional COSSIFDE *o 3%ea*e *o &a)e *o 3on3l$)e

15

-O.ALS A!. OT#ER VERBS' :ILL ! Iz%a-a -el'o ali na(en e!g! I 5ill go *o *o5n *o(o%%o5! .! Mo-no)* ali do(nevo e!g! Yo$% na(e i) Ma3,enzie! Yo$`ll &e a )3o*)(an *+en! (e &i *$,a' $po%a&ili WOUD0# &i na,azali (an'o (o-no)*) 4! Navado ali ponavl'an'e e!g! @ane 5ill li)*en *o %e3o%d) :o% +o$%)! 6! ;l'$dno)*na vp%aan'a# p%on'e ali va&ilo! ; *e( p%i(e%$ 'e WIDD za )poznan'e (an' vl'$den od WOUD0! e!g! Will 1o$ 3o(e *o dinne% *o(o%%o5! O&G#T TO (&ol' :o%(alno) ! Iz%a-a dol-no)* ali o&vezno)*! H %azli,o od MUST iz%a-a*a OULHT TO in SHOUD0 dol-no)* ali o&vezno)*# ,i )e 'i 'e (ogoe izogni*i! e!g! Men ($)* do *+e (ili*a%1 )e%vi3e! Yo$ o$g+* *o vi)i* +e%! .! Iz%a-a o&vezno)*# v p%e*e,lo)*i# ,i 'e ni)(o izpolnili! e!g! B+%i) o$g+* *o +ave applied :o% *+a* 'o&! :O&L. ! Iz%a-a (o-no)* ali do(nevo: E!L! Wo$ld 1o$% na(e &e Sall1? .! Conavl'an'e ali navado: e!g! S+e 5o$ld )i* *+e%e :o% +o$%) and %ead! 4! ;l'$dno vp%aan'e ali p%on'a: e!g! Wo$ld 1o$ 3lo)e *+e doo% :o% (e# plea)e? -&ST I(a )a(o eno o&li,o! ; d%$gi+ a)i+ ga nado(ea glagol HA;E TO ! iz%a-a o&vezno)* (o&liga*ion) e!g! Yo$ ($)* li)*en *o 1o$% *ea3+e%! .! MUST NOT iz%a-a p%epoved (p%o+i&i*ion) 0ON`T HA;E TO pa ne,a'# e)a% *i ni *%e&a )*o%i*i! e!g! Yo$ ($)n`* )(o,e )o ($3+! Yo$ don`* +ave *o +$%%1! 4! Iz%a-a do(nevo: e!g! Yo$ ($)* &e *i%ed! 6! Iz%a-a do(nevo v p%e*e,lo)*i: e!g! He didn`* 3o(e *o 5o%, 1e)*e%da1# +e ($)* +ave &een ill!

16

S#O&L. ! Iz%a-a o&vezno)* za )edan'o)*: e!g! Yo$ )+o$ld )*$d1 (o%e! .! Iz%a-a o&vezno)* za p%e*e,lo)*# ,i ni &ila izpoln'ena: e!g! Yo$ )+o$ld +ave (ailed *+o)e le**e%) 1e)*e%da1! S#ALL ! Iz%a-a p%epoved: e!g! Yo$ )+all no* )*eal! .!Iz%a-a o&l'$&o: e!g! Yo$ )+all +ave )o(e i3e3%ea( la*e% on! SHADD I# SHADD WE / ,ada% )p%a$'e(o po -el'a+ e!g! S+all I 5ai* :o% 1o$! IIIIIIII e!g! S+all 5e dan3e? &SE. TO ! USE0 TO na've,%a* $po%a&l'a(o# ,ada% &i %adi povedali# da )e 'e v p%e*e,lo)*i ,a' ponavl'alo ali ve,%a* zgodilo# venda% )e ne doga'a ve! e!g!S+e $)ed *o live in Dondon# &$* )+e live) in Deed) no5! !EE. Da+,o $po%a&l'a(o na dva naina: ! Ao* glagol ) polni( po(eno( (po*%e&ova*i# -ele*i): e!g! He need) a ne5 &oo,! .! Ao* nainovni glagol ga $po%a&l'a(o p%edv)e( v ni,alni+ in vp%aalni+ )*av,i+: e!g! Need 1o$ go )o )oon? Yo$ needn`* +ave gone +o(e )o ea%l1K 4! ; p%e*e,le( in p%i+odn'e( a)$ ga la+,o nado(e)*i(o ) HA;E TO ali MUST: e!g! M$)* 1o$ go *o Hag%e& *o(o%%o5? CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC He doe)n`* need *o &e *old! / Ni ($ *%e&a poveda*i (,e% -e ve)! He needn`* &e *old! / Ni ($ *%&a poveda*i (za(oli(o ($)! He didn`* need *o &e *old *5i3e! / Ni ($ &ilo *%e&a dva,%a* %ei! He didn`* +ave &een *old! / Ne &i ($ &ilo *%e&a poveda*i! (pa )*e ($) I needn`* +ave &o$g+* i*# &$* I did! / Tega (i ne &i &ilo *%e&a ,$pi*i# pa )e( v)eeno ,$pil! I didn`* need *o &$1 i*# )o I didn`*! / Tega (i ni &ilo *%e&a ,$pi*i# za*o ni)e( ,$pil! .ARE ! Ao* nainovni glagol ) po(eno( Id%zni*iI: e!g! 0a%e +e +i* (e? 17 " ,ada% ,a' p%edlaga(o:

