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    Memory Intelligence and States of Mind

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    Memory is influenced by several factors. The primacy effect means information presented first is remembered best, while the recency effect refers to better recall of information presented last. Distinctive information stands out and is easier to remember. Repeatedly exposure to information through the frequency effect improves memory of that information. Associating new information with existing knowledge also aids memory, as does reconstructing or filling in gaps in memory.

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    Memory Intelligence and States of Mind

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    api-270635809
    214 views11 pages
    Memory is influenced by several factors. The primacy effect means information presented first is remembered best, while the recency effect refers to better recall of information presented last. Distinctive information stands out and is easier to remember. Repeatedly exposure to information through the frequency effect improves memory of that information. Associating new information with existing knowledge also aids memory, as does reconstructing or filling in gaps in memory.

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    Memory is influenced by several factors. The primacy effect means information presented first is remembered best, while the recency effect refers to better recall of information presented last. Distinctive information stands out and is easier to remember. Repeatedly exposure to information through the frequency effect improves memory of that information. Associating new information with existing knowledge also aids memory, as does reconstructing or filling in gaps in memory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    214 views11 pages

    Memory Intelligence and States of Mind

    Uploaded by

    api-270635809
    Memory is influenced by several factors. The primacy effect means information presented first is remembered best, while the recency effect refers to better recall of information presented last. Distinctive information stands out and is easier to remember. Repeatedly exposure to information through the frequency effect improves memory of that information. Associating new information with existing knowledge also aids memory, as does reconstructing or filling in gaps in memory.

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    Memory

    Primacy effect - information that occurs first is


    typically remembered better than information
    occurring later. When given a list of words or
    numbers, the first word or number is usually
    remembered due to rehearsing this more than
    other information.
    Recency effect - often the last bit of information
    is remembered better because not as much time
    has past; time which results in forgetting.

    Distinctiveness - if something stands out from


    information around it, it is often remembered
    better. Any distinctive information is easier to
    remember than that which is similar, or usual.
    Frequency effect - stated in the first example,
    results in better memory. Remember trying to
    memorize a formula for your math class. The
    more you went over it, the better you knew it.
    Associations - when we associate or attach
    information to other information it becomes
    easier to remember.
    Reconstruction - sometimes we actually fill in
    the blanks in our memory. In other words, when
    trying to get a complete picture in our minds.

    Sir Francis Galton is a key figure in modern intelligence testing. As


    the first cousin of Charles Darwin, he attempted to apply Darwin's
    evolutionary theory to the study of human abilities. He postulate
    that intelligence was quantifiable and normally distributed. In other
    words, he believed that we could assign a score to intelligence
    where the majority of people fall in the average range and the
    percentage of the population decreases the farther from the middle
    their score gets.

    The first workable intelligence test was developed by French


    psychologist Alfred Binet. He and his partner, Theodore Simon,
    were commissioned by the French government to improve the
    teaching methods for developmentally disabled children. They
    believed that intelligence was the key to effective teaching, and
    developed a strategy whereby a mental age (MA) was determined
    and divided by the child's chronological age (CA). This formula,
    stated as "MA/CA X 100."

    Another theorist, Raymond Cattell, described intelligence as having


    two distinct factors. The first he called Crystallized Intelligence,
    representing acquired knowledge, and second, Fluid Intelligence,
    or our ability to use this knowledge.

    Sternberg (1988) argued that there are a number of ways to


    demonstrate intelligence or adaptive functioning. He proposed a
    model of intelligence referred to as the triarchic theory. According to
    this model there are three types of intelligence: (1) analytical, or the
    ability to solve a problem by looking at its components; (2) creative,
    the ability o use new or ingenious ways to solve problems; and (3)
    practical, referring to street smarts or common sense. While most
    IQ tests measure only analytical intelligence, they fail to include
    practical intelligence which is the most understandable to most of us
    (Sternberg et al., 1995)

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