Example 12.

7 Raft Foundation
Design a raft foundation for the layout of columns shown in Figure 12.C.19(a). All columns are
of square shape of size 40 40 cm. ADSP80 kN/m
3
. Use M 15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Assume 10% as the load of raft and soil above.
A. Design of Raft Slab
Total vertical column load 600 1600 2000 600 800 1800 2000
1000 800 1000 1200 600 14000
Eccentricity along the x direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid 11
x
61600 1800 1000 122000 2000 1200 18600 1000 600
14000
9:1714 m
e
x
9:17146 3 0:1714 m
Eccentricity along the y direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid CC
7000 6000 5000
(c)
(d)
4000 3000 2000 1000 0
750
500
250
0
-250
-500
-750
S
h
e
a
r

f
o
r
c
e

(
i
n

k
N

)
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
250
200
150
100
50
0
B
e
a
r
i
n
g

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

(
i
n

k
N
/
m
2
)
Figure 12.C.18 (Continued )
570 Foundation Design
T
a
b
l
e
1
2
.
C
.
7
C
o
m
p
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
(
s
e
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
e
c
t
i
o
n
1
2
.
C
.
2
)
.
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
e
a
r
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
k
N
/
m
2
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
b
e
n
d
i
n
g
m
o
m
e
n
t
(
k
N
m
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
h
e
a
r
f
o
r
c
e
(
k
N
)
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
e

e
c
t
i
o
n
(
m
m
)
C
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
W
i
t
h
f
a
c
t
o
r
e
d
l
o
a
d
6
2
4
.
3
2
3
9
8
7
.
3
2
3
1
0
3
2
.
2
0
6
2
4
.
3
2
3
/
2
8

1
8
.
0
8
W
i
t
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
l
o
a
d
6
2
4
.
3
2
3
/
1
.
5

4
1
6
.
2
2
9
8
7
.
3
2
3
/
1
.
5

6
5
8
.
2
2
1
0
3
2
.
2
0
/
1
.
5

6
8
8
.
1
3
1
8
.
0
8
/
1
.
5

1
2
.
0
5
D
e
s
i
g
n
u
s
i
n
g
B
E
F
(
w
i
t
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
l
o
a
d
o
n
l
y
)
2
0
5
.
0
5
0
k
N
/
m
2
a
t
x

0
m
m
4
4
0
.
5
7
6
k
N
m
a
t
x

6
6
8
0
m
m
;

2
9
9
.
9
3
7
k
N
m
a
t
x

2
2
2
7
m
m
6
3
1
.
6
2
8
k
N
a
t
x

6
6
8
0
m
m
;

5
6
4
.
4
0
6
k
N
a
t
x

7
2
4
m
m
5
.
8
6
m
m
a
t
x

0
m
m
Structural Design of Foundations 571
7
0
0

m
m
0.5d
(
d
/
2
+
9
0
0
) 0
.
5
d
1600 kN
700 mm
Corner
(d/2+900)
7
0
0
(d+400)
0.5d
(
d
/
2
+
9
0
0
)
0.5d
400
800 kN
Side
Critical sections in shear
(b1) (b2)
(c)
6000 mm 6000 mm 6000 mm 700 700
4 3 2 1
19400 mm
7
5
0

m
m
8
0
0

m
m
4 -20 mm dia bars @ 260 mm c/c
per meter length of the slab
4 legged shear stirrups
(d+400)
400 mm
Figure 12.C.19 Raft layout and column loads; (b1) critical section in shear; (b2) critical section in
shear; and (c) details of reinforcement along the longitudinal section (Example 12.7).
572 Foundation Design
y
5800 1800 2000 1000 10600 1600 2000 600
14000
5:4285 m
e
y
5:42855 0:4285 m
I
x

19:4 11:4
3
12
2395:16 m
4
I
y

11:4 19:4
3
12
6936:31 m
4
A 19:4 11:4 221:16 m
2
M
x
pe
y
14000 0:4285 6000 kNm 12:C:65
M
y
pe
x
14000 0:1714 2400 kNm 12:C:66
P
A

14000
221:16
63:302 kN=m
2
Soil pressure at different points is as follows
s
P
A

M
y
I
y
x
M
x
I
x
y 12:C:67
s 63:302
2400
6936:31
x
6000
2395:16
y 63:158 1:5269x 0:4745y
At corner A4
s
A4
63:158 0:346 9:7 2:505 5:7 80:93 BC of soil 80 kN=m
2