$A!D$O&L. ! Iz%a-a*a *ele)no ali d$evno )po)o&no)* (zna(# (o%e(# ne zna(# ne (o%e()! e!g! I 3an d%ive! I 3an`* :ind (1 &oo,!

.! Iz%a-a*a dovol'en'e Yo$ 3an )(o,e +e%e! 4! Upo%a&l'a(o '$ za vl'$dno)*na vp%aan'a! e!g! Ban 1o$ *ell (e *+e *i(e? Bo$ld 1o$ lend (e 1o$% pen# plea)e? (BOUD0 'e vl'$dne'i) 6! Iz%a-a*a (o-no)*: e!g! Yo$ 3an )5i( in *+e %ive%# &$* *+e 5a*e% i) 3old! Yo$ 3o$ld )5i( in *+e %ive%# I )$ppo)e! -AED-IG#T ! Iz%a-a*a ve%'e*no)* (p%o&a&ili*1) z %a+li( dvo(o( in nego*ovo)*'o! MILHT iz%a-a ve'o nego*ovo)* ,o* MAY! e!g! S+e (a1 go *o *+e 3ine(a 5i*+ 1o$! T+e1 (ig+* &$1 *+a* +o$)e!

.! H MAY la+,o p%o)i(o za dovol'en'e (pe%(i))ion) e!g! Ma1 I 3o(e in? Ma1 I $)e 1o$% p+one?

4! Da+,o iz%a-a*a (o-no)* (po))i&ili*1) ali ve%'e*no)* v p%e*e,lo)*i e!g! He (a1 +ave &een in *+e 3ine(a# &$* I didn`* )ee +i(! ; d%$gi+ a)i+ nado(ea(o MAY in MILHT z o&li,a(a: TO FE ADDOWE0 TO in TO FE CERMITTE0 TO: e!g! He 5a)n`* allo5ed *o )pea, *o *+e p%i)one%)!

18

(RE(OSITIO!S (p%edlogi) ?1 I!, O!, AT (CDABE)

a1% Wi*+ 3i*ie)# *o5n) and village)# 5e $)e at 5+en 5e *+in, o: a pla3e a) a poin* o: 'o$%ne1! e!g! O$% *%ain )*op) a* F%ig+*on! F$* 5e $)e in 5+en 5e *+in, o: a pla3e i*)el:! e!g! He`) go* a :la* in Milan! b1% Wi*+ &$ilding)# 5e 3an o:*en $)e at o% in! We no%(al1 p%e:e% at 5+en 5e *+in, o: *+e &$ilding M$i*e gene%al1 a) a pla3e 5+e%e )o(e*+ing +appen)! e!g! I 5a) a* *+e 3ine(a! F$* 5e $)e in 5+en 5e *+in, o: *+e &$ilding i*)el:! e!g! T+e%e a%e 7N %oo() in *+e O$een) +o*el! @1 I!, O!, AT (TIME) a1% at . o`3lo3, at noon at l$n3+*i(e on Monda1 (o%ning on Wen)da1 evening b1% in *+e (o%ning in *+e evening in *+e a:*e%noon e1% on 6*+ @$l1 on )* @an$a%1 +1% on Monda1 on =%ida1 on B+%i)*(a) da1 =1% at *+e 5ee,end at 5ee,end) at B+%i)*(a) at Ea)*e%

d1%

)1%

in @$l1 in *+e )$((e% in EG4 in *+e E*+ 3en*$%1 We do no* $)e at, on o% in &e:o%e neFt, last, t4is, e/er8, all, ea+4, some, an8, one1 We do no* $)e at, on o% in &e:o%e tomorro9 and 3esterda81 e!g! I`ll )ee 1o$ *+i) evening! W+a* a%e 1o$ doing *o(o%%o5 evening?

41%

i1%

We no%(al1 leave o$* at 5+en 5e a), (AT) 5+a* *i(e 2? e!g!W+a* *i(e a%e 1o$ leaving?

19

(&!$T&ATIO! (po)*avl'an'e loil) ?1 $O--AS a%e $)ed (;E@IBE) a1% Ha loi*ev pod%e'enega )*av,a in glavnega )*av,a! e!g!W+en *+e *%ial`) ove%, 5e )+all go! b1% Ha loi*ev non / de:ining %ela*ive 3la$)e od o)*alega dela )*av,a! e!g! T+e '$de9, 5+o 5a) 3+o)en a) a%&i*%a*e%, 5a) no longe% *+e%e! +1% Ha loi*ev ne,a*e%i+ :%az od o)*alega dela )*av,a! e!g! T+e *ea3+e%, ge**ing *o +i) :ee*, &egan *o 2! d1% Ha na*evan'e e!g! Eve%1&od1# in3l$ding Ma%1# +e% &%o*+e%# +e% g%andpa%en*)# 2!! e1% Ao v)*avi(o &e)ede na zae*,$# na )%edini ali na ,on3$ )*av,a e!g! He# +o5eve%# didn`* ag%ee! @1 SE-I$OLO!S a%e $)ed (CO0CI<@E) Codpi'e ni *a,o (ono loilo ,o* pi,a! Upo%a&i(o ga (ed g%a(a*ino za,l'$eni(i )*av,i# )ledi ($ (ala zae*ni3a! Cogo)*o podpi'e na'de(o p%ed and, b,t, or e!g! T+e +ea%ing 5o$ld &e ove% )oonG o% *+e%e (ig+* )*ill &e eviden3e :ollo5ed &1 )pee3+e) on &o*+ )ide)! Codpi'e $po%a&i(o *$di za loevan'e )*av,ov# ,i )o *e)no povezani v po(en$ in &i pi,a &ila p%eveli, p%e)lede,! e!g! T+e%e 5a) a lo* o: noi)e in *+e 3o$%*%oo(G *+e '$dge 5a) *%1ing *o (ain*ain )ilen3eG *+e '$%1 5a) %e)*le))# *+e a$dien3e 5a) ($($%ing!

$OOR.I!ATI!G $O!A&!$TIO!S (USADA@ENI ;EHNIAI) notb,t "not%onl811b,t also eit4eror neit4er1nor bot411and at on+e1and alike1and

BORREDATI;ES ()o%odni# analogni)

20

A.AE$TIVES- (CRI0E;NIAI) Ad'e3*ive) 3an &e $)ed: ?1 attrib,ti/el8- (p%ipi)ovalno) e!g! A g%ea* n$(&e% o: a$*+o%i*a*ive 5%i*e%) @1 or +an =orm part o= nominal predi+ates ()a(o)*alni,i povede,) e!g! T+e &o1 and gi%l) a%e ni3e! We :o%( ad'e3*ive) 5i*+ adding )$::i9e) *o no$n)# ve%&) and o*+e% pa%*) o: )pee3+ o% p%e:i9e) *o ad'e3*ive)! $O-(O&!. A.AE$TIVES- (SESTA;D@ENI) ! (ade 5i*+ p%e)en* pa%*i3iple " +ave an a3*ive (eaning .! (ade 5i*+ pa)* pa%*i3iple o% ad'! ending in /ed " +ave a pa))ive (eaning e!g! (long"la)*ing) e!g! (le)) 3o((on) e!g! (+and"(ade) e!g! (+a%d"+ea%*ed)

21

TO > I!;I!ITIVE A!. I!;I!ITIVE TO I!;I!ITIVE 5an* ag%ee :o%ge* +ope de3ide p%o(i)e o::e% plan *%1 a%%ange )ee( 2! e!g!