At corner C4
s
C4
63:158 0:346 9:72:505 5:7 74:225 kN=m
2
At corner A1
s
A1
63:1580:346 9:7 2:505 5:7 52:38 kN=m
2
At corner C1
s
C1
63:1580:346 9:72:505 5:7 45:67 kN=m
2
At corner B4
Structural Design of Foundations 573
s
B4
63:158 0:346 9:7 66:658 kN=m
2
At corner B1
s
B1
63:1580:346 9:7 59:943 kN=m
2
In the x direction, the raft is divided in three strips, that is three equivalent beams:
1. Beam AA with 3.2 m width and soil pressure of 80 kN=m
2
2. Beam BB with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of
80 66:65
2
73:32 kN=m
2
3. Beam CC with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of
66:65 52:38
2
59:52 kN=m
2
.
The bending moment is obtained by using a coefcient 1/10 and L as the center to center of
column distance
M M
wL
2
10
12:C:68
For strip AA
Maximum moment
80 6
2
10
288 kNm=m
For strip BB
Maximum moment
73:32 6
2
10
263:95 kNm=m
For strip CC
Maximum moment
59:52 6
2
10
214:272 kNm=m
For any strip in the y direction, take M
wL
2
8
since there is only a two-span equivalent beam.
For strip 44
Maximum moment
80 5
2
8
250 kNm=m
The depth of the raft is governed by two-way shear at one of the exterior columns. If the location
of critical shear is not obvious, it may be necessary to check all possible locations.
Shear strength of concrete, t
c
0:25

f
ck
p
0:25

15
p
0:97N=mm
2
For a corner column (say C1)
Perimeter b
o
2
d
2
900

d 1800 mm (Figure 12.C.19(b))
t
v

V
u
b
o
d

1:5 800 1000
d 1800d
0:97

1200000
d 1800d
0:97
)d
2
1800d1237113:40 0
574 Foundation Design
d
1800

1800
2
4 1 1237113:40
q
2 1
530:773 mm
For a corner column (say A2)
Perimeter b
o
2
d
2
900

d 400 2d 2200 mm
t
v

V
u
b
o
d

1:5 1600 1000
2d 2200d
0:97
d
2
1100d1237113:40 0 12:C:69
)d
1100

1100
2
4 1 1237113:40
q
2 1
690:811 mm
However, adopt an effective depth of 750 mm and overall depth of 800 mm
Reinforcement in the longitudinal direction is given by (considering a 1 m wide strip)
A
t
0:5
15
415
1

1
4:6 288 10
6
15 1000 750
2
s 2
4
3
5
1000 750 1109:51 mm
2
Use 20 mm bars, A
f
314:151 mm
2
Number of bars
1109:51
p
4
20
2
3:531 4 bars
Spacing of long bars
1000
p
4
20
2
1109:51
283:152 mm
Provide 420 mmFbars for reinforcement @260 mmc/c at top and bottomin both directions.
Minimum reinforcement in the slabs 0:12%

0:12
100
800 1000
960 mm
2
=m < 1109:51 mm
2
=m
Minimum steel governs in the remaining raft. Critical sections in shear.
WINBEF Solution:
WINBEF Input
Youngs modulus of soil, E
s
10
5
kN=m
2
, unit weight of soil, g
soil
20 kN=m
3
.
Structural Design of Foundations 575
Poissons ratio of soil, n
s
0:3.
Youngs modulus of concrete
E
f
5000

s
ck
p
5000

15
p
19364:92 N=mm
2
1:9364 10
7
kN=m
2
Bbreadth of foundation 1.0 m (considering a 1 m wide strip for design).
Moment of inertia of the concrete beam I
f

Bd
3
12

1:00:8
3
12
0:04267 m
4
.
Modulus of subgrade reaction, k
s

1
Bmm
0:65

E
s
B
4
E
f
I
f
12
q h i
E
s
1n
2
s
.
k
s

0:65
1000
10
5
1 0:3
2

10
5
1:0
4
1:9364 10
7
0:04267
12
s

59902
1000
59:902 kN=m
2
=mm:
Loading Data for WINBEF and Results
The loading data is shown in Figure 12.C.20.
Note: In the loading diagram, the load coming on to the beam is taken as maximum of A, B
and C strip loads as explained below (see Figure 12.C.19(a)).
The maximum load on strip 11: maximum of A1 (600 kN), B1 (800 kN) and C1 (800 kN),
which is 800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 22: maximum of A2 (1600 kN), B2 (1800 kN) and C2
(1000 kN), which is 1800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 33: maximum of A3 (2000 kN), B3 (2000 kN) and C3
(1200 kN), which is 2000 kN.
The maximumload on strip 44: maximumof A4 (600 kN), B4 (1000 kN) and C4 (1000 kN),
which is 1000 kN.
The details of deection, bending moment, shear force and bearing pressure are shown in
Figure 12.C.21. Please see also comments given in Section 12.C.2.
Figure 12.C.20 Loading data for WINBEF solution (Example 12.7).
576 Foundation Design
Example 12.8 Annular Raft Foundation
Design an annular (circular) raft for a circular tank whose outer diameter is 12 m and is
supported by a ring beam of 9 m diameter. The inner diameter of the annulus is 8 m. The
factored soil pressure under the raft is 80 kN/m
2
and a linearly varying soil pressure due to
18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
i
n

m
m
)
Length of the beam (in mm)
(a)
18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

m
o
m
e
n
t

(
i
n

k
N

-

m
)
Length of the beam (in mm)
(b)
(c)
18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-800
-1000
S
h
e
a
r

f
o
r
c
e

(
i
n

k
N

)
Length of the beam (in mm)
Figure 12.C.21 (a) BEF deection diagram; (b) BEF bending moment diagram; (c) BEF shear force
diagram; and (d) BEF bearing pressure diagram (Example 12.7).
Structural Design of Foundations 577