> to > in=initi/e

S+e ag%eed *o lend +i( )o(e (one1! He :o%go* *o &oo, *+e *i3,e*)! We`%e planning *o go a5a1 *+i) 5ee,end!

I!;I!ITIVE ":IT#O&T TO% a!) We $)e *+e in:ini*ive 5i*+o$* *o a:*e% )o(e (odal ve%&) (($)*# 3an# )+o$ld# 5ill#22) e!g! I 3an )pea, I*alian! We ($)* go no5!

&!) We $)e *+e in:ini*ive 5i*+o$* *o a:*e% le*`)# 5+1 don`* 1o$#2! e!g! De*`) go *o *+e 3ine(a! W+1 don`* 1o$ appl1 :o% *+e 'o&?

3!) le* P (a,e > o&'e3* > in:ini*ive 5i*+o$* *o (Ile* / Iallo5I# (a,e (I:o%3eI o% I3a$)eI)! e!g! T+e1 le* *+ei% 3+ild%en )*a1 $p la*e a* 5ee,end)! T+e :il( (ade (e 3%1!

A.VERBS O; -A!!ER (NA<INO;NI CRISDO;I) ! Adve%&) o: (anne% )a1 HOW )o(e*+ing +appen)! e!g! S+e )ing) &ea$*i:$ll1! .! We :o%( adve%&) o: (anne% &1 adding /l1 *o *+e ad'e3*ive e!g! b,t )lo5 / )lo5l1 ea)1 / ea)il1 good / 5ell :a)* / :a)* +a%d / +a%d ea%l1 " ea%l1

22

A.VERBS O; (LA$E A!. TI-E ! An adve%& *+a* )a1) WHERE )o(e*+ing +appen) i) an adve%& o: pla3e e!g! in *+e pa%,# +e%e An adve%& *+a* )a1) WHEN )o(e*+ing +appen) i) an adve%& o: de:ini*e *i(e e!g!no5# 1e)*e%da1 A.VERBS O; ;REHE!$E SAE 4o9 o=ten somet4in) 4appens e!g! al5a1)# no%(al1# +a%dl1 eve%# on3e a 5ee,#2! A.VERBS O; (ROBABILITE Adve%&) o: p%o&a&ili*1 )a1 HOW SURE 5e a%e a&o$* )o(e*+ing e!g! 3e%*ainl1# de:ini*el1# o&vio$)l1# p%o&a&l1#2! T#E &S&AL OR.ER O; A.VERBS IS' Manne% > pla3e > *i(e e!g! We 5o%,ed +a%d a* )3+ool 1e)*e%da1! A$TIVE /s1 (ASSIVE Ma%1 3lean) *+i) %oo( eve%1 da1! T+i) %oo( i) 3leaned eve%1 da1! A$TIVE (ASSIVE

Ca))ive $po%a&l'a(o *a,%a*# ,o ni po(e(&no ,do ali ,a' 'e na%edil ne,o )*va%! Tvo%i(o ga : ve%& to be > past parti+iple CRESENT SIMCDE O&li,a Ma%1 3lean) *+i) %oo( eve%1 da1! T+i) %oo( is +leaned eve%1 da1! AM P IS P ARE > (glagol &e v p%e)en* *!) CRESENT BONTINUOUS O&li,a Ma%1 i) 3leaning *+i) %oo( a* *+e (o(en*! ABTI;E T+i) %oo( i) &eing 3leaned a* *+e (o(en*! CASSI;E AM P IS P ARE FEINL > BDEANE0 (glagol &e v p%e)en* 3on*in$o$)) (pa)* pa%*i3iple) ABTI;E CASSI;E BDEANE0 (pa)* pa%*i3iple)

23

CAST SIMCDE O&li,a So(e&od1 3leaned *+i) %oo( 1e)*e%da1! T+i) %oo( 5a) 3leaned 1e)*e%da1! WAS P WERE > (glagol &e v pa)* )i(ple) CAST BONTINUOUS O&li,a So(e&od1 5a) 3leaning *+i) %oo( 5+en I a%%ived! T+e %oo( 5a) &eing 3leaned 5+en I a%%ived! WAS P WERE FEINL (glagol &e v pa)* 3on*in$o$)) > ABTI;E CASSI;E BDEANE0 (pa)* pa%*i3iple) ABTI;E CASSI;E BDEANE0 (pa)* pa%*i3iple)

CAST CER=EBT O&li,a T+e %oo( loo,ed ($3+ &e**e%! So(e&od1 +ad 3leaned i*! T+e %oo( loo,ed ($3+ &e**e%! I* +ad &een 3leaned! HA0 FEEN > (glagol &e v pa)* pe%:e3*) BDEANE0 (pa)* pa%*i3iple) ABTI;E CASSI;E

T#E $O!.ITIO!ALS THE =IRS BON0ITIONAD I: 1o$ leave &e:o%e N o`3lo3,# 1o$`ll 3a*3+ *+e *%ain ea)il1! O&li,a BON0ITION I= > p%e)en* )i(ple RESUDT WIDD > &a)e :o%( o: ve%&

Upo%a&a: C%vi pogo'ni, iz%a-a (o-ni pogo' (a po))i&le 3ondi*ion) in ve%'e*en %ez$l*a* (p%o&a&le %e)$l*)! Llede na )i*$a3i'o la+,o iz%a-a *$di d%$ge :$n,3i'e: a *+%ea* a 5a%ning an o::e% I: 1o$ do *+a* again# I`ll ,ill 1o$K Ba%e:$lK I: 1o$ *$3+ *+a*# 1o$`ll &$%n 1o$%)el:K I`ll po)* *+e le**e% i: 1o$ li,e!

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!OTE CCC ! ; pogo'ne( )*av,$ nikoli ne ,porabl3amo pri4odn3ika1 e!g! I: 1o$ 5ill leave no5# 1o$`ll 3a*3+ *+e *%ain! .! Al*e%na*ivne o&li,e I: la+,o nado(e)*i(o z UNDESS ali IN BASE e!g! Unle)) I +ea% :%o( 1o$# I`ll 3o(e a* G o`3lo3,! I`ll *a,e (1 $(&%ella in 3a)e i* %ain)! UNDESS Q I= NOT IN BASE Q I= FY ANY BHANBE 4! WIDD la+,o nado(e)*i(o ) ,a,ni( d%$gi( (odalni( glagolo(: e!g! I: 1o$ :ind (1 (one122 I 3an &$1 1o$ an i3e"3%ea(! 1o$ )+o$ld give i* &a3, *o (e! 1o$ ($)* *ell (e i((edia*el1! 6! WIDD la+,o nado(e)*i(o z i(pe%a*ivo(: e!g! I: 1o$ li,e good :ood# ea* a* F%o5n) %e)*a$%an*! 7! WIDD la+,o nado(e)*i(o z d%$gi( p%i+odn'i,o(: e!g! I: i* doe)n`* %ain# I`( going *o pla1 *enni)! THE SEBON0 BON0ITIONAD I: I +ad eno$g+ (one1# I`d ea* in %e)*a$%an*) all *+e *i(e! O&li,a BON0ITION I= > pa)* )i(ple Upo%a&a: 0%$gi pogo'ni, iz%a-a +ipo*e*ini pogo' in ve%'e*en %ez$l*a*! ! Ta pogo' 'e le +ipo*e*ien# ,e% o)e&a ve# da 'e *o# ,a% &o de'ala# zelo (alo ve%'e*no# ne(ogoe ali v na)p%o*'$ z de')*vi! e!g! I`d lend Ce*e% *+e (one1# i: +e needed i*! (i(p%o&a&le / I,no5 +e +a) eno$g+) I: I 5e%e a &i%d# I`d :l1 *o 1o$! (i(po))i&le / I`( no* a &i%d) .! Cogo' 'e (o-en v *eo%i'i# a(pa, 'e zelo (alo ve%'e*en! e!g! I: I 5e%e *+e p%e)iden* o: (1 3o$n*%1# I`d a&oli)+ *a9a*ion! 4! Cogo' la+,o p%ed)*avl'a *$di ne(ogoa pe,$la3i'a! e!g! I: 5e 3o$ld *%avel in *i(e# I`d go &a3, *o *+e Ro(an e%a! 25 RESUDT WOUD0 > &a)e :o%( o: ve%& :RO!GCCCC

6! 0%$gi pogo'ni, la+,o iz%a-a *$di na)ve*! e!g! I: I 5e%e 1o$# I`d +ave a %e)*! Yo$`d ge* on 5i*+ people &e**e% i: 1o$ 5e%e (o%e poli*e!

!OTECCC ! Ha I= )e WAS va)i+ )p%e(eni v WERE e!g! I: I 5e%e 1o$# I`d22!! I: +e 5e%e 3leve%e%# +e`d22

.! Al*e%na*ivne o&li,e ! I: no* la+,o nado(e)*i(o z UNDESS e!g! I 5o$ldn`* do i* $nle)) i ,ne5 1o$! .! Wo$ld la+,o nado(e)*i(o z d%$gi( (odalni( glagolo( e!g! I: I )*opped )(o,ing# I 3o$ld %$n :a)*e% I (ig+* +ave (o%e (one1

THE THIR0 BON0ITIONAD I: I +ad )*$died +a%d I 5o$ld +ave pa))ed *+e e9a(! O&li,a BON0ITION I= > pa)* pe%:e3* Upo%a&a: ! T%e*'i pogo'ni, $po%a&l'a(o za iz%a-an'e ne%ealni+ p%e*e,li+ )i*$a3i'! e!g! I: *+e 5ea*+e% +ad &een ni3e 1e)*e%da1 I 5o$ld +ave gone *o *+e &ea3+! .! Na(e)*o 5o$ld la+,o v glavne( )*av,$ $po%a&i(o *$di (odalna glagola (ig+* ali 3o$ld! e!g! I: 1o$ +ad *a,en *+e e9a(# 1o$ (ig+* +ave pa))ed i*! THE LENERAD BON0ITIONAD e!g! I: 1o$ +ea* i3e# i* (el*)! =lo5e%) die i: 1o$ don`* 5a*e% *+e(! RESUDT WOUD0 HA;E > pa)* pa%*i3iple

O&li,a I= > p%e)en* )i(ple#" CRESENT SIMCDE Upo%a&a: Sploni pogo'ni, iz%a-a pogo'e# ,i )o vedno %e)nini in z av*o(a*ini(i in o&ia'ni(i %ez$l*a*i! I= po(eni WHEN o% WHENE;ER RELATIVE $LA&SES ! 0E=ININL REDATI;E BDAUSE e!g! T+e (an 5+o +a) '$)* p+oned %e:$)ed *o *ell (e +i) na(e! %ela*ive 3la$)e

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A 3la$)e i) a pa%* o: *+e )en*en3e and i* *ell) $) 5+i3+ pe%)on o% *+ing *+e )pea,e% (ean)! We 3anno* leave *+e %ela*ive 3la$)e o$* &e3a$)e *+e )en*en3e 5o$ld +ave no (eaning! T4ere are no +ommas in a de=inin) relati/e senten+eCCC .! NON / 0E=ININL REDATI;E BDAUSE e!g! To(`) :a*+e%#5+o i) RG# goe) )5i((ing eve%1 da1! %ela*ive 3la$)e A %ela*ive 3la$)e doe) no* *ell) $) 5+i3+ pe%)on o% *+ing *+e )pea,e% (ean)! We al%ead1 ,no5! I* give) $) e9*%a in:o%(a*ion and it is p,t bet9een +ommas1

REDATI;E CRONOUNS (OHIRADNI HAIMAI) ! WHO " )e nanaa na o)e&e " la+,o )e nanaa *$di na -ivali# ,ada% i(a'o le"*e i(e .! WHOM " Se nanaa le na o)e&e " Upo%a&l'a(o ga v $%adne( 'ezi,$ 4! THAT " $po%a&l'a(o le v de:ining %ela*ive 3la$)e) " p%eden' ni,oli ne po)*avl'a(o ve'i3e in p%edlogov " $po%a&l'a(o za )*va%i " la+,o $po%a&l'a(o *$di za o)e&e 6! WHIBH " nanaa )e na )*va%i in -ivali " venda% 'e *+a* &ol' p%i(e%en za $po%a&o ,o* 5+i3+ 7! WHOSE " Nado(e)*i zai(,e / +i)# +e%# *+ei%

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RE(ORTE. S(EE$# Aada% di%e,*ni govo% )p%e(in'a(o v indi%e,*ni govo% in 'e $vodna &e)eda v p%e)en*# p%e)en* pe%:e3* ali v :$*$%e *en)e# ni po*%e&na )p%e(e(&a! e!g! S+e )a1)#`T+i) lad1 +e%e i) no* (1 )i)*e%! S+e )a1) (*+a*) *+i) lad1 +e%e i) no* +e% )i)*e%!

! Aada% 'e $vodna &e)eda v pa)* *en)e )e glagol )p%e(eni: 0IREATNI LO;OR p%e)en* p%e)en* pe%:e3* pa)* :$*$%e .! Sp%e(e(&e: *oda1 1e)*e%da1 *o(o%%o5 ne9* 5ee, la)* 5ee, +e%e *+i) *+e)e *+a* da1 *+e da1 &e:o%e *+e ne9* da1# *+e :ollo5ing da1 *+e :ollo5ing 5ee, *+e p%evio$) 5ee, *+e%e *+a* *+o)e IN0IREATNI LO;OR pa)* pa)* pe%:e3* pa)* pe%:e3* pa)* :$*$%e

4! Ao di%e,*ni govo% )p%e(eni(o v indi%e,*ni )e vp%aalna o&li,a glagola )p%e(eni v trdilno obliko1 e!g! T+e la51e% a),ed# `W+e%e doe) )+e live no5?` T+e la51e% a),ed 5+e%e )+e lived!

6! <e )e vp%aan'e v di%e,*ne( govo%$ zane z vp%aalni3o (5+en# 5+o# 5+1#2) )e vp%aalni3a v di%e,*ne( govo%$ pono/i1 e!g! He a),ed# `W+en did )+e leave?` He a),ed 5+en )+e +ad le:*!

7! <e ni vp%aalni3e# po)*avi(o v indi%e,*no vp%aan'e 2a )la/nim )la)olom I; ali :#ET#ER1 e!g! He a),ed# `I) *+i) 1o$% )i)*e%? He a),ed i: *+a* i) +i) )i)*e%! J! ;elelni, )e )p%e(eni v nedoloni, ne glede na a) $vodne &e)ede! T+e la51e% %e(ind) +i(# `Tell *+e *%$*+K`T+e la51e% %e(ind) +i( *o *ell *+e *%$ T+e '$dge 5a%ned +i(# `0on`* appea% in *+i) 3o$%* againK` T+e '$dge 5a%ned +i( no* *o appea% in *+a* 3o$%* again! GER&!. A!. (ARTI$I(LES LERUN0 a! Le%$nd 3an :$n3*ion a) a no,n1 e!g! Cla1ing *enni) i)n`* ve%1 e9pen)ive! &! Le%$nd 3an al)o :$n3*ion a) /erb in no$n 3la$)e)! e!g! B+oo)ing ano*+e% la51e% 5o$ld &e *+e &e)* *+ing *o do!

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CARTIBICDES a! pa%*i3iple 3an :$n3*ion a) ve%&al ad3e+ti/e e!g! He 5an*) *o *al, a&o$* 3+anging (o%ali*1! &! Ca%*i3iple 3an al)o ope%a*e a) a /erb in non":ini*e 3la$)e! e!g! T+en I 5en* and )a5 (1 3lien* 5+o i) in 3$)*od1 a5ai*ing *%ial! Fa)i3all1# *+e%e a%e onl1 *5o pa%*i3iple)# t4e present parti+iple and t4e past parti+iple1 e!g! B+oo)ing +i) 5o%d) 3a%e:$ll1# +e i) *%1ing *o 3onvien3e *+e '$%1! (present parti+iple% e!g! 0i)3$))ed a:*e% *+e *%ial# *+e :a3* i) no* a) i(po%*an* a) i* )ee(ed *o &e! "past parti+iple% $LA&SES O; REASO! OR $A&SE Na'pogo)*e'e )e zaen'a'o z FEBAUSE# AS# SINBE! e!g! I )*$d1 la5 &e3a$)e I a( in*e%e)*ed in i*! ASPSINBE I a( in*e%e)*ed in la5# I )*$d1 i*!

Razli,a: C%vi p%i(e%# ,'e% 'e )*ave, na ,on3$# po$da%'a po(en pod%e'enega )*av,a! 0%$gi p%i(e%# ,'e% )*ave, p%ide na p%vo (e)*o# 'e po$da%e, na glavne( )*av,$!

